@article{10.2307/2118200,
  title = {Rat Race Redux: {{Adverse}} Selection in the Determination of Work Hours in Law Firms},
  author = {Landers, Ren{\'e}e M. and Rebitzer, James B. and Taylor, Lowell J.},
  year = {1996},
  journal = {The American Economic Review},
  volume = {86},
  number = {3},
  eprint = {2118200},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {329--348},
  publisher = {American Economic Association},
  issn = {00028282},
  urldate = {2022-10-12},
  abstract = {This paper describes an organizational setting in which professional employees are required to work inefficiently long hours. The focus of our investigation is large law firms. The income sharing that characterizes legal partnerships creates incentives to promote associates who have a propensity to work very hard. Law firms use indicators of this propensity--especially an associate's record of billable hours--in promotion decisions. Reliance upon work hours as an indicator leads to a "rat-race" equilibrium in which associates work too many hours. We find evidence in support of this conclusion with data we collected from two large law firms.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R8G2UPQT/LandersRatRaceAER1996 (1).pdf}
}

@misc{20172018GlobalResources2020,
  title = {2017-2018 {{Global Resources Report}}: {{Government}} \& {{Philanthropic Support}} for {{LGBTI Communities}}},
  shorttitle = {2017-2018 {{Global Resources Report}}},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Global Philanthropy Project},
  urldate = {2021-11-21},
  chapter = {Featured},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/57Q73BFP/globalresourcesreport.org.html}
}

@misc{28toomanyFGMCountryProfiles2021,
  title = {{{FGM Country Profiles}}},
  author = {{28 Too Many}},
  year = {2021},
  urldate = {2023-11-22},
  abstract = {This curated library brings together the latest research on FGM/C, including reports, resources and articles which provide a sound information base that can be used to shape policies and practice in order to shift attitudes and behaviours and bring about a world free of FGM/C.},
  howpublished = {https://www.fgmcri.org/},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XFBZQFBG/research-resources.html}
}

@misc{33DidDevelopment,
  title = {(33) {{Did Development Economics}} Lose Its Moral Compass? {\textbar} {{LinkedIn}}},
  urldate = {2024-04-29},
  howpublished = {https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/did-development-economics-lose-its-moral-compass-jishnu-das-m5rme/},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/P5MVPL42/did-development-economics-lose-its-moral-compass-jishnu-das-m5rme.html}
}

@article{53606,
  title = {Modeling {{Technology Adoption}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
  author = {Besley, T and Case, A},
  year = {1993},
  journal = {American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings},
  volume = {83},
  number = {2},
  pages = {396--402},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4ZISIW6P/Besley and Case - 1993 - Modeling Technology Adoption in Developing Countri.pdf}
}

@article{abbateDiscriminationGayTransgender2023,
  title = {Discrimination {{Against Gay}} and {{Transgender People}} in {{Latin America}}: {{A Correspondence Study}} in the {{Rental Housing Market}}},
  author = {Abbate, Nicol{\'a}s and Berniell, In{\'e}s and Coleff, Joaqu{\'i}n and Laguinge, Luis and Machelett, Margarita and Marchionni, Mariana and Pedrazzi, Juli{\'a}n and Pinto, Mar{\'i}a Florencia},
  year = {2023},
  abstract = {We assess the extent of discrimination against gay and transgender individuals in the rental housing markets of four Latin American countries. We conducted a large-scale field experiment building on the correspondence study methodology to examine interactions between property managers and fictitious couples engaged in searches on a major online rental housing platform. We find no evidence of discrimination against gay male couples but we do find strong discrimination against heterosexual couples with a transgender woman partner (trans couples). Relative to heterosexual couples, trans couples receive 19\% fewer responses, 27\% fewer positive responses, and 23\% fewer invitations to showings. We also assess whether the evidence is consistent with taste-based discrimination or statistical discrimination models by comparing response rates when couples signal being professionals with stable jobs (quality-job signal). While we find no significant effect of the signal for heterosexual or gay male couples, trans couples benefit from providing a strong labor market signal. Their callback, positive-response, and invitation rates increase by 25\%, 36\% and 29\%, respectively. These results suggest that discrimination against trans couples is consistent with statistical discrimination. Moreover, we find no evidence of heterosexual couples being favored over gay male couples, nor evidence of statistical discrimination for gay male or heterosexual couples.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6283ZI65/Abbate et al. - Discrimination Against Gay and Transgender People .pdf}
}

@article{abbinkPleasureBeingNasty2009,
  title = {The Pleasure of Being Nasty},
  author = {Abbink, Klaus and Sadrieh, Abdolkarim},
  year = {2009},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Economics Letters},
  volume = {105},
  number = {3},
  pages = {306--308},
  issn = {01651765},
  doi = {10.1016/j.econlet.2009.08.024},
  urldate = {2021-07-05},
  abstract = {We introduce the joy-of-destruction game. Two players each receive an endowment and simultaneously decide on how much of the other player's endowment to destroy. In a treatment without fear of retaliation, money is destroyed in almost 40\% of all decisions.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BP9MUFQF/Abbink and Sadrieh - 2009 - The pleasure of being nasty.pdf}
}

@article{abelerPreferencesTruthTelling2019,
  title = {Preferences for {{Truth}}-{{Telling}}},
  author = {Abeler, Johannes and Nosenzo, Daniele and Raymond, Collin},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {87},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1115--1153},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ECTA14673},
  urldate = {2021-02-01},
  abstract = {Private information is at the heart of many economic activities. For decades, economists have assumed that individuals are willing to misreport private information if this maximizes their material payoff. We combine data from 90 experimental studies in economics, psychology, and sociology, and show that, in fact, people lie surprisingly little. We then formalize a wide range of potential explanations for the observed behavior, identify testable predictions that can distinguish between the models, and conduct new experiments to do so. Our empirical evidence suggests that a preference for being seen as honest and a preference for being honest are the main motivations for truthtelling.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6NT8K5NW/Abeler et al. - 2019 - Preferences for Truth‐Telling.pdf}
}

@article{aboudChallengesChangingHealth2012,
  title = {Challenges to Changing Health Behaviours in Developing Countries: A Critical Overview},
  shorttitle = {Challenges to Changing Health Behaviours in Developing Countries},
  author = {Aboud, Frances E. and Singla, Daisy R.},
  year = {2012},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Social Science \& Medicine (1982)},
  volume = {75},
  number = {4},
  pages = {589--594},
  issn = {1873-5347},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.009},
  abstract = {This overview of recent research on health behaviour change in developing countries shows progress as well as pitfalls. In order to provide guidance to health and social scientists seeking to change common practices that contribute to illness and death, there needs to be a common approach to developing interventions and evaluating their outcomes. Strategies forming the basis of interventions and programs to change behaviour need to focus on three sources: theories of behaviour change, evidence for the success and failure of past attempts, and an in-depth understanding of one's audience. Common pitfalls are a lack of attention to the wisdom of theories that address strategies of change at the individual, interpersonal, and community levels. Instead, programs are often developed solely from a logic model, formative qualitative research, or a case-control study of determinants. These are relevant, but limited in scope. Also limited is the focus solely on one's specific behaviour; regardless of whether the practice concerns feeding children or seeking skilled birth attendants or using a latrine, commonalities among behaviours allow generalizability. What we aim for is a set of guidelines for best practices in interventions and programs, as well as a metric to assess whether the program includes these practices. Some fields have approached closer to this goal than others. This special issue of behaviour change interventions in developing countries adds to our understanding of where we are now and what we need to do to realize more gains in the future.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {22633158},
  keywords = {Developing Countries,Health Behavior,Health Promotion,Humans}
}

@techreport{Abramovsky2019,
  title = {Complementarities in the {{Production}} of {{Child Health}}},
  author = {Abramovsky, Laura and Augsburg, Britta and Jervis, Pamela and Malde, Bansi and Phimister, Angus},
  year = {2019},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5BFCCMYE/Phimister et al. - 2019 - Complementarities in the Production of Child Healt.pdf}
}

@article{abramsProNormAntiNormDeviance,
  title = {Pro-{{Norm}} and {{Anti-Norm Deviance Within}} and {{Between Groups}}},
  author = {Abrams, Dominic and Marques, Jose M and Bown, Nicola and Henson, Michelle},
  pages = {7},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CSD3JNAK/Abrams et al. - Pro-Norm and Anti-Norm Deviance Within and Between.pdf}
}

@article{ABSTRACTABSTRACT2014,
  title = {{{ABSTRACT}}: {{ABSTRACT}}},
  shorttitle = {{{ABSTRACT}}},
  year = {2014},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development},
  volume = {79},
  number = {2},
  pages = {vii-vii},
  issn = {0037976X},
  doi = {10.1002/mono.12096},
  urldate = {2020-11-27},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/P4U87UND/2014 - ABSTRACT ABSTRACT.pdf}
}

@article{Acemoglu2001,
  title = {The {{Colonial Origins}} of {{Comparative Development}}: {{An Empirical Investigation}}},
  author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Johnson, Simon and Robinson, James A.},
  year = {2001},
  month = dec,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {91},
  number = {5},
  eprint = {hep-th/0610136v3},
  pages = {1369--1401},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.91.5.1369},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  isbn = {00028282},
  pmid = {17746758},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2D2ENRIC/Acemoglu et al. - 2001 - The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development A.pdf}
}

@article{Acemoglu2014,
  title = {Chiefs: {{Economic}} Development and Elite Control of Civil Society in Sierra Leone},
  author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Reed, Tristan and Robinson, James A.},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {122},
  number = {2},
  pages = {319--368},
  issn = {1537534X},
  doi = {10.1086/674988},
  abstract = {We study the effect of constraints on chiefs' power on economic outcomes, citizens' attitudes, and social capital. A paramount chief in Sierra Leone must come from a ruling family originally recognized by British colonial authorities. In chiefdoms with fewer ruling families, chiefs face less political competition, and development outcomes are significantly worse today. Variation in the security of property rights over land is a potential mechanism. Paradoxically, with fewer ruling families, the institutions of chiefs' authority are more highly respected, and measured social capital is higher. We argue that these results reflect the capture of civil society organizations by chiefs. {\copyright} 2014 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4BFRH4ZF/Acemoglu et al. - 2014 - Chiefs Economic Development and Elite Control of .pdf}
}

@article{acemoglu2017social,
  title = {Social Norms and the Enforcement of Laws},
  author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Jackson, Matthew O},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  volume = {15},
  number = {2},
  pages = {245--295},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8HEQ4YYU/2017 - Social Norms and the Enforcement of Laws.pdf}
}

@article{acemogluBayesianLearningSocial2011,
  title = {Bayesian {{Learning}} in {{Social Networks}}},
  author = {Acemoglu, D. and Dahleh, M. A. and Lobel, I. and Ozdaglar, A.},
  year = {2011},
  month = oct,
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {78},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1201--1236},
  issn = {0034-6527, 1467-937X},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdr004},
  urldate = {2021-05-14},
  abstract = {We study the (perfect Bayesian) equilibrium of a sequential learning model over a general social network. Each individual receives a signal about the underlying state of the world, observes the past actions of a stochastically generated neighbourhood of individuals, and chooses one of two possible actions. The stochastic process generating the neighbourhoods defines the network topology. We characterize pure strategy equilibria for arbitrary stochastic and deterministic social networks and characterize the conditions under which there will be asymptotic learning---convergence (in probability) to the right action as the social network becomes large. We show that when private beliefs are unbounded (meaning that the implied likelihood ratios are unbounded), there will be asymptotic learning as long as there is some minimal amount of ``expansion in observations''. We also characterize conditions under which there will be asymptotic learning when private beliefs are bounded.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RJ6M9WS3/Acemoglu et al. - 2011 - Bayesian Learning in Social Networks.pdf}
}

@article{acemogluConstitutionsPoliticsEconomics2005,
  title = {Constitutions, {{Politics}}, and {{Economics}}: {{A Review Essay}} on {{Persson}} and {{Tabellini}}'s {{{\emph{The Economic Effects}}}}{\emph{ of }}{{{\emph{Constitutions}}}}},
  shorttitle = {Constitutions, {{Politics}}, and {{Economics}}},
  author = {Acemoglu, Daron},
  year = {2005},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  volume = {43},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1025--1048},
  issn = {0022-0515},
  doi = {10.1257/002205105775362069},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SXEVTI38/Acemoglu - 2005 - Constitutions, Politics, and Economics A Review E.pdf}
}

@article{acemogluCultureInstitutionsSocial2021,
  title = {Culture, {{Institutions}} and {{Social Equilibria}}: {{A Framework}}},
  author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James A},
  year = {2021},
  pages = {87},
  abstract = {This paper proposes a new framework for studying the interplay between culture and institutions. We follow the recent sociology literature and interpret culture as a ``repertoire'', which allows rich cultural responses to changes in the environment and shifts in political power. Specifically, we start with a culture set, which consists of attributes and the feasible connections between them. Combinations of attributes produce cultural configurations, which provide meaning, interpretation and justification for individual and group actions. Cultural configurations also legitimize and support different institutional arrangements. Culture matters as it shapes the set of feasible cultural configurations and via this channel institutions. Yet, changes in politics and institutions can cause a rewiring of existing attributes, generating very different cultural configurations. Cultural persistence may result from the dynamics of political and economic factors---rather than being a consequence of an unchanging culture. We distinguish cultures by how fluid they are---whereby more fluid cultures allow a richer set of cultural configurations. Fluidity in turn depends on how specific (vs. abstract) and entangled (vs. free-standing) attributes in a culture set are. We illustrate these ideas using examples from African, England, China, the Islamic world, the Indian caste system and the Crow. In all cases, our interpretation highlights that culture becomes more of a constraint when it is less fluid (more hardwired), for example because its attributes are more specific or entangled. We also emphasize that less fluid cultures are not necessarily ``bad cultures'', and may create a range of benefits, though they may reduce the responsiveness of culture to changing circumstances. In many instances, including in the African, Chinese and English cases, we show that there is a lot of fluidity and very different, almost diametrically-opposed, cultural configurations are feasible, often compete with each other for acceptance and can gain the upper hand depending on political factors.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E76IKL9N/w28832.rev0.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IBATVCTQ/Culture, Institutions and Social Equilibria - A Framework.pdf}
}

@article{acemogluDiseaseDevelopmentEffect2007,
  title = {Disease and {{Development}}: {{The Effect}} of {{Life Expectancy}} on {{Economic Growth}}},
  shorttitle = {Disease and {{Development}}},
  author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Johnson, Simon},
  year = {2007},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {115},
  number = {6},
  pages = {925--985},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/529000},
  urldate = {2020-03-12},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AGBIUHBQ/Acemoglu and Johnson - 2007 - Disease and Development The Effect of Life Expect.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FZMZRJAM/Acemoglu and Johnson - 2007 - Disease and Development The Effect of Life Expect.pdf}
}

@article{acemogluEconomicBackwardnessPolitical2006,
  title = {Economic {{Backwardness}} in {{Political Perspective}}},
  author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James A.},
  year = {2006},
  month = feb,
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  volume = {100},
  number = {1},
  pages = {115--131},
  issn = {0003-0554, 1537-5943},
  doi = {10.1017/S0003055406062046},
  urldate = {2022-09-29},
  abstract = {We construct a simple model where political elites may block technological and institutional development, because of a ``political replacement effect.'' Innovations often erode elites' incumbency advantage, increasing the likelihood that they will be replaced. Fearing replacement, political elites are unwilling to initiate change and may even block economic development. We show that the relationship between blocking and political competition is nonmonotonic: elites are unlikely to block development when there is a high degree of political competition or when they are highly entrenched. It is only when political competition is limited and also when their power is threatened that elites will block development. Blocking is also more likely when political stakes are higher, for example, because of land rents enjoyed by the elites. External threats, on the other hand, may reduce the incentives to block.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CLVJTQW6/Acemoglu and Robinson - 2006 - Economic Backwardness in Political Perspective.pdf}
}

@article{acemogluPersistencePowerElites2008,
  title = {Persistence of {{Power}}, {{Elites}}, and {{Institutions}}},
  author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James A},
  year = {2008},
  month = feb,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {98},
  number = {1},
  pages = {267--293},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.98.1.267},
  urldate = {2020-05-19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/V9XKX272/Acemoglu and Robinson - 2008 - Persistence of Power, Elites, and Institutions.pdf}
}

@article{acemogluPowerDirectionResearch,
  title = {Power and the {{Direction}} of {{Research}}: {{Evidence}} from {{China}}'s {{Academia}}},
  author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Yang, David Y and Zhou, Jie},
  pages = {72},
  abstract = {Can China stimulate and sustain innovation with its juxtaposition of top-down emphasis on innovation and the presence of powerful leaders within academic institutions? In this paper, we investigate whether powerful actors curtail academic autonomy and freedom, and impact the direction and quality of innovation. We collect comprehensive data on the scientific publications of researchers in the leading 109 Chinese universities and the leadership changes in these universities. We use NLP methods to measure the similarity between faculty members' and their leaders' research portfolios. We find that immediately after --- and not before --- the leaders take office, faculty members begin to shift their research direction towards that of their leaders. Such shifts cannot be explained by the signaling of star researchers' activities, but can be attributed to leaders' political power over faculty members' career trajectories. Leaders appointed by the Communist Party exert greater influence on faculty members' research directions, and leaders' influence is stronger among disciplines and institutions that have historically or recently experienced academic persecution. We also document significant costs of leaders' influence on research quality. Below-median productivity leaders lead to even greater increases in similarity, and switches from above-median to below-median leaders is associated with sizable declines in citations. Such decline is driven by citations to papers that are most similar to new leaders.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZUI7XEBQ/Acemoglu et al. - Power and the Direction of Research Evidence from.pdf}
}

@article{acemogluResponseSheriBerman2020,
  title = {Response to {{Sheri Berman}}'s {{Review}} of {{The Narrow Corridor}}:{{States}}, {{Societies}}, and the {{Fate}} of {{Liberty}}},
  shorttitle = {Response to {{Sheri Berman}}'s {{Review}} of {{The Narrow Corridor}}},
  author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James A.},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
  volume = {18},
  number = {3},
  pages = {905--906},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  issn = {1537-5927, 1541-0986},
  doi = {10.1017/S1537592720001863},
  urldate = {2024-01-29},
  abstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\%3Acambridge.org\%3Aid\%3Aarticle\%3AS1537592720001863/resource/name/firstPage-S1537592720001863a.jpg},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9UZCDNID/Acemoglu and Robinson - 2020 - Response to Sheri Berman’s Review of The Narrow Co.pdf}
}

@article{acemogluTrustStateNonstate2020,
  title = {Trust in {{State}} and {{Nonstate Actors}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Dispute Resolution}} in {{Pakistan}}},
  shorttitle = {Trust in {{State}} and {{Nonstate Actors}}},
  author = {Acemoglu, Daron and Cheema, Ali and Khwaja, Asim I. and Robinson, James A.},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {128},
  number = {8},
  pages = {3090--3147},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/707765},
  urldate = {2021-11-10},
  abstract = {Lack of trust in state institutions is a pervasive problem in many developing countries. This paper investigates whether information about improved public services can help build trust in state institutions and move people away from non-state actors. We find that (truthful) information about reduced delays in state courts in rural Pakistan leads to citizens reporting higher likelihood of using them and to greater allocations to the state in two high-stakes lab games. More interestingly, we find negative indirect effects on non-state actors and show that these effects are mediated by changes in beliefs. Our preferred interpretation explains these behaviors as a response to improved beliefs about state actors which then make individuals interact less with non-state actors and as a result downgrade their beliefs about them.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4JQCEE56/Acemoglu et al. - 2020 - Trust in State and Nonstate Actors Evidence from .pdf}
}

@book{acharyaDeepRootsHow2018,
  title = {Deep Roots: How Slavery Still Shapes {{Southern}} Politics},
  shorttitle = {Deep Roots},
  author = {Acharya, Avidit and Blackwell, Matthew and Sen, Maya},
  year = {2018},
  series = {Princeton Studies in Political Behavior},
  publisher = {Princeton University Press},
  address = {Princeton, New Jersey},
  abstract = {"Despite dramatic social transformations in the United States during the last 150 years, the South has remained staunchly conservative. Southerners are more likely to support Republican candidates, gun rights, and the death penalty, and southern whites harbor higher levels of racial resentment than whites in other parts of the country. Why haven't these sentiments evolved or changed? Deep Roots shows that the entrenched political and racial views of contemporary white southerners are a direct consequence of the region's slaveholding history, which continues to shape economic, political, and social spheres. Today, southern whites who live in areas once reliant on slavery--compared to areas that were not--are more racially hostile and less amenable to policies that could promote black progress. Highlighting the connection between historical institutions and contemporary political attitudes, the authors explore the period following the Civil War when elite whites in former bastions of slavery had political and economic incentives to encourage the development of anti-black laws and practices. Deep Roots shows that these forces created a local political culture steeped in racial prejudice, and that these viewpoints have been passed down over generations, from parents to children and via communities, through a process called behavioral path dependence. While legislation such as the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act made huge strides in increasing economic opportunity and reducing educational disparities, southern slavery has had a profound, lasting, and self-reinforcing influence on regional and national politics that can still be felt today. A groundbreaking look at the ways institutions of the past continue to sway attitudes of the present, Deep Roots demonstrates how social beliefs persist long after the formal policies that created those beliefs have been eradicated."--Jacket},
  isbn = {978-0-691-17674-1},
  lccn = {F216.2 .A24 2018},
  keywords = {1951-,Persistenz,Political aspects,Politics and government,Politische Kultur,Rassismus,Since 1951,Sklaverei,Slavery,Southern States,Sudstaaten,United States,USA},
  annotation = {OCLC: on1005117567}
}

@article{Adair2013,
  title = {Associations of Linear Growth and Relative Weight Gain during Early Life with Adult Health and Human Capital in Countries of Low and Middle Income: Findings from Five Birth Cohort Studies},
  author = {Adair, Linda S. and Fall, Caroline H.D. and Osmond, Clive and Stein, Aryeh D. and Martorell, Reynaldo and {Ramirez-Zea}, Manuel and Sachdev, Harshpal Singh and Dahly, Darren L. and Bas, Isabelita and Norris, Shane A. and Micklesfield, Lisa and Hallal, Pedro and Victora, Cesar G.},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Lancet},
  volume = {382},
  number = {9891},
  pages = {525--534},
  issn = {01406736},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60103-8},
  abstract = {Background Fast weight gain and linear growth in children in low-income and middle-income countries are associated with enhanced survival and improved cognitive development, but might increase risk of obesity and related adult cardiometabolic diseases. We investigated how linear growth and relative weight gain during infancy and childhood are related to health and human capital outcomes in young adults. Methods We used data from five prospective birth cohort studies from Brazil, Guatemala, India, the Philippines, and South Africa. We investigated body-mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, plasma glucose concentration, height, years of attained schooling, and related categorical indicators of adverse outcomes in young adults. With linear and logistic regression models, we assessed how these outcomes relate to birthweight and to statistically independent measures representing linear growth and weight gain independent of linear growth (relative weight gain) in three age periods: 0-2 years, 2 years to mid-childhood, and mid-childhood to adulthood. Findings We obtained data for 8362 participants who had at least one adult outcome of interest. A higher birthweight was consistently associated with an adult body-mass index of greater than 25 kg/m2 (odds ratio 1{$\cdot$}28, 95\% CI 1{$\cdot$}21-1{$\cdot$}35) and a reduced likelihood of short adult stature (0{$\cdot$}49, 0{$\cdot$}44-0{$\cdot$}54) and of not completing secondary school (0{$\cdot$}82, 0{$\cdot$}78-0{$\cdot$}87). Faster linear growth was strongly associated with a reduced risk of short adult stature (age 2 years: 0{$\cdot$}23, 0{$\cdot$}20-0{$\cdot$}52; mid-childhood: 0{$\cdot$}39, 0{$\cdot$}36-0{$\cdot$}43) and of not completing secondary school (age 2 years: 0{$\cdot$}74, 0{$\cdot$}67-0{$\cdot$}78; mid-childhood: 0{$\cdot$}87, 0{$\cdot$}83-0{$\cdot$}92), but did raise the likelihood of overweight (age 2 years: 1{$\cdot$}24, 1{$\cdot$}17-1{$\cdot$}31; mid-childhood: 1{$\cdot$}12, 1{$\cdot$}06-1{$\cdot$}18) and elevated blood pressure (age 2 years: 1{$\cdot$}12, 1{$\cdot$}06-1{$\cdot$}19; mid-childhood: 1{$\cdot$}07, 1{$\cdot$}01-1{$\cdot$}13). Faster relative weight gain was associated with an increased risk of adult overweight (age 2 years: 1{$\cdot$}51, 1{$\cdot$}43-1{$\cdot$}60; mid-childhood: 1{$\cdot$}76, 1{$\cdot$}69-1{$\cdot$}91) and elevated blood pressure (age 2 years: 1{$\cdot$}07, 1{$\cdot$}01-1{$\cdot$}13; mid-childhood: 1{$\cdot$}22, 1{$\cdot$}15-1{$\cdot$}30). Linear growth and relative weight gain were not associated with dysglycaemia, but a higher birthweight was associated with decreased risk of the disorder (0{$\cdot$}89, 0{$\cdot$}81-0{$\cdot$}98). Interpretation Interventions in countries of low and middle income to increase birthweight and linear growth during the first 2 years of life are likely to result in substantial gains in height and schooling and give some protection from adult chronic disease risk factors, with few adverse trade-offs. Funding Wellcome Trust and Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation. {\copyright} 2013 Elsevier Ltd.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/73VHRA4Q/Adair et al. - 2013 - Associations of linear growth and relative weight .pdf}
}

@article{Adelman1997,
  title = {Editorial: {{Development}} History and Its Implications for Development Theory},
  author = {Adelman, Irma and Morris, Cynthia Taft},
  year = {1997},
  journal = {World Development},
  volume = {25},
  number = {6},
  pages = {831--840},
  issn = {0305750X},
  doi = {10.1016/s0305-750x(97)00010-7},
  abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VKQBYK4H/Adelman and Morris - 1997 - Editorial Development history and its implication.pdf}
}

@article{adenaRadioRiseNazis2015,
  title = {Radio and the {{Rise}} of {{The Nazis}} in {{Prewar Germany}}*},
  author = {Adena, Maja and Enikolopov, Ruben and Petrova, Maria and Santarosa, Veronica and Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina},
  year = {2015},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {130},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1885--1939},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjv030},
  urldate = {2025-03-03},
  abstract = {Abstract             How do the media affect public support for democratic institutions in a fragile democracy? What role do they play in a dictatorial regime? We study these questions in the context of Germany of the 1920s and 1930s. During the democratic period, when the Weimar government introduced progovernment political news, the growth of Nazi popularity slowed down in areas with access to radio. This effect was reversed during the campaign for the last competitive election as a result of the pro-Nazi radio broadcast following Hitler's appointment as chancellor. During the consolidation of dictatorship, radio propaganda helped the Nazis enroll new party members. After the Nazis established their rule, radio propaganda incited anti-Semitic acts and denunciations of Jews to authorities by ordinary citizens. The effect of anti-Semitic propaganda varied depending on the listeners' predispositions toward the message. Nazi radio was most effective in places where anti-Semitism was historically high and had a negative effect in places with historically low anti-Semitism.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3BW48TKN/Adena et al. - 2015 - Radio and the Rise of The Nazis in Prewar Germany.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/73YWSEBV/wp201332.pdf}
}

@article{Adewuya2017,
  title = {Primary Health Care Workers' Knowledge and Attitudes towards Depression and Its Management in the {{MeHPric-P}} Project, {{Lagos}}, {{Nigeria}}},
  author = {Adewuya, Abiodun O. and Adewumi, Tomilola and Ola, Bolanle and Abosede, Olayinka and Oyeneyin, Abiodun and Fasawe, Adedolapo and Idris, Olajide},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {General Hospital Psychiatry},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {1--6},
  publisher = {Elsevier Inc},
  issn = {18737714},
  doi = {10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.04.002},
  abstract = {Objective This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, perceived challenges and attitude of primary health care (PHC) workers in Lagos to depression and its management in the PHC. Methods Health workers (n 0.25 = 0.25 607) from 49 ``flagship'' PHCs in Lagos were evaluated for their level of knowledge, experience, competence, attitude and perceived challenges to managing depression in the primary care using a case vignette. Results More than half (56.2\%) of the health workers correctly diagnosed depression. The most endorsed causative factors were ``Psycho-social'' (77.3\%), but ``spiritual factors'' were endorsed by 36.2\%. While only 39.4\% agreed that the depressed patient is best managed in a PHC, 86.2\% would support treating the patient in their PHC if their capacity is enhanced. Top identified challenges were ``heavy work schedule'' (68.5\%) and ``lack of competence of the PHC staff'' (67.5\%). Over 42\% had poor attitude towards depressed patient. Having a mental health training was the major factor that predicted good knowledge (OR 4.52, 95\%CI 2.96--7.00) and good attitude (OR 2.17, 95\% CI 1.48--3.17). Conclusions For successful scale up of mental health services in LMICs, the design of mental health training curriculum for PHC workers should consider their knowledge, experience, competence level, perception and attitudes.},
  isbn = {2348055617605},
  keywords = {Depression,Health workers stigma,Primary care},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XNRHVFNE/Adewuya et al. - 2017 - Primary health care workers' knowledge and attitud.pdf}
}

@article{Adhikari2018,
  title = {Should {{I Stay}} or {{Should I Go}}: {{Do Cash Transfers Affect Migration}}?},
  author = {Adhikari, Samik and Gentilini, Ugo},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {World Bank Group, Policy Research Working Paper 8525},
  number = {July},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IPN32GX6/Adhikari and Gentilini - 2018 - Should I Stay or Should I Go Do Cash Transfers Af.pdf}
}

@article{Adhvaryu2014,
  title = {Learning, {{Misallocation}}, and {{Technology Adoption}}: {{Evidence}} from {{New Malaria Therapy}} in {{Tanzania}}},
  author = {Adhvaryu, Achyuta},
  year = {2014},
  month = oct,
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {81},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1331--1365},
  issn = {1467-937X},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdu020},
  abstract = {I study how the misallocation of new technology to individuals, who have low ex post returns to its use, affects learning and adoption behaviour. I focus on anti-malarial treatment, which is frequently over-prescribed in many low-income country contexts where diagnostic tests are inaccessible. I show that misdiagnosis reduces average therapeutic effectiveness, because only a fraction of adopters actually have malaria, and slows the rate of social learning due to increased noise. I use data on adoption choices, the timing and duration of fever episodes, and individual blood slide confirmations of malarial status from a pilot study for a new malaria therapy in Tanzania to show that individuals whose reference groups experienced fewer misdiagnoses exhibited stronger learning effects and were more likely to adopt.},
  keywords = {ACT,Diagnosis,Malaria,Social learning,Tanzania,Technology adoption},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XZPJFIPF/Adhvaryu - 2014 - Learning, Misallocation, and Technology Adoption .pdf}
}

@article{Adhvaryu2018,
  title = {Helping {{Children Catch Up}}: {{Early Life Shocks}} and the {{PROGRESA Experiment}}},
  author = {Adhvaryu, Achyuta and Nyshadham, Anant and Molina, Teresa and Tamayo, Jorge},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {NBER Working Paper Series},
  pages = {1--75},
  keywords = {cash transfers,dynamic complementarities,early life,education,employ-,fetal origins},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5RBV475J/Adhvaryu et al. - 2018 - Helping Children Catch Up Early Life Shocks and t.pdf}
}

@article{Adhvaryu2019,
  title = {When {{It Rains It Pours}}: {{The Long-run Economic Impacts}} of {{Salt Iodization}} in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Adhvaryu, Achyuta and Bednar, Steven and Molina, Teresa and Nguyen, Quynh and Nyshadham, Anant},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  pages = {1--45},
  issn = {0034-6535},
  doi = {10.1162/rest_a_00822},
  abstract = {In 1924, The Morton Salt Company began nationwide distribution of iodine-fortified salt. Access to iodine, a key determinant of cognitive ability, rose sharply. We compare outcomes for cohorts exposed in utero to iodized salt with those of slightly older, unexposed cohorts, across states with high versus low iodine deficiency rates prior to salt fortification. Incomes for cohorts who benefited from iodized salt access went up by 11\%; labor force participation rose by roughly .75 percentage points; and the probability of working more than 50 weeks in a year went up by over 1 percentage point. These impacts were driven entirely by females. We find large impacts on economic outcomes early in women's adult lives and muted effects later in life. Women married at later ages and experienced a small increase in educational attainment.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/35VID4ZC/Adhvaryu et al. - When It Rains It Pours The Long-run Economic Impa.pdf}
}

@article{adhvaryuEarlyLifeCircumstance2019,
  title = {Early {{Life Circumstance}} and {{Adult Mental Health}}},
  author = {Adhvaryu, Achyuta and Fenske, James and Nyshadham, Anant},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {127},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1516--1549},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/701606},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {We show that psychological well-being in adulthood varies with circumstance in early life. Combining a time series of real producer prices of cocoa with a nationally representative household survey in Ghana, we find that a one standard deviation rise in the cocoa price in early life decreases the likelihood of severe mental distress in adulthood by 3 percentage points (half the mean prevalence) for cohorts born in cocoa-producing regions relative to those born in other regions. Impacts on related personality traits are consistent with this result. Maternal nutrition, reinforcing childhood investments, and adult circumstance are likely operative channels of impact.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {early life,endowments,fetal origins,mental health,subjective well-being},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A6GM8CLR/Adhvaryu et al. - 2019 - Early Life Circumstance and Adult Mental Health.pdf}
}

@article{adhvaryuEndowmentsBirthParents2016,
  title = {Endowments at {{Birth}} and {{Parents}}' {{Investments}} in {{Children}}},
  author = {Adhvaryu, Achyuta and Nyshadham, Anant},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  journal = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {126},
  number = {593},
  pages = {781--820},
  issn = {0013-0133, 1468-0297},
  doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12186},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C97F8BBW/Adhvaryu and Nyshadham - 2016 - Endowments at Birth and Parents’ Investments in Ch.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GVSTJKA2/Adhvaryu and Nyshadham - 2016 - Endowments at Birth and Parents’ Investments in Ch.pdf}
}

@article{adhvaryuFetalOriginsMental2017,
  title = {Fetal {{Origins}} of {{Mental Health}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Africa}}},
  author = {Adhvaryu, Achyuta and Fenske, James and Kala, Namrata and Nyshadham, Anant},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {58},
  abstract = {Mental health disorders are a substantial portion of the global disease burden, yet their determinants are understudied, particularly in developing countries. We find that temperature shocks in utero increase depressive symptoms in adulthood in Africa. A ten percent increase in heat exposure increases our depression indices .05 to .07 standard deviations. We find no evidence that the effects of these shocks are smaller for more recent birth cohorts, nor do shocks predict greater treatment of depressive symptoms. Temperature fluctuations, increasingly frequent due to climate change, worsen the mental health disease burden and health care systems in Africa do not mitigate these impacts.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XLJ5UY4J/Adhvaryu et al. - FETAL ORIGINS OF MENTAL HEALTH EVIDENCE FROM AFRI.pdf}
}

@article{adukiaSanitationEducation2017,
  title = {Sanitation and {{Education}}},
  author = {Adukia, Anjali},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {23--59},
  issn = {1945-7782},
  doi = {10.1257/app.20150083},
  urldate = {2024-03-07},
  abstract = {I explore whether the absence of school sanitation infrastructure impedes educational attainment, particularly among pubescent-age girls, using a national Indian school latrine construction initiative and administrative school-level data. School latrine construction substantially increases enrollment of pubescent-age girls, though predominately when providing sex-specific latrines. Privacy and safety appear to matter sufficiently for pubescent-age girls that only sex-specific latrines reduce gender disparities. Any latrine substantially benefits younger girls and boys, who may be particularly vulnerable to sickness from uncontained waste. Academic test scores did not increase following latrine construction, however. Estimated increases in enrollment are similar across the substantial variation in Indian district characteristics.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Education,Human Development,Income Distribution,Migration Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East,Non-labor Discrimination Economic Development: Human Resources,Public Pensions State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories Analysis of Education Education and Economic Development Economics of Gender,State and Local Government: Health,Welfare},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A8R4ATBD/Adukia - 2017 - Sanitation and Education.pdf}
}

@article{adukiaSanitationEducation2017a,
  title = {Sanitation and {{Education}}},
  author = {Adukia, Anjali},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {23--59},
  issn = {1945-7782},
  doi = {10.1257/app.20150083},
  urldate = {2024-03-07},
  abstract = {I explore whether the absence of school sanitation infrastructure impedes educational attainment, particularly among pubescent-age girls, using a national Indian school latrine construction initiative and administrative school-level data. School latrine construction substantially increases enrollment of pubescent-age girls, though predominately when providing sex-specific latrines. Privacy and safety appear to matter sufficiently for pubescent-age girls that only sex-specific latrines reduce gender disparities. Any latrine substantially benefits younger girls and boys, who may be particularly vulnerable to sickness from uncontained waste. Academic test scores did not increase following latrine construction, however. Estimated increases in enrollment are similar across the substantial variation in Indian district characteristics.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Education,Human Development,Income Distribution,Migration Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East,Non-labor Discrimination Economic Development: Human Resources,Public Pensions State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories Analysis of Education Education and Economic Development Economics of Gender,State and Local Government: Health,Welfare},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2P9MBN65/Adukia - 2017 - Sanitation and Education.pdf}
}

@article{adukiaSanitationEducation2017b,
  title = {Sanitation and {{Education}}},
  author = {Adukia, Anjali},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {23--59},
  issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790},
  doi = {10.1257/app.20150083},
  urldate = {2024-03-07},
  abstract = {I explore whether the absence of school sanitation infrastructure impedes educational attainment, particularly among pubescent-age girls, using a national Indian school latrine construction initiative and administrative school-level data. School latrine construction substantially increases enrollment of pubescent-age girls, though predominately when providing sex-specific latrines. Privacy and safety appear to matter sufficiently for pubescent-age girls that only sex-specific latrines reduce gender disparities. Any latrine substantially benefits younger girls and boys, who may be particularly vulnerable to sickness from uncontained waste. Academic test scores did not increase following latrine construction, however. Estimated increases in enrollment are similar across the substantial variation in Indian district characteristics. (JEL H75, H76, I21, I25, J16, O15, O53)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SFFJPSHS/Adukia - 2017 - Sanitation and Education.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SM3CPTNI/app.20150083.pdf}
}

@misc{AEAWebAmerican,
  title = {{{AEA Web}} - {{American Economic Review}} - 113(12):3289 - {{Abstract}}},
  urldate = {2023-11-28},
  howpublished = {https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/aer.20211051},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LEHIT2C2/aer.html}
}

@article{afoakwahWomenBargainingPower2020,
  title = {Women's {{Bargaining Power}} and {{Children}}'s {{Schooling Outcomes}}: {{Evidence From Ghana}}},
  shorttitle = {Women's {{Bargaining Power}} and {{Children}}'s {{Schooling Outcomes}}},
  author = {Afoakwah, Clifford and Deng, Xin and Onur, Ilke},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Feminist Economics},
  pages = {1--29},
  issn = {1354-5701, 1466-4372},
  doi = {10.1080/13545701.2019.1707847},
  urldate = {2020-03-12},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EFKBCRIT/Afoakwah et al. - 2020 - Women’s Bargaining Power and Children’s Schooling .pdf}
}

@misc{africacanendpovertyblogWhatDrivingCOVID19,
  title = {What Is Driving {{COVID-19}} Vaccine Hesitancy in {{Sub-Saharan Africa}}?},
  author = {Africa Can End Poverty Blog},
  urldate = {2022-02-04},
  abstract = {As African countries accelerate the deployment of COVID-19 (coronavirus) vaccines, the issue of vaccine hesitancy looms. Globally, there has been a rise in general vaccine hesitancy but especially towards COVID-19 vaccines},
  howpublished = {https://blogs.worldbank.org/africacan/what-driving-covid-19-vaccine-hesitancy-sub-saharan-africa},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GHLLRANJ/what-driving-covid-19-vaccine-hesitancy-sub-saharan-africa.html}
}

@article{agarwalCombiningHumanExpertise,
  title = {Combining {{Human Expertise}} with {{Artificial Intelligence}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Radiology}}},
  author = {Agarwal, Nikhil and Moehring, Alex and Rajpurkar, Pranav and Salz, Tobias},
  abstract = {Full automation using Artificial Intelligence (AI) predictions may not be optimal if humans can access contextual information. We study human-AI collaboration using an information experiment with professional radiologists. Results show that providing (i) AI predictions does not always improve performance, whereas (ii) contextual information does. Radiologists do not realize the gains from AI assistance because of errors in belief updating -- they underweight AI predictions and treat their own information and AI predictions as statistically independent. Unless these mistakes can be corrected, the optimal human-AI collaboration design delegates cases either to humans or to AI, but rarely to AI assisted humans.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YBQMNHKU/Agarwal et al. - Combining Human Expertise with Artificial Intellig.pdf}
}

@article{agarwalCombiningHumanExpertise2024,
  title = {Combining {{Human Expertise}} with {{Artificial Intelligence}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Radiology}}},
  author = {Agarwal, Nikhil and Moehring, Alex and Rajpurkar, Pranav and Salz, Tobias},
  year = {2024},
  abstract = {Full automation using Artificial Intelligence (AI) predictions may not be optimal if humans can access contextual information. We study human-AI collaboration using an information experiment with professional radiologists. Results show that providing (i) AI predictions does not always improve performance, whereas (ii) contextual information does. Radiologists do not realize the gains from AI assistance because of errors in belief updating -- they underweight AI predictions and treat their own information and AI predictions as statistically independent. Unless these mistakes can be corrected, the optimal human-AI collaboration design delegates cases either to humans or to AI, but rarely to AI assisted humans.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SLB4Y54Y/Agarwal et al. - Combining Human Expertise with Artificial Intellig.pdf}
}

@article{agarwalMonthBirthChild2017,
  title = {Month of Birth and Child Height in 40 Countries},
  author = {Agarwal, Neha and Aiyar, Anaka and Bhattacharjee, Arpita and Cummins, Joseph and Gunadi, Christian and Singhania, Deepak and Taylor, Matthew and {Wigton-Jones}, Evan},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Economics Letters},
  volume = {157},
  pages = {10--13},
  issn = {01651765},
  doi = {10.1016/j.econlet.2017.05.006},
  urldate = {2020-04-09},
  abstract = {Lokshin and Radyakin (2012) present evidence that month of birth affects child physical growth in India. We replicate these correlations using the same data and demonstrate that they are the result of a spurious relationship between month of birth, age-at-measurement and child growth patterns in developing countries. We repeat the analysis on 39 additional countries and show that there is no evidence of seasonal birth effects in child height-for-age z-score in any country. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the Demographic and Health Survey data used to estimate the correlation is not suitable for the task due to a previously unrecognized source of measurement error in child month of birth. We document results from several papers that should be re-interpreted in light of this issue.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CN3TNT8A/Agarwal et al. - 2017 - Month of birth and child height in 40 countries.pdf}
}

@techreport{aghionDemocracyTechnologyGrowth2007,
  title = {Democracy, {{Technology}}, and {{Growth}}},
  author = {Aghion, Philippe and Alesina, Alberto and Trebbi, Francesco},
  year = {2007},
  month = jun,
  number = {w13180},
  pages = {w13180},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w13180},
  urldate = {2022-09-29},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YPDWUTHR/Aghion et al. - 2007 - Democracy, Technology, and Growth.pdf}
}

@article{aghionMODELGROWTHCREATIVE,
  title = {A {{MODEL OF GROWTH THROUGH CREATIVE DESTRUCTION}}},
  author = {Aghion, Philippe},
  pages = {50},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TRXQD9XQ/Aghion - A MODEL OF GROWTH THROUGH CREATIVE DESTRUCTION.pdf}
}

@article{aghionUnequalEffectsLiberalization2008,
  title = {The {{Unequal Effects}} of {{Liberalization}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Dismantling}} the {{License Raj}} in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Unequal Effects}} of {{Liberalization}}},
  author = {Aghion, Philippe and Burgess, Robin and Redding, Stephen J and Zilibotti, Fabrizio},
  year = {2008},
  month = aug,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {98},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1397--1412},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.98.4.1397},
  urldate = {2022-10-12},
  abstract = {We study whether the effects on registered manufacturing output of dismantling the License Raj---a system of central controls regulating entry and production activity in this sector---vary across Indian states with different labor market regulations. The effects are found to be unequal across Indian states with different labor market regulations. In particular, following delicensing, industries located in states with pro-employer labor market institutions grew more quickly than those in pro-worker environments. (JEL J50, L52,L60, O14, O15, O25)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JEUC73HZ/Aghion et al. - 2008 - The Unequal Effects of Liberalization Evidence fr.pdf}
}

@article{agoramoorthyLivingSocietalEdge2015,
  title = {Living on the {{Societal Edge}}: {{India}}'s {{Transgender Realities}}},
  shorttitle = {Living on the {{Societal Edge}}},
  author = {Agoramoorthy, Govindasamy and Hsu, Minna J.},
  year = {2015},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Religion and Health},
  volume = {54},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1451--1459},
  issn = {1573-6571},
  doi = {10.1007/s10943-014-9987-z},
  urldate = {2023-05-18},
  abstract = {The transgendered people have played an important role in ancient Indian culture over millennia. They were portrayed in famous Hindu religious scriptures such as Ramayana and Mahabharata. They were given imperative roles in the royal courtyards of Mughal emperors. Their downfall came only at the onset of British rule during the eighteenth century when they were blacklisted and treated as criminal elements in society. Only in 2014, India's Supreme Court has made a landmark ruling by declaring that the transgendered people must have access to equal opportunity in society. In spite of this legal recognition, transgenders at large have been forced to live on the fringes of the contemporary Indian society. This article explores their past glories, present struggles and future ambitions in the world's largest democracy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Health,Hinduism,HIV/AIDS,India,Society,Transgender},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RKYDZJY8/Agoramoorthy and Hsu - 2015 - Living on the Societal Edge India’s Transgender R.pdf}
}

@article{agteFightingSilentKillers2024,
  title = {Fighting {{Silent Killers}}: {{How India}}'s {{Public Healthcare Staffing Expansion Saves Lives}} by {{Improving Access}} and {{Market Quality}}},
  author = {Agte, Patrick and Soni, Jitendra Kumar},
  year = {2024},
  abstract = {Millions of adults in low- and middle-income countries die from treatable conditions every year. This paper highlights that an understaffed public healthcare system contributes to high premature mortality, both directly by affecting public provision and indirectly by allowing low-quality private providers to remain competitive. We evaluate a large-scale reform to India's public healthcare system that adds a mid-level healthcare worker to village clinics. Exploiting quasi-experimental variation due to assignment rules, we find that adding a worker reduces all-age mortality in the catchment area by 10\% within two years, making the reform highly cost-effective. Eighty percent of the decline is attributable to a decrease in deaths of adults aged 56+, increasing their life expectancy by at least three months. We conduct audit visits, patient exit interviews, and provider surveys to study mechanisms and find that the program improves performance and service availability in the public sector and also induces private providers to increase their quality. To quantify the importance of each of these channels and evaluate counterfactual policies, we estimate a structural model of patient demand. Ten percent of the decrease in all-age mortality can be attributed to the private sector response, while the remaining 90\% is due to simultaneous improvements in public sector quality and access. Only improving public sector quality or access in isolation has limited effects. Model estimates further demonstrate large heterogeneity in predicted treatment gains; we show that an optimal reallocation of the new providers that accounts for local market conditions could achieve a substantially greater reduction in mortality.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y5AIWKM9/Agte and Soni - Fighting Silent Killers How India’s Public Health.pdf}
}

@techreport{Aguero2007,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Unconditional Cash Transfers}} on {{Nutrition}}: {{The South African Child Support Grant}}},
  author = {Ag{\"u}ero, Jorge M and Carter, Michael R and Woolard, Ingrid},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {IPC Working Paper},
  number = {39},
  abstract = {DFiD and USAID},
  keywords = {Cash transfers,Child support grant,Continuous treatment estimator,Health,Nutrition,South Africa}
}

@article{agueroMisreportingSensitiveHealth,
  title = {Misreporting in {{Sensitive Health Behaviors}} and {{Its Impact}} on {{Treatment Effects}}: {{An Application}} to {{Intimate Partner Violence}}},
  author = {Ag{\"u}ero, Jorge and Frisancho, Ver{\'o}nica},
  pages = {48},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MHZS9S27/Agüero and Frisancho - Misreporting in Sensitive Health Behaviors and Its.pdf}
}

@article{Aguilar2015,
  title = {El {{Ni{\~n}o}} and {{Mexican}} Children: {{Medium-term}} Effects of Early-Life Weather Shocks on Cognitive and Health Outcomes},
  author = {Aguilar, Arturo and Vicarelliy, Marta},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Working Paper},
  pages = {1--45},
  abstract = {El Ni{\~n}o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a recurrent climatic event that causes severe weather events (i.e. droughts and floods). This paper employs ENSO-related floods at the end of the agricultural season to identify medium-term effects of negative income shocks and stressful conditions in children's early stages of development. The analysis shows that, four to five years after the shock, children exposed to the shocks during their early stages of development are associated with test scores in language development, working-memory, and visual-spatial thinking abilities 11\% to 21\% lower than children of similar ages that were not affected by the shock. Negative effects were also found on anthropometric characteristics: children exposed to floods early on life exhibited lower height (0:42 to 0:71 inches), higher propensity of stunting, and lower weight (0:84 pounds) with respect to same aged children not affected by the shock. Further analysis suggests that persistent negative effects on income, food consumption, and diet composition early on childhood are some of the main mechanisms that might be driving these results. Finally, it analyzes if the Mexican conditional cash transfer program Progresa provided mitigating effects for affected children in the event of ENSO-related floods.}
}

@article{aguilarNinoMexicanChildren,
  title = {El {{Ni{\~n}o}} and {{Mexican}} Children: Medium-Term e Ects of Early-Life Weather Shocks on Cognitive and Health Outcomes},
  author = {Aguilar, Arturo and Vicarelli, Marta},
  pages = {60},
  abstract = {Evidence has shown that shocks in early life have long-term consequences. This paper contributes to our understanding of the channels. Four years after being exposed to exogenous precipitation anomalies during early stages of life, we examine the e ects on key developmental indicators. Children a ected present lower cognitive development (measured through language, working and long-term memory and visual-spatial thinking) in the magnitude of 0.14 to 0.16 SDs. Lower height, weight and higher anxiety-depression impacts are also identi ed. Food consumption and diet composition appear to be key drivers behind these impacts. No mitigation from the delivery of conditional cash transfers is found.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YJ76ENCN/Aguilar and Vicarelli - El Niño and Mexican children medium-term eects o.pdf}
}

@misc{AI91Deep,
  title = {{{AI}} \#91: {{Deep Thinking}} {\textbar} {{Readwise}}},
  urldate = {2024-11-23},
  howpublished = {https://read.readwise.io/feed/unseen/read/01jd7j1rh2j90p6ymqpjy8m6w8},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A2GUSVWP/01jd7j1rh2j90p6ymqpjy8m6w8.html}
}

@article{aignerStatisticalTheoriesDiscrimination1977,
  title = {Statistical {{Theories}} of {{Discrimination}} in {{Labor Markets}}},
  author = {Aigner, Dennis J. and Cain, Glen G.},
  year = {1977},
  month = jan,
  journal = {ILR Review},
  volume = {30},
  number = {2},
  pages = {175--187},
  issn = {0019-7939, 2162-271X},
  doi = {10.1177/001979397703000204},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {Examines economic discrimination in labor markets using a stochastic model. Analysis of several types of economic discrimination within the context of competitive market assumptions; Empirical plausibility and implications of the alternative models of economic discrimination; Role of statistical theories in the explanation of labor market discrimination. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y7ZVH369/Aigner and Cain - 1977 - Statistical Theories of Discrimination in Labor Ma.pdf}
}

@article{airoldiInductionSocialContagion2024,
  title = {Induction of Social Contagion for Diverse Outcomes in Structured Experiments in Isolated Villages},
  author = {Airoldi, Edoardo M. and Christakis, Nicholas A.},
  year = {2024},
  month = may,
  journal = {Science},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  doi = {10.1126/science.adi5147},
  urldate = {2024-06-19},
  abstract = {Certain people occupy topological positions within social networks that enhance their effectiveness at inducing spillovers. We mapped face-to-face networks among 24,702 people in 176 isolated villages in Honduras and randomly assigned villages to ...},
  copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2024 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{aiyarAgeProfileEstimatesRelationship2017,
  title = {Age-{{Profile Estimates}} of the {{Relationship Between Economic Growth}} and {{Child Health}}},
  author = {Aiyar, Anaka and Cummins, Joseph R},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {46},
  abstract = {For the last several years, there has been a debate in the academic literature regarding the association between economic growth and child health in under-developed countries, with many arguing the association is strong and robust and several new papers arguing the association is weak or nonexistent. Focusing on child growth faltering as a process that unfolds over the first several years of life, we provide new evidence tracing out the relationship between macroeconomic trends and the trajectory of child growth through age 5. Using two novel regression models that each harness different kinds of within- and between-country variation, and data on over 600,000 children from 38 countries over more than 20 years, our estimates of the association are relatively small but precise, and are consistent across both estimators. We estimate that a 10\% increase in GDP around the time of a child's birth is associated with a decrease in the rate of loss of HAZ of about 0.002 SD per month over the first two years of life, which generates a cumulative effect of around 0.04 SD by age 3 that then persists through age 5. Our estimates are small compared to most previously published statistically significant estimates, more precisely estimated than previous insignificant estimates, and relate to a broader population of children than previous estimates focused on dichotomous outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/J5P39SCT/Aiyar and Cummins - Age-Proﬁle Estimates of the Relationship Between E.pdf}
}

@article{aiyarAgeProfilePerspective2021,
  title = {An Age Profile Perspective on Two Puzzles in Global Child Health: {{The Indian Enigma}} \& Economic Growth},
  shorttitle = {An Age Profile Perspective on Two Puzzles in Global Child Health},
  author = {Aiyar, Anaka and Cummins, Joseph R.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {148},
  pages = {102569},
  issn = {0304-3878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102569},
  urldate = {2023-12-10},
  abstract = {We provide an age-profile perspective and two classes of regression models that make progress on differentiating between two types of determinants of child health: health endowment effects provided to the child at birth; and health investment effects determined by the post-birth stream of health inputs provided to the child and the productivity of those investments. We apply the framework to two related puzzles in the child health demography literature: the Indian Enigma, where Indian children are on average less tall than African children; and the apparent lack of strong correlation between economic growth and child height-for-age z-score (HAZ). In the context of the Indian Enigma, we find that the Indian-African child HAZ gap (between 0.3sd and 0.5sd) is present immediately after birth and maintains a similar magnitude across the first three years of life. We interpret this as evidence that causes affecting health endowments (such as maternal physiology, fertility timing or in utero nutrition) likely explain the greater part of the Indian Enigma. We also estimate a robust association between a 10\% increase in (ln) GDP per capita and a 0.04sd increase in child height by age 2. However, this correlation is not present at birth and is instead driven by differences in child growth rates. We interpret these results as indicating that economic growth influences the post-birth health input stream, and/or the biological productivity of those inputs.},
  keywords = {Child height,Developing countries,Economic growth,Human capital theory},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4QSNUKHE/S0304387820301449.html}
}

@article{Akbar2017,
  title = {Measuring the {{Cost}} of {{Congestion}} in {{Highly Congested City}}: {{Bogot{\'a}}}},
  author = {Akbar, Prottoy A and Duranton, Gilles},
  year = {2017},
  doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/749/2/171},
  abstract = {We provide a novel approach to estimate the deadweight loss of congestion. We implement it for road travel in the city of Bogot{\'a} using information from a travel survey and counterfactual travel data generated from Google Maps. For the supply of travel, we find that the elasticity of the time cost of travel per unit of distance with respect to the number of travelers is on average about 0.06. It is close to zero at low levels of traffic, then reaches a maximum magnitude of about 0.20 as traffic builds up and becomes small again at high levels of traffic. This finding is in sharp contrast with extant results for specific road segments. We explain it by the existence of local streets which remain relatively uncongested and put a floor on the time cost of travel. On the demand side, we estimate an elasticity of the number of travelers with respect to the time cost of travel of 0.40. Although road travel is costly in Bogot{\'a}, these findings imply a small daily deadweight loss from congestion, equal to less than 1\% of a day's wage.},
  keywords = {congestion,deadweight loss of externality,travel demand,travel supply}
}

@article{Akbar2018,
  title = {Mobility and {{Congestion}} in {{Urban India}}},
  author = {Akbar, Prottoy A. and Couture, Victor and Duranton, Gilles and Storeygard, Adam},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {NBER Working Paper},
  number = {25218},
  abstract = {We develop a methodology to estimate robust city level vehicular mobility indices, and apply it to 154 Indian cities using 22 million counterfactual trips measured by a web mapping service. There is wide variation in mobility across cities. An exact decomposition shows this variation is driven more by differences in uncongested mobility than congestion. Under plausible assumptions, a one standard deviation improvement in uncongested speed creates much more mobility than optimal congestion pricing. Denser and more populated cities are slower, only in part because of congestion. Urban economic development is correlated with better (uncongested and overall) mobility despite worse congestion.},
  keywords = {acknowledge,and we also gratefully,cities,determinants of travel speed,economics at berkeley-haas,for real estate at,jel classification,r41,roads,the fisher center for,the wharton school,the world bank,the zell lurie center,traffic,urban and real estate,urban transportation,work is supported by},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HJB54F4B/Akbar et al. - Mobility and congestion in urban India.pdf}
}

@article{Akcigit2016,
  title = {Lack of {{Selection}} and {{Limits}} to {{Delegation}}: {{Firm Dynamics}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
  author = {Akcigit, Ufuk and Alp, Harun and Peters, Michael},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {NBER Working Paper},
  number = {21905},
  pages = {1--38},
  doi = {10.3386/w21905},
  abstract = {Firm dynamics in poor countries show striking differences to those of rich countries. While few firms indeed experience growth as they age, most firms are simply stagnant in that they neither exit nor expand. We interpret this fact as a lack of selection, whereby producers with little growth potential survive because innovative entrepreneurs do not expand enough to force them out of the market. To explain these differences, we develop a theory whereby firms require managerial inputs for production and countries differ in their managerial delegation possibilities. If delegation of managerial tasks to outside managers is difficult in poor countries, entrepreneurs are forced to rely on their own time to supply managerial services. Improvements in the efficiency of delegation will raise the returns to growing large, induce innovative firms to expand, and thereby force stagnant entrepreneurs out of the market. We prove the existence and uniqueness of the dynamic equilibrium and show analytically how the degree of selection depends on some of the key structural parameters. To discipline the quantitative importance of this mechanism, we calibrate our model to micro data from the US and India. Differences in the efficiency of managerial delegation can explain an important fraction of the differences in plants' life-cycles.},
  keywords = {agement,and,and conference participants at,competition,contracts,development,entrepreneurship,firm dynamics,growth,jel classification,man-,o31,o38,o40,selection,the productivity,we thank the seminar},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A7QZCJJH/Akcigit et al. - Lack of Selection and Limits to Delegation Firm D.pdf}
}

@article{Akee2018,
  title = {How Does Household Income Affect Child Personality Traits and Behaviors?},
  author = {Akee, Randall and Copeland, William and Costello, E. Jane and Simeonova, Emilia},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {108},
  number = {3},
  pages = {775--827},
  issn = {00028282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20160133},
  abstract = {We examine the effects of a quasi-experimental unconditional household income transfer on child emotional and behavioral health and personality traits. Using longitudinal data, we find that there are large beneficial effects on children's emotional and behavioral health and personality traits during adolescence. We find evidence that these effects are most pronounced for children who start out with the lowest initial endowments. The income intervention also results in improvements in parental relationships which we interpret as a potential mechanism behind our findings.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y3C39XXQ/Akee et al. - 2018 - How Does Household Income Affect Child Personality.pdf}
}

@article{Akerlof2000,
  title = {Economics and {{Identity}}*},
  author = {Akerlof, George A. and Kranton, Rachel E.},
  year = {2000},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {115},
  number = {3},
  pages = {715--753},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1162/003355300554881}
}

@article{akerlofEconomicsCasteRat1976,
  title = {The {{Economics}} of {{Caste}} and of the {{Rat Race}} and {{Other Woeful Tales}}},
  author = {Akerlof, George},
  year = {1976},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {90},
  number = {4},
  pages = {599},
  issn = {00335533},
  doi = {10.2307/1885324},
  urldate = {2022-10-12},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/P3RNWHIY/1885324.pdf}
}

@article{akerlofLaborContractsPartial1982,
  title = {Labor {{Contracts}} as {{Partial Gift Exchange}}},
  author = {Akerlof, George A.},
  year = {1982},
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {97},
  number = {4},
  eprint = {1885099},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {543--569},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.2307/1885099},
  urldate = {2025-01-24},
  abstract = {This paper explains involuntary unemployment in terms of the response of firms to workers' group behavior. Workers' effort depends upon the norms determining a fair day's work. In order to affect those norms, firms may pay more than the market clearing wage. Industries that pay consistently more than the market-clearing wage are primary, and those that pay only the market-clearing wage are secondary. Thus, this paper also gives a theory for division of labor markets between primary and secondary.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XAFR8CFS/Akerlof - 1982 - Labor Contracts as Partial Gift Exchange.pdf}
}

@article{akerlofSocialDistanceSocial1997,
  title = {Social {{Distance}} and {{Social Decisions}}},
  author = {Akerlof, George A.},
  year = {1997},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {65},
  number = {5},
  eprint = {2171877},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {1005},
  issn = {00129682},
  doi = {10.2307/2171877},
  urldate = {2022-09-27},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CNIJHAUL/2022 - Social Distance and Social Decisions.pdf}
}

@article{Aknin2013,
  title = {Prosocial Spending and Well-Being: {{Cross-cultural}} Evidence for a Psychological Universal.},
  author = {Aknin, Lara B and {Barrington-Leigh}, Christopher P. and Dunn, Elizabeth W and Helliwell, John F and Burns, Justine and {Biswas-Diener}, Robert and Kemeza, Imelda and Nyende, Paul and {Ashton-James}, Claire E. and Norton, Michael I},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {104},
  number = {4},
  pages = {635--652},
  issn = {1939-1315},
  doi = {10.1037/a0031578},
  keywords = {10,1037,99,a0031578,couldn,doi,dx,happiness,http,of his wealth,one of the richest,org,people in the world,pledged to give away,prosocial behavior,prosocial spending,psychological universal,recently,saying that he,supp,supplemental materials,t,warren buffett,well-being},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3GLLP3HD/Aknin et al. - Prosocial Spending and Well-Being Cross-Cultural .pdf}
}

@article{Akram2018,
  title = {Effects of {{Emigration}} on {{Rural Labor Markets}}},
  author = {Akram, Agha Ali and Chowdhury, Shyama and Mobarak, Ahmed Mushfiq},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {NBER Working Paper},
  volume = {23},
  number = {23929},
  pages = {419--428},
  doi = {10.3386/w23929},
  abstract = {Rural to urban migration is an integral part of the development process, but there is little evidence on how out-migration transforms rural labor markets. Emigration could benefit landless village residents by reducing labor competition, or conversely, reduce productivity if skilled workers leave. We offer to subsidize transport costs for 5792 potential seasonal migrants in Bangladesh, randomly varying saturation of offers across 133 villages. The transport subsidies increase beneficiaries' income due to better employment opportunities in the city, and also generate the following spillovers: (a) A higher density of offers increases the individual take-up rate, and induces those connected to offered recipients to also migrate. The village emigration rate increases from 35\% to 65\%. (b) This increases the male agricultural wage rate in the village by 4.5-6.6\%, and the available work hours in the village by 11-14\%, which combine to increase income earned in the village, (c) There is no intra-household substitution in labor supply, but primary workers within households earn more during weeks in which many of their village co-residents moved away. (d) The wage bill for agricultural employers increases, which reduces their profit, with no significant change in yield. (e) Food prices increase by 2.7\% on net, driven by an increase in the price of (fish) protein, and offset by (f) a decrease in the price of non-tradables like prepared food and tea. Seasonal migration subsidies not only generate large direct benefits, but also indirect spillover benefits by creating slack in the village-of-origin labor market during the lean season.},
  keywords = {bangladesh,general equilibrium,seasonal migration,spillovers}
}

@article{akreshLongTermIntergenerationalEffects2023,
  title = {Long-{{Term}} and {{Intergenerational Effects}} of {{Education}}: {{Evidence}} from {{School Construction}} in {{Indonesia}}},
  shorttitle = {Long-{{Term}} and {{Intergenerational Effects}} of {{Education}}},
  author = {Akresh, Richard and Halim, Daniel and Kleemans, Marieke},
  year = {2023},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {133},
  number = {650},
  pages = {582--612},
  issn = {0013-0133},
  doi = {10.1093/ej/ueac058},
  urldate = {2024-09-04},
  abstract = {We study long-term and intergenerational effects of the 1970s Indonesian school construction program. Exploiting variation across birth cohorts and districts in the number of schools built suggests that 43 years later men are more likely to work formally, outside agriculture, and migrate, and that men and women have better marriage market outcomes. Households with exposed women have higher living standards and pay more taxes. The mother's program exposure leads to increased schooling for her children, with larger effects in secondary and tertiary education. Cost-benefit analyses indicate that school construction leads to higher tax revenues and improved living standards, offsetting construction costs within 18--54 years.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VTHEVET2/Akresh et al. - 2023 - Long-Term and Intergenerational Effects of Educati.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZVC67BZH/Akresh et al. - 2018 - Long-term and Intergenerational Effects of Educati.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UAK3VJ3A/6783157.html}
}

@article{aksoyLawsShapeAttitudes2020,
  title = {Do Laws Shape Attitudes? {{Evidence}} from Same-Sex Relationship Recognition Policies in {{Europe}}},
  shorttitle = {Do Laws Shape Attitudes?},
  author = {Aksoy, Cevat G. and Carpenter, Christopher S. and De Haas, Ralph and Tran, Kevin D.},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {European Economic Review},
  volume = {124},
  pages = {103399},
  issn = {00142921},
  doi = {10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103399},
  urldate = {2021-06-01},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GXN77U7H/Aksoy et al. - 2020 - Do laws shape attitudes Evidence from same-sex re.pdf}
}

@article{aksoyReducingSexualOrientationDiscrimination2021,
  title = {Reducing {{Sexual-Orientation Discrimination}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Basic Information Treatments}}},
  shorttitle = {Reducing {{Sexual-Orientation Discrimination}}},
  author = {Aksoy, Cevat Giray and Carpenter, Christopher S. and De Haas, Ralph and Dolls, Mathias and Windsteiger, Lisa},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3995522},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {We study basic information treatments regarding sexual orientation using randomized experiments in three countries with strong and widespread anti-gay attitudes: Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine. Participants who received information about the economic costs to society of sexual-orientation discrimination were significantly more likely than those in a control group to support equal employment opportunities based on sexual orientation. Information that the World Health Organization (WHO) does not regard homosexuality as a mental illness increased social acceptance of sexual minorities, but only for those who reported trust in the WHO. Our results have important implications for policy makers aiming to expand the rights of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people worldwide.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BEBYSYLK/Aksoy et al. - 2021 - Reducing Sexual-Orientation Discrimination Experi.pdf}
}

@article{aksoySexualIdentityGender2023,
  title = {Sexual Identity, Gender, and Anticipated Discrimination in Prosocial Behavior},
  author = {Aksoy, Billur and Chadd, Ian and Koh, Boon Han},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {European Economic Review},
  volume = {154},
  pages = {104427},
  issn = {0014-2921},
  doi = {10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104427},
  urldate = {2023-12-19},
  abstract = {We study whether individuals strategically mask signals about their affinity with the LGBTQ+ community in response to anticipated discrimination in prosocial behavior. We use a sharing (dictator) game in an online experiment where recipients are given the opportunity to signal their LGBTQ+ affinity. Decision-makers, upon observing these signals, decide how much of their endowment to share with their matched recipients. Overall, there is a decrease (although statistically insignificant) in the proportions of recipients who signal their affinity with the LGBTQ+ community when they are informed that these signals will be revealed to decision-makers. Importantly, we find a gender difference: women are more likely to hide such signals given information about how the signals will be used. Auxiliary analysis suggests that this gender difference is likely due to women's higher propensity to anticipate discrimination. Moreover, we find that decision-makers do not differ in their treatment of individuals based on signals of their LGBTQ+ affinity. However, the intersection between decision-makers' perceptions of these signals, and both their political stance on social issues and their views about LGBTQ+ rights, matter in shaping their sharing behavior.},
  keywords = {Anticipated discrimination,Gender,Identity,LGBTQ+,Prosocial behavior},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DNB7U2EG/1-s2.0-S0014292123000569-main.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NU4NUL4W/1-s2.0-S0014292123000569-main (1).pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IYQSUKAQ/S0014292123000569.html}
}

@article{aksoySexualOrientationEarnings2018,
  title = {Sexual {{Orientation}} and {{Earnings}}: {{New Evidence}} from the {{United Kingdom}}},
  shorttitle = {Sexual {{Orientation}} and {{Earnings}}},
  author = {Aksoy, Cevat G. and Carpenter, Christopher S. and Frank, Jeff},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  journal = {ILR Review},
  volume = {71},
  number = {1},
  pages = {242--272},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc},
  issn = {0019-7939},
  doi = {10.1177/0019793916687759},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {Most prior work on sexual orientation and labor market earnings has relied either on individual-level surveys with small samples of sexual minorities or on large samples of same-sex couples. For this study, the authors use a large individual-level data set from the United Kingdom that allows investigation of both constructs. They replicate the well-documented lesbian advantage and gay male penalty in couples-based comparisons but show that these effects are absent in similarly specified models of non-partnered workers. This finding suggests that couples-based samples overstate the true earnings differences attributable to a minority sexual orientation as well as that household specialization plays an important role in the lesbian earnings advantage. Results also show that no significant lesbian advantage or gay male penalty is observed in London. Finally, they find robust evidence that bisexual men earn significantly less than otherwise similar heterosexual men. The authors discuss how the effects reconcile with theories of specialization and discrimination.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AW9MNKZL/Aksoy et al. - 2018 - Sexual Orientation and Earnings New Evidence from.pdf}
}

@techreport{aksoyUnderstandingLaborMarket2022,
  title = {Understanding {{Labor Market Discrimination Against Transgender People}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Double List Experiment}} and a {{Survey}}},
  shorttitle = {Understanding {{Labor Market Discrimination Against Transgender People}}},
  author = {Aksoy, Billur and Carpenter, Christopher and Sansone, Dario},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  number = {w30483},
  pages = {w30483},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w30483},
  urldate = {2023-12-19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Q638T3FX/w30483.pdf}
}

@misc{Akyeampong2023,
  title = {Cost-{{Effective Approaches}} to {{Improve Global Learning}} - {{What}} Does Recent Evidence Tell Us Are ``{{Smart Buys}}'' for Improving Learning in Low- and Middle-Income Countries?},
  author = {Akyeampong, K and Andrabi, T. and Banerjee, A. and Banerji, R. and Dynarski, S. and Glennerster, R. and {Grantham-McGregor}, S. and Muralidharan, K. and Piper, B. and Ruto, S. and Saavedra, J. and Schmelkes, S. and Yoshikawa, H.},
  year = {2023},
  publisher = {{FCDO, the World Bank, UNICEF, and USAID}},
  address = {London, Washington D.C., New York}
}

@techreport{al-ubaydliScienceUsingScience2019,
  title = {The {{Science}} of {{Using Science}}: {{Towards}} an {{Understanding}} of the {{Threats}} to {{Scaling Experiments}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Science}} of {{Using Science}}},
  author = {{Al-Ubaydli}, Omar and List, John and Suskind, Dana},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  number = {w25848},
  pages = {w25848},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w25848},
  urldate = {2022-10-06},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZFEX7VCN/Al-Ubaydli et al. - 2019 - The Science of Using Science Towards an Understan.pdf}
}

@article{alanBUILDINGSOCIALCOHESION,
  title = {{{BUILDING SOCIAL COHESION IN ETHNICALLY MIXED SCHOOLS}}: {{AN INTERVENTION ON PERSPECTIVE TAKING}}},
  author = {Alan, Sule and Baysan, Ceren and Gumren, Mert and Kubilay, Elif},
  journal = {THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS},
  pages = {48},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7RTWHNNZ/working-paper_5838_Building-Cohesion-in-Schools_Turkey_Oct2020.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BB9DS2LH/Alan et al. - BUILDING SOCIAL COHESION IN ETHNICALLY MIXED SCHOO.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z3GTKY94/qjab009_online_appendix.pdf}
}

@article{alanBuildingSocialCohesion,
  title = {Building {{Social Cohesion}} in {{Ethnically Mixed Schools}}:},
  author = {Alan, Sule and Baysan, Ceren and Gumren, Mert and Kubilay, Elif},
  pages = {70},
  abstract = {We evaluate the impact of an educational program that aims to build social cohesion in ethnically mixed schools by developing perspective-taking ability in children. The program is implemented in a high-stakes context where the ethnic composition in schools has changed due to a massive influx of refugee children. We measure a comprehensive set of outcomes that characterize a cohesive school environment, including peer violence incidents, the prevalence of inter-ethnic social ties, and prosocial behavior. Using randomized variation in program implementation, we find that the program significantly lowers peer violence and victimization on school grounds. The program also reduces the likelihood of social exclusion and increases inter-ethnic social ties in the classroom. We find that the program significantly improves prosocial behavior, measured by incentivized tasks: treated students exhibit significantly higher trust, reciprocity, and altruism toward each other as well as toward anonymous outschool peers. We show that this enhanced prosociality is welfare improving from the ex-post payoff perspective. We investigate multiple channels that could explain the results, including ethnic bias, impulsivity, empathetic concern, behavioral norms, and perspective-taking. Children's increased effort to take others' perspectives emerges as the most robust mechanism to explain our results.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BSWNW9U6/Alan et al. - Building Social Cohesion in Ethnically Mixed Schoo.pdf}
}

@article{alanBuildingSocialCohesion2021,
  title = {Building {{Social Cohesion}} in {{Ethnically Mixed Schools}}: {{An Intervention}} on {{Perspective Taking}}},
  shorttitle = {Building {{Social Cohesion}} in {{Ethnically Mixed Schools}}},
  author = {Alan, Sule and Baysan, Ceren and Gumren, Mert and Kubilay, Elif},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {136},
  number = {4},
  pages = {2147--2194},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjab009},
  urldate = {2023-07-06},
  abstract = {We evaluate the effect of an educational program that aims to build social cohesion in ethnically mixed schools by developing perspective-taking ability in children. The program is implemented in Turkish elementary schools affected by a large influx of Syrian refugee children. We measure a comprehensive set of outcomes that characterize a cohesive school environment, including peer violence incidents, the prevalence of interethnic social ties, and prosocial behavior. Using randomized variation in program implementation, we find that the program significantly lowers peer violence and victimization on school grounds. The program also reduces the likelihood of social exclusion and increases interethnic social ties in the classroom. We find that the program significantly improves prosocial behavior, measured by incentivized tasks: treated students exhibit significantly higher trust, reciprocity, and altruism toward each other as well as toward anonymous out-school peers. We show that this enhanced prosociality is welfare improving from the ex post payoff perspective. We investigate multiple channels that could explain the results, including ethnic bias, impulsivity, empathetic concern, emotional intelligence, behavioral norms, and perspective taking. Children's increased effort to take others' perspectives emerges as the most robust mechanism to explain our results.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UWUGI9K5/Alan et al. - 2021 - Building Social Cohesion in Ethnically Mixed Schoo.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JSYQHLLZ/6164874.html}
}

@article{alanBuildingSocialCohesiona,
  title = {Building {{Social Cohesion}} in {{Ethnically Mixed Schools}}:},
  author = {Alan, Sule and Baysan, Ceren and Gumren, Mert and Kubilay, Elif},
  pages = {70},
  abstract = {We evaluate the impact of an educational program that aims to build social cohesion in ethnically mixed schools by developing perspective-taking ability in children. The program is implemented in a high-stakes context where the ethnic composition in schools has changed due to a massive influx of refugee children. We measure a comprehensive set of outcomes that characterize a cohesive school environment, including peer violence incidents, the prevalence of inter-ethnic social ties, and prosocial behavior. Using randomized variation in program implementation, we find that the program significantly lowers peer violence and victimization on school grounds. The program also reduces the likelihood of social exclusion and increases inter-ethnic social ties in the classroom. We find that the program significantly improves prosocial behavior, measured by incentivized tasks: treated students exhibit significantly higher trust, reciprocity, and altruism toward each other as well as toward anonymous outschool peers. We show that this enhanced prosociality is welfare improving from the ex-post payoff perspective. We investigate multiple channels that could explain the results, including ethnic bias, impulsivity, empathetic concern, behavioral norms, and perspective-taking. Children's increased effort to take others' perspectives emerges as the most robust mechanism to explain our results.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZWIRE3BQ/Alan et al. - Building Social Cohesion in Ethnically Mixed Schoo.pdf}
}

@article{alanEmpoweringAdolescentsTransform2024,
  title = {Empowering {{Adolescents}} to {{Transform Schools}}: {{Lessons}} from a {{Behavioral Targeting}}},
  author = {Alan, Sule and Kubilay, Elif},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {European University Institute, mimeo},
  abstract = {We test the effectiveness of a behavioral approach designed to empower socioeconomically disadvantaged adolescents. The approach leverages adolescents' desire for social status and is grounded in the idea that self-persuasion might yield a more robust behavioral change in challenging adolescents than direct lecturing. We enlist socially connected senior students with high emotional intelligence as ``student-teachers'' and entrust them with delivering an empowerment curriculum to their junior peers. Using randomized variation in program implementation, we show that this indirect targeting empowers targeted adolescents, leading them to improve their social environment. The program reduces disciplinary incidents and anti-social behavior among student-teachers and their friendship networks while fostering supportive network ties between senior and junior students. The program also lowers the tolerance for anti-social behavior, measured by the willingness to destroy unfairly gained payoffs in a third-party punishment game. Our study offers a cost-effective way to help disadvantaged adolescents escape neighborhood disadvantages.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ADTTZACS/Alan and Kubilay - Empowering Adolescents to Transform Schools Lesso.pdf}
}

@article{alanEverFailedTry2019,
  title = {Ever {{Failed}}, {{Try Again}}, {{Succeed Better}}: {{Results}} from a {{Randomized Educational Intervention}} on {{Grit}}*},
  shorttitle = {Ever {{Failed}}, {{Try Again}}, {{Succeed Better}}},
  author = {Alan, Sule and Boneva, Teodora and Ertac, Seda},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjz006},
  urldate = {2020-12-09},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{alanNurturingChildhoodCuriosity2024,
  title = {Nurturing {{Childhood Curiosity}} to {{Enhance Learning}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Pedagogical Intervention}}},
  shorttitle = {Nurturing {{Childhood Curiosity}} to {{Enhance Learning}}},
  author = {Alan, Sule and Mumcu, Ipek},
  year = {2024},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {114},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1173--1210},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20230084},
  urldate = {2024-05-23},
  abstract = {We evaluate a pedagogical intervention that aims to improve the learning quality of elementary school children by nurturing their curiosity. The pedagogy, aimed primarily at science teaching, was practiced by children's teachers for an entire academic year. We test the effectiveness of this pedagogy using objective test scores and a novel measure of curiosity. Our curiosity measure involves first creating a sense of information deprivation, then quantifying the urge to acquire information and the ability to retain information. We find that the intervention increases curiosity, the ability to retain knowledge, and science test scores. The intervention also makes friendship networks a potent tool to disseminate knowledge within classrooms. Our research design establishes the causal link between the urge to know and deep learning. The evidence can help design better pedagogical tools to increase pupil and teacher engagement and the quality of learning worldwide.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9GABKJBS/Alan and Mumcu - 2024 - Nurturing Childhood Curiosity to Enhance Learning.pdf}
}

@article{Alatas2014,
  title = {Targeting the {{Poor}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Field Experiment}} in {{Indonesia}}},
  author = {Alatas, Vivi and Banerjee, Abhijit and Hanna, Rema and Olken, Benjamin A and Tobias, Julia},
  year = {2012},
  month = jun,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {102},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1206--1240},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.102.4.1206},
  abstract = {This paper reports an experiment in 640 Indonesian villages on three approaches to target the poor: proxy means tests (PMT), where assets are used to predict consumption; community targeting, where villagers rank everyone from richest to poorest; and a hybrid. Defining poverty based on PPP\$2 per capita consumption, community targeting and the hybrid perform somewhat worse in identifying the poor than PMT, though not by enough to significantly affect poverty outcomes for a typical program. Elite capture does not explain these results. Instead, communities appear to apply a different concept of poverty. Consistent with this finding, community targeting results in higher satisfaction. (JEL C93, I32, I38, O12, O15, O18, R23)},
  arxiv = {NIHMS150003},
  isbn = {00028282},
  pmid = {25197099},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WSLEXWJ8/Alatas et al. - 2012 - Targeting the Poor Evidence from a Field Experime.pdf}
}

@article{Alatas2016,
  title = {Self-{{Targeting}} : {{Evidence}} from a {{Field Experiment}} in {{Indonesia Abhijit Banerjee Rema Hanna Ririn Purnamasari Matthew Wai-Poi}}},
  author = {Alatas, Vivi and Banerjee, Abhijit V. and Hanna, Rema and Olken, Ben A. and Purnamasari, Ririn and {Wai-poi}, Matt},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {124},
  number = {2},
  abstract = {This paper shows that adding a small application cost to a transfer pro- gram can substantially improve targeting through self-selection. Our village-level experiment in Indonesia finds that requiring beneficiaries to apply for benefits results in substantially poorer beneficiaries than automatic enrollment using the same asset test. Marginally increasing application costs on an experimental basis does not further improve targeting. Estimating a model of the application decision implies that the results are largely driven by the nonpoor, who make up the bulk of the population, forecasting that they are unlikely to pass the asset test and therefore not bothering to apply.}
}

@article{alatasSelfTargetingEvidenceField2016,
  title = {Self-{{Targeting}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Field Experiment}} in {{Indonesia}}},
  shorttitle = {Self-{{Targeting}}},
  author = {Alatas, Vivi and Banerjee, Abhijit and Hanna, Rema and Olken, Benjamin A. and Purnamasari, Ririn and {Wai-Poi}, Matthew},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {124},
  number = {2},
  pages = {371--427},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/685299},
  urldate = {2020-03-12},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8DVDDTW7/Alatas et al. - 2016 - Self-Targeting Evidence from a Field Experiment i.pdf}
}

@article{aldashevLegalReformPresence2011,
  title = {Legal Reform in the Presence of a Living Custom: {{An}} Economic Approach},
  shorttitle = {Legal Reform in the Presence of a Living Custom},
  author = {Aldashev, G. and Platteau, J.-P. and Wahhaj, Z.},
  year = {2011},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {108},
  number = {Supplement\_4},
  pages = {21320--21325},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1017139108},
  urldate = {2021-10-21},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4XR8M8NQ/Aldashev et al. - 2011 - Legal reform in the presence of a living custom A.pdf}
}

@article{aldashevUsingLawChange2012,
  title = {Using the Law to Change the Custom},
  author = {Aldashev, Gani and Chaara, Imane and Platteau, Jean-Philippe and Wahhaj, Zaki},
  year = {2012},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {97},
  number = {2},
  pages = {182--200},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2011.03.001},
  urldate = {2021-07-06},
  abstract = {The custom often acts as a powerful hindrance to equity-increasing changes. In this paper, we present a simple model of legal dualism in which a progressive legal reform can, under certain conditions, shift the conflicting custom in the direction intended by the legislator. Formal law then acts as an outside anchor that exerts a 'magnet effect' on the custom. We also characterize the conditions under which a moderate reform performs better than a radical one in improving the welfare of the disadvantaged sections of the population. We illustrate our insights using examples on inheritance, marriage, and divorce in Sub-Saharan Africa and India.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PVS93EYH/Aldashev et al. - 2012 - Using the law to change the custom.pdf}
}

@article{Alderman2006,
  title = {Long Term Consequences of Early Childhood Malnutrition},
  author = {Alderman, Harold and Hoddinott, John and Kinsey, Bill},
  year = {2006},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Oxford Economic Papers},
  volume = {58},
  number = {3},
  pages = {450--474},
  issn = {0030-7653},
  doi = {10.1093/oep/gpl008},
  abstract = {This paper examines the impact of pre-school malnutrition on subsequent human capital formation in rural Zimbabwe using a maternal fixed effects-instrumental variables (MFE-IV) estimator with a long term panel data set. Representations of civil war and drought shocks are used to identify differences in pre-school nutritional status across siblings. Improvements in height-for-age in pre-schoolers are associated with increased height as a young adult and number of grades of schooling completed. Had the median pre-school child in this sample had the stature of a median child in a developed country, by adolescence, she would be 3.4 centimeters taller, had completed an additional 0.85 grades of schooling and would have commenced school six months earlier.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VPFHE55J/Alderman - 2006 - Long term consequences of early childhood malnutri.pdf}
}

@article{Alderman2017,
  title = {Big {{Numbers}} about {{Small Children}}: {{Estimating}} the {{Economic Benefits}} of {{Addressing Undernutrition}}},
  author = {Alderman, Harold and Behrman, Jere R. and Puett, Chloe},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  journal = {The World Bank Research Observer},
  volume = {32},
  number = {1},
  pages = {lkw003},
  issn = {0257-3032},
  doi = {10.1093/wbro/lkw003},
  abstract = {{\copyright} The Author 2016. Different approaches have been used to estimate the economic benefits of reducing undernutrition and to estimate the costs of investing in such programs on a global scale. While many of these studies are ultimately based on evidence from well-designed efficacy trials, all require a number of assumptions to project the impact of such trials to larger populations and to translate the value of the expected improvement in nutritional status into economic terms. This paper provides a short critique of some approaches to estimating the benefits of investments in child nutrition and then presents an alternative set of estimates based on different core data. These new estimates reinforce the basic conclusions of the existing literature: the economic value of reducing undernutrition in undernourished populations is likely to be substantial.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DLV7KX7M/Alderman et al. - 2016 - Big Numbers about Small Children Estimating the E.pdf}
}

@incollection{aldermanEvidenceImpactInterventions2017,
  title = {Evidence of {{Impact}} of {{Interventions}} on {{Growth}} and {{Development}} during {{Early}} and {{Middle Childhood}}},
  booktitle = {Disease {{Control Priorities}}, {{Third Edition}} ({{Volume}} 8): {{Child}} and {{Adolescent Health}} and {{Development}}},
  author = {Alderman, Harold and Behrman, Jere R. and Glewwe, Paul and Fernald, Lia and Walker, Susan},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  series = {Disease {{Control Priorities}}},
  pages = {79--98},
  publisher = {The World Bank},
  doi = {10.1596/978-1-4648-0423-6_ch7},
  urldate = {2022-11-14},
  isbn = {978-1-4648-0423-6},
  keywords = {ADOLESCENTS,COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT,COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS,EARLY CHILDHOOD,EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION,HEALTH OUTCOMES,NUTRITION,PRESCHOOL PROGRAMS,SOCIOEMOTIONAL SKILLS}
}

@incollection{aldermanEvidenceImpactInterventions2017a,
  title = {Evidence of {{Impact}} of {{Interventions}} on {{Growth}} and {{Development}} during {{Early}} and {{Middle Childhood}}},
  booktitle = {Disease {{Control Priorities}}, {{Third Edition}} ({{Volume}} 8): {{Child}} and {{Adolescent Health}} and {{Development}}},
  author = {Alderman, Harold and Behrman, Jere R. and Glewwe, Paul and Fernald, Lia and Walker, Susan},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  series = {Disease {{Control Priorities}}},
  pages = {79--98},
  publisher = {The World Bank},
  doi = {10.1596/978-1-4648-0423-6_ch7},
  urldate = {2022-11-14},
  isbn = {978-1-4648-0423-6},
  keywords = {ADOLESCENTS,COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT,COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS,EARLY CHILDHOOD,EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION,HEALTH OUTCOMES,NUTRITION,PRESCHOOL PROGRAMS,SOCIOEMOTIONAL SKILLS}
}

@article{alesinaCultureInstitutions2015,
  title = {Culture and {{Institutions}}},
  author = {Alesina, Alberto and Giuliano, Paola},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  volume = {53},
  number = {4},
  pages = {898--944},
  issn = {0022-0515},
  doi = {10.1257/jel.53.4.898},
  urldate = {2022-05-03},
  abstract = {A growing body of empirical work measuring different types of cultural traits has shown that culture matters for a variety of economic outcomes. This paper focuses on one specific aspect of the relevance of culture: its relationship to institutions. We review work with a theoretical, empirical, and historical bent to assess the presence of a two-way causal effect between culture and institutions. ( JEL D02, D72, I32, J12, Z13)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/84VSWFZE/Alesina and Giuliano - 2015 - Culture and Institutions.pdf}
}

@article{alesinaEthnicDiversityEconomic2005,
  title = {Ethnic {{Diversity}} and {{Economic Performance}}},
  author = {Alesina, Alberto and Ferrara, Eliana La},
  year = {2005},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  volume = {43},
  number = {3},
  pages = {762--800},
  issn = {0022-0515},
  doi = {10.1257/002205105774431243},
  urldate = {2021-05-25},
  abstract = {We survey and assess the literature on the positive and negative effects of ethnic diversity on economic policies and outcomes. Our focus is on communities of different size and organizational structure, such as countries, cities in developed countries, and villages and groups in developing countries. We also consider the endogenous formation of political jurisdictions and highlight several open issues in need of further research, in particular the endogenous formation of ethnic identity and the measurement of ethnic diversity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economics of Minorities Races Indigenous Peoples and Immigrants,Human Development,Income Distribution,Migration,Non-labor Discrimination Economic Development: Human Resources},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/P275DIIJ/Alesina and Ferrara - 2005 - Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WUTH9RYE/articles.html}
}

@article{alesinaEthnicDiversityEconomic2005a,
  title = {Ethnic {{Diversity}} and {{Economic Performance}}},
  author = {Alesina, Alberto and Ferrara, Eliana La},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  pages = {39},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Q2SJ69R3/Alesina and Ferrara - 2005 - Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance.pdf}
}

@techreport{alesinaImmigrationRedistribution2018,
  title = {Immigration and {{Redistribution}}},
  author = {Alesina, Alberto and Miano, Armando and Stantcheva, Stefanie},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  number = {w24733},
  pages = {w24733},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w24733},
  urldate = {2021-05-26},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KP4A9YGB/Alesina et al. - 2018 - Immigration and Redistribution.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M38I2GPU/w24733.pdf}
}

@article{alesinaImmigrationRedistribution2023,
  title = {Immigration and {{Redistribution}}},
  author = {Alesina, Alberto and Miano, Armando and Stantcheva, Stefanie},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {90},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--39},
  issn = {0034-6527},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdac011},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {Does immigration change support for redistribution? We design and conduct large-scale surveys and experiments in six countries to investigate how people perceive immigrants and how these perceptions influence their support for redistribution. We find striking misperceptions about the number and characteristics of immigrants. In all countries, respondents greatly overestimate the total number of immigrants, think immigrants are culturally and religiously more distant from them, and economically weaker---less educated, more unemployed, and more reliant on and favoured by government transfers---than they actually are. In the experimental part of our article, we show that simply making respondents think about immigration before asking questions about redistribution makes them support less redistribution, including actual donations to charities. The perception that immigrants are economically weaker and more likely to take advantage of the welfare system is strongly correlated with lower support for redistribution, much more so than the perceived cultural distance or the perceived share of immigrants. These findings are confirmed by further experimental evidence. Information about the true shares and origins of immigrants does not change support for redistribution. An anecdote about a ``hard-working'' immigrant has somewhat stronger effects but is unable to counteract the negative priming effect of making people think about immigration. Our results further suggest that narratives shape people's views on immigration more deeply than hard facts.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YQ2FS7F9/Alesina et al. - 2023 - Immigration and Redistribution.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AL2Z4MYT/6547062.html}
}

@article{alesinaIntergenerationalMobilityPreferences2018,
  title = {Intergenerational {{Mobility}} and {{Preferences}} for {{Redistribution}}},
  author = {Alesina, Alberto and Stantcheva, Stefanie and Teso, Edoardo},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {108},
  number = {2},
  pages = {521--554},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20162015},
  urldate = {2021-09-01},
  abstract = {Using new cross-country survey and experimental data, we investigate how beliefs about intergenerational mobility affect preferences for redistribution in France, Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Americans are more optimistic than Europeans about social mobility. Our randomized treatment shows pessimistic information about mobility and increases support for redistribution, mostly for ``equality of opportunity'' policies. We find strong political polarization. Left-wing respondents are more pessimistic about mobility: their preferences for redistribution are correlated with their mobility perceptions; and they support more redistribution after seeing pessimistic information. None of this is true for right-wing respondents, possibly because they see the government as a ``problem'' and not as the ``solution.'' (JEL D63, D72, H23, H24, J31, J62)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PTXYGEBS/Alesina et al. - 2018 - Intergenerational Mobility and Preferences for Red.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QTN4U27T/appendix.pdf}
}

@article{alesinaOriginsGenderRoles2013,
  title = {On the {{Origins}} of {{Gender Roles}}: {{Women}} and the {{Plough}}*},
  shorttitle = {On the {{Origins}} of {{Gender Roles}}},
  author = {Alesina, Alberto and Giuliano, Paola and Nunn, Nathan},
  year = {2013},
  month = may,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {128},
  number = {2},
  pages = {469--530},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjt005},
  urldate = {2021-08-05},
  abstract = {Abstract             The study examines the historical origins of existing cross-cultural differences in beliefs and values regarding the appropriate role of women in society. We test the hypothesis that traditional agricultural practices influenced the historical gender division of labor and the evolution of gender norms. We find that, consistent with existing hypotheses, the descendants of societies that traditionally practiced plough agriculture today have less equal gender norms, measured using reported gender-role attitudes and female participation in the workplace, politics, and entrepreneurial activities. Our results hold looking across countries, across districts within countries, and across ethnicities within districts. To test for the importance of cultural persistence, we examine the children of immigrants living in Europe and the United States. We find that even among these individuals, all born and raised in the same country, those with a heritage of traditional plough use exhibit less equal beliefs about gender roles today.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DQDFQCFT/Alesina et al. - 2013 - On the Origins of Gender Roles Women and the Plou.pdf}
}

@article{alesinaPreferencesRedistribution,
  title = {Preferences for {{Redistribution}}},
  author = {Alesina, Alberto and Giuliano, Paola},
  pages = {38},
  abstract = {This paper discusses what determines the preferences of individuals for redistribution. We review the theoretical literature and provide a framework to incorporate various effects previously studied separately in the literature. We then examine empirical evidence for the US, using the General Social Survey, and for a large set of countries, using the World Values Survey. The paper reviews previously found results and provides several new ones. We emphasize, in particular, the role of historical experiences, cultural factors and personal history as determinants of preferences for equality or tolerance for inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X2QZVICN/Alesina and Giuliano - Preferences for Redistribution.pdf}
}

@article{aletaModellingImpactTesting2020,
  title = {Modelling the Impact of Testing, Contact Tracing and Household Quarantine on Second Waves of {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {Aleta, Alberto and {Mart{\'i}n-Corral}, David and {Pastore y Piontti}, Ana and Ajelli, Marco and Litvinova, Maria and Chinazzi, Matteo and Dean, Natalie E. and Halloran, M. Elizabeth and Longini Jr, Ira M. and Merler, Stefano and Pentland, Alex and Vespignani, Alessandro and Moro, Esteban and Moreno, Yamir},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},
  volume = {4},
  number = {9},
  pages = {964--971},
  issn = {2397-3374},
  doi = {10.1038/s41562-020-0931-9},
  urldate = {2020-09-18},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/555UX85B/41562_2020_931_MOESM1_ESM.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/P7KUVFP4/Aleta et al. - 2020 - Modelling the impact of testing, contact tracing a.pdf}
}

@article{Alfaro-Urena2019,
  title = {The {{Effects}} of {{Joining Multinational Supply Chains}}: {{New Evidence}} from {{Firm-to-Firm Linkages}}},
  author = {{Alfaro-Urena}, Alonso and Manelici, Isabela and Vasquez, Jose P.},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3376129},
  abstract = {This paper investigates the effects of becoming a supplier to multinational corporations (MNCs) using administrative data tracking all firm-to-firm transactions in Costa Rica. Event-study estimates reveal that after starting to supply to MNCs, domestic firms experience strong and persistent improvements in performance, including the expansion of their workforce by 26\% and gains in standard measures of total factor productivity (TFP) of 6-9\% four years after. Moreover, the sales of domestic firms to buyers other than the first MNC buyer grow by 20\%, both through a larger number of buyers and larger sales per buyer. We propose a simple model by which TFP and reputation affect the number of buyers, but TFP alone affects sales conditional on buying. We find a model-based increase in TFP of 3\% four years after. Finally, we collect survey data from managers in both domestic firms and MNCs for further insights on mechanisms. Our surveys suggest that becoming suppliers to MNCs is transformative for domestic firms, with changes ranging from new managerial practices to better reputation.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7P42FJ3E/Alfaro-Urena et al. - 2019 - The Effects of Joining Multinational Supply Chains.pdf}
}

@article{Alfonsi2019,
  title = {Tackling {{Youth Unemployment}} : {{Evidence}} from a {{Labor Market Experiment}} in {{Uganda}} ¤},
  author = {Alfonsi, Livia},
  year = {2019}
}

@article{alfonsiTacklingYouthUnemployment,
  title = {Tackling {{Youth Unemployment}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Labor Market Experiment}} in {{Uganda}}¤},
  author = {Alfonsi, Livia and Bandiera, Oriana and Bassi, Vittorio and Burgess, Robin and Rasul, Imran and Sulaiman, Munshi and Vitali, Anna},
  pages = {88},
  abstract = {We design a labor market experiment to compare demand- and supply-side policies to tackle youth unemployment, a key issue in low-income countries. The experiment tracks 1700 workers and 1500 {\dots}rms over four years to compare the e¤ect of o¤ering workers either vocational training (VT) or {\dots}rm-provided training (FT) for six months in a common setting where youth unemployment is above 60\%. Relative to control workers we {\dots}nd that averaged over three post-intervention years, FT and VT workers: (i) enjoy large and similar upticks in sector-speci{\dots}c skills, (ii) signi{\dots}cantly improve their employment rates, and, (iii) experience marked improvements in an index of labor market outcomes. These averages, however, mask di¤erences in dynamics: FT gains materialize quickly but fade over time, while VT gains emerge slowly but are long-lasting leading VT worker employment and earning pro{\dots}les to rise above those of FT workers. Estimating a job ladder model of worker search reveals the key reason for this: VT workers receive signi{\dots}cantly higher rates of job o¤ers when unemployed thus hastening their movement back into work. This likely stems from the fact that the skills of VT workers are certi{\dots}ed and therefore can be demonstrated to potential employers. Tackling youth unemployment by skilling youth using vocational training pre-labor market entry, therefore appears to be more e¤ective than incentivizing {\dots}rms through wage subsidies to hire and train young labor market entrants. JEL Classi{\dots}cation: J2, M5.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8UA936VS/Alfonsi et al. - Tackling Youth Unemployment Evidence from a Labor.pdf}
}

@article{alidjanovNewSelfReportingQuestionnaire2014,
  title = {New {{Self-Reporting Questionnaire}} to {{Assess Urinary Tract Infections}} and {{Differential Diagnosis}}: {{Acute Cystitis Symptom Score}}},
  shorttitle = {New {{Self-Reporting Questionnaire}} to {{Assess Urinary Tract Infections}} and {{Differential Diagnosis}}},
  author = {Alidjanov, Jakhongir F. and Abdufattaev, Ulugbek A. and Makhsudov, Saidamin A. and Pilatz, Adrian and Akilov, Farkhad A. and Naber, Kurt G. and Wagenlehner, Florian M.},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Urologia Internationalis},
  volume = {92},
  number = {2},
  pages = {230--236},
  issn = {0042-1138, 1423-0399},
  doi = {10.1159/000356177},
  urldate = {2022-06-20},
  abstract = {Objective: Development and validation of a simple and standardized self-reporting questionnaire for acute uncomplicated cystitis (AUC) assessing typical and differential symptoms, quality of life and possible changes after therapy in female patients with AUC. Materials and Methods: Literature research, development and evaluation of the Acute Cystitis Symptom Score (ACSS), an 18-item self-reporting questionnaire including (a) six questions about `typical' symptoms of AUC, (b) four questions regarding differential diagnoses, (c) three questions on quality of life and (d) five questions on additional conditions which may affect therapy. The ACSS was evaluated in 286 women (mean age 32.3 {\textpm} 12.3 years) in the Russian and Uzbek language. Measurements of reliability, validity, predictive ability and responsiveness were performed. Results: Cronbach's alpha for the ACSS was 0.89, split-half reliability was 0.92 and correlation between halves was 0.85. Mann-Whitney test revealed significant difference scores of the `typical' domain between patients and controls (10.75 vs. 2.02, p {$<$} 0.001). The optimal threshold score was 6 points, with a 94\% sensitivity and 90\% specificity to predict AUC. The symptom score decreased significantly when comparing before and after therapy (10.7 vs.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RZK5MLNQ/Alidjanov et al. - 2014 - New Self-Reporting Questionnaire to Assess Urinary.pdf}
}

@article{aliMenstrualKnowledgePractices2010,
  title = {Menstrual Knowledge and Practices of Female Adolescents in Urban {{Karachi}}, {{Pakistan}}},
  author = {Ali, Tazeen Saeed and Rizvi, Syeda Naghma},
  year = {2010},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Adolescence},
  volume = {33},
  number = {4},
  pages = {531--541},
  issn = {1095-9254},
  doi = {10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.05.013},
  abstract = {Menstruation is a normal physiological process that is managed differently according to various social and cultural understandings. Therefore, this cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the menstrual practices among 1275 female adolescents of urban Karachi, Pakistan from April to October 2006 by using interviews. Data was entered and analyzed in Epi Info Version 9 and SPSS Version 10. Descriptive findings showed that 50\% of the girls lacked an understanding of the origin of menstrual blood and those with a prior knowledge of menarche had gained it primarily through conversations with their mothers. Many reported having fear at the first experience of bleeding. Nearly 50\% of the participants reported that they did not take baths during menstruation. In univariate analysis, factors of using unhygienic material, using washcloths, and not drying under sun were found to be significant in the Chi square test among those going and not going to schools. This study concludes that there are unhygienic practices and misconceptions among girls requiring action by health care professionals.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {19589587},
  keywords = {Adolescent,Cross-Sectional Studies,Female,Health Knowledge Attitudes Practice,Humans,Hygiene,Menstrual Hygiene Products,Menstruation,Pakistan,Urban Population},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UGHUS2U8/Ali and Rizvi - 2010 - Menstrual knowledge and practices of female adoles.pdf}
}

@article{Alladi2019,
  title = {Sour {{Grapes}} in the {{Lab}} and {{Field}}: {{A Test}} of {{Access-Based Beliefs}}},
  author = {Alladi, Vinayak},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3317233},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/K5KK5QWP/Alladi - 2018 - Sour Grapes in the Lab and Field A Test of Access.pdf}
}

@techreport{allcottDigitalAddiction2021,
  title = {Digital {{Addiction}}},
  author = {Allcott, Hunt and Gentzkow, Matthew and Song, Lena},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  number = {w28936},
  pages = {w28936},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w28936},
  urldate = {2022-04-19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FUHHIE33/Allcott2022.pdf}
}

@article{allcottDigitalAddiction2022,
  title = {Digital {{Addiction}}},
  author = {Allcott, Hunt and Gentzkow, Matthew and Song, Lena},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {112},
  number = {7},
  pages = {2424--2463},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20210867},
  urldate = {2024-11-06},
  abstract = {Many have argued that digital technologies such as smartphones and social media are addictive. We develop an economic model of digital addiction and estimate it using a randomized experiment. Temporary incentives to reduce social media use have persistent effects, suggesting social media are habit forming. Allowing people to set limits on their future screen time substantially reduces use, suggesting self-control problems. Additional evidence suggests people are inattentive to habit formation and partially unaware of self-control problems. Looking at these facts through the lens of our model suggests that self-control problems cause 31 percent of social media use.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Computer Software Technological Change: Choices and Consequences,Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis Allocative Efficiency,Cost-Benefit Analysis Micro-Based Behavioral Economics: General Micro-Based Behavioral Economics: Role and Effects of Psychological Emotional Social and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making General Welfare,Diffusion Processes,Well-Being Information and Internet Services},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7PXRBU4L/16990.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/K9TVMYGD/Allcott et al. - 2022 - Digital Addiction.pdf}
}

@article{allcottSocialMediaFake2017,
  title = {Social {{Media}} and {{Fake News}} in the 2016 {{Election}}},
  author = {Allcott, Hunt and Gentzkow, Matthew},
  year = {2017},
  month = may,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume = {31},
  number = {2},
  pages = {211--236},
  issn = {0895-3309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.31.2.211},
  urldate = {2022-04-19},
  abstract = {Following the 2016 US presidential election, many have expressed concern about the effects of false stories (``fake news''), circulated largely through social media. We discuss the economics of fake news and present new data on its consumption prior to the election. Drawing on web browsing data, archives of fact-checking websites, and results from a new online survey, we find: 1) social media was an important but not dominant source of election news, with 14 percent of Americans calling social media their ``most important'' source; 2) of the known false news stories that appeared in the three months before the election, those favoring Trump were shared a total of 30 million times on Facebook, while those favoring Clinton were shared 8 million times; 3) the average American adult saw on the order of one or perhaps several fake news stories in the months around the election, with just over half of those who recalled seeing them believing them; and 4) people are much more likely to believe stories that favor their preferred candidate, especially if they have ideologically segregated social media networks.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8ZB2Q5SV/Allcott and Gentzkow - 2017 - Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election.pdf}
}

@article{allcottWelfareEffectsSocial2020,
  title = {The {{Welfare Effects}} of {{Social Media}}},
  author = {Allcott, Hunt and Braghieri, Luca and Eichmeyer, Sarah and Gentzkow, Matthew},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {110},
  number = {3},
  pages = {629--676},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20190658},
  urldate = {2022-04-19},
  abstract = {The rise of social media has provoked both optimism about potential societal benefits and concern about harms such as addiction, depression, and political polarization. In a randomized experiment, we find that deactivating Facebook for the four weeks before the 2018 US midterm election (i) reduced online activity, while increasing offline activities such as watching TV alone and socializing with family and friends; (ii) reduced both factual news knowledge and political polarization; (iii) increased subjective well-being; and post-experiment Facebook use. Deactivation reduced post-experiment valuations of Facebook, suggesting that traditional metrics may overstate consumer surplus. (JEL D12, D72, D90, I31, L82, L86, Z13)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G7KDNRC4/Allcott et al. - 2020 - The Welfare Effects of Social Media.pdf}
}

@article{allcottWelfareEffectsSocial2020a,
  title = {The {{Welfare Effects}} of {{Social Media}}},
  author = {Allcott, Hunt and Braghieri, Luca and Eichmeyer, Sarah and Gentzkow, Matthew},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {110},
  number = {3},
  pages = {629--676},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20190658},
  urldate = {2024-11-13},
  abstract = {The rise of social media has provoked both optimism about potential societal benefits and concern about harms such as addiction, depression, and political polarization. In a randomized experiment, we find that deactivating Facebook for the four weeks before the 2018 US midterm election (i) reduced online activity, while increasing offline activities such as watching TV alone and socializing with family and friends; (ii) reduced both factual news knowledge and political polarization; (iii) increased subjective well-being; and (iv) caused a large persistent reduction in post-experiment Facebook use. Deactivation reduced post-experiment valuations of Facebook, suggesting that traditional metrics may overstate consumer surplus.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Computer Software Economic Sociology,Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis Political Processes: Rent-seeking Lobbying Elections Legislatures and Voting Behavior Micro-Based Behavioral Economics: General General Welfare,Economic Anthropology,Language,Media Information and Internet Services,Social and Economic Stratification,Well-Being Entertainment},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MIUXF6FQ/Allcott et al. - 2020 - The Welfare Effects of Social Media.pdf}
}

@article{Alloy1988,
  title = {The Hopelessness Theory of Depression: {{Attributional}} Aspects},
  author = {Alloy, L. B. and Abramson, L. Y. and Metalsky, G. I. and Harlage, S.},
  year = {1988},
  journal = {British Journal of Clinical Psychology},
  volume = {27},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5--21},
  issn = {01446657},
  doi = {10.1111/j.2044-8260.1988.tb00749.x},
  abstract = {In this article, we clarify, expand, and revise the basic postulates of the hopelessness theory of depression (Abramson, Alloy \& Metalsky, 1988a; Abramson, Metalsky \& Alloy, 1987, 1988b; previously referred to as the reformulated helplessness theory of depression; Abramson, Seligman \& Teasdale, 1978) and place the theory more explicitly in the context of work in descriptive psychiatry about the heterogeneity among the depressive disorders. We suggest that the hopelessness theory hypothesizes the existence in nature of an, as yet, unidentified subtype of depression - 'hopelessness depression' - defined, in part, by its cause. We then give a critique of work conducted to test the hopelessness theory and explicate the limitations in research strategy associated with this line of work. Our critique includes a logical analysis that deduces the conceptual and methodological inadequacies of the research strategies used to test the theory. Finally, we suggest more adequate research strategies for testing the hopelessness theory and discuss conceptual and assessment issues that will arise in conducting such tests with special emphasis on attributional styles.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YEG3I5P8/Alloy et al. - 1988 - The hopelessness theory of depression Attribution.pdf}
}

@book{allportNaturePrejudice1954,
  title = {The Nature of Prejudice},
  author = {Allport, Gordon W.},
  year = {1954},
  series = {The Nature of Prejudice},
  pages = {xviii, 537},
  publisher = {Addison-Wesley},
  address = {Oxford, England},
  abstract = {Without the sacrifice of scientific accuracy, the author has attempted to present in a readable form the literature on group prejudice. The 31 chapters of this book are organized around 8 main topics: preferential thinking, group differences, perceiving and thinking about group differences, sociocultural factors, acquiring prejudice, dynamics of prejudice, character structure, and reducing group tensions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UJSXVSLJ/1954-07324-000.html}
}

@techreport{almagroRacialDisparitiesFrontline2020,
  type = {Preprint},
  title = {Racial {{Disparities}} in {{Frontline Workers}} and {{Housing Crowding}} during {{COVID-19}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Geolocation Data}}},
  shorttitle = {Racial {{Disparities}} in {{Frontline Workers}} and {{Housing Crowding}} during {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {Almagro, Milena and Coven, Joshua and Gupta, Arpit and {Orane-Hutchinson}, Angelo},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  institution = {Institute Working Paper},
  doi = {10.21034/iwp.37},
  urldate = {2020-11-23},
  abstract = {We document that racial disparities in COVID-19 in New York City stem from patterns of commuting and housing crowding. During the initial wave of the pandemic, we find that out-of-home activity related to commuting is strongly associated with COVID-19 cases at the ZIP Code level and hospitalization at an individual level. After layoffs of essential workers decreased commuting, we find case growth continued through household crowding. A larger share of individuals in crowded housing or commuting to essential work are Black, Hispanic, and lower-income. As a result, structural inequalities, rather than population density, play a role in determining the cross-section of COVID-19 risk exposure in urban areas.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/W6E5U7DE/Almagro et al. - 2020 - Racial Disparities in Frontline Workers and Housin.pdf}
}

@incollection{almlundPersonalityPsychologyEconomics2011,
  title = {Personality {{Psychology}} and {{Economics}}},
  booktitle = {Handbook of the {{Economics}} of {{Education}}},
  author = {Almlund, Mathilde and Duckworth, Angela Lee and Heckman, James and Kautz, Tim},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {1--181},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-0-444-53444-6.00001-8},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This chapter explores the power of personality traits both as predictors and as causes of academic and economic success, health, and criminal activity. Measured personality is interpreted as a construct derived from an economic model of preferences, constraints, and information. Evidence is reviewed about the ``situational specificity'' of personality traits and preferences. An extreme version of the situationist view claims that there are no stable personality traits or preference parameters that persons carry across different situations. Those who hold this view claim that personality psychology has little relevance for economics.},
  isbn = {978-0-444-53444-6},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Behavioral Economics,Cognitive Traits,Economic Success,Human Development,Person-situation Debate,Personality,Wages},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M35328PM/Almlund et al. - 2011 - Personality Psychology and Economics.pdf}
}

@incollection{Almond2011,
  title = {Human Capital Development before Age Five},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Labor Economics}}},
  author = {Currie, Janet and Almond, Douglas},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {1315--1486},
  publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
  issn = {15734463},
  doi = {10.1016/S0169-7218(11)02413-0},
  abstract = {This chapter seeks to set out what economists have learned about the effects of early childhood influences on later life outcomes, and about ameliorating the effects of negative influences. We begin with a brief overview of the theory which illustrates that evidence of a causal relationship between a shock in early childhood and a future outcome says little about whether the relationship in question is biological or immutable. We then survey recent work which shows that events before five years old can have large long term impacts on adult outcomes. Child and family characteristics measured at school entry do as much to explain future outcomes as factors that labor economists have more traditionally focused on, such as years of education. Yet while children can be permanently damaged at this age, an important message is that the damage can often be remediated. We provide a brief overview of evidence regarding the effectiveness of different types of policies to provide remediation. We conclude with a list of some of the many outstanding questions for future research. {\copyright} 2011 Elsevier B.V.},
  keywords = {Early childhood,Fetal origins,Health,Human capital},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4BD88XVS/Currie and Almond - 2011 - Human capital development before age five.pdf}
}

@article{Almond2013,
  title = {Fetal {{Origins}} and {{Parental Responses}}},
  author = {Almond, Douglas and Mazumder, Bhashkar},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {37--56},
  issn = {1941-1383},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-economics-082912-110145},
  abstract = {How do parental investments respond to health endowments at birth? Recent studies have combined insights from an earlier theoretical literature on household resource allocation with improved identification strategies to capture causal effects of early life health shocks. We describe empirical challenges in identifying behavioral responses and how recent studies have sought to address these. We then discuss the emerging literature on dynamic complementarities in parental investments arising from the staged, developmental nature of capability production and how capabilities may have multiple dimensions. The bulk of the empirical evidence to date suggests that parental investments reinforce initial endowment differences.},
  keywords = {birth endowments,birth weight,parental investments},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CUCKGYC2/Almond and Mazumder - 2013 - Fetal Origins and Parental Responses.pdf}
}

@article{Almond2018,
  title = {Childhood {{Circumstances}} and {{Adult Outcomes}}: {{Act II}}},
  author = {Almond, Douglas and Currie, Janet and Duque, Valentina},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  volume = {56},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1360--1446},
  issn = {0022-0515},
  doi = {10.1257/jel.20171164},
  abstract = {That prenatal events can have life-long consequences is now well established. Nevertheless, research on the Fetal Origins Hypothesis is flourishing and has expanded to include the early childhood (postnatal) environment. Why does this literature have a " second act? " We summarize the major themes and contributions driving the empirical literature since our 2011 reviews, and try to interpret the literature in light of an overarching conceptual framework about how human capital is produced early in life. One major finding is that relatively mild shocks in early life can have substantial negative impacts, but that the effects are often heterogeneous reflecting differences in child endowments, budget constraints, and production technologies. Moreover, shocks, investments, and interventions can interact in complex ways that are only beginning to be understood. Many advances in our knowledge are due to increasing accessibility of comprehensive administrative data that allow events in early life to be linked to long-term outcomes. Yet, we still know relatively little about the interval between, and thus about whether it would be feasible to identify and intervene with affected individuals at some point between early life and adulthood. We do know enough, however, to be able to identify some interventions that hold promise for improving child outcomes in early life and throughout the life course.},
  isbn = {00096407},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JTKGV3VL/Almond et al. - 2018 - Childhood Circumstances and Adult Outcomes Act II.pdf}
}

@article{alnawwarEffectPhysicalActivity2023,
  title = {The {{Effect}} of {{Physical Activity}} on {{Sleep Quality}} and {{Sleep Disorder}}: {{A Systematic Review}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Effect}} of {{Physical Activity}} on {{Sleep Quality}} and {{Sleep Disorder}}},
  author = {Alnawwar, Majd A. and Alraddadi, Meiral I. and Algethmi, Rafaa A. and Salem, Gufran A. and Salem, Mohammed A. and Alharbi, Abeer A.},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Cureus},
  volume = {15},
  number = {8},
  publisher = {Cureus Inc.},
  doi = {10.7759/cureus.43595},
  urldate = {2024-06-18},
  abstract = {Regular physical activity has several health benefits, including improved sleep quality and symptoms of sleep disorders. With the known benefits of moderate-intensity activities to sleep quality and a growing interest in using physical activity as a treatment ...},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {37719583},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Q4XA5TPP/Alnawwar et al. - 2023 - The Effect of Physical Activity on Sleep Quality a.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/K4FFIN6H/PMC10503965.html}
}

@article{alroyShiftingBalanceDiversity2010,
  title = {The {{Shifting Balance}} of {{Diversity Among Major Marine Animal Groups}}},
  author = {Alroy, J.},
  year = {2010},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {329},
  number = {5996},
  pages = {1191--1194},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1189910},
  urldate = {2020-11-13},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{alsanDoesDiversityMatter2019,
  title = {Does {{Diversity Matter}} for {{Health}}? {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Oakland}}},
  shorttitle = {Does {{Diversity Matter}} for {{Health}}?},
  author = {Alsan, Marcella and Garrick, Owen and Graziani, Grant},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {109},
  number = {12},
  pages = {4071--4111},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20181446},
  urldate = {2022-02-03},
  abstract = {We study the effect of physician workforce diversity on the demand for preventive care among African American men. In an experiment in Oakland, California, we randomize black men to black or non-black male medical doctors. We use a two-stage design, measuring decisions before (pre-consultation) and after (post-consultation) meeting their assigned doctor. Subjects select a similar number of preventives in the pre-consultation stage, but are much more likely to select every preventive service, particularly invasive services, once meeting with a racially concordant doctor. Our findings suggest black doctors could reduce the black-white male gap in cardiovascular mortality by 19 percent. (JEL I12, I14, C93)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TMRFABVT/Alsan et al. - 2019 - Does Diversity Matter for Health Experimental Evi.pdf}
}

@incollection{altonjiChapter48Race1999,
  title = {Chapter 48 {{Race}} and Gender in the Labor Market},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Labor Economics}}},
  author = {Altonji, Joseph G. and Blank, Rebecca M.},
  year = {1999},
  month = jan,
  volume = {3},
  pages = {3143--3259},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/S1573-4463(99)30039-0},
  urldate = {2024-08-27},
  abstract = {This chapter summarizes recent research in economics that investigates differentials by race and gender in the labor market. We start with a statistical overview of the trends in labor market outcomes by race, gender and Hispanic origin, including some simple regressions on the determinants of wages and employment. This is followed in Section 3 by an extended review of current theories about discrimination in the labor market, including recent extensions of taste-based theories, theories of occupational exclusion, and theories of statistical discrimination. Section 4 discusses empirical research that provides direct evidence of discrimination in the labor market, beyond ``unexplained gaps'' in wage or employment regressions. The remainder of the chapter reviews the evidence on race and gender gaps, particularly wage gaps. Section 5 reviews research on the impact of pre-market human capital differences in education and family background that differ by race and gender. Section 6 reviews the impact of differences in both the levels and the returns to experience and seniority, with discussion of the role of training and labor market search and turnover on race and gender differentials. Section 7 reviews the role of job characteristics (particularly occupational characteristics) in the gender wage gap. Section 8 reviews the smaller literature on differences in fringe benefits by gender. Section 9 is an extensive discussion of the empirical work that accounts for changes in the trends in race and gender differentials over time. Of particular interest is the new research literature that investigates the impact of widening wage inequality on race and gender wage gaps. Section 10 reviews research that relates policy changes to race and gender differentials, including anti-discrimination policy. The chapter concludes with comments about a future research agenda.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/P4D46WMR/Altonji and Blank - 1999 - Chapter 48 Race and gender in the labor market.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SL8ALBP7/S1573446399300390.html}
}

@techreport{Alvaredo2013,
  title = {Top {{Incomes}} in {{South Africa}} over a Century 1903-2013},
  author = {Alvaredo, Facundo and Atkinson, Anthony},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {WID Working Paper}
}

@techreport{Alvaredo2017a,
  title = {Income {{Inequality}} under {{Colonial Rule Evidence}} from {{French Algeria}}, {{Cameroon}}, {{Indochina}} and {{Tunisia}}, 1920-1960},
  author = {Alvaredo, Facundo and Cogneau, Denis and Piketty, Thomas},
  year = {2017},
  number = {December},
  pages = {1--31},
  abstract = {We exploit for the first time income tax tabulations for colonial Algeria, Cameroon, Indochina and Tunisia 1920-1960. As measured by top-incomes shares, inequality was high in French colonies. It was pulled downward by the crisis of the 1930s and WW2 combined, yet in the 1950s income inequality stabilized at much higher levels than metropolitan France. European settlers made the bulk of top-income earners everywhere, yet in the 1950s rich Tunisians counted for one fifth, with possibly a majority of Jews among them. Inequality among settlers was limited, both within and across colonies, and very few of them were extremely rich by metropolitan standards, in contrast with settlers in South Africa or Zimbabwe at the same time.}
}

@article{alvaredoIncomeConcentrationBritish2017,
  title = {Income Concentration in {{British India}}, 1885--1946},
  author = {Alvaredo, Facundo and Bergeron, Augustin and Cassan, Guilhem},
  year = {2017},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {127},
  pages = {459--469},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2017.01.005},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {We use a novel income tax data set to present evidence on the evolution of income concentration in the last 60 years of colonial rule in India. These data allow us to study the evolution of income concentration at the country level as well as the location of top income earners across provinces. We identify three key facts: (1) the evolution of income concentration in British India was nonlinear, following a U-shape, (2) the majority of top income earners were non-Europeans, and (3) the geographical location of top income earners changed over time with the province of Bombay gaining in importance in the early XXth century. We provide an interpretation of these results in the light of the economic and political changes in British India over the period.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A9KSQJRV/Alvaredo et al. - 2017 - Income concentration in British India, 1885–1946.pdf}
}

@article{alvaredoIncomeInequalityColonial,
  title = {Income {{Inequality}} under {{Colonial Rule}}},
  author = {Alvaredo, Facundo and Cogneau, Denis and Piketty, Thomas},
  pages = {31},
  abstract = {We exploit for the first time income tax tabulations for colonial Algeria, Cameroon, Indochina and Tunisia 1920-1960. As measured by top-incomes shares, inequality was high in French colonies. It was pulled downward by the crisis of the 1930s and WW2 combined, yet in the 1950s income inequality stabilized at much higher levels than metropolitan France. European settlers made the bulk of top-income earners everywhere, yet in the 1950s rich Tunisians counted for one fifth, with possibly a majority of Jews among them. Inequality among settlers was limited, both within and across colonies, and very few of them were extremely rich by metropolitan standards, in contrast with settlers in South Africa or Zimbabwe at the same time.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VPRCZ7HF/Alvaredo et al. - Income Inequality under Colonial Rule.pdf}
}

@article{alvaredoTopIncomesSouth,
  title = {Top {{Incomes}} in {{South Africa}} over a Century},
  author = {Alvaredo, Facundo and Atkinson, A B},
  pages = {53},
  abstract = {There have been important studies of recent income inequality and of poverty in South Africa, but very little is known about the long-run trends over time. There is speculation about the extent of inequality when the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910, but no hard evidence. In this paper, we provide evidence that is partial -- being confined to top incomes -- but which for the first time shows how the income distribution changed on a (near) annual basis from 1913 onwards. We present estimates of the shares in total income of groups such as the top 1 per cent and the top 0.1 per cent, covering the period from colonial times to the 21st century. For a number of years during the apartheid period, we have data classified by race. The estimates for recent years bear out the picture of South Africa as a highly unequal country, but allow this to be placed in historical and international context.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SK3Q8RCZ/Alvaredo and Atkinson - Top Incomes in South Africa over a century.pdf}
}

@article{alvarezPayingAttentionInattentive2019,
  title = {Paying {{Attention}} to {{Inattentive Survey Respondents}}},
  author = {Alvarez, R. Michael and Atkeson, Lonna Rae and Levin, Ines and Li, Yimeng},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Political Analysis},
  volume = {27},
  number = {2},
  pages = {145--162},
  issn = {1047-1987, 1476-4989},
  doi = {10.1017/pan.2018.57},
  urldate = {2021-05-05},
  abstract = {Does attentiveness matter in survey responses? Do more attentive survey participants give higher quality responses? Using data from a recent online survey that identified inattentive respondents using instructedresponse items, we demonstrate that ignoring attentiveness provides a biased portrait of the distribution of critical political attitudes and behavior. We show that this bias occurs in the context of both typical closedended questions and in list experiments. Inattentive respondents are common and are more prevalent among the young and less educated. Those who do not pass the trap questions interact with the survey instrument in distinctive ways: they take less time to respond; are more likely to report nonattitudes; and display lower consistency in their reported choices. Inattentiveness does not occur completely at random and failing to properly account for it may lead to inaccurate estimates of the prevalence of key political attitudes and behaviors, of both sensitive and more prosaic nature.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/P5RCF9YY/Alvarez et al. - 2019 - Paying Attention to Inattentive Survey Respondents.pdf}
}

@article{alvarezPayingAttentionInattentive2019a,
  title = {Paying {{Attention}} to {{Inattentive Survey Respondents}}},
  author = {Alvarez, R. Michael and Atkeson, Lonna Rae and Levin, Ines and Li, Yimeng},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Political Analysis},
  volume = {27},
  number = {2},
  pages = {145--162},
  issn = {1047-1987, 1476-4989},
  doi = {10.1017/pan.2018.57},
  urldate = {2021-05-05},
  abstract = {Does attentiveness matter in survey responses? Do more attentive survey participants give higher quality responses? Using data from a recent online survey that identified inattentive respondents using instructedresponse items, we demonstrate that ignoring attentiveness provides a biased portrait of the distribution of critical political attitudes and behavior. We show that this bias occurs in the context of both typical closedended questions and in list experiments. Inattentive respondents are common and are more prevalent among the young and less educated. Those who do not pass the trap questions interact with the survey instrument in distinctive ways: they take less time to respond; are more likely to report nonattitudes; and display lower consistency in their reported choices. Inattentiveness does not occur completely at random and failing to properly account for it may lead to inaccurate estimates of the prevalence of key political attitudes and behaviors, of both sensitive and more prosaic nature.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FYLT2GSB/Alvarez et al. - 2019 - Paying Attention to Inattentive Survey Respondents.pdf}
}

@article{Aman-Rana2019,
  title = {In {{Self Interest}}? {{Meritocratic Promotions}} in a {{Bureaucracy Through Discretion}} of {{Seniors}}},
  author = {{Aman-Rana}, Shan},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3465765},
  abstract = {Most bureaucracies today are rule-based. This is a result of a powerful intellectual tradition that argues that allowing discretion in decision making could lead to favoritism and collusion, with substantial costs to the organization. This paper studies one particular public sector bureaucracy, the Pakistan Administrative Services (PAS) in Punjab and presents novel evidence that when senior bureaucrats have discretion to promote juniors they do so meritocratically. I create a newly digitized civil servant-month panel data-set (1983-2013) which combines personnel records of PAS civil servants in Punjab, Pakistan with two key measures of merit of the junior (1) recruitment exam ranking that is publicly observable (2) historical tax collection by juniors that is private information of a particular set of seniors. I exploit two rules within the government to get exogenous variation in both the set of seniors and their power to promote juniors. First, results show that, in the long run, as the power of seniors increase, high merit junior bureaucrats are more likely to be promoted than low merit ones. Second, with increases in the power of seniors they are more likely to pull high merit junior bureaucrats into their own team and promote them, while the effect reverses for low merit juniors. This suggests that self-interest of the person exercising discretion is one mechanism behind meritocracy. Third, as promotion power of senior increases, those juniors who are observationally good performers but not stars according to private information of the senior, have 3 times lower probability of being promoted than those who are top performers in both dimensions. A similar effect is seen for those that are observationally poor performers. This suggests that seniors can decipher not just hidden lemons from the star performers but also hidden gems from the bottom of the performance distribution. These results suggest that there is value from allowing discretion and have wider implications for how we think about the use of subjective judgement in organizations. JEL codes: O1, M51, D73, D23, J45},
  keywords = {bureaucracy,civil services,discretion,networks,pakistan,promotion,punjab},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5J8KHG6B/Aman-Rana - 2019 - In Self Interest Meritocratic Promotions in a Bur.pdf}
}

@article{amaralHelpingFamiliesHelp2022,
  title = {Helping {{Families Help Themselves}}: {$\ast$} the ({{Un}}){{Intended Impacts}} of a {{Digital Parenting Program}}},
  shorttitle = {Helping {{Families Help Themselves}}},
  author = {Amaral, Sofia and Dinarte, Lelys and Dominguez, Patricio and {Perez-Vincent}, Santiago M.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4117066},
  urldate = {2023-02-15},
  abstract = {Parenting practices play a crucial role in child development. We evaluate the impact of a free digital stress management and positive parenting intervention designed to reduce the prevalence of child maltreatment in El Salvador. Drawing on the prior success of in-person interventions, we study the effects of digital intervention delivery and examine differential treatment effects by caregiver's sex. Using an individuallevel experiment, we find that the intervention increased stress and anxiety and lowered caregiver-child interactions among male caregivers. In contrast, among female caregivers, we did not detect changes in mental health but observed a decrease in physical violence against children. While these findings differ from results of in-person interventions, they align with theories that link economic deprivation and family structure to caregivers' cognitive overload and mental health.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/99ZHY5RQ/Amaral et al. - 2022 - Helping Families Help Themselves ∗ the (Un)Intend.pdf}
}

@article{ambrusHowIndividualPreferences2015,
  title = {How Individual Preferences Are Aggregated in Groups: {{An}} Experimental Study},
  shorttitle = {How Individual Preferences Are Aggregated in Groups},
  author = {Ambrus, Attila and Greiner, Ben and Pathak, Parag A.},
  year = {2015},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {129},
  pages = {1--13},
  issn = {0047-2727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2015.05.008},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {This paper experimentally investigates how individual preferences, through unrestricted deliberation, are aggregated into a group decision in two contexts: reciprocating gifts and choosing between lotteries. In both contexts, we find that median group members have a significant impact on the group decision, but the median is not the only influential group member. Non-median members closer to the median tend to have more influence than other members. By investigating the same individual's influence in different groups, we find evidence for relative position in the group having a direct effect on influence. These results are consistent with predictions from spatial models of dynamic bargaining, for members with intermediate levels of patience. We also find that group deliberation involves bargaining and compromise as well as persuasion: preferences tend to shift towards the choice of the individual's previous group, especially for those with extreme individual preferences.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Group decision-making,Role of deliberation,Social influence},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6X9T9HWN/Ambrus et al. - 2015 - How individual preferences are aggregated in group.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L39A2QA4/S0047272715001036.html}
}

@article{amenumeyGermanAdministrationSouthern1969,
  title = {German {{Administration}} in {{Southern Togo}}},
  author = {Amenumey, D. E. K.},
  year = {1969},
  journal = {The Journal of African History},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  eprint = {179902},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {623--639},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZVVPXWZ5/Amenumey - 1969 - German Administration in Southern Togo 2.pdf}
}

@article{Amirapu2019,
  title = {Labor {{Regulations}} and the {{Cost}} of {{Corruption}}: {{Evidence}} from the {{Indian Firm Size Distribution}}},
  author = {Amirapu, Amrit and Gechter, Michael},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  pages = {1--48},
  issn = {0034-6535},
  doi = {10.1162/rest_a_00837},
  abstract = {In this paper we estimate the costs associated with an important suite of labor regulations in India by taking advantage of the fact that these regulations only apply to firms above a size threshold. Using distortions in the firm size distribution together with a structural model of firm size choice, we estimate that the regulations increase firms' unit labor costs by 35\%. This estimate is robust to potential misreporting on the part of firms and enumerators. We also document a robust positive association between regulatory costs and exposure to corruption, which may explain why regulations appear to be so costly in developing countries.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/D93F43PP/Amirapu and Gechter - 2020 - Labor Regulations and the Cost of Corruption Evid.pdf}
}

@article{amsalemEffectBriefSocial2022,
  title = {Effect of a {{Brief Social Contact Video}} on {{Transphobia}} and {{Depression-Related Stigma Among Adolescents}}: {{A Randomized Clinical Trial}}},
  shorttitle = {Effect of a {{Brief Social Contact Video}} on {{Transphobia}} and {{Depression-Related Stigma Among Adolescents}}},
  author = {Amsalem, Doron and Halloran, Justin and Penque, Brent and Celentano, Jillian and Martin, Andr{\'e}s},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {JAMA Network Open},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {e220376},
  issn = {2574-3805},
  doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0376},
  urldate = {2023-05-31},
  abstract = {Transphobia and stigma remain barriers to seeking mental health care for gender-diverse adolescents.To examine the utility of brief social contact--based video interventions of transgender protagonists with depression to reduce transphobia and depression-related stigma and increase treatment-seeking intentions among adolescents in the general population.During August 2021, a total of 1437 participants were recruited and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 video-based conditions in a 2:2:1:1 ratio: (1) transgender adolescent girls, (2) transgender adolescent boys, (3) cisgender adolescent girls, or (4) cisgender adolescent boys.In each of the approximately 110-second videos, an empowered presenter shared their personal story about coping with depression and reaching out for help.The primary outcome was the score on the Attitudes Toward Transgender Men and Women (ATTMW) scale. Secondary outcomes were (1) a ``gender thermometer'' rating for warmth in transgender perception, (2) the Depression Stigma Scale (DSS) score, and (3) the General Health-Seeking Questionnaire (GHSQ) score.Of the 1437 randomized participants, 1098 (76\%) completed the postintervention assessment and passed all the validity tests (mean [SD] age, 16.9 [1.2] years; 481 [44\%] male; 640 [58\%] White). A significant change in attitudes toward transgender youth was found within the intervention group only (mean [SD] ATTMW scores: intervention group, 34.6 [23.1] at baseline to 32.8 [24.2] after intervention; P\,\&lt;\,.001; control group, 33.5 [23.4] at baseline to 32.4 [24.1] after intervention; P = .01). The mean (SD) total DSS scores decreased significantly across study groups (intervention: 1.3 [3.3]; control: 1.7 [3.3]; P\,\&lt;\,.001). A significant increase in intention to seek help from a parent was found in the intervention (mean [SD] GHSQ score, 0.2 [1.1]) and control (mean [SD] GHSQ score, 0.3 [1.2]) groups (P\,\&lt;\,.001), as was a decrease in those not wanting to seek help from anyone (mean [SD] GHSQ score: intervention, 0.2 [1.6], P\,=\,.009; control, 0.3 [1.2], P\,\&lt;\,.001) Secondary analyses revealed significant differences in baseline ATTMW scores and intervention effects between transgender and gender-diverse and cisgender participants and between lesbian, gay, bisexual, or queer (LGBQ) and straight participants (F\,=\,36.7, P\,\&lt;\,.001) and heterosexual participants (F\,=\,37.0, P\,\&lt;\,.001). A significant difference was also found in mean (SD) transgender warmth scores from baseline to after intervention between groups (2.6{$^\circ$} [13.1{$^\circ$}] in the intervention group vs 0.4{$^\circ$} [8.3{$^\circ$}] in the control group; P\,\&lt;\,.001).In this randomized clinical trial, brief social contact--based videos proved efficacious in reducing transphobia and depression-related stigma and in increasing treatment-seeking intentions among adolescents in the general population. By personifying, individualizing, and providing face and voice to the experience of transgender youth, other adolescents, especially those who are cisgender and/or of a heterosexual orientation, can gain empathetic insights into the lives of their often marginalized and stigmatized fellow youth.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04969003},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6LKPVMI6/Amsalem et al. - 2022 - Effect of a Brief Social Contact Video on Transpho.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GBG7SKTM/2789426.html}
}

@article{AnalyzingSocialExperiments2010,
  title = {Analyzing Social Experiments as Implemented: {{A}} Reexamination of the Evidence from the {{HighScope Perry Preschool Program}}},
  shorttitle = {Analyzing Social Experiments as Implemented},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Quantitative Economics},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--46},
  issn = {1759-7323},
  doi = {10.3982/QE8},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Early childhood intervention compromised randomiz},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L4GFM9UQ/2010 - Analyzing social experiments as implemented A ree.pdf}
}

@article{ananyevEffectIncomeTrust2019,
  title = {Effect of {{Income}} on {{Trust}}: {{Evidence}} from the 2009 {{Economic Crisis}} in {{Russia}}},
  shorttitle = {Effect of {{Income}} on {{Trust}}},
  author = {Ananyev, Maxim and Guriev, Sergei},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {129},
  number = {619},
  pages = {1082--1118},
  issn = {0013-0133, 1468-0297},
  doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12612},
  urldate = {2024-08-22},
  copyright = {https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open\_access/funder\_policies/chorus/standard\_publication\_model},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economic crisis,regional income,social trust},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/N7NWWYNL/Ananyv and Guriev - Effect of income on trust evidence from the 2009 .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QW7HBDSG/Ananyev and Guriev - 2019 - Effect of Income on Trust Evidence from the 2009 .pdf}
}

@article{Anderson2002,
  title = {The {{Economics}} of {{Roscas}} and {{Intrahousehold Resource Allocation}}},
  author = {Anderson, Siwan and Baland, J.-M.},
  year = {2002},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {117},
  number = {3},
  pages = {963--995},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1162/003355302760193931},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/28JRWM3J/Anderson and Baland - THE ECONOMICS OF ROSCAS AND INTRAHOUSEHOLD RESOURC.pdf}
}

@article{andersonCasteImpedimentTrade2011,
  title = {Caste as an {{Impediment}} to {{Trade}}},
  author = {Anderson, Siwan},
  year = {2011},
  month = jan,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {3},
  number = {1},
  pages = {239--263},
  issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790},
  doi = {10.1257/app.3.1.239},
  urldate = {2021-05-25},
  abstract = {We compare outcomes across two types of villages in rural India. Villages vary by which caste is dominant (owns the majority of land): either a low or high caste. The key finding is that income is substantially higher for low-caste households residing in villages dominated by a low caste. This seems to be due to a trade breakdown in irrigation water across caste groups. All else equal, lower caste water buyers have agricultural yields which are 45 percent higher if they reside in a village where water sellers are of the same caste compared to one where they are not. (JEL O12, O13, O17, O18, Q15, R23, Z13)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G8XWADH6/Anderson - 2011 - Caste as an Impediment to Trade.pdf}
}

@article{andersonEconomicsDowryBrideprice2007,
  title = {The {{Economics}} of {{Dowry}} and {{Brideprice}}},
  author = {Anderson, Siwan},
  year = {2007},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume = {21},
  number = {4},
  pages = {151--174},
  issn = {0895-3309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.21.4.151},
  urldate = {2023-11-22},
  abstract = {Payments between families at the time of marriage have existed throughout the history of most developed countries and are currently pervasive in many areas of the developing world. These payments can be substantial enough to affect the welfare of women and a society's distribution of wealth. Recent estimates document transfers per marriage amounting to four to six times annual household income. This paper first establishes some basic facts about the prevalence and magnitude of marriage payments. It then discusses how such patterns vary across countries depending upon economic conditions, societal structures, institutions, and family characteristics. Marriage payments have evolved within societies over time: in some periods, payments have risen sharply; in some cases, payments have shifted from the grooms' side to the brides', and vice versa; sometimes, property rights over such payments shift between marrying partners and parental generations. The second part of this paper discusses the economic literature devoted to explaining these facts.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Domestic Abuse Economics of Gender,Family Structure,Human Development,Income Distribution,Marital Dissolution,Marriage,Migration,Non-labor Discrimination Economic History: Labor and Consumers Demography Education Health Welfare Income Wealth Religion and Philanthropy: General International or Comparative Economic Development: Human Resources},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E66U73DZ/Anderson - 2007 - The Economics of Dowry and Brideprice.pdf}
}

@article{andersonHighlyPoweredAnalysis,
  title = {Highly {{Powered Analysis Plans}}},
  author = {Anderson, Michael L and Magruder, Jeremy},
  pages = {73},
  abstract = {Formal analysis plans limit false discoveries by registering and multiplicity adjusting statistical tests. As each registered test reduces power on other tests, researchers prune hypotheses based on prior knowledge, often by combining related indicators into evenly-weighted indices. We propose two improvements to maximize learning within these types of analysis plans. First, we develop data-driven optimized indices that can yield more powerful tests than evenly-weighted indices. Second, we discuss organizing the logical structure of an analysis plan into a gated tree that directs type I error towards these high-powered tests. In simulations we show that researchers may prefer these "optimus gates" across a wide range of data-generating processes. We then assess our strategy using the community-driven development (CDD) application from Casey et al. (2012) and the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment from Finkelstein et al. (2012). We find substantial power gains in both applications, meaningfully changing the conclusions of Casey et al. (2012).},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IV4BPHDP/Anderson and Magruder - Highly Powered Analysis Plans.pdf}
}

@article{andersonMultipleInferenceGender2008,
  title = {Multiple {{Inference}} and {{Gender Differences}} in the {{Effects}} of {{Early Intervention}}: {{A Reevaluation}} of the {{Abecedarian}}, {{Perry Preschool}}, and {{Early Training Projects}}},
  shorttitle = {Multiple {{Inference}} and {{Gender Differences}} in the {{Effects}} of {{Early Intervention}}},
  author = {Anderson, Michael L.},
  year = {2008},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
  volume = {103},
  number = {484},
  pages = {1481--1495},
  issn = {0162-1459, 1537-274X},
  doi = {10.1198/016214508000000841},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {False discovery rate,Familywise error rate,Multiple comparisons,Preschool,Program evaluation.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IQQQ5CUN/Anderson - 2008 - Multiple Inference and Gender Differences in the E.pdf}
}

@article{Andre2019,
  title = {Education and {{Polygamy}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Cameroon}}},
  author = {Andr{\'e}, Pierre and Dupraz, Yannick},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {1--68},
  keywords = {education,marriage,matching models,polygamy},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3KQK62VI/André and Dupraz - Education and Polygamy Evidence from Cameroon.pdf}
}

@article{andre2021fighting,
  title = {Fighting Climate Change: {{The}} Role of Norms, Preferences, and Moral Values},
  author = {Andre, Peter and Boneva, Teodora and Chopra, Felix and Falk, Armin},
  year = {2021},
  publisher = {CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP16343},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QVVDTV8E/climate_norms.pdf}
}

@article{andreNarrativesMacroeconomy2022,
  title = {Narratives about the {{Macroeconomy}}},
  author = {Andre, Peter and Haaland, Ingar and Roth, Christopher and Wohlfart, Johannes},
  year = {2022},
  pages = {104},
  abstract = {We provide evidence on narratives about the macroeconomy---the stories people tell to explain macroeconomic phenomena---in the context of a historic surge in inflation. We measure economic narratives in open-ended survey responses and represent them as Directed Acyclic Graphs. We apply this approach in surveys with more than 10,000 US households and 100 academic experts and document three main findings. First, households' narratives are strongly heterogeneous and coarser than experts' narratives, focus more on the supply side than on the demand side, and often feature politically loaded explanations. Second, households' narratives strongly shape their inflation expectations, which we demonstrate with descriptive survey data and a series of experiments. Third, an experiment varying news consumption shows that the media is an important source of narratives. Our findings demonstrate the relevance of narratives for understanding macroeconomic expectation formation.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BHUQJCSZ/Andre et al. - Narratives about the Macroeconomy.pdf}
}

@article{andreNarrativesMacroeconomy2022a,
  title = {Narratives about the {{Macroeconomy}}},
  author = {Andre, Peter and Haaland, Ingar and Roth, Christopher and Wohlfart, Johannes},
  year = {2022},
  abstract = {We provide evidence on narratives about the macroeconomy---the stories people tell to explain macroeconomic phenomena---in the context of a historic surge in inflation. We measure economic narratives in open-ended survey responses and represent them as Directed Acyclic Graphs. We apply this approach in surveys with more than 10,000 US households and 100 academic experts and document three main findings. First, households' narratives are strongly heterogeneous and coarser than experts' narratives, focus more on the supply side than on the demand side, and often feature politically loaded explanations. Second, households' narratives strongly shape their inflation expectations, which we demonstrate with descriptive survey data and a series of experiments. Third, an experiment varying news consumption shows that the media is an important source of narratives. Our findings demonstrate the relevance of narratives for understanding macroeconomic expectation formation.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M5QEPPLI/Andre et al. - Narratives about the Macroeconomy.pdf}
}

@article{andreoniAvoidingAskField2017,
  title = {Avoiding the {{Ask}}: {{A Field Experiment}} on {{Altruism}}, {{Empathy}}, and {{Charitable Giving}}},
  author = {Andreoni, James and Rao, Justin M and Trachtman, Hannah},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {journal of political economy},
  pages = {29},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AGRDFWBR/Andreoni et al. - Avoiding the Ask A Field Experiment on Altruism, .pdf}
}

@article{andreoniCharitableGiving2013,
  title = {Charitable {{Giving}}},
  author = {Andreoni, James},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {50},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TPE9CPSL/Andreoni - Charitable Giving.pdf}
}

@article{andreoniImpureAltruismDonations1990,
  title = {Impure {{Altruism}} and {{Donations}} to {{Public Goods}}: {{A Theory}} of {{Warm-Glow Giving}}},
  shorttitle = {Impure {{Altruism}} and {{Donations}} to {{Public Goods}}},
  author = {Andreoni, James},
  year = {1990},
  month = jun,
  journal = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {100},
  number = {401},
  pages = {464},
  issn = {00130133},
  doi = {10.2307/2234133},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XDE39SRS/Andreoni - 1990 - Impure Altruism and Donations to Public Goods A T.pdf}
}

@article{andreoniPredictingSocialTipping2021,
  title = {Predicting Social Tipping and Norm Change in Controlled Experiments},
  author = {Andreoni, James and Nikiforakis, Nikos and Siegenthaler, Simon},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {118},
  number = {16},
  pages = {e2014893118},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.2014893118},
  urldate = {2022-05-25},
  abstract = {Significance             Social tipping---instances of sudden change that upend social order---is rarely anticipated and usually understood only in hindsight. The ability to predict when societies will reach a tipping point has significant implications for welfare, especially when social norms are detrimental. In a large-scale laboratory experiment, we identify a model that accurately predicts social tipping and use it to address a long-standing puzzle: Why do norms sometimes persist when they are detrimental to social welfare? We show that beneficial norm change is often hindered by a desire to avoid the costs associated with transitioning to a new norm. We find that policies that help societies develop a common understanding of the benefits from change foster the abandonment of detrimental norms.           ,              The ability to predict when societies will replace one social norm for another can have significant implications for welfare, especially when norms are detrimental. A popular theory poses that the pressure to conform to social norms creates tipping thresholds which, once passed, propel societies toward an alternative state. Predicting when societies will reach a tipping threshold, however, has been a major challenge because of the lack of experimental data for evaluating competing models. We present evidence from a large-scale laboratory experiment designed to test the theoretical predictions of a threshold model for social tipping and norm change. In our setting, societal preferences change gradually, forcing individuals to weigh the benefit from deviating from the norm against the cost from not conforming to the behavior of others. We show that the model correctly predicts in 96\% of instances when a society will succeed or fail to abandon a detrimental norm. Strikingly, we observe widespread persistence of detrimental norms even when individuals determine the cost for nonconformity themselves as they set the latter too high. Interventions that facilitate a common understanding of the benefits from change help most societies abandon detrimental norms. We also show that instigators of change tend to be more risk tolerant and to dislike conformity more. Our findings demonstrate the value of threshold models for understanding social tipping in a broad range of social settings and for designing policies to promote welfare.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DJKPQNSC/Andreoni et al. - 2021 - Predicting social tipping and norm change in contr.pdf}
}

@techreport{andrewGenderNormsViolence2022,
  title = {Gender Norms, Violence and Adolescent Girls' Trajectories: Evidence from a Field Experiment in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Gender Norms, Violence and Adolescent Girls' Trajectories},
  author = {Andrew, Alison and Krutikova, Sonya and Smarrelli, Gabriela and Verma, Hemlata},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  institution = {The IFS},
  doi = {10.1920/wp.ifs.2022.4122},
  urldate = {2023-02-10},
  abstract = {Striking gender gaps persist in fundamental aspects of human welfare. In India, the setting of this paper, these gaps are particularly large. Interventions often target adolescent girls with the aim of empowering them to make choices that go against the status quo -- to remain in school longer or marry later, for example. This approach may inadvertently expose girls, who are often marginalized within their communities, to new risks if it encourages them to violate prevailing gender norms. In this study, we design an experiment to compare the effectiveness of targeting only adolescent girls with an approach that additionally engages with the enforcers of gender norms in the wider community. We find that both arms of the trial led to a reduction in school dropout and early marriage. We see large improvements in girls' mental health but only in the arm which engages with the wider community. Improvements in mental health can be explained by community engagement causing gender norms to become more progressive and causing a reduction in the severity of sanctions that girls face for breaking norms. Both adolescent girls and their mothers perceived these shifts in norms and sanctions. Our results demonstrate that in settings where unequal outcomes are sustained through restrictive gender norms, change in the attitudes and behavior of the enforcers of these norms is critical for achieving meaningful improvements in women's well-being.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IPAIL2SM/Andrew et al. - 2022 - Gender norms, violence and adolescent girls’ traje.pdf}
}

@article{andrewImpacts2Years2018,
  title = {Impacts 2 Years after a Scalable Early Childhood Development Intervention to Increase Psychosocial Stimulation in the Home: {{A}} Follow-up of a Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial in {{Colombia}}},
  shorttitle = {Impacts 2 Years after a Scalable Early Childhood Development Intervention to Increase Psychosocial Stimulation in the Home},
  author = {Andrew, Alison and Attanasio, Orazio and Fitzsimons, Emla and {Grantham-McGregor}, Sally and Meghir, Costas and {Rubio-Codina}, Marta},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {PLOS Medicine},
  volume = {15},
  number = {4},
  pages = {e1002556},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  issn = {1549-1676},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1002556},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  abstract = {Background Poor early childhood development (ECD) in low- and middle-income countries is a major concern. There are calls to universalise access to ECD interventions through integrating them into existing government services but little evidence on the medium- or long-term effects of such scalable models. We previously showed that a psychosocial stimulation (PS) intervention integrated into a cash transfer programme improved Colombian children's cognition, receptive language, and home stimulation. In this follow-up study, we assessed the medium-term impacts of the intervention, 2 years after it ended, on children's cognition, language, school readiness, executive function, and behaviour. Methods and findings Study participants were 1,419 children aged 12--24 months at baseline from beneficiary households of the cash transfer programme, living in 96 Colombian towns. The original cluster randomised controlled trial (2009--2011) randomly allocated the towns to control (N = 24, n = 349), PS (N = 24, n = 357), multiple micronutrient (MN) supplementation (N = 24, n = 354), and combined PS and MN (N = 24, n = 359). Interventions lasted 18 months. In this study (26 September 2013 to 11 January 2014), we assessed impacts on cognition, language, school readiness, executive function, and behaviour 2 years after intervention, at ages 4.5--5.5 years. Testers, but not participants, were blinded to treatment allocation. Analysis was on an intent-to-treat basis. We reassessed 88.5\% of the children in the original study (n = 1,256). Factor analysis of test scores yielded 2 factors: cognitive (cognition, language, school readiness, executive function) and behavioural. We found no effect of the interventions after 2 years on the cognitive factor (PS: -0.031 SD, 95\% CI -0.229--0.167; MN: -0.042 SD, 95\% CI -0.249--0.164; PS and MN: -0.111 SD, 95\% CI -0.311--0.089), the behavioural factor (PS: 0.013 SD, 95\% CI -0.172--0.198; MN: 0.071 SD, 95\% CI -0.115--0.258; PS and MN: 0.062 SD, 95\% CI -0.115--0.239), or home stimulation. Study limitations include that behavioural development was measured through maternal report and that very small effects may have been missed, despite the large sample size. Conclusions We found no evidence that a scalable PS intervention benefited children's development 2 years after it ended. It is possible that the initial effects on child development were too small to be sustained or that the lack of continued impact on home stimulation contributed to fade out. Both are likely related to compromises in implementation when going to scale and suggest one should not extrapolate from medium-term effects of small efficacy trials to scalable interventions. Understanding the salient differences between small efficacy trials and scaled-up versions will be key to making ECD interventions effective tools for policymakers. Trial registration ISRCTN18991160},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child development,Children,Cognitive linguistics,Finite element analysis,Language,Schools,Supervisors,Towns},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AXTGMTT4/Andrew et al. - 2018 - Impacts 2 years after a scalable early childhood development intervention to increase psychosocial s.pdf}
}

@article{andrewIncentivizingDemandSupplyConstrained2024,
  title = {Incentivizing {{Demand}} for {{Supply-Constrained Care}}: {{Institutional Birth}} in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Incentivizing {{Demand}} for {{Supply-Constrained Care}}},
  author = {Andrew, Alison and {Vera-Hern{\'a}ndez}, Marcos},
  year = {2024},
  month = jan,
  journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  volume = {106},
  number = {1},
  pages = {102--118},
  issn = {0034-6535},
  doi = {10.1162/rest_a_01206},
  urldate = {2024-10-28},
  abstract = {If overcrowding harms health care quality, the impacts of encouraging more people to use services are not obvious. Impacts will depend on whether marginal entrants benefit and whether they benefit enough to offset the congestion externalities imposed on inframarginal users. We develop a general-equilibrium model that formalizes these ideas. We examine them empirically by studying JSY, a program in India that paid women to give birth in medical facilities. We find evidence that JSY increased perinatal mortality in areas with low health-system capacity, was particularly harmful in more-complex births, reduced the quality of facilities' postnatal care, and generated harmful spillovers onto other services.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/D8BZIN4G/Andrew and Vera-Hernández - 2024 - Incentivizing Demand for Supply-Constrained Care .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/U6R2SPHL/Incentivizing-Demand-for-Supply-Constrained-Care.html}
}

@article{Andrews2012,
  title = {Escaping {{Capability Traps Through Problem Driven Iterative Adaptation}} ({{PDIA}})},
  author = {Andrews, Matt and Pritchett, Lant and Woolcock, Michael},
  year = {2013},
  month = nov,
  journal = {World Development},
  volume = {51},
  pages = {234--244},
  issn = {0305750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.05.011},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND{\textbackslash}n{\textbackslash}nAlthough familiar to every neurologist, postictal paresis (PP) has only rarely been analyzed systematically.{\textbackslash}n{\textbackslash}n{\textbackslash}nOBJECTIVE{\textbackslash}n{\textbackslash}nTo describe the frequency and duration of PP in patients undergoing video-EEG monitoring, the semiology characteristics of seizures preceding PP, and the pattern of associated symptoms and signs.{\textbackslash}n{\textbackslash}n{\textbackslash}nMETHODS{\textbackslash}n{\textbackslash}nThe records of 513 consecutive patients who underwent prolonged video-EEG monitoring during presurgical epilepsy evaluation were reviewed for postictal motor deficit. Three hundred twenty-eight patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The videotapes of patients with PP were subsequently analyzed with a careful analysis of ictal motor phenomena at the side of the PP.{\textbackslash}n{\textbackslash}n{\textbackslash}nRESULTS{\textbackslash}n{\textbackslash}nPP was found in 44 patients (13.4\%). PP was always unilateral and always contralateral to the seizure focus and had a median duration of 173.5 seconds (range 11 seconds to 22 minutes). Of all seizures with PP, 77.8\% were accompanied by evident and 9.7\% by very slight ictal motor phenomena ipsilateral to the side of PP, whereas 9.7\% of the seizures showed no motor signs (two seizures [2.8\%] could not be evaluated for motor phenomena). The most common ictal lateralizing sign was unilateral clonic activity in 55.6\% of all seizures. Concomitant dystonic posturing was found in 47.9\% and ictal limb immobility in 24.6\% of the seizures. PP was of longer duration if ictal clonic activity was present and after tonic-clonic seizures.{\textbackslash}n{\textbackslash}n{\textbackslash}nCONCLUSIONS{\textbackslash}n{\textbackslash}nPP is relatively frequent (13.4\%), is easy to detect, and has a high lateralizing value. The high incidences of dystonic posturing and of ictal limb immobility in our patients with PP may indicate that an active inhibitory process is involved in its pathogenesis.},
  pmid = {9175672}
}

@article{Andrews2019,
  title = {A Simple Approximation for Evaluating External Validity Bias},
  author = {Andrews, Isaiah and Oster, Emily},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Economics Letters},
  volume = {178},
  pages = {58--62},
  publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
  issn = {01651765},
  doi = {10.1016/j.econlet.2019.02.020},
  abstract = {We develop a simple approximation that relates the total external validity bias in randomized trials to (i) bias from selection on observables and (ii) a measure for the role of treatment effect heterogeneity in driving selection into the experimental sample.},
  keywords = {External validity,Randomized trials},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6WKXGFRW/Andrews and Oster - 2019 - A simple approximation for evaluating external val.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X8M9MUGA/Andrews and Oster - 2019 - A simple approximation for evaluating external val.pdf}
}

@article{andrewsInferenceWinners2024,
  title = {Inference on {{Winners}}*},
  author = {Andrews, Isaiah and Kitagawa, Toru and McCloskey, Adam},
  year = {2024},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {139},
  number = {1},
  pages = {305--358},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjad043},
  urldate = {2024-01-10},
  abstract = {Policy makers, firms, and researchers often choose among multiple options based on estimates. Sampling error in the estimates used to guide choice leads to a winner's curse, since we are more likely to select a given option precisely when we overestimate its effectiveness. This winner's curse biases our estimates for selected options upward and can invalidate conventional confidence intervals. This article develops estimators and confidence intervals that eliminate this winner's curse. We illustrate our results by studying selection of job-training programs based on estimated earnings effects and selection of neighborhoods based on estimated economic opportunity. We find that our winner's curse corrections can make an economically significant difference to conclusions but still allow informative inference.}
}

@article{andrewsInferenceWinners2024a,
  title = {Inference on {{Winners}}},
  author = {Andrews, Isaiah and Kitagawa, Toru and McCloskey, Adam},
  year = {2024},
  month = jan,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {139},
  number = {1},
  pages = {305--358},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjad043},
  urldate = {2024-01-10},
  abstract = {Abstract             Policy makers, firms, and researchers often choose among multiple options based on estimates. Sampling error in the estimates used to guide choice leads to a winner's curse, since we are more likely to select a given option precisely when we overestimate its effectiveness. This winner's curse biases our estimates for selected options upward and can invalidate conventional confidence intervals. This article develops estimators and confidence intervals that eliminate this winner's curse. We illustrate our results by studying selection of job-training programs based on estimated earnings effects and selection of neighborhoods based on estimated economic opportunity. We find that our winner's curse corrections can make an economically significant difference to conclusions but still allow informative inference.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{anduizaAnsweringReadingIMCs2016,
  title = {Answering {{Without Reading}}: {{IMCs}} and {{Strong Satisficing}} in {{Online Surveys}}},
  shorttitle = {Answering {{Without Reading}}},
  author = {Anduiza, Eva and Galais, Carol},
  year = {2016},
  month = may,
  journal = {International Journal of Public Opinion Research},
  pages = {edw007},
  issn = {0954-2892, 1471-6909},
  doi = {10.1093/ijpor/edw007},
  urldate = {2021-05-05},
  abstract = {Some respondents of online surveys click responses at random. Screeners or instructional manipulation checks (IMC) have become customary for identifying this strong form of satisficing. This research first analyzes the factors that condition IMC failures using an online panel survey carried out in Spain (2011--2015). Our data show that the probability of passing a screener depends mainly on the screener's difficulty, the individuals' intrinsic motivations for answering the survey, and past failures. We then address the substantive consequences of omitting those who fail to pass IMCs. We find that this strategy introduces an additional source of bias in descriptive analyses. The article ends with a discussion of the implications that these findings have for the use of IMCs.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WSPSKIV2/Anduiza and Galais - 2016 - Answering Without Reading IMCs and Strong Satisfi.pdf}
}

@article{anejaBenefitsRevealingRace2025,
  title = {The {{Benefits}} of {{Revealing Race}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Minority-Owned Local Businesses}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Benefits}} of {{Revealing Race}}},
  author = {Aneja, Abhay and Luca, Michael and Reshef, Oren},
  year = {2025},
  month = feb,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {115},
  number = {2},
  pages = {660--689},
  issn = {0002-8282, 1944-7981},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20230075},
  urldate = {2025-02-12},
  abstract = {Is there latent demand to support Black-owned businesses? We explore this question by analyzing a new feature that made it easier to identify Black-owned restaurants on an online platform. We find that labeling restaurants as minority-owned increased customer engagement and firm performance, as measured by online traffic, calls, orders, and in-person visits. These effects were more pronounced in areas characterized by greater support for the Democratic Party and lower implicit bias against racial minorities. Labeled restaurants also see an increase in the fraction of reviews that are written by White customers. (JEL D22, J15, L25, L83, L86)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PK7XGLY5/Aneja et al. - 2025 - The Benefits of Revealing Race Evidence from Mino.pdf}
}

@article{angeliExpectedDiscriminationJob2024,
  title = {Expected {{Discrimination}} and {{Job Search}}},
  author = {Angeli, Deivis and Matavelli, Ieda and Secco, Fernando},
  year = {2024},
  abstract = {The impacts of labor market discrimination depend not only on whether employers discriminate, but also on jobseekers' responses to expected discrimination. To study these responses, we ran a set of field experiments in Rio de Janeiro's favelas (urban slums). In an audit study, we find little difference between callback rates for favela and non-favela resumes. Yet, over 87\% of favela jobseekers in our study (N=2,167) expect discrimination in callbacks. Our main strategy to randomize expected discrimination is to vary whether favela jobseekers may expect an employer to know their address. We find that (i) removing the need to declare address encourages applications only among white jobseekers, and (ii) jobseekers perform on average worse in real job interviews when expecting interviewers to know their name and address, as opposed to only their name, the only information actually known by the interviewer. The effects on interview performance also concentrate on white jobseekers, likely because they can more easily pass as non-favela residents and ignore racial discrimination. Hence, expected discrimination can shape job market outcomes through interview performance and applicant pool composition.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KWHMEH8S/Angeli et al. - Expected Discrimination and Job Search.pdf}
}

@misc{angererDiscriminationHealthCare2018,
  type = {{{SSRN Scholarly Paper}}},
  title = {Discrimination in {{Health Care}}: {{A Field Experiment}} on the {{Impact}} of {{Patients}}' {{Socio-Economic Status}} on {{Access}} to {{Care}}},
  shorttitle = {Discrimination in {{Health Care}}},
  author = {Angerer, Silvia and Waibel, Christian and Stummer, Harald},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  number = {3036000},
  address = {Rochester, NY},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3036000},
  urldate = {2023-10-15},
  abstract = {We employ a large-scale field experiment to investigate the impact of patients' socio-economic status on access to care. We request an appointment at more than 1,200 physicians in Austria varying the educational level of the patient. Our results show that overall patients with a university degree receive an appointment significantly more often than patients without a degree. Differentiating between practice assistants and physicians as responders to the request, we find that the overall results are driven by practice assistants. Physicians, in contrast, provide significantly shorter response times and earlier appointments for patients with than without university degree. Our results thus provide unambiguous evidence that discrimination by health providers contributes to the gradient in access to care.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Access to health care,discrimination,field experiment,SES health gradient},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QZ9XSANQ/Angerer et al. - 2018 - Discrimination in Health Care A Field Experiment .pdf}
}

@book{angrist2008mostly,
  title = {Mostly {{Harmless Econometrics}}: {{An Empiricist}}'s {{Companion}}},
  author = {Angrist, J D and Pischke, J S},
  year = {2008},
  publisher = {Princeton University Press},
  isbn = {978-1-4008-2982-8}
}

@book{angristHowImproveEducation2020,
  title = {How to {{Improve Education Outcomes Most Efficiently}}? {{A Comparison}} of 150 {{Interventions}} Using the {{New Learning-Adjusted Years}} of {{Schooling Metric}}},
  shorttitle = {How to {{Improve Education Outcomes Most Efficiently}}?},
  author = {Angrist, Noam and Evans, David K. and Filmer, Deon and Glennerster, Rachel and Rogers, F. Halsey and Sabarwal, Shwetlena},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  publisher = {World Bank, Washington, DC},
  doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-9450},
  urldate = {2025-03-24},
  abstract = {The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YM8NELQL/Angrist et al. - 2020 - How to Improve Education Outcomes Most Efficiently A Comparison of 150 Interventions using the New.pdf}
}

@article{angristPerilsPeerEffects2014,
  title = {The Perils of Peer Effects},
  author = {Angrist, Joshua D.},
  year = {2014},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Labour Economics},
  series = {Special {{Section}} Articles on "{{What}} Determined the Dynamics of Labour Economics Research in the Past 25 Years? Edited by {{Joop Hartog}} and and {{European Association}} of {{Labour Economists}} 25th {{Annual Conference}}, {{Turin}}, {{Italy}}, 19-21 {{September}} 2013 {{Edited}} by {{Michele Pellizzari}}},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {98--108},
  issn = {0927-5371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2014.05.008},
  urldate = {2024-10-07},
  abstract = {Individual outcomes are highly correlated with group average outcomes, a fact often interpreted as a causal peer effect. Without covariates, however, outcome-on-outcome peer effects are vacuous, either unity or, if the average is defined as a leave-out mean, determined by a generic intraclass correlation coefficient. When pre-determined peer characteristics are introduced as covariates in a model linking individual outcomes with group averages, the question of whether peer effects or social spillovers exist is econometrically identical to that of whether a 2SLS estimator using group dummies to instrument individual characteristics differs from OLS estimates of the effect of these characteristics. The interpretation of results from models that rely solely on chance variation in peer groups is therefore complicated by bias from weak instruments. With systematic variation in group composition, the weak IV issue falls away, but the resulting 2SLS estimates can be expected to exceed the corresponding OLS estimates as a result of measurement error and for other reasons unrelated to social effects. Research designs that manipulate peer characteristics in a manner unrelated to individual characteristics provide the most compelling evidence on the nature of social spillovers. As an empirical matter, designs of this sort have mostly uncovered little in the way of socially significant causal effects.},
  keywords = {Causality,Instrumental variables,Social returns},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9N9I9ICA/1-s2.0-S0927537114000712-main.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M6QDW7CR/Angrist - 2014 - The perils of peer effects.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XJ89FNBW/S0927537114000712.html}
}

@article{aoSilentMajority2020,
  title = {The Silent Majority?},
  author = {Ao, Wallice and Wu, Jiabin},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Economics Letters},
  volume = {193},
  pages = {109350},
  issn = {01651765},
  doi = {10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109350},
  urldate = {2022-02-20},
  abstract = {This paper presents a simple model illustrating how a silent group would arise in equilibrium. The members of a silent group choose not to publicly express their opinions in the face of social pressure from norm deviation. The silent group can be either the majority or the minority depending on the comparison between the strength of social pressure and the psychological cost of dispossession. The social norm, which is the average opinion of the vocal group, can be on either the left or the right side of the political spectrum. Moreover, multiple vocal and silent groups can coexist.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MZDXGSAK/Ao and Wu - 2020 - The silent majority.pdf}
}

@misc{APAPsycNetFullTextHTML,
  title = {{{APA PsycNet FullTextHTML}} Page},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  howpublished = {https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2025-43463-001.html},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9SN6F3XF/2025-43463-001.html}
}

@misc{APAPsycNetFullTextHTMLa,
  title = {{{APA PsycNet FullTextHTML}} Page},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  howpublished = {https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2025-43463-001.html},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IVVIUGMS/2025-43463-001.html}
}

@article{arceneauxFacebookIncreasesPolitical2024,
  title = {Facebook Increases Political Knowledge, Reduces Well-Being and Informational Treatments Do Little to Help},
  author = {Arceneaux, Kevin and Foucault, Martial and Giannelos, Kalli and Ladd, Jonathan and Zengin, Can},
  year = {2024},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Royal Society Open Science},
  volume = {11},
  number = {10},
  pages = {240280},
  publisher = {Royal Society},
  doi = {10.1098/rsos.240280},
  urldate = {2024-10-19},
  abstract = {Nearly three billion people actively use Facebook, making it the largest social media platform in the world. Previous research shows that the social media platform reduces users' happiness, while increasing political knowledge. It also may increase partisan polarization. Working to build a scientific consensus, we test whether the potential negative effects of Facebook use can be overcome with the help of minimalist informational interventions that a parallel line of research has shown to be effective at inducing people to be more accurate and civil. We conducted a pre-registered well-powered Facebook deactivation experiment during the 2022 French presidential election. In line with previous research, we find that deactivating Facebook increases subjective well-being and reduces political knowledge. However, deactivating Facebook had no overall effect on the level of political or social polarization during the election. Moreover, we find little evidence that minimalist informational interventions in a field setting helped individuals who deactivated Facebook to become better informed.},
  keywords = {election,Facebook,news knowledge,polarization,subjective well-being},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9GNYU72Q/Arceneaux et al. - 2024 - Facebook increases political knowledge, reduces we.pdf}
}

@article{arceneauxFacebookIncreasesPolitical2024a,
  title = {Facebook Increases Political Knowledge, Reduces Well-Being and Informational Treatments Do Little to Help},
  author = {Arceneaux, Kevin and Foucault, Martial and Giannelos, Kalli and Ladd, Jonathan and Zengin, Can},
  year = {2024},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Royal Society Open Science},
  volume = {11},
  number = {10},
  pages = {240280},
  publisher = {Royal Society},
  doi = {10.1098/rsos.240280},
  urldate = {2024-10-30},
  abstract = {Nearly three billion people actively use Facebook, making it the largest social media platform in the world. Previous research shows that the social media platform reduces users' happiness, while increasing political knowledge. It also may increase partisan polarization. Working to build a scientific consensus, we test whether the potential negative effects of Facebook use can be overcome with the help of minimalist informational interventions that a parallel line of research has shown to be effective at inducing people to be more accurate and civil. We conducted a pre-registered well-powered Facebook deactivation experiment during the 2022 French presidential election. In line with previous research, we find that deactivating Facebook increases subjective well-being and reduces political knowledge. However, deactivating Facebook had no overall effect on the level of political or social polarization during the election. Moreover, we find little evidence that minimalist informational interventions in a field setting helped individuals who deactivated Facebook to become better informed.},
  keywords = {election,Facebook,news knowledge,polarization,subjective well-being},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CI7G6RUI/Arceneaux et al. - 2024 - Facebook increases political knowledge, reduces we.pdf}
}

@misc{AreSmartphonesProblem,
  title = {Are Smartphones a Problem for Teen Mental Health in Developing Countries?},
  journal = {World Bank Blogs},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  abstract = {The last 15 years have witnessed the collapse of mental health among adolescents---especially girls---in the United States and other high-income countries. Three in 10 teenage American girls have a major depressive episode each year---a more than doubling of the rate of the early 2000s.},
  howpublished = {https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/investinpeople/Are-smartphones-a-problem-for-teen-mental-health-in-developing-countries},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/B7I3LDIS/Are-smartphones-a-problem-for-teen-mental-health-in-developing-countries.html}
}

@misc{AreSocialDesirability,
  title = {Are Social Desirability Scales Desirable? {{A}} Meta-analytic Test of the Validity of Social Desirability Scales in the Context of Prosocial Behavior - {{Lanz}} - 2022 - {{Journal}} of {{Personality}} - {{Wiley Online Library}}},
  urldate = {2023-10-23},
  howpublished = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jopy.12662},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ACRJZLCB/jopy.html}
}

@techreport{arevalo-rodriguezFALSENEGATIVERESULTSINITIAL2020,
  type = {Preprint},
  title = {{{FALSE-NEGATIVE RESULTS OF INITIAL RT-PCR ASSAYS FOR COVID-19}}: {{A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW}}},
  shorttitle = {{{FALSE-NEGATIVE RESULTS OF INITIAL RT-PCR ASSAYS FOR COVID-19}}},
  author = {{Arevalo-Rodriguez}, Ingrid and {Buitrago-Garcia}, Diana and {Simancas-Racines}, Daniel and {Zambrano-Achig}, Paula and {del Campo}, Rosa and Ciapponi, Agustin and Sued, Omar and {Martinez-Garcia}, Laura and Rutjes, Anne and Low, Nicola and Bossuyt, Patrick M and {Perez-Molina}, Jose A and Zamora, Javier},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  institution = {Infectious Diseases (except HIV/AIDS)},
  doi = {10.1101/2020.04.16.20066787},
  urldate = {2020-09-03},
  abstract = {Background: A false-negative case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV44 2) infection is defined as a person with suspected infection and an initial negative result by reverse 45 transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test, with a positive result on a subsequent test. 46 False-negative cases have important implications for isolation and risk of transmission of infected 47 people and for the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to review and 48 critically appraise evidence about the rate of RT-PCR false-negatives at initial testing for COVID-19. 49 Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, as well as COVID-19 repositories including the 50 EPPI-Centre living systematic map of evidence about COVID-19 and the Coronavirus Open Access 51 Project living evidence database. Two authors independently screened and selected studies 52 according to the eligibility criteria and collected data from the included studies. The risk of bias 53 was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool. We 54 calculated the proportion of false-negative test results with the corresponding 95\% CI using a 55 multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression model. The certainty of the evidence about false56 negative cases was rated using the GRADE approach for tests and strategies. All information in this 57 article is current up to July 17, 2020. 58 Results: We included 34 studies enrolling 12,057 COVID-19 confirmed cases. All studies were 59 affected by several risks of bias and applicability concerns. The pooled estimate of false-negative 60 proportion was highly affected by unexplained heterogeneity (tau-squared= 1.39; 90\% prediction 61 interval from 0.02 to 0.54). The certainty of the evidence was judged as very low, due to the risk of 62 bias, indirectness, and inconsistency issues. 63 Conclusions: There is a substantial and largely unexplained heterogeneity in the proportion of 64},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZN9U6M9V/Arevalo-Rodriguez et al. - 2020 - FALSE-NEGATIVE RESULTS OF INITIAL RT-PCR ASSAYS FO.pdf}
}

@misc{AreVoterRolls,
  title = {Are Voter Rolls Suitable Sampling Frames for Household Surveys? {{Evidence}} from {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Are Voter Rolls Suitable Sampling Frames for Household Surveys?},
  urldate = {2021-11-26},
  abstract = {Household sample surveys are valuable inputs into policy decisions. Making data collection cheaper and faster may expand the use of such surveys. For most household sample surveys, researchers either conduct comprehensive household listings in sampled areas, which can be slow and costly or rely on field-based household selection methods, which may lead to non-representative samples. In India, we investigate the use of publicly available voter rolls as an alternative to household listings or field-based sampling methods. Using voter rolls for sampling can save the majority of the cost of constructing a sampling frame relative to a household listing, but there is limited evidence on their accuracy and completeness. To assess the suitability of voter rolls for the purpose of generating household sampling frames, we conducted a household listing in 9 rural polling stations and 4 urban polling stations comprising 7,769 voting-age adults across four states. We compared the listing results to voter rolls for these polling stations and found that, overall, voter rolls include 91\% of the households found in the ground-truth household listing. Coverage is significantly higher in rural areas (96\%) compared to urban areas (78\%). Exclusion in voter rolls does not appear to vary by a household's religion or socioeconomic status, though there is some evidence that wealthier, higher-caste households in urban areas are slightly more likely to be excluded. We conducted simulations to show that sampling from voter rolls can produce estimates of household-level economic variables with little bias, especially in rural areas. These results, albeit not representative of all Indian states, suggest that voter rolls are suitable for constructing household sampling frames in rural areas.},
  howpublished = {https://www.idinsight.org/publication/are-voter-rolls-suitable-sampling-frames-for-household-surveys-evidence-from-india/},
  langid = {british},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M99D3KR6/are-voter-rolls-suitable-sampling-frames-for-household-surveys-evidence-from-india.html}
}

@book{argyle2013psychology,
  title = {The Psychology of Happiness},
  author = {Argyle, Michael},
  year = {2013},
  publisher = {Routledge}
}

@article{aridorEconomicsSocialMedia2024,
  title = {The {{Economics}} of {{Social Media}}},
  author = {Aridor, Guy and {Jim{\'e}nez-Dur{\'a}n}, Rafael and Levy, Ro'EE and Song, Lena},
  year = {2024},
  abstract = {We provide a guide to the burgeoning literature on the economics of social media. We first define social media platforms and highlight their unique features. We then synthesize the main lessons from the empirical economics literature and organize them around the three stages of the life cycle of content: (1) production, (2) distribution, and (3) consumption. Under production, we discuss how incentives affect content produced on and off social media and how harmful content is moderated. Under distribution, we discuss the social network structure, algorithms, and targeted advertisements. Under consumption, we discuss how social media affects individuals who consume its content and society at large, and explore consumer substitution patterns across platforms. Throughout the guide, we examine case studies on the deterrence of misinformation, segregation, political advertisements, and the effects of social media on political outcomes. We conclude with a brief discussion of the future of social media.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WQB2ANDH/Aridor et al. - CESifo Working Paper no. 10934.pdf}
}

@techreport{armentano2025poverty,
  title = {How Poverty Fell},
  author = {Armentano, Vincent and Niehaus, Paul and Vogl, Tom},
  year = {2025},
  month = feb,
  institution = {University of California, San Diego},
  jel = {I32, N30, O12},
  keywords = {poverty,poverty dynamics,structural change},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HUZEWNRF/Armentano et al. - 2025 - How poverty fell.pdf}
}

@article{armstrongTheoryIncentivesProcurement1995,
  title = {A {{Theory}} of {{Incentives}} in {{Procurement}} and {{Regulation}}.},
  author = {Armstrong, Mark and Laffont, Jean-Jacques and Tirole, Jean},
  year = {1995},
  month = jan,
  journal = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {105},
  number = {428},
  pages = {193},
  issn = {00130133},
  doi = {10.2307/2235329},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/28FNPV45/Armstrong et al. - 1995 - A Theory of Incentives in Procurement and Regulati.pdf}
}

@article{arnoldMeasuringRacialDiscrimination2021,
  title = {Measuring {{Racial Discrimination}} in {{Algorithms}}},
  author = {Arnold, David and Dobbie, Will and Hull, Peter},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {AEA Papers and Proceedings},
  volume = {111},
  pages = {49--54},
  issn = {2574-0768},
  doi = {10.1257/pandp.20211080},
  urldate = {2025-03-19},
  abstract = {Algorithmic decision-making can lead to discrimination against legally protected groups, but measuring such discrimination is often hampered by a fundamental selection challenge. We develop new quasi-experimental tools to overcome this challenge and measure algorithmic discrimination in pretrial bail decisions. We show that the selection challenge reduces to the challenge of measuring four moments, which can be estimated by extrapolating quasi-experimental variation across as-good-as-randomly assigned decision-makers. Estimates from New York City show that both a sophisticated machine learning algorithm and a simpler regression model discriminate against Black defendants even though defendant race and ethnicity are not included in the training data.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economics of Minorities Races Indigenous Peoples and Immigrants,Non-labor Discrimination Legal Procedure the Legal System and Illegal Behavior: General},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RX3UPAX3/Arnold et al. - 2021 - Measuring Racial Discrimination in Algorithms.pdf}
}

@article{arreola2015sexual,
  title = {Sexual Stigma, Criminalization, Investment, and Access to {{HIV}} Services among Men Who Have Sex with Men Worldwide},
  author = {Arreola, Sonya and Santos, Glenn-Milo and Beck, Jack and Sundararaj, Mohan and Wilson, Patrick A and Hebert, Pato and Makofane, Keletso and Do, Tri D and Ayala, George},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {AIDS and Behavior},
  volume = {19},
  number = {2},
  pages = {227--234},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{arrowEconomicImplicationsLearning1962,
  title = {The {{Economic Implications}} of {{Learning}} by {{Doing}}},
  author = {Arrow, Kenneth J.},
  year = {1962},
  month = jun,
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {29},
  number = {3},
  pages = {155},
  issn = {00346527},
  doi = {10.2307/2295952},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3QCS5MNX/Arrow - 1962 - The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing.pdf}
}

@incollection{arrowEconomicWelfareAllocation,
  title = {Economic {{Welfare}} and the {{Allocation}} of {{Resources}} for {{Invention}}},
  author = {Arrow, Kenneth J},
  pages = {19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BCQWECHL/Arrow - Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources f.pdf}
}

@article{arrowHigherEducationFilter1973,
  title = {Higher Education as a Filter},
  author = {Arrow, Kenneth J.},
  year = {1973},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3},
  pages = {193--216},
  issn = {0047-2727},
  doi = {10.1016/0047-2727(73)90013-3},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2RNXZI2W/Arrow - 1973 - Higher education as a filter.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7FYNTSQ7/0047272773900133.html}
}

@article{arthiNotYourAverage,
  title = {Not {{Your Average Job}}: {{Measuring Farm Labor}} in {{Tanzania}}},
  author = {Arthi, Vellore and Beegle, Kathleen},
  pages = {38},
  abstract = {A good understanding of the constraints on agricultural growth in Africa relies on the accurate measurement of smallholder labor. Yet, serious weaknesses in these statistics persist. The extent of bias in smallholder labor data is examined by conducting a randomized survey experiment among farming households in rural Tanzania. Agricultural labor estimates obtained through weekly surveys are compared with the results of reporting in a single end-of-season recall survey. The findings show strong evidence of recall bias: people in traditional recall-style modules report working up to four times as many hours per person-plot relative to those reporting labor on a weekly basis. If hours are aggregated to the household level, however, this discrepancy disappears, a factor driven by the underreporting by recall households of people and plots active in agricultural work. The evidence suggests that these competing forms of recall bias are driven not only by failures in memory, but also by the mental burdens of reporting on highly variable agricultural work patterns to provide a typical estimate. All things equal, studies suffering from this bias would understate agricultural labor productivity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Agricultural productivity,Farm labor,Measurement error,Recall error},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GSAXC4DK/Arthi et al. - 2018 - Not your average job Measuring farm labor in Tanz.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VWAAJITK/Arthi and Beegle - Not Your Average Job Measuring Farm Labor in Tanz.pdf}
}

@article{article,
  title = {Rosenberg' Self-Esteem Scale: {{Internal}} Consistency and Dimensionality in Middle-School Student in Cartagena, Colombia},
  author = {{Cogollo-Milan{\'e}s}, Zuleima and {Campo-Arias}, Adalberto and Herazo, Edwin},
  year = {2015},
  month = jul,
  volume = {9},
  pages = {61--71}
}

@article{aschStudiesIndependenceConformity1956,
  title = {Studies of Independence and Conformity: {{I}}. {{A}} Minority of One against a Unanimous Majority},
  shorttitle = {Studies of Independence and Conformity},
  author = {Asch, Solomon E.},
  year = {1956},
  journal = {Psychological Monographs: General and Applied},
  volume = {70},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1--70},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address = {US},
  issn = {0096-9753},
  doi = {10.1037/h0093718},
  abstract = {The investigations described in this series are concerned with the conditions of independence and lack of independence in the face of group pressure. The abstract temper of present-day theory and investigation in this region rests to a considerable degree on a neglect of the cognitive and emotional experiences that are part of the individual's psychological field. The understanding of social influences will require the study of a wide range of conditions and of the interrelated operations of different psychological functions. A group of seven to nine individuals was gathered in a classroom to take part in what appeared to be a simple experiment in visual discrimination. The subjects were all male, white college students, ranging in age from 17 to 25; the mean age was 20. For certain purposes a large number of critical subjects was required for the present experiment. The present report is based on a total of 123 subjects. The task consisted of the comparison of a standard line with three other lines, one of which was equal in length to the standard. We investigated some of the conditions responsible for independence and lack of independence in the face of arbitrary group pressure. To this end we produced a disagreement between a group and one individual member about a clear and simple issue of fact. The interview, which followed the experimental session, provided qualitative evidence concerning the effects produced by the majority, The particular properties of the experimental situation and their relation to more usual social contradictions were described. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Conformity (Personality),Group Dynamics,Independence (Personality),Social Influences},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LAYDSB6I/2011-16966-001.html}
}

@article{Ashenfelter1978,
  title = {Estimating the {{Effect}} of {{Training Programs}} on {{Earnings}}},
  author = {Ashenfelter, Orley C},
  year = {1978},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  volume = {60},
  number = {1},
  pages = {47--57},
  abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2X8X9GGS/Ashenfelter - 1978 - Estimating the Effect of Training Programs on Earn.pdf}
}

@article{ashenfelterMeasuringValueStatistical2006,
  title = {Measuring the {{Value}} of a {{Statistical Life}}: {{Problems}} and {{Prospects}}},
  shorttitle = {Measuring the {{Value}} of a {{Statistical Life}}},
  author = {Ashenfelter, Orley},
  year = {2006},
  month = mar,
  journal = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {116},
  number = {510},
  pages = {C10-C23},
  issn = {0013-0133, 1468-0297},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1468-0297.2006.01072.x},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9A9YJQNY/Ashenfelter - 2006 - Measuring the Value of a Statistical Life Problem.pdf}
}

@article{asherRuralRoadsLocal,
  title = {Rural {{Roads}} and {{Local Economic Development}}},
  author = {Asher, Sam and Novosad, Paul},
  pages = {65},
  abstract = {Nearly one billion people worldwide live in rural areas without access to national paved road networks. We estimate the impacts of India's \$40 billion national rural road construction program using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design and comprehensive household and firm census microdata. Four years after road construction, the main effect of new feeder roads is to facilitate the movement of workers out of agriculture. However, there are no major changes in agricultural outcomes, income or assets. Employment in village firms expands only slightly. Even with better market connections, remote areas may continue to lack economic opportunities.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YV3LXFH8/Asher and Novosad - Rural Roads and Local Economic Development.pdf}
}

@article{Ashraf2009,
  title = {Spousal {{Control}} and {{Intra-Household Decision Making}}: {{An Experimental Study}} in the {{Philippines}}},
  author = {Ashraf, Nava},
  year = {2009},
  month = aug,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {99},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1245--1277},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.99.4.1245},
  abstract = {I elicit causal effects of spousal observability and communication on financial choices of married individuals in the Philippines. When choices are private, men put money into their personal accounts. When choices are observable, men commit money to consumption for their own benefit. When required to communicate, men put money into their wives' account. These strong treatment effects on men, but not women, appear related more to control than to gender: men whose wives control household savings respond more strongly to the treatment and women whose husbands control savings exhibit the same response. Changes in information and communication interact with underlying control to produce mutable gender-specific outcomes. (JEL D13, D14, J12, J16, O15).},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/P3A4345V/Ashraf - 2009 - Spousal Control and Intra-Household Decision Makin.pdf}
}

@article{Ashraf2014,
  title = {Household {{Bargaining}} and {{Excess Fertility}}: {{An Experimental Study}} in {{Zambia}}},
  author = {Ashraf, Nava and Field, Erica and Lee, Jean},
  year = {2014},
  month = jul,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {104},
  number = {7},
  pages = {2210--2237},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.104.7.2210},
  abstract = {We posit that household decision-making over fertility is characterized by moral hazard since most contraception can only be perfectly observed by the woman. Using an experiment in Zambia that varied whether women were given access to contraceptives alone or with their husbands, we find that women givenaccess with their husbands were 19 percent less likely to seek family planning services, 25 percent less likely to use concealable contraception, and 27 percent more likely to give birth. However, women given access to contraception alone report a lower subjective well-being, suggesting a psychosocial cost of making contraceptives more concealable.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BEMX7K5I/Ashraf et al. - 2014 - Household Bargaining and Excess Fertility An Expe.pdf}
}

@article{Ashraf2014a,
  title = {No Margin, No Mission? {{A}} Field Experiment on Incentives for Public Service Delivery},
  author = {Ashraf, Nava and Bandiera, Oriana and Jack, B. Kelsey},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {120},
  pages = {1--17},
  publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
  issn = {00472727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.06.014},
  abstract = {We conduct a field experiment to evaluate the effect of extrinsic rewards, both financial and non-financial, on the performance of agents recruited by a public health organization to promote HIV prevention and sell condoms. In this setting: (i) non-financial rewards are effective at improving performance; (ii) the effect of both types of rewards is stronger for pro-socially motivated agents; and (iii) both types of rewards are effective when their relative value is high. The findings illustrate that extrinsic rewards can improve the performance of agents engaged in public service delivery, and that non-financial rewards can be effective in settings where the power of financial incentives is limited.},
  keywords = {Financial incentives,Non-monetary rewards,Pro-social motivation,Public service delivery},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KNF4SQ7N/Ashraf et al. - 2014 - No margin, no mission A field experiment on incen.pdf}
}

@article{Ashraf2018,
  title = {Social {{Incentives}} in {{Organizations}}},
  author = {Ashraf, Nava and Bandiera, Oriana},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {439--463},
  issn = {1941-1383},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-economics-063016-104324},
  abstract = {We review the evidence on social incentives, namely on how social interactions with colleagues, subordinates, bosses, customers, and others shape agents' effort choices in organizations. We propose a two-way taxonomy based on ( a) whether the social group is horizontal (peers at the same level of the hierarchy) or vertical (individuals at different levels within or outside of the organization) and ( b) whether the agent's effort creates externalities for the other members of their social group. We show settings in which social incentives improve productivity and settings in which they reduce it. In most cases, the size of the effect is approximately 10\%, which is half of the typical effect of performance pay. We also show that social incentives can interfere with financial incentives, making them ineffective or even detrimental. We conclude that social incentives are a powerful motivator that must be taken into account in the design of organizational policies and that more research is needed to understand how policies can shape the preferences that underpin these incentives.},
  keywords = {incentives,organizations,productivity,social groups},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YGQIU63L/Ashraf and Bandiera - 2018 - Social Incentives in Organizations.pdf}
}

@article{Ashraf2019,
  title = {Losing Prosociality in the Quest for Talent? {{Sorting}}, Selection, and Productivity in the Delivery of Public Services},
  author = {Ashraf, Nava and Bandiera, Oriana and Lee, Scott},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  abstract = {We embed a field experiment in a nationwide recruitment drive for nurses in Zambia to test whether career benefits attract talent at the expense of prosocial motivation. We randomize the offer of career benefits at the recruitment stage. In line with common wisdom, treatment attracts less prosocial applicants. However, the trade-off only exists at low levels of talent; the marginal applicants in treatment are more talented and equally pro-social. These are hired and they perform better at every step of the chain: they deliver more services, promote institutional childbirth, and reduce child malnutrition by 25\% in the communities they serve.},
  keywords = {HC Economic History and Conditions,HD Industries. Land use. Labor},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PNA35I3M/Ashraf et al. - LOSING PROSOCIALITY IN THE QUEST FOR TALENT SORTI.pdf}
}

@article{Ashraf2020,
  title = {Negotiating a {{Better Future}}: {{How Interpersonal Skills Facilitate Intergenerational Investment}}*},
  author = {Ashraf, Nava and Bau, Natalie and Low, Corinne and McGinn, Kathleen},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjz039},
  abstract = {Using a randomized controlled trial, we study whether a negotiation skills training can improve girls' educational outcomes in a low-resource environment. We find that a negotiation training given to eighth-grade Zambian girls significantly improved educational outcomes over the next three years, and these effects did not fade out. To better understand mechanisms, we estimate the effects of two alternative treatments. Negotiation had much stronger effects than an informational treatment, which had no effect. A treatment designed to have more traditional girls' empowerment effects had directionally positive but insignificant educational effects. Relative to this treatment, negotiation increased enrollment in higher-quality schooling and had larger effects for high-ability girls. These findings are consistent with a model in which negotiation allows girls to resolve incomplete contracting problems with their parents, yielding increased educational investment for those who experience sufficiently high returns. We provide evidence for this channel through a lab-in-the-field game and follow-up survey with girls and their guardians.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VRC75SVI/Ashraf et al. - NEGOTIATING A BETTER FUTURE HOW INTERPERSONAL SKI.pdf}
}

@article{Ashraf2020a,
  title = {Bride Price and Female Education},
  author = {Ashraf, Nava and Bau, Natalie and Nunn, Nathan and Voena, Alessandra},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {128},
  number = {2},
  pages = {591--641},
  issn = {1537534X},
  doi = {10.1086/704572},
  abstract = {We document an important consequence of bride price, a payment made by the groom to the bride's family at marriage. Revisiting Indone-sia's school construction program, we find that among ethnic groups without the custom, it had no effect on girls' schooling. Among ethnic groups with the custom, it had large positive effects. We show (theoretically and empirically) that this is because a daughter's education, by increasing the amount of money parents receive at marriage, generates an additional incentive for parents to educate their daughters. We replicate these findings in Zambia, a country that had a similar large-scale school construction program.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XQ9QWE8S/Ashraf et al. - 2020 - Bride Price and Female Education.pdf}
}

@article{ashrafAltruisticCapital2017,
  title = {Altruistic {{Capital}}},
  author = {Ashraf, Nava and Bandiera, Oriana},
  year = {2017},
  month = may,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {107},
  number = {5},
  pages = {70--75},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.p20171097},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3A4ZTWNT/Ashraf and Bandiera - 2017 - Altruistic Capital.pdf}
}

@article{ashrafGenderRolesMisallocation2022,
  title = {Gender {{Roles}} and the {{Misallocation}} of {{Labour Across Countries}}},
  author = {Ashraf, Nava and Bandiera, Oriana and Minni, Virginia and {Quintas-Mart{\'i}nez}, V{\'i}ctor},
  year = {2022},
  abstract = {This paper asks whether the gendered division of work inside and outside the home leads to the misallocation of labor. Using personnel data of a multinational firm covering 100K employees in 101 countries over 5 years together with labor force participation data we show that women are more positively selected than men: the productivity of the average female worker is higher than that of the average male worker, and this gap is decreasing in women's participation in the labor force. Structural estimates indicate that equalising barriers to labor force participation would increase firm productivity by 32\% keeping employment and the wage bill constant.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DBWHG9XE/Ashraf et al. - Gender Roles and the Misallocation of Labour Acros.pdf}
}

@techreport{ashrafRuleLawFemale2019,
  title = {Rule of {{Law}} and {{Female Entrepreneurship}}},
  author = {Ashraf, Nava and Delfino, Alexia and Glaeser, Edward},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  number = {w26366},
  pages = {w26366},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w26366},
  urldate = {2021-12-08},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9KL75TJP/w26366.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/N3XF7HEZ/Ashraf et al. - 2019 - Rule of Law and Female Entrepreneurship.pdf}
}

@article{ashrafTyingOdysseusMast2006,
  title = {Tying {{Odysseus}} to the {{Mast}}: {{Evidence From}} a {{Commitment Savings Product}} in the {{Philippines}}},
  shorttitle = {Tying {{Odysseus}} to the {{Mast}}},
  author = {Ashraf, N. and Karlan, D. and Yin, W.},
  year = {2006},
  month = may,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {121},
  number = {2},
  pages = {635--672},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.635},
  urldate = {2020-09-25},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PUCTQJ4H/Ashraf et al. - 2006 - Tying Odysseus to the Mast Evidence From a Commit.pdf}
}

@article{Assuncao2016,
  title = {Agricultural Productivity and Deforestation in {{Brazil}}},
  author = {Assun{\c c}{\~a}o, J and Lipscomb, M and Mobarak, A M and Szerman, D},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Climate policy initiative},
  pages = {unpublished manuscript},
  abstract = {Increasing agricultural productivity can have ambiguous effects on forest protection in theory: it can expand the scope of farming, which is detrimental to the forest, but it can also induce farmers to intensify their production. We examine these predictions using county-level data from five waves of the Brazilian Census of Agriculture. We identify productivity shocks using the expansion of rural electrification in Brazil during 1960-2000. We show that electrification increased crop productivity, and farmers subsequently both expand farming through frontier land conversion, but also shift away from land-intensive activities and into capital- and labor-intensive activities. The net effect depends on the county's land use prior to the increase in agricultural productivity, but it reduces deforestation in the typical county in the sample.},
  keywords = {agriculture,brazil,deforestation,electricity,hydro-power,productivity},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LP9EIC77/Assunção et al. - Agricultural Productivity and Deforestation in Bra.pdf}
}

@article{Assuncao2019,
  title = {Optimal {{Environmental Targeting}} in the {{Amazon Rainforest}}},
  author = {Assun{\c c}{\~a}o, Juliano and McMillan, Robert and Murphy, Joshua and {Souza-Rodrigues}, Eduardo},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {NBER Working Papers 25636},
  pages = {85},
  abstract = {This paper sets out an empirically-driven approach for targeting environmental policies optimally in order to combat deforestation. We focus on the Amazon, the world's most extensive rainforest, where Brazil's federal government issued a 'Priority List' of municipalities in 2008, to be targeted with more intense environmental monitoring and enforcement. In this setting, we first estimate the causal impact of the Priority List on deforestation using 'changes-in-changes' (Athey and Imbens, 2006), a flexible treatment effects estimation method, finding that it reduced deforestation by 40 percent and cut emissions by 39.5 million tons of carbon. Second, we develop a novel framework for computing targeted ex-post optimal blacklists. This involves a procedure for assigning municipalities to a counterfactual list that minimizes total deforestation subject to realistic resource constraints, drawing on the ex-post treatment effect estimates from the first part of the analysis. Accounting for spillovers, we show that the ex-post optimal list resulted in carbon emissions over 7.4 percent lower than the actual list, amounting to savings of more than \$900 million, and emissions over 25 percent lower (on average) than a randomly selected list. The approach we propose is relevant for assessing both targeted counterfactual policies to reduce deforestation and quantifying the impacts of policy targeting more generally.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SYALG3LN/Assunção et al. - 2019 - Optimal Environmental Targeting in the Amazon Rain.pdf}
}

@article{asthanaSocialConstructionMale2001,
  title = {The Social Construction of Male `Homosexuality' in {{India}}: Implications for {{HIV}} Transmission and Prevention},
  shorttitle = {The Social Construction of Male `Homosexuality' in {{India}}},
  author = {Asthana, Sheena and Oostvogels, Robert},
  year = {2001},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
  volume = {52},
  number = {5},
  pages = {707--721},
  issn = {02779536},
  doi = {10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00167-2},
  urldate = {2021-06-28},
  abstract = {Over the past 20 years, there has been a growing recognition of the relativity of sexual norms and of the difficulties of exporting Western conceptions of sexuality to different socio-cultural settings. This view has been most clearly articulated in studies of men who have sex with men (MSM) which suggest that the ways in which male--male sexual activity is shaped and constituted vary significantly from place to place. Despite this, `homosexuality' continues to be treated as an unproblematic category in HIV/AIDS discourse, epidemiological studies of and HIV prevention strategies for MSM in widely different contexts being based on the North American/West European example of gay men. This paper, which draws upon ethnographic research in Madras, highlights important differences between India and the West, not only in the sexual identities and circuits of MSM, but in their sexual partnerships and practices. These differences, it is argued, are not only significant to the epidemiology of HIV transmission, but have important implications for the development and implementation of HIV prevention strategies. \# 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TNTQN4HU/Asthana and Oostvogels - 2001 - The social construction of male ‘homosexuality’ in.pdf}
}

@article{atheyMachineLearningMethods2019,
  title = {Machine {{Learning Methods That Economists Should Know About}}},
  author = {Athey, Susan and Imbens, Guido W.},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {685--725},
  issn = {1941-1383, 1941-1391},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-economics-080217-053433},
  urldate = {2020-03-28},
  abstract = {We discuss the relevance of the recent machine learning (ML) literature for economics and econometrics. First we discuss the differences in goals, methods, and settings between the ML literature and the traditional econometrics and statistics literatures. Then we discuss some specific methods from the ML literature that we view as important for empirical researchers in economics. These include supervised learning methods for regression and classification, unsupervised learning methods, and matrix completion methods. Finally, we highlight newly developed methods at the intersection of ML and econometrics that typically perform better than either off-the-shelf ML or more traditional econometric methods when applied to particular classes of problems, including causal inference for average treatment effects, optimal policy estimation, and estimation of the counterfactual effect of price changes in consumer choice models.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5E6EB57S/Athey and Imbens - 2019 - Machine Learning Methods That Economists Should Kn.pdf}
}

@techreport{atheySurrogateIndexCombining2019,
  title = {The {{Surrogate Index}}: {{Combining Short-Term Proxies}} to {{Estimate Long-Term Treatment Effects More Rapidly}} and {{Precisely}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Surrogate Index}}},
  author = {Athey, Susan and Chetty, Raj and Imbens, Guido and Kang, Hyunseung},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  number = {w26463},
  pages = {w26463},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w26463},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {A common challenge in estimating the long-term impacts of treatments (e.g., job training programs) is that the outcomes of interest (e.g., lifetime earnings) are observed with a long delay. We address this problem by combining several short-term outcomes (e.g., short-run earnings) into a ``surrogate index,'' the predicted value of the long-term outcome given the short-term outcomes. We show that the average treatment effect on the surrogate index equals the treatment effect on the long-term outcome under the assumption that the long-term outcome is independent of the treatment conditional on the surrogate index. We then characterize the bias that arises from violations of this assumption, deriving feasible bounds on the degree of bias and providing simple methods to validate the key assumption using additional outcomes. Finally, we develop efficient estimators for the surrogate index and show that even in settings where the long-term outcome is observed, using a surrogate index can increase precision. We apply our method to analyze the long-term impacts of a multi-site job training experiment in California. Using short-term employment rates as surrogates, one could have estimated the program's impacts on mean employment rates over a 9 year horizon within 1.5 years, with a 35\% reduction in standard errors. Our empirical results suggest that the long-term impacts of programs on labor market outcomes can be predicted accurately by combining their short-term treatment effects into a surrogate index.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BA6U4DRX/Athey et al. - 2019 - The Surrogate Index Combining Short-Term Proxies .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/P2VJ3M2Y/Athey et al. - 2019 - The Surrogate Index Combining Short-Term Proxies .pdf}
}

@techreport{atheySurrogateIndexCombining2019a,
  title = {The {{Surrogate Index}}: {{Combining Short-Term Proxies}} to {{Estimate Long-Term Treatment Effects More Rapidly}} and {{Precisely}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Surrogate Index}}},
  author = {Athey, Susan and Chetty, Raj and Imbens, Guido and Kang, Hyunseung},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  number = {w26463},
  pages = {w26463},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w26463},
  urldate = {2021-01-19},
  abstract = {A common challenge in estimating the long-term impacts of treatments (e.g., job training programs) is that the outcomes of interest (e.g., lifetime earnings) are observed with a long delay. We address this problem by combining several short-term outcomes (e.g., short-run earnings) into a ``surrogate index,'' the predicted value of the long-term outcome given the short-term outcomes. We show that the average treatment effect on the surrogate index equals the treatment effect on the long-term outcome under the assumption that the long-term outcome is independent of the treatment conditional on the surrogate index. We then characterize the bias that arises from violations of this assumption, deriving feasible bounds on the degree of bias and providing simple methods to validate the key assumption using additional outcomes. Finally, we develop efficient estimators for the surrogate index and show that even in settings where the long-term outcome is observed, using a surrogate index can increase precision. We apply our method to analyze the long-term impacts of a multi-site job training experiment in California. Using short-term employment rates as surrogates, one could have estimated the program's impacts on mean employment rates over a 9 year horizon within 1.5 years, with a 35\% reduction in standard errors. Our empirical results suggest that the long-term impacts of programs on labor market outcomes can be predicted accurately by combining their short-term treatment effects into a surrogate index.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8S6WAIQS/Athey et al. - 2019 - The Surrogate Index Combining Short-Term Proxies .pdf}
}

@article{atkinsonColonialLegacyIncome2014,
  title = {The Colonial Legacy Income Inequality in Former {{British African}} Colonies},
  author = {Atkinson, A. B},
  year = {2014},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This paper examines the distribution of top incomes in 15 former British colonies in Africa, drawing on evidence available from income tax records. It seeks to throw light on the position of colonial elites during the period of British rule. Just how unequal were incomes? How did the position of the rich in the colonies compare with that of the rich in the United Kingdom? It investigates how income concentration evolved in the last years of colonial rule, as the British government became more concerned with development, and establishes the degree of inequality at the time of independence in the late 1950s and early 1960s. What was the colonial legacy? How far did colonial inequality persist post-independence?},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Africa,Concentration,Development,Distribution,Government,Income,Income inequality,Income Tax,income taxes,Inequality,Information,Tax,Taxes,top incomes,United Kingdom},
  annotation = {OCLC: 931487195},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2QIT77UI/Atkinson - 2014 - The colonial legacy income inequality in former Br.pdf}
}

@article{Attanasio2010,
  title = {Mexico's Conditional Cash Transfer Programme},
  author = {Attanasio, Orazio and Meghir, Costats and Schady, Norbert},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {The Lancet},
  volume = {375},
  number = {9719},
  pages = {980},
  publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
  issn = {01406736},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60432-1},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AAFGV2RG/Attanasio et al. - 2010 - Mexico's conditional cash transfer programme.pdf}
}

@article{Attanasio2014a,
  title = {Efficient Responses to Targeted Cash Transfers},
  author = {Attanasio, Orazio and Lechene, Val{\'e}rie},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {122},
  number = {1},
  pages = {178--222},
  issn = {1537534X},
  doi = {10.1086/674968},
  abstract = {We estimate and test the restrictions of a collective model of household consumption, using z-conditional demands, in the context of a large conditional cash transfer program in rural Mexico. The model can explain the impacts of the program on the structure of food consumption. We use two plausible and novel distribution factors: the random allocation of a cash transfer to women and the relative size and wealth of the husband's and wife's family networks. Our structure does better at predicting the effect of exogenous increases in household income than an alternative, unitary, structure. We cannot reject efficiency of household decisions. {\copyright} 2014 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6ZIZEKW4/Attanasio and Lechene - 2014 - Efficient Responses to Targeted Cash Transfers.pdf}
}

@article{Attanasio2015b,
  ids = {attanasioDETERMINANTSHUMANCAPITAL2015},
  title = {The {{Determinants}} of {{Human Capital Formation During}} the {{Early Years}} of {{Life}}: {{Theory}}, {{Measurement}}, and {{Policies}}},
  author = {Attanasio, Orazio},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  volume = {13},
  number = {6},
  pages = {949--997},
  issn = {15424766},
  doi = {10.1111/jeea.12159},
  abstract = {In this paper, I discuss a research agenda on the study of human capital accumulation in the early years, with a particular focus on developing countries. I discuss several methodological issues, from the use of structural models, to the importance of measurement and the development of new measurement tools. I present a conceptual framework that can be used to frame the study of human capital accumulation and view the current challenges and gaps in knowledge within such an organizing structure. I provide an example of the use of such a framework to interpret the evidence on the impacts of an early years intervention based on randomized controlled trial.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GP8GTT2R/Attanasio - 2015 - THE DETERMINANTS OF HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION DURING.pdf}
}

@techreport{Attanasio2019a,
  title = {Subjective {{Parental Beliefs}}. {{Their Measurement}} and {{Role}}},
  author = {Attanasio, Orazio and Cunha, Fl{\'a}vio and Jervis, Pamela},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {NBER},
  volume = {53},
  number = {9},
  eprint = {1011.1669v3},
  pages = {1689--1699},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  issn = {1098-6596},
  doi = {10.3386/w26516},
  abstract = {Predicting the binding mode of flexible polypeptides to proteins is an important task that falls outside the domain of applicability of most small molecule and protein-protein docking tools. Here, we test the small molecule flexible ligand docking program Glide on a set of 19 non-{$\alpha$}-helical peptides and systematically improve pose prediction accuracy by enhancing Glide sampling for flexible polypeptides. In addition, scoring of the poses was improved by post-processing with physics-based implicit solvent MM- GBSA calculations. Using the best RMSD among the top 10 scoring poses as a metric, the success rate (RMSD {$\leq$} 2.0 {\AA} for the interface backbone atoms) increased from 21\% with default Glide SP settings to 58\% with the enhanced peptide sampling and scoring protocol in the case of redocking to the native protein structure. This approaches the accuracy of the recently developed Rosetta FlexPepDock method (63\% success for these 19 peptides) while being over 100 times faster. Cross-docking was performed for a subset of cases where an unbound receptor structure was available, and in that case, 40\% of peptides were docked successfully. We analyze the results and find that the optimized polypeptide protocol is most accurate for extended peptides of limited size and number of formal charges, defining a domain of applicability for this approach.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  isbn = {9788578110796},
  pmid = {25246403},
  keywords = {icle},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BIAMJWGB/Attanasio et al. - 2019 - Subjective Parental Beliefs. Their Measurement and.pdf}
}

@article{attanasioCommunityNurseriesNutritional2013,
  title = {Community {{Nurseries}} and the {{Nutritional Status}} of {{Poor Children}}. {{Evidence}} from {{Colombia}}},
  author = {Attanasio, Orazio and Maro, Vincenzo Di and Vera-Hern{\'a}ndez, Marcos},
  year = {2013},
  month = sep,
  journal = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {123},
  number = {571},
  pages = {1025--1058},
  issn = {0013-0133, 1468-0297},
  doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12020},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ITKWGQ2S/Attanasio et al. - 2013 - Community Nurseries and the Nutritional Status of .pdf}
}

@article{attanasioEstimatingProductionFunction2020,
  ids = {Attanasio2017,attanasioEstimatingProductionFunction,attanasioEstimatingProductionFunctiona},
  title = {Estimating the {{Production Function}} for {{Human Capital}}: {{Results}} from a {{Randomized Controlled Trial}} in {{Colombia}}},
  shorttitle = {Estimating the {{Production Function}} for {{Human Capital}}},
  author = {Attanasio, Orazio and Cattan, Sarah and Fitzsimons, Emla and Meghir, Costas and {Rubio-Codina}, Marta},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {110},
  number = {1},
  pages = {48--85},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20150183},
  urldate = {2020-11-24},
  abstract = {We examine the channels through which a randomized early childhood intervention in Colombia led to significant gains in cognitive and socio-emotional skills among a sample of disadvantaged children aged 12 to 24 months at baseline. We estimate the determinants of parents' material and time investments in these children and evaluate the impact of the treatment on such investments. We then estimate the production functions for cognitive and socio-emotional skills. The effects of the program can be explained by increases in parental investments, emphasizing the importance of parenting interventions at an early age. (JEL I24, I28, J13, J24, O15)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {,Early Childhood Development,Human Capital,I24,I25,I32,J13,J24,Nonlinear Factor Models,O15,Poverty Alleviation},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H3LFTA6V/Attanasio et al. - Estimating the Production Function for Human Capit.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QZVHR95B/Attanasio et al. - Estimating the Production Function for Human Capit.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZL87YQLT/Attanasio et al. - 2020 - Estimating the Production Function for Human Capit.pdf}
}

@article{attanasioHumanCapitalDevelopment2020,
  ids = {Attanasio2019},
  title = {Human {{Capital Development}} and {{Parental Investment}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Attanasio, Orazio and Meghir, Costas and Nix, Emily},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {87},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2511--2541},
  issn = {0034-6527, 1467-937X},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdaa026},
  urldate = {2021-01-04},
  abstract = {Abstract             We estimate production functions for cognition and health for children aged 1--12 in India, based on the Young Lives Survey. India has over 70 million children aged 0--5 who are at risk of developmental deficits. The inputs into the production functions include parental background, prior child cognition and health, and child investments, which are taken as endogenous. Estimation is based on a nonlinear factor model, based on multiple measurements for both inputs and child outcomes. Our results show an important effect of early health on child cognitive development, which then becomes persistent. Parental investments affect cognitive development at all ages, but more so for younger children. Investments also have an impact on health at early ages only.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AKQDAUXJ/10.1093@restud@rdaa026.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R4GD44XW/Attanasio et al. - 2020 - Human Capital Development and Parental Investment .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TWMZXLL3/Attanasio et al. - Human Capital Development and Parental Investment .pdf}
}

@article{attanasioUsingInfrastructureConditional2014,
  title = {Using the Infrastructure of a Conditional Cash Transfer Program to Deliver a Scalable Integrated Early Child Development Program in {{Colombia}}: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial},
  shorttitle = {Using the Infrastructure of a Conditional Cash Transfer Program to Deliver a Scalable Integrated Early Child Development Program in {{Colombia}}},
  author = {Attanasio, O. P. and Fernandez, C. and Fitzsimons, E. O. A. and {Grantham-McGregor}, S. M. and Meghir, C. and {Rubio-Codina}, M.},
  year = {2014},
  month = sep,
  journal = {BMJ},
  volume = {349},
  number = {sep29 5},
  pages = {g5785-g5785},
  issn = {1756-1833},
  doi = {10.1136/bmj.g5785},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {ANSWER Weekly home visits over a period of 18 months benefited children's cognitive development and receptive language. There was no additional benefit from also having daily micronutrient supplementation, and micronutrient supplementation alone did not benefit any outcome. WHAT IS KNOWN AND WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Small efficacy trials of stimulation have shown considerable benefits to children's cognitive development. This effectiveness trial mimicked a scaled-up program by using the infrastructure of a national welfare program to identify home visitors to service local families across 96 communities covering a large part of the country; in the context of such a scaled-up intervention, the study looked at the effects of micronutrient supplementation and stimulation separately and combined.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GMHG423T/Attanasio et al. - 2014 - Using the infrastructure of a conditional cash tra.pdf}
}

@misc{attwellReligiousIntoleranceLynch2018,
  title = {Religious {{Intolerance}}, {{Lynch Mobs}} and {{Social Media}} in {{India}} {\textbar} {{GSI}}},
  author = {Attwell, Robert},
  year = {2018},
  urldate = {2021-11-11},
  howpublished = {https://gsi.s-rminform.com/articles/religious-intolerance-lynch-mobs-and-social-media-in-india},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EN2WCH3P/religious-intolerance-lynch-mobs-and-social-media-in-india.html}
}

@article{Auffhammer2018a,
  title = {Quantifying Economic Damages from Climate Change},
  author = {Auffhammer, Maximilian},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume = {32},
  number = {4},
  pages = {33--52},
  issn = {08953309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.32.4.33},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/P6UGBLDX/Auffhammer - 2018 - Quantifying Economic Damages from Climate Change.pdf}
}

@techreport{augenblickGroupTestingPandemic2020,
  title = {Group {{Testing}} in a {{Pandemic}}: {{The Role}} of {{Frequent Testing}}, {{Correlated Risk}}, and {{Machine Learning}}},
  shorttitle = {Group {{Testing}} in a {{Pandemic}}},
  author = {Augenblick, Ned and Kolstad, Jonathan and Obermeyer, Ziad and Wang, Ao},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  number = {w27457},
  pages = {w27457},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w27457},
  urldate = {2020-07-07},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/J94DPEZ9/Augenblick et al. - 2020 - Group Testing in a Pandemic The Role of Frequent .pdf}
}

@article{aumannAgreeingDisagree1976,
  title = {Agreeing to {{Disagree}}},
  author = {Aumann, Robert J.},
  year = {1976},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Annals of Statistics},
  volume = {4},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1236--1239},
  publisher = {Institute of Mathematical Statistics},
  issn = {0090-5364, 2168-8966},
  doi = {10.1214/aos/1176343654},
  urldate = {2025-03-05},
  abstract = {Two people, 1 and 2, are said to have common knowledge of an event \$E\$ if both know it, 1 knows that 2 knows it, 2 knows that 1 knows is, 1 knows that 2 knows that 1 knows it, and so on. THEOREM. If two people have the same priors, and their posteriors for an event \$A\$ are common knowledge, then these posteriors are equal.},
  keywords = {62A15,62C05,90A05,90D35,concensus,Game theory,Harsanyi doctrine,Information,Posterior,revising probabilities,statistics,subjective probability},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UTX6HPLF/Aumann - 1976 - Agreeing to Disagree.pdf}
}

@article{aumannEconomicIndexRiskiness2008,
  title = {An {{Economic Index}} of {{Riskiness}}},
  author = {Aumann, Robert~J. and Serrano, Roberto},
  year = {2008},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {116},
  number = {5},
  pages = {810--836},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/591947},
  urldate = {2023-11-16},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CXLKSE3A/Aumann and Serrano - 2008 - An Economic Index of Riskiness.pdf}
}

@article{aurinoInequalitiesAdolescentLearning2019,
  title = {Inequalities in Adolescent Learning: {{Does}} the Timing and Persistence of Food Insecurity at Home Matter?},
  shorttitle = {Inequalities in Adolescent Learning},
  author = {Aurino, Elisabetta and Fledderjohann, Jasmine and Vellakkal, Sukumar},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Economics of Education Review},
  volume = {70},
  pages = {94--108},
  issn = {02727757},
  doi = {10.1016/j.econedurev.2019.03.003},
  urldate = {2020-10-15},
  abstract = {We investigated inequalities in learning achievements at 12 years by household food insecurity trajectories at ages 5, 8 and 12 years in a longitudinal sample of 1,911 Indian children. Estimates included extensive child and household controls and lagged cognitive scores to address unobserved individual heterogeneity in ability and early investments. Overall, household food insecurity at any age predicted lower vocabulary, reading, maths and English scores in early adolescence. Adolescents from households that transitioned from food insecurity at age 5 to food security at a later age, and adolescents from chronically food insecure households had the lowest scores across all outcomes. There was heterogeneity in the relationship between temporal occurrence of food insecurity and cognitive skills, based on developmental and curriculum-specific timing of skill formation. Results were robust to additional explanations of the ``household food insecurity gap'', i.e. education and health investments, parental and children's educational aspirations, and children's psychosocial skills.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/J2EGY7RL/Aurino et al. - 2019 - Inequalities in adolescent learning Does the timi.pdf}
}

@article{aurinoNutritionalStatus152019,
  title = {Nutritional {{Status}} from 1 to 15 {{Years}} and {{Adolescent Learning}} for {{Boys}} and {{Girls}} in {{Ethiopia}}, {{India}}, {{Peru}}, and {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Aurino, Elisabetta and Schott, Whitney and Behrman, Jere R. and Penny, Mary},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Population Research and Policy Review},
  volume = {38},
  number = {6},
  pages = {899--931},
  issn = {0167-5923, 1573-7829},
  doi = {10.1007/s11113-019-09557-8},
  urldate = {2020-10-15},
  abstract = {There has been little examination of: (1) associations of early-life nutrition and adolescent cognitive skills, (2) if they vary by gender, (3) if they differ by diverse contexts, and (4) contributions of post-infancy growth to adolescent cognitive attainment. We use Young Lives data on 7687 children from Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam to undertake ordinary least squares estimates of associations between age-1 height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and age-15 cognitive outcomes (math, reading, vocabulary), controlling for child and household factors. Age-1 HAZ is positively associated with cognitive scores in all countries. Child gender-specific estimates for these coefficients either do not differ (math, reading) or favor girls (vocabulary). Augmenting models to include growth in HAZ between ages 1 and 15 years that was not predicted by HAZ at age 1 reveals that such improvements are associated with higher cognitive scores, but that sex-specific coefficients for this predictor favor boys in India and Peru. The results suggest that nutritional indicators at age 1 have gender-neutral associations with math and reading and favor girls for vocabulary achievement at age 15, but unpredicted improvements in HAZ by adolescence are associated with higher cognitive scores for boys than for girls. This evidence enriches our understanding of relationships between children's nutritional trajectories during childhood and adolescent cognitive development, and how these associations vary by gender in some contexts to the possible disadvantage of girls.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9RQJQZB9/Aurino et al. - 2019 - Nutritional Status from 1 to 15 Years and Adolesce.pdf}
}

@article{averettIdentificationEffectDepression2012,
  title = {Identification of the {{Effect}} of {{Depression}} on {{Risky Sexual Behavior}}: {{Exploiting}} a {{Natural Experiment}}},
  shorttitle = {Identification of the {{Effect}} of {{Depression}} on {{Risky Sexual Behavior}}},
  author = {Averett, Susan L and Wang, Yang},
  year = {2012},
  month = may,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {102},
  number = {3},
  pages = {570--574},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.102.3.570},
  urldate = {2021-03-26},
  abstract = {Depression is pervasive in the US particularly among women. The costs in terms of direct medical costs and forgone earnings are substantial. This paper investigates an additional cost of depression. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, we use a unique instrument, the attacks of September 11, which have been linked to depression, to identify the effect of depression on risky sexual behaviors. We find that depressed women are more likely to be sexually active, to engage in oral sex and to have sex without a condom, even after controlling for a rich set of covariates.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9VJ39IJY/Averett and Wang - 2012 - Identification of the Effect of Depression on Risk.pdf}
}

@article{Avis2018,
  title = {Do Government Audits Reduce Corruption? {{Estimating}} the Impacts of Exposing Corrupt Politicians},
  author = {Avis, Eric and Ferraz, Claudio and Finan, Frederico},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {126},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1912--1964},
  issn = {1537534X},
  doi = {10.1086/699209},
  abstract = {This paper examines the extent to which government audits of public resources can reduce corruption by enhancing political and judiciary accountability. We do so in the context of Brazil's anticorruption program, which randomly audits municipalities for their use of federal funds. We find that being audited in the past reduces future corruption by 8 percent, while also increasing the likelihood of experiencing a subsequent legal action by 20 percent. We interpret these reduced-form findings through a political agency model, which we structurally estimate. Our results suggest that the reduction in corruption comes mostly from the audits increasing the perceived nonelectoral costs of engaging in corruption.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7KY8HPTC/Avis et al. - Do Government Audits Reduce Corruption Estimating.pdf}
}

@article{avoyanHOWGROUPSSPEAK,
  title = {{{HOW DO GROUPS SPEAK AND HOW ARE THEY UNDERSTOOD}}?},
  author = {Avoyan, Ala and Onuchic, Paula},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/N2533E77/Avoyan and Onuchic - HOW DO GROUPS SPEAK AND HOW ARE THEY UNDERSTOOD.pdf}
}

@article{azzaliniClassDistributionsWhich2021,
  title = {A {{Class}} of {{Distributions Which Includes}} the {{Normal Ones}}},
  author = {Azzalini, A},
  year = {2021},
  pages = {9},
  abstract = {A new class of density functions depending on a shape parameter k is introduced, such that k=0 corresponds to the standard normal density. The properties of this class of density functions are studied.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RGKWB4RD/Azzalini - 2021 - A Class of Distributions Which Includes the Normal.pdf}
}

@article{azzaliniMultivariateSkewNormalDistribution1996,
  title = {The {{Multivariate Skew-Normal Distribution}}},
  author = {Azzalini, A. and {work(s):}, A. Dalla Valle Reviewed},
  year = {1996},
  journal = {Biometrika},
  volume = {83},
  number = {4},
  eprint = {2337278},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {715--726},
  abstract = {The paperextendsearlierworkon theso-calledskew-normadlistributiona, familyof distributionisncludingthenormal,butwithan extraparameterto regulateskewnessT. he presentworkintroducesa multivariatpearametricfamilysuchthatthemarginaldensities are scalar skew-normal,and studies its properties,with special emphasis on the bivariatecase.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/T8V466EW/Azzalini and work(s) - 1996 - The Multivariate Skew-Normal Distribution.pdf}
}

@article{azzaliniMultivariateSkewnormalDistribution1996,
  title = {The Multivariate Skew-Normal Distribution},
  author = {Azzalini, A},
  year = {1996},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Biometrika},
  volume = {83},
  number = {4},
  pages = {715--726},
  issn = {0006-3444, 1464-3510},
  doi = {10.1093/biomet/83.4.715},
  urldate = {2021-03-30},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/U69SWFMX/Azzalini - 1996 - The multivariate skew-normal distribution.pdf}
}

@article{b.bergmannEffectWhiteIncomes1971,
  title = {The {{Effect}} on {{White Incomes}} of {{Discrimination}} in {{Employment}}},
  author = {{B. Bergmann}},
  year = {1971},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {79},
  pages = {294--313},
  doi = {10.1086/259744}
}

@inproceedings{babaTransgenderHealthHealthcare2018,
  title = {Transgender {{Health}} and {{Healthcare}} in {{India}}: {{A Review}}},
  shorttitle = {Transgender {{Health}} and {{Healthcare}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Baba, R. and Sogani, R.},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  urldate = {2023-05-18},
  abstract = {The share of Transgender in overall global population is 0.5 percent of which 490000 reside in India (Census 2011). Pushed away from the mainstream society due to their socially non-confirming gender identity has implications on their health and wellbeing. This paper describes the social roots of various health and healthcare problems faced by transgender in India. The paper is based on reflections and analysis from mainly two sources of information i.e. descriptive literature review and the first-hand experience of one of the authors who completed an internship project between April and June 2017 on transgender health in Pondicherry, India. It concludes with a call for not just upgrading healthcare system but also sensitizing society to be all gender-inclusive for better health and life of transgender persons in India.}
}

@article{badgett2014economic,
  title = {The Economic Cost of Stigma and the Exclusion of {{LGBT}} People: A Case Study of {{India}}},
  author = {Badgett, M. V. Lee},
  year = {2014},
  publisher = {World Bank, Washington, DC},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2T5BUKW9/940400WP0Box380usion0of0LGBT0People.pdf}
}

@article{badgettLGBTQEconomics2021,
  title = {{{LGBTQ Economics}}},
  author = {Badgett, M. V. Lee and Carpenter, Christopher S. and Sansone, Dario},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume = {35},
  number = {2},
  pages = {141--170},
  issn = {0895-3309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.35.2.141},
  urldate = {2021-07-02},
  abstract = {Public attitudes and policies toward LGBTQ individuals have improved substantially in recent decades. Economists are actively shaping the discourse around these policies and contributing to our understanding of the economic lives of LGBTQ individuals. In this paper, we present the most up-to-date estimates of the size, location, demographic characteristics, and family structures of LGBTQ individuals in the United States. We describe an emerging literature on the effects of legal access to same-sex marriage on family and socioeconomic outcomes. We also summarize what is known about the size, direction, and sources of wage differentials related to variation in sexual orientation and gender identity. We conclude by describing a range of open questions in LGBTQ economics.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F8KH5LZZ/Badgett et al. - 2021 - LGBTQ Economics.pdf}
}

@article{badgettRelationshipLGBTInclusion2019,
  title = {The Relationship between {{LGBT}} Inclusion and Economic Development: {{Macro-level}} Evidence},
  shorttitle = {The Relationship between {{LGBT}} Inclusion and Economic Development},
  author = {Badgett, M. V. Lee and Waaldijk, Kees and Rodgers, Yana van der Meulen},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {World Development},
  volume = {120},
  pages = {1--14},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.03.011},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {This study analyzes the relationship between social inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people and economic development. It uses legal and economic data for 132 countries from 1966 to 2011. Previous studies and reports provide substantial evidence that LGBT people are limited in their human rights in ways that also create economic harms, such as lost labor time, lost productivity, underinvestment in human capital, and the inefficient allocation of human resources. This analysis uses a fixed effects regression approach and a newly-created dataset -- Global Index on Legal Recognition of Homosexual Orientation (GILRHO) -- to assess how these detriments are related to the macroeconomy. Our study finds that an additional point on the 8-point GILRHO scale of legal rights for LGB persons is associated with an increase in real GDP per capita of approximately \$2000. A series of robustness checks confirm that this index continues to have a positive and statistically significant association with real GDP per capita after controlling for gender equality. In combination with the qualitative evidence from previous studies and reports, our quantitative results suggest that LGBT inclusion and economic development are mutually reinforcing. Also, a back-of-the-envelope estimate suggests that about 6\% to 22\% of the finding could reflect the costs to GDP of health and labor market stigmatization of LGB people. Results from this study can help to better understand how the fuller enjoyment of human rights by LGBT people can contribute to a country's economic development.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Discrimination,Economic development,Global,Homosexual orientation,Legal rights,LGBT inclusion},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5Y5TYN84/Badgett et al. - 2019 - The relationship between LGBT inclusion and econom.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/U22VFCTU/S0305750X19300695.html}
}

@article{badgettReviewEconomicsSexualforthcoming,
  title = {A {{Review}} of the {{Economics}} of {{Sexual Orientation}} and {{Gender Identity}}},
  author = {Badgett, M. V. Lee and Carpenter, Christopher S. and Lee, Maxine J. and Sansone, Dario},
  year = {forthcoming},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  issn = {0022-0515},
  doi = {10.1257/jel.20231668},
  urldate = {2024-07-13},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WYF9H45B/articles.html}
}

@article{badrinathanExperimentFactcheckingMisinformation,
  title = {An {{Experiment}} on {{Fact-checking Misinformation}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Badrinathan, Sumitra and Chauchard, Simon and Flynn, D J},
  pages = {44},
  abstract = {Misinformation on encrypted messaging applications is linked to changes in public opinion, electoral outcomes, and even violence. Since encrypted platforms cannot control content, can social media users correct their peers' misperceptions? If so, how? We experimentally evaluate the effect of different types of corrective messages on the persistence of seven common rumors among a large sample of social media users in India (N=5104). We show that peer-to-peer corrections substantially reduce belief in misinformation. Neither motivated reasoning nor the sophistication of these corrective messages conditions their effects. Brief, unsourced and unsubstantiated corrections achieve an effect comparable to that of corrections backed by evidence from credible sources (domain experts and specialized fact-checkers alike). This suggests that merely signaling a doubt about a rumor (regardless of how substantiated this signal is) may go a long way in reducing misinformation. These results have implications for both users and platforms.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QJ5YP4UZ/Badrinathan et al. - An Experiment on Fact-checking Misinformation in I.pdf}
}

@article{baezNaturalDisastersAffect,
  title = {Do {{Natural Disasters Affect Human Capital}}? {{An Assessment Based}} on {{Existing Empirical Evidence}}},
  author = {Baez, Javier},
  pages = {62},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CRUXBRET/Baez - Do Natural Disasters Affect Human Capital An Asse.pdf}
}

@article{baguesCanGenderParity2010,
  title = {Can {{Gender Parity Break}} the {{Glass Ceiling}}? {{Evidence}} from a {{Repeated Randomized Experiment}}},
  shorttitle = {Can {{Gender Parity Break}} the {{Glass Ceiling}}?},
  author = {Bagues, Manuel F. and {Esteve-Volart}, Berta},
  year = {2010},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {77},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1301--1328},
  issn = {00346527},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-937X.2009.00601.x},
  urldate = {2023-08-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YVBE5E6Q/Bagues and Esteve-Volart - 2010 - Can Gender Parity Break the Glass Ceiling Evidenc.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z7HRUDRN/j.1467-937x.2009.00601.x.pdf}
}

@article{baguesDoesGenderComposition2017,
  title = {Does the {{Gender Composition}} of {{Scientific Committees Matter}}?},
  author = {Bagues, Manuel and {Sylos-Labini}, Mauro and Zinovyeva, Natalia},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {107},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1207--1238},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20151211},
  urldate = {2023-08-04},
  abstract = {We analyze how a larger presence of female evaluators affects committee decision-making using information on 100,000 applications to associate and full professorships in Italy and Spain. These applications were assessed by 8,000 randomly selected evaluators. A larger number of women in evaluation committees does not increase either the quantity or the quality of female candidates who qualify. Information from individual voting reports suggests that female evaluators are not significantly more favorable toward female candidates. At the same time, male evaluators become less favorable toward female candidates as soon as a female evaluator joins the committee.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Higher Education,Non-labor Discrimination Labor Discrimination,Research Institutions Economics of Gender},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X3SSCBT4/aer.20151211.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZCRQFW8N/Bagues et al. - 2017 - Does the Gender Composition of Scientific Committe.pdf}
}

@article{Bagulo1983,
  title = {The {{Ghana-Togo Boundary}}, 1914-1982},
  author = {Bagulo Bening, Raymond},
  year = {1983},
  journal = {Africa Spectrum},
  volume = {18},
  number = {2},
  pages = {191--209},
  doi = {10.2307/40174115},
  isbn = {1870784022}
}

@techreport{Bai2018,
  title = {Melons as {{Lemons}}: {{Asymmetric Information}}, {{Consumer Learning}} and {{Quality Provision}}},
  author = {Bai, Jie},
  year = {2018},
  number = {July},
  abstract = {There is often a lack of reliable high quality provision in many markets in developing countries. I designed an experiment to understand this phenomenon in a setting that features typical market conditions in a developing country: the retail watermelon market in a major Chinese city. I begin by demonstrating empirically that there is substantial asymmetric information between sellers and buyers on sweetness, the key indicator of quality for watermelons, yet sellers do not sort and price watermelons by quality. I then randomly introduce one of two branding technologies into 40 out of 60 markets-one sticker label that is widely used and often counterfeited and one novel laser-cut label. I track sellers' quality, pricing and sales over an entire season and collect household panel purchasing data to examine the demand side's response. I find that laser branding induced sellers to provide higher quality and led to higher sales profits, establishing that reputational incentives are present and can be made to pay. However, after the intervention was withdrawn, all markets reverted back to baseline. To rationalize the experimental findings, I build an empirical model of consumer learning and seller reputation. The structural estimates suggest that consumers are hesitant to upgrade their perception about quality under the existing branding technology, which makes reputation building a low return investment. While the new technology enhances consumer learning, the resulting increase in profits is not sufficient to cover the fixed cost of the technology for small individual sellers. Counterfactual analysis shows that information frictions and fragmented markets lead to significant under-provision of quality. Third-party interventions that subsidize initial reputation building for sellers could improve welfare.},
  keywords = {asymmetric information,consumer learning and quality,ons as lemons,provision},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/33SNKCEW/Bai - Melons as Lemons Asymmetric Information, Consumer.pdf}
}

@article{Bai2019,
  title = {Firm Growth and Corruption: {{Empirical}} Evidence from {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Bai, Jie and Jayachandran, Seema and Malesky, Edmund J. and Olken, Benjamin A.},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Economic Journal},
  volume = {129},
  number = {618},
  pages = {651--677},
  issn = {14680297},
  doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12560},
  abstract = {This article tests whether firm growth reduces corruption, using data from over 10,000 Vietnamese firms. We employ instrumental variables based on growth in a firm's industry in other provinces within Vietnam and in China. We find that firm growth reduces bribes as a share of revenues. We propose a mechanism for this effect whereby government officials' decisions about bribes are modulated by inter-jurisdictional competition. This mechanism also implies that growth reduces bribery more for more mobile firms; consistent with this prediction, we find a larger effect for firms with transferable rights to their land or operations in multiple provinces.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/96QEGFRQ/Bai et al. - 2019 - Firm Growth and Corruption Empirical Evidence fro.pdf}
}

@article{baileyAreGayMen2013,
  title = {Are {{Gay Men}} and {{Lesbians Discriminated Against When Applying}} for {{Jobs}}? {{A Four-City}}, {{Internet-Based Field Experiment}}},
  shorttitle = {Are {{Gay Men}} and {{Lesbians Discriminated Against When Applying}} for {{Jobs}}?},
  author = {Bailey, John and Wallace, Michael and Wright, Bradley},
  year = {2013},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Homosexuality},
  volume = {60},
  number = {6},
  pages = {873--894},
  issn = {0091-8369, 1540-3602},
  doi = {10.1080/00918369.2013.774860},
  urldate = {2021-09-27},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M56Y4VJZ/Bailey et al. - 2013 - Are Gay Men and Lesbians Discriminated Against Whe.pdf}
}

@article{baileyPersistenceFadeoutImpacts2017,
  title = {Persistence and {{Fadeout}} in the {{Impacts}} of {{Child}} and {{Adolescent Interventions}}},
  author = {Bailey, Drew and Duncan, Greg J. and Odgers, Candice L. and Yu, Winnie},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {7--39},
  issn = {1934-5747, 1934-5739},
  doi = {10.1080/19345747.2016.1232459},
  urldate = {2021-01-04},
  abstract = {Many interventions targeting cognitive skills or socioemotional skills and behaviors demonstrate initially promising but then quickly disappearing impacts. Our paper seeks to identify the key features of interventions, as well as the characteristics and environments of the children and adolescents who participate in them, that can be expected to sustain persistently beneficial program impacts. We describe three such processes: skill-building, foot-in-the-door and sustaining environments. We argue that skill-building interventions should target ``trifecta'' skills -- ones that are malleable, fundamental, and would not have developed eventually in the absence of the intervention. Successful foot-in-the-door interventions equip a child with the right skills or capacities at the right time to avoid imminent risks (e.g., grade failure or teen drinking) or seize emerging opportunities (e.g., entry into honors classes). The sustaining environments perspective views high quality of environments subsequent to the completion of the intervention as crucial for sustaining early skill gains. These three perspectives generate both complementary and competing hypotheses regarding the nature, timing and targeting of interventions that generate enduring impacts.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UYQDLBIH/Bailey et al. - 2017 - Persistence and Fadeout in the Impacts of Child an.pdf}
}

@techreport{baileySocialSafetyNet2020,
  title = {Is the {{Social Safety Net}} a {{Long-Term Investment}}? {{Large-Scale Evidence}} from the {{Food Stamps Program}}},
  shorttitle = {Is the {{Social Safety Net}} a {{Long-Term Investment}}?},
  author = {Bailey, Martha and Hoynes, Hilary and {Rossin-Slater}, Maya and Walker, Reed},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  number = {w26942},
  pages = {w26942},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w26942},
  urldate = {2021-01-26},
  abstract = {We use novel, large-scale data on 43 million Americans from the 2000 Census and the 2001 to 2013 American Communities Survey linked to the Social Security Administration's NUMIDENT to study how a policy-driven increase in economic resources for families affects children's longterm outcomes. Using variation from the county-level roll-out of the Food Stamps program between 1961 and 1975, we find that children with access to greater economic resources before age five experience an increase of 6 percent of a standard deviation in their adult human capital, 3 percent of a standard deviation in their adult economic self-sufficiency, 8 percent of a standard deviation in the quality of their adult neighborhoods, 0.4 percentage-point increase in longevity, and a 0.5 percentage-point decrease in likelihood of being incarcerated. Based on these estimates, we conclude that Food Stamps' transfer of resources to families is a highly cost-effective investment into young children, yielding a marginal value of public funds of approximately 56.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L5IMUDQU/Bailey et al. - 2020 - Is the Social Safety Net a Long-Term Investment L.pdf}
}

@article{baillonIncentivesSurveys2022,
  title = {Incentives in Surveys},
  author = {Baillon, Aur{\'e}lien and Bleichrodt, Han and Granic, Georg D.},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Psychology},
  volume = {93},
  pages = {102552},
  issn = {0167-4870},
  doi = {10.1016/j.joep.2022.102552},
  urldate = {2025-03-25},
  abstract = {Surveys typically use hypothetical questions to measure subjective and unverifiable concepts like happiness and quality of life. We test whether this is problematic using a large survey experiment on health and subjective well-being. We use Prelec's Bayesian truth serum to incentivize the experiment and defaults to introduce biases in responses. Without defaults, the data quality was good and incentives had no impact. With defaults, incentives reduced default biases in the subjective well-being questions by inducing participants to spend more effort. Incentives had no impact on the health questions regardless of whether defaults were used.},
  keywords = {Bayesian truth-serum,Default bias,Happiness,Incentives,Surveys},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FQAM6WCX/Baillon et al. - 2022 - Incentives in surveys.pdf}
}

@article{Baird2011,
  title = {Cash or Condition? {{Evidence}} from a Cash Transfer Experiment},
  author = {Baird, Sarah and McIntosh, Craig and {\"O}zler, Berk},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {126},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1709--1753},
  issn = {00335533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjr032},
  abstract = {This article assesses the role of conditionality in cash transfer programs using a unique experiment targeted at adolescent girls in Malawi. The program featured two distinct interventions: unconditional transfers (UCT arm) and transfers conditional on school attendance (CCT arm). Although there was a modest decline in the dropout rate in the UCT arm in comparison with the control group, it was only 43\% as large as the impact in the CCT arm at the end of the 2-year program. The CCT arm also outperformed the UCT arm in tests of English reading comprehension. However, teenage pregnancy and marriage rates were substantially lower in the UCT than the CCT arm, entirely due to the impact of UCTs on these outcomes among girls who dropped out of school. {\copyright} The Author(s) 2011. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of President and Fellows of Harvard College. All rights reserved.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9YJQDB3F/Baird et al. - 2011 - Cash or Condition Evidence from a Cash Transfer E.pdf}
}

@article{Baird2013,
  title = {Relative {{Effectiveness}} of {{Conditional}} and {{Unconditional Cash Transfers}} for {{Schooling Outcomes}} in {{Developing Countries}}: {{A Systematic Review}}},
  author = {Baird, Sarah and Ferreira, Francisco H. G. and {\"O}zler, Berk and Woolcock, Michael},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Campbell Systematic Reviews},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--124},
  issn = {1891-1803},
  doi = {10.4073/csr.2013.8},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND Increasing educational attainment around the world is one of the key aims of the Millennium Development Goals. Cash transfer programs, both conditional and unconditional, are a popular social protection tool in developing countries that aim, among other things, to improve education outcomes in developing countries. The debate over whether these programs should include conditions has been at the forefront of recent global policy discussions. This systematic review aims to complement the existing evidence on the effectiveness of these programs in improving schooling outcomes and help inform the debate surrounding the design of cash transfer programs. OBJECTIVES Our main objective was to assess the relative effectiveness of conditional and unconditional cash transfers in improving enrollment, attendance and test scores in developing countries. Our secondary objective was to understand the role of different dimensions of the cash transfer programs, particularly the role of the intensity of conditions and the effects of priming (with respect to the importance of children's schooling) in cash transfer programs. SEARCH STRATEGY Five main strategies were used to identify relevant reports: (1) Electronic searches of 37 international databases (concluded on 18 April 2012), (2) contacted researchers working in the area, (3) hand searched key journals, (4) reviewed websites of relevant organizations, and (5) given the year delay between the original search and the final edits of the review we updated our references with all new eligible references the study team was aware of as of 30 April 2013. SELECTION CRITERIA To be eligible for this review, studies had to either assess the impact of a conditional cash transfer program (CCT), with at least one condition explicitly related to schooling, or evaluate an unconditional cash transfer program (UCT). The report had to include at least one quantifiable measure of enrollment, attendance or test scores. The report had to be published after 1997, utilize a randomized control trial or a quasi-experimental design, and take place in a developing country. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS A data extraction sheet was constructed to collect data on impacts and characteristics of the report and intervention. Enrollment and attendance were coded using odds ratios, while test scores were coded using standardized mean differences. Effect sizes were synthesized and summarized within and across reports to one effect size per outcome for each study. Given the heterogeneity of true effects in the population, analyses of effect sizes were estimated using random effects models. Moderator analysis was conducted with six additional variables. RESULTS The sample includes 75 reports, with data from 35 studies, including five UCTs, 26 CCTs, and four studies that directly compare CCTs to UCTs. Our findings suggest that both CCTs (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.41, 95\% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.27-1.56) and UCTs (OR 1.23, 95\% CI 1.08-1.41) have a significant effect on enrollment. These results indicate that CCTs increase the odds of a child being enrolled in school by 41\% and UCTs increase the odds by 23\%. We do not find a significant difference when comparing CCTs to UCTs (OR 1.15, 95\% CI 0.94-1.42]. The binary categorization of these programs into CCT vs. UCT ignores the fact that there is a great deal of variation in the intensity of the conditionality. If we instead group the conditionality variable into three broader categories (i) no schooling conditions (intensity=1 or 2), (ii) some schooling conditions with no enforcement or monitoring (intensity=3 or 4) and (iii) explicit schooling conditions monitored and enforced (intensity=5 or 6) we find odds ratios as follows: 1.18 (95\% CI 1.05-1.33), 1.25 (95\% CI 1.10-1.42), and 1.60 (95\% 1.37-1.88), respectively. The 95\% CI for studies with no conditions and studies with conditions monitored and enforced do not overlap. Meta-regression indicates that outside of the intensity of the conditions imposed, none of the other measured design elements have a significant effect on moderating the overall effect size. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Our main finding is that both CCTs and UCTs improve the odds of being enrolled in and attending school compared to no cash transfer program. The effect sizes for enrollment and attendance are always larger for CCT programs compared to UCT programs but the difference is not significant. When programs are categorized as having no schooling conditions, having some conditions with minimal monitoring and enforcement, and having explicit conditions that are monitored and enforced, a much clearer pattern emerges. While interventions with no conditions or some conditions that are not monitored have some effect on enrollment rates (18-25\% improvement in odds of being enrolled in school), programs that are explicitly conditional, monitor compliance and penalize non-compliance have substantively larger effects (60\% improvement in odds of enrollment). Unlike enrollment and attendance, the effectiveness of cash transfer programs on improving test scores is small at best. More research is needed that looks at longer term outcomes such as test scores, as well as on evaluating UCTs more generally.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2HPBV9T7/Baird et al. - 2013 - Relative Effectiveness of Conditional and Uncondit.pdf}
}

@article{bairdAggregateIncomeShocks2011,
  title = {Aggregate {{Income Shocks}} and {{Infant Mortality}} in the {{Developing World}}},
  author = {Baird, Sarah and Friedman, Jed and Schady, Norbert},
  year = {2011},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
  volume = {93},
  number = {3},
  pages = {847--856},
  issn = {0034-6535, 1530-9142},
  doi = {10.1162/REST_a_00084},
  urldate = {2020-06-22},
  abstract = {Health and income are strongly correlated both within and across countries, yet the extent to which improvements in income have a causal effect on health status remains controversial. We investigate whether short-term fluctuations in aggregate income affect infant mortality using an unusually large data set of 1.7 million births in 59 developing countries. We show a large, negative association between per capita GDP and infant mortality. Female infant mortality is more sensitive than male infant mortality to negative economic shocks, suggesting that policies that protect the health status of female infants may be especially important during economic downturns.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WHTNFKDT/Baird et al. - 2011 - Aggregate Income Shocks and Infant Mortality in th.pdf}
}

@article{bairdClimateVariabilityInfant,
  title = {Climate {{Variability}} and {{Infant Mortality}} in {{Africa}}},
  author = {Baird, Sarah and Smitz, Marc and Friedman, Jed},
  pages = {32},
  abstract = {Changes in heat and precipitation as a result of climate change are expected to have adverse effects on health, particularly among the most vulnerable populations. These changes can affect health both directly, through extreme events and changes in the disease environment, as well as indirectly through its impact on the economic livelihood of the population. In this paper we utilize an extensive dataset of over 400,000 births combined with detailed historical geo-spatial weather data on temperature and rainfall to investigate the impact of extreme weather events on infant survival in Africa. Our results suggest that both extreme heat and extreme rainfall affect the likelihood of infant survival. In particular, we find that excessive heat around the month of birth is predictive of an increased likelihood of death, particularly for neonates but also for older infants. Rainfall during the third trimester of pregnancy increases the likelihood of death for neonates. We also find evidence that excess rainfall can be protective under certain scenarios, most likely as a result of positive income shocks. Utilizing our empirical estimates, we explore four different climate change scenarios that suggest an additional 400 to 900 thousand infant deaths in Africa over the period 2010-2030, due to the impact of increased heat and precipitation change, in the absence of effective adaptation or mitigation efforts.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DW2W9L2P/Smitz - May 22, 2011. WORK IN PROGRESS. PLEASE DO NOT CITE.pdf}
}

@article{bairdTrackingAttritionData2008,
  title = {Tracking, {{Attrition}} and {{Data Quality}} in the {{Kenyan Life Panel Survey Round}} 1 ({{KLPS-1}})},
  author = {Baird, Sarah and Hamory, Joan and Miguel, Edward},
  year = {2008},
  abstract = {Understanding the possible pitfalls of survey data is critical for empirical research. Among other things, poor data quality can lead to biased regression estimates, potentially resulting in incorrect interpretations that mislead researchers and policymakers alike. Common data problems include difficulties in tracking respondents and high survey attrition, enumerator error and bias, and respondent reporting error. This paper describes and analyzes these issues in Round 1 of the Kenyan Life Panel Survey (KLPS-1), collected in 2003-2005. The KLPS-1 is an innovative longitudinal dataset documenting a wide range of outcomes for Kenyan youths who had originally attended schools participating in a deworming treatment program starting in 1998. The careful design of this survey allows for examination of an array of data quality issues. First, we explore the existence and implications of sample attrition bias. Basic residential, educational, and mortality information was obtained for 88\% of target respondents, and personal contact was made with 84\%, an exceptionally high follow-up rate for a young adult population in a less developed country. Moreover, rates of sample attrition are nearly identical for respondents who were randomly assigned deworming treatment and for those who were not, a key factor in the validity of subsequent statistical analysis. One vital component of this success is the tracking of respondents both nationally and across international borders (in our case, into Uganda), thus we discuss in detail the costs and benefits of tracking movers. Finally, we study KLPS-1 data quality more broadly by examining enumerator error and bias, as well as survey response consistency. We conclude that the extent of enumerator error is low, with an average of less than one recording error per survey. Errors decrease over time as enumerator experience with the survey instrument increases, but increase over the course of multiple interviews within a single day, presumably due to fatigue. We do find some evidence that the enumerator-respondent match in terms of gender, ethnicity, and religion correlates with responses regarding trust of others and religious activities, suggesting some field officer bias on sensitive questions. Reporting reliability is analyzed using respondent re-surveys. These checks show high levels of consistency across survey/re-survey rounds for the respondent's own characteristics and personal history, with lower reliability rates on questions asked about others' characteristics. The steps taken in the design of KLPS-1 to avoid common errors in survey data collection greatly improved the quality of this panel dataset, and provide some valuable lessons for future field data collection projects.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PUH34IS4/Baird et al. - Tracking, Attrition and Data Quality in the Kenyan.pdf}
}

@article{bakshiUnderstandingBarriersTelemedicine2022,
  title = {Understanding Barriers of Telemedicine Adoption: {{A}} Study in {{North India}}},
  shorttitle = {Understanding Barriers of Telemedicine Adoption},
  author = {Bakshi, Sonika and Tandon, Urvashi},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Systems Research and Behavioral Science},
  volume = {39},
  number = {1},
  pages = {128--142},
  issn = {1099-1743},
  doi = {10.1002/sres.2774},
  urldate = {2024-09-23},
  abstract = {The study develops a theoretical framework that highlights facets of perceived risk and their relationship with behavioural intention. Previous literature highlights that the higher the risk perceived by doctors, the more prospects that they will not adopt telemedicine. Therefore, addressing these risks will help doctors to overcome their apprehensions about telemedicine. The data were collected through field as well as an online survey. An online survey link was shared with doctors of various hospitals in North India. The final sample consisted of 215 observations. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied to validate the hypothesized relationships among constructs. The results confirmed that social risk, time risk, technology risk and security risk had a negative impact on behavioural intention. Surprisingly, financial risk emerged as an insignificant construct. This study contributes to literature by presenting and validating a theory-driven framework that unveils the facets of perceived risk as barriers to telemedicine adoption.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2021 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {behavioural intention,perceived risk,telemedicine adoption},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RXT5JRQA/Bakshi and Tandon - 2022 - Understanding barriers of telemedicine adoption A.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RLFRB8N2/sres.html}
}

@article{balabanovaGoodHealthLow2013,
  title = {Good {{Health}} at {{Low Cost}} 25 Years on: Lessons for the Future of Health Systems Strengthening},
  shorttitle = {Good {{Health}} at {{Low Cost}} 25 Years On},
  author = {Balabanova, Dina and Mills, Anne and Conteh, Lesong and Akkazieva, Baktygul and Banteyerga, Hailom and Dash, Umakant and Gilson, Lucy and Harmer, Andrew and Ibraimova, Ainura and Islam, Ziaul and Kidanu, Aklilu and Koehlmoos, Tracey P. and Limwattananon, Supon and Muraleedharan, V. R. and Murzalieva, Gulgun and Palafox, Benjamin and Panichkriangkrai, Warisa and Patcharanarumol, Walaiporn and {Penn-Kekana}, Loveday and {Powell-Jackson}, Timothy and Tangcharoensathien, Viroj and McKee, Martin},
  year = {2013},
  month = jun,
  journal = {The Lancet},
  volume = {381},
  number = {9883},
  pages = {2118--2133},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  issn = {0140-6736, 1474-547X},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62000-5},
  urldate = {2024-08-22},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FWMIRHM8/Balabanova et al. - 2013 - Good Health at Low Cost 25 years on lessons for t.pdf}
}

@article{balafoutasMoralSuasionCharitable2022,
  title = {Moral Suasion and Charitable Giving},
  author = {Balafoutas, Loukas and Rezaei, Sarah},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {20780},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-022-24944-6},
  urldate = {2023-07-04},
  abstract = {We investigate the effect of moral suasion on charitable giving. Participants in an online experiment choose between two allocations, one of which includes a donation to a well-known charity organization. Before making this choice, they receive one of several messages potentially involving a moral argument from another participant. We find that the use of consequentialist and deontological arguments has a positive impact on the donation rate. Men respond strongly to consequentialist arguments, while women are less responsive to moral suasion altogether. Messages based on virtue ethics, ethical egoism, and a simple donation imperative are ineffective.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Human behaviour,Morality},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YM7A3LAK/Balafoutas and Rezaei - 2022 - Moral suasion and charitable giving.pdf}
}

@article{balakrishnanAirPollutionAcademic2021,
  title = {Air Pollution and Academic Performance: {{Evidence}} from {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Air Pollution and Academic Performance},
  author = {Balakrishnan, Uttara and Tsaneva, Magda},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {World Development},
  volume = {146},
  pages = {105553},
  issn = {0305750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105553},
  urldate = {2021-11-25},
  abstract = {Health and well-being during childhood are vital for shaping human capital accumulation. In India, exposure to pollution is increasingly one of the greatest public health challenges facing the country. In this context, we examine the impact of short-run exposure to air pollution on children's academic performance. Using a large-scale dataset from 2008 to 2014, we causally estimate the impacts of contemporaneous air pollution on reading and math outcomes for children aged 5--16 years in rural India. To overcome endogeneity concerns, we use thermal inversions as an instrument for air pollution. We show that high levels of contemporaneous air pollution significantly reduce varying levels of reading outcomes by 1.11--2.39 percentage points and math outcomes by 0.53--1.90 percentage points, with girls and older children witnessing a larger decline. We find that school attendance is the main mechanism explaining these impacts.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/S6DP7I9R/Balakrishnan and Tsaneva - 2021 - Air pollution and academic performance Evidence f.pdf}
}

@book{Baland2017,
  title = {Intra-{{Household Bargaining}} in {{Poor Countries}}},
  author = {Baland, Jean-marie and Ziparo, Roberta},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  volume = {1},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  doi = {10.1093/oso/9780198829591.003.0004},
  isbn = {978-92-9256-332-5},
  keywords = {development,efficiency,household,strategic behaviour}
}

@article{Baland2018,
  title = {Forest Degradation and Economic Growth in {{Nepal}}, 2003--2010},
  author = {Baland, Jean Marie and Libois, Fran{\c c}ois and Mookherjee, Dilip},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {401--439},
  issn = {23335963},
  doi = {10.1086/695690},
  abstract = {We investigate the relation between economic growth, household firewood collection, and forest conditions in Nepal between 2003 and 2010. Comovements in these are examined at the household and village levels, combining satellite imagery and household (Nepal Living Standard Measurement Survey) data. Projections of the impact of economic growth based on Engel curves turn out to be highly inaccurate: forest conditions remained stable despite considerable growth in household consumption and income. Firewood collections at the village level remained stable, as effects of demographic growth were offset by substantial reductions in per household collections. Households substituted firewood by alternative energy sources, particularly when livestock and farm-based occupations declined in importance. Engel curve specifications which include household productive assets (a proxy for occupational patterns) provide more accurate predictions. Hence structural changes accompanying economic growth play an important role in offsetting adverse environmental consequences of growth.},
  keywords = {Deforestation,Environmental Kuznets curve,Growth,Nepal},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JHU4MZCD/Baland et al. - 2018 - Forest Degradation and Economic Growth in Nepal, 2.pdf}
}

@article{balandWIDERWorkingPaper,
  title = {{{WIDER Working Paper}} 2017/108 - {{Intra-household}} Bargaining in Poor Countries},
  author = {Baland, Jean-Marie and Ziparo, Roberta},
  pages = {25},
  abstract = {Abstract: This paper is intended to bridge the theoretical literature describing efficient intrahousehold behaviour and the development literature that collects empirical regularities pointing toward the existence of strategic decision-making among spouses. It examines the key elements of the collective model and discusses its relevance to analysing intra-household behaviour in poor countries. It explores the role that risk and uncertainty, information asymmetries, power imbalances, arranged marriages, strategic investment, gender norms, and extended households play in the attainment of efficiency.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/B2J8QSXK/Baland and Ziparo - WIDER Working Paper 2017108 - Intra-household bar.pdf}
}

@article{Balboni2018,
  title = {In {{Harm}}'s {{Way}}? {{Infrastructure Investments}} and the {{Persistence}} of {{Coastal Cities}}},
  author = {Balboni, Clare},
  year = {2018},
  number = {April},
  pages = {1--85},
  abstract = {Coasts contain a disproportionate share of the world's population, reflecting historical advan- tages, but environmental change threatens a reversal of coastal fortune in the coming decades as natural disasters intensify and sea levels rise. This paper considers whether large infrastruc- ture investments should continue to favour coastal areas. I use a dynamic spatial equilibrium framework and detailed georeferenced data from Vietnam to examine this issue and find evi- dence that coastal favouritism has significant costs. Road investments concentrated in coastal regions between 2000 and 2010 had positive returns but would have been outperformed by al- locations concentrated further inland even in the absence of sea level rise. Future inundation renders the status quo significantly less efficient. Under a central sea level rise scenario, welfare gains 72\% higher could have been achieved by a foresighted allocation avoiding the most vul- nerable regions. The results highlight the importance of accounting for the dynamic effects of environmental change in deciding where to allocate infrastructure today.},
  keywords = {a,ac,and political science,balboni,c,climate change,department of economics and,email,gharad bryan,guidance and,i,london school of economics,lse,natural disaster risk,path dependence,regional development,robin burgess,spatial misallocation,sticerd,sturm for their continuous,thank oriana bandiera,transport infrastructure,uk,vernon henderson and daniel,vietnam},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EEMBE3PG/Balboni - In Harm’s Way Infrastructure Investments and the .pdf}
}

@article{balboniWhyPeopleStay2022,
  title = {Why {{Do People Stay Poor}}?*},
  shorttitle = {Why {{Do People Stay Poor}}?},
  author = {Balboni, Clare and Bandiera, Oriana and Burgess, Robin and Ghatak, Maitreesh and Heil, Anton},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {137},
  number = {2},
  pages = {785--844},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjab045},
  urldate = {2023-06-07},
  abstract = {There are two broad views as to why people stay poor. One emphasizes differences in fundamentals, such as ability, talent, or motivation. The poverty traps view emphasizes differences in opportunities that stem from access to wealth. To test these views, we exploit a large-scale, randomized asset transfer and an 11-year panel of 6,000 households who begin in extreme poverty. The setting is rural Bangladesh, and the assets are cows. The data support the poverty traps view---we identify a threshold level of initial assets above which households accumulate assets, take on better occupations (from casual labor in agriculture or domestic services to running small livestock businesses), and grow out of poverty. The reverse happens for those below the threshold. Structural estimation of an occupational choice model reveals that almost all beneficiaries are misallocated in the work they do at baseline and that the gains arising from eliminating misallocation would far exceed the program costs. Our findings imply that large transfers, which create better jobs for the poor, are an effective means of getting people out of poverty traps and reducing global poverty.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5P7LVU5W/Balboni et al. - 2022 - Why Do People Stay Poor.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KJBVCVIR/6455333.html}
}

@article{Baldwin2013,
  title = {Why {{Vote}} with the {{Chief}}? {{Political Connections}} and {{Public Goods Provision}} in {{Zambia}}},
  author = {Baldwin, Kate},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  volume = {57},
  number = {4},
  pages = {794--809},
  issn = {15405907},
  doi = {10.1111/ajps.12023},
  abstract = {Why are voters influenced by the views of local patrons when casting their ballots? The existing literature suggests that coercion and personal obligations underpin this form of clientelism, causing voters to support candidates for reasons tangential to political performance. However, voters who support candidates preferred by local patrons may be making sophisticated political inferences. In many developing countries, elected politicians need to work with local patrons to deliver resources to voters, giving voters good reason to consider their patron's opinions of candidates. This argument is tested using data from an original survey of traditional chiefs and an experiment involving voters in Zambia. Chiefs and politicians with stronger relationships collaborate more effectively to provide local public goods. Furthermore, voters are particularly likely to vote with their chief if they perceive the importance of chiefs and politicians working jointly for local development. {\copyright}2013, Midwest Political Science Association.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BYU5JKSJ/Baldwin - 2013 - Why Vote with the Chief Political Connections and.pdf}
}

@article{Baldwin2014,
  title = {When {{Politicians Cede Control}} of {{Resources}}: {{Land}}, {{Chiefs}}, and {{Coalition-Building}} in {{Africa}}},
  author = {Baldwin, Kate},
  year = {2014},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Comparative Politics},
  volume = {46},
  number = {3},
  pages = {253--271},
  issn = {00104159},
  doi = {10.5129/001041514810943036},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9IZCYYWG/Baldwin - 2014 - When Politicians Cede Control of Resources Land, .pdf}
}

@book{Baldwin2016,
  title = {The {{Paradox}} of {{Traditional Chiefs}} in {{Democratic Africa}}},
  author = {Baldwin, Kate},
  year = {2016},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  address = {Cambridge},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9781316422335},
  urldate = {2019-10-28},
  isbn = {978-1-316-42233-5}
}

@article{Baldwin2019,
  title = {Traditional {{Political Institutions}} and {{Democracy}}: {{Reassessing Their Compatibility}} and {{Accountability}}},
  author = {Baldwin, Kate and Holzinger, Katharina},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
  issn = {15523829},
  doi = {10.1177/0010414019852686},
  abstract = {This article revisits prominent frameworks for understanding traditional political institutions which make pessimistic assessments about their compatibility with democracy. Traditional political institutions are often assumed to be unaccountable because they are led by undemocratic leaders who are not subject to electoral sanctioning. However, drawing on new information from the TradGov Group dataset, an expert survey on the contemporary practices of more than 1,400 ethnic groups that currently have traditional political institutions, we show that these institutions contain their own distinct mechanisms of accountability. In a majority of cases, decision-making is consensual and leaders must account for their actions in various ways. We challenge the electoral accountability framework for understanding the quality of traditional leaders' performance, instead arguing that traditional political institutions can be compatible with democracy and even accountable to their citizens insofar as they adopt inclusive decision-making processes and their leaders have strong nonelectoral connections to the communities they represent.},
  keywords = {accountability,democracy,state building,traditional leaders,traditional political institutions},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VRCRHJRX/Baldwin and Holzinger - 2019 - Traditional Political Institutions and Democracy .pdf}
}

@article{ballesterWhosWhoNetworks2006,
  title = {Who's {{Who}} in {{Networks}}. {{Wanted}}: {{The Key Player}}},
  shorttitle = {Who's {{Who}} in {{Networks}}. {{Wanted}}},
  author = {Ballester, Coralio and {Calv{\'o}-Armengol}, Antoni and Zenou, Yves},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {74},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1403--1417},
  issn = {1468-0262},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00709.x},
  urldate = {2025-03-11},
  abstract = {Finite population noncooperative games with linear-quadratic utilities, where each player decides how much action she exerts, can be interpreted as a network game with local payoff complementarities, together with a globally uniform payoff substitutability component and an own-concavity effect. For these games, the Nash equilibrium action of each player is proportional to her Bonacich centrality in the network of local complementarities, thus establishing a bridge with the sociology literature on social networks. This Bonacich--Nash linkage implies that aggregate equilibrium increases with network size and density. We then analyze a policy that consists of targeting the key player, that is, the player who, once removed, leads to the optimal change in aggregate activity. We provide a geometric characterization of the key player identified with an intercentrality measure, which takes into account both a player's centrality and her contribution to the centrality of the others.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {centrality measures,peer effects,policies,Social networks},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/59VJM7WU/j.1468-0262.2006.00709.html}
}

@article{ballietCommunicationCooperationSocial2010,
  title = {Communication and {{Cooperation}} in {{Social Dilemmas}}: {{A Meta-Analytic Review}}},
  shorttitle = {Communication and {{Cooperation}} in {{Social Dilemmas}}},
  author = {Balliet, Daniel},
  year = {2010},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Conflict Resolution},
  volume = {54},
  number = {1},
  pages = {39--57},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc},
  issn = {0022-0027},
  doi = {10.1177/0022002709352443},
  urldate = {2022-11-17},
  abstract = {Among the most researched solutions to social dilemmas is communication. Since the late 1950s, it has been well known that communication enhances cooperation in social dilemmas. This article reports a meta-analysis of this literature (forty-five effect sizes) and finds a large positive effect of communication on cooperation in social dilemmas (d = 1.01). This effect is moderated by the type of communication, with a stronger effect of face-to-face discussion ( d = 1.21) compared to written messages (d = 0.46). The communication-cooperation relationship is also stronger in larger, compared to smaller, group social dilemmas. Whether communication occurred before or during iterated dilemmas did not statistically affect the communication-cooperation effect size. Results are discussed according to theory and research on communication in social dilemmas.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QGEUTH7R/Balliet - 2010 - Communication and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas .pdf}
}

@article{Baltrunaite2018,
  title = {Discretion and {{Supplier Selection}} in {{Public Procurement}}},
  author = {Baltrunaite, Audinga and Giorgiantonio, Cristina and Mocetti, Sauro and Orlando, Tommaso},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  volume = {35},
  number = {442},
  pages = {1--28},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3210748},
  abstract = {The multidimensional view of well-being is receiving growing attention, both in academic research and policy-oriented analysis. This paper examines empirical strategies to measure poverty and inequality in multiple domaine of different funs, concentrating on two problems in the use of synthetic multidimensional indices: the weighting structurctionings and the functional form of the index. These problems are illustrated by comparing inequality and deprivation in income and health in the four largest countries of the EU: France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom.},
  isbn = {1542-4766},
  pmid = {16167190},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2ZQ2UDX3/Baltrunaite et al. - 2018 - Discretion and Supplier Selection in Public Procur.pdf}
}

@article{banajiWhatsAppVigilantesExploration,
  title = {{{WhatsApp Vigilantes}}: {{An}} Exploration of Citizen Reception and Circulation of {{WhatsApp}} Misinformation Linked to Mob Violence in {{India}}},
  author = {Banaji, Shakuntala and Bhat, Ram and Agarwal, Anushi and Passanha, Nihal and Pravin, Mukti Sadhana},
  pages = {62},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JQXFUXHY/Banaji et al. - WhatsApp Vigilantes An exploration of citizen rec.pdf}
}

@techreport{Bandiera2019,
  title = {The {{Allocation}} of {{Authority}} in {{Organizations}}: {{A Field Experiment}} with {{Bureaucrats}}},
  author = {Bandiera, Oriana and Best, Michael Carlos and Khan, Adnan and Prat, Andrea},
  year = {2019},
  abstract = {We design a field experiment to study the allocation of authority in organizations where autonomy leverages the agents' private information and rules prevent them from extracting private benefits. A simple model illustrates that monitoring of adherence to rules creates a second set of agents subject to their own agency problems, and hence the optimal allocation of authority and incentives depends on the relative alignment of frontline workers and their monitors with organizational goals. The experiment, run with the government of Punjab, Pakistan, creates exogenous variation in the autonomy and incentives of 600 procurement officers. We find that increasing procurement officers' autonomy vis-{\`a}-vis their auditors reduces prices by 9\% without reducing quality and the effect is stronger when the auditor is more extractive. In contrast, performance pay only reduce prices when the auditor is not extractive and is close to zero on average. The results suggest auditors are less concerned with saving public money than procurement officers are. This has implications for organizational design and anti-corruption policies.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LNN24SHF/Bandiera et al. - 2020 - The Allocation of Authority in Organizations A Fi.pdf}
}

@article{bandieraCanBasicEntrepreneurship,
  title = {Can Basic Entrepreneurship Transform the Economic Lives of the Poor?},
  author = {Bandiera, Oriana and Burgess, Robin and Das, Narayan and Gulesci, Selim and Rasul, Imran and Sulaiman, Munshi},
  pages = {53},
  abstract = {The world's poorest people lack capital and skills and toil for others in occupations that others shun. Using a large-scale and long-term randomized control trial in Bangladesh this paper demonstrates that sizable transfers of assets and skills enable the poorest women to shift out of agricultural labor and into running small businesses. This shift, which persists and strengthens after assistance is withdrawn, leads to a 38\% increase in earnings. Inculcating basic entrepreneurship, where severely disadvantaged women take on occupations which were the preserve of non-poor women, is shown to be a powerful means of transforming the economic lives of the poor.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {asset transfers,capital constraints,occuptation choice,poverty,structural change,vocational training},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GV6B64W4/Bandiera et al. - can basic entrepreneurship transform the economic .pdf}
}

@article{bandieraLABORMARKETSPOVERTY,
  title = {{{LABOR MARKETS AND POVERTY IN VILLAGE ECONOMIES}}},
  author = {Bandiera, Oriana and Burgess, Robin and Das, Narayan and Gulesci, Selim and Rasul, Imran and Sulaiman, Munshi},
  journal = {QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS},
  pages = {60},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/J8GB6QHV/Bandiera et al. - LABOR MARKETS AND POVERTY IN VILLAGE ECONOMIES.pdf}
}

@article{bandieraWomenEmpowermentAction2020,
  title = {Women's {{Empowerment}} in {{Action}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Control Trial}} in {{Africa}}},
  shorttitle = {Women's {{Empowerment}} in {{Action}}},
  author = {Bandiera, Oriana and Buehren, Niklas and Burgess, Robin and Goldstein, Markus and Gulesci, Selim and Rasul, Imran and Sulaiman, Munshi},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {210--259},
  issn = {1945-7782},
  doi = {10.1257/app.20170416},
  urldate = {2023-12-01},
  abstract = {We evaluate a multifaceted policy intervention attempting to jump-start adolescent women's empowerment in Uganda by simultaneously providing them vocational training and information on sex, reproduction, and marriage. We find that four years postintervention, adolescent girls in treated communities are more likely to be self-employed. Teen pregnancy, early entry into marriage/cohabitation, and the share of girls reporting sex against their will fall sharply. The results highlight the potential of a multifaceted program that provides skills transfers as a viable and cost-effective policy intervention to improve the economic and social empowerment of adolescent girls over a four-year horizon.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child Care,Children,Domestic Abuse Fertility,Education and Economic Development Marriage,Family Planning,Family Structure,Human Development,Income Distribution,Labor Productivity Economic Development: Human Resources,Marital Dissolution,Migration,Non-labor Discrimination Labor Demand Human Capital,Occupational Choice,Skills,Youth Economics of Gender},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DR32IYAD/Bandiera et al. - 2020 - Women's Empowerment in Action Evidence from a Ran.pdf}
}

@article{Banerjee2014,
  title = {Under the {{Thumb}} of {{History}}? {{Political Institutions}} and the {{Scope}} for {{Action}}},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit V. and Duflo, Esther},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {951--971},
  issn = {1941-1383},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-economics-080213-041110},
  abstract = {This article discusses the two leading views of history and political institutions. For some scholars, institutions are mainly products of historical logic, whereas for others, accidents, leaders, and decisions have a significant impact. We argue that although there is clear evidence that history matters and has long-term effects, there are not enough data to help us distinguish between the two views. Faced with this uncertainty, what is a social scientist to do? We argue that given the possibility that policy decisions indeed make a difference, it makes sense to assume they do and to try to improve policy making.},
  keywords = {development,persistence,political economy},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/289SEIKW/Banerjee and Duflo - 2014 - Under the Thumb of History Political Institutions.pdf}
}

@article{Banerjee2016,
  title = {E-{{Governance}}, {{Accountability}}, and {{Leakage}} in {{Public Programs}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from a {{Financial Management Reform}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit V. and Imbert, Clement and Mathew, Santhosh},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  pages = {1--63},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2867669},
  abstract = {In collaboration with the Government of Bihar, India, we conducted a large-scale experiment to evaluate whether transparency in fiscal transfer systems can increase accountability and reduce corruption in the implementation of a workfare program. The reforms introduced electronic fund-flow, cut out administrative tiers, and switched the basis of transfer amounts from forecasts to documented expenditures. Treatment reduced leakages along three measures: expenditures and hours claimed dropped while an independent household survey found no impact on actual employment and wages received; a matching exercise reveals a reduction in fake households on payrolls; and local program officials' self-reported median personal assets fell.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PQFR5TJX/Banerjee et al. - E-governance, Accountability, and Leakage in Publi.pdf}
}

@article{Banerjee2018,
  title = {Tangible Information and Citizen Empowerment: {{Identification}} Cards and Food Subsidy Programs in {{Indonesia}}},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit and Hanna, Rema and Kyle, Jordan and Olken, Benjamin A. and Sumarto, Sudarno},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {126},
  number = {2},
  pages = {451--491},
  issn = {1537534X},
  doi = {10.1086/696226},
  abstract = {Redistribution programs in developing countries often ``leak'' because local officials do not implement programs as the central government intends. We study one approach to reducing leakage. In an experiment in over 550 villages, we test whether mailing cards with program information to targeted beneficiaries increases the subsidy they receive from a subsidized rice program. On net, beneficiaries received 26 percent more subsidy in card villages. Ineligible households received no less, so this represents substantially lower leakage.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VB4W3ELL/Banerjee et al. - 2018 - Tangible Information and Citizen Empowerment Iden.pdf}
}

@article{Banerjee2019,
  title = {The {{Entertaining Way}} to {{Behavioral Change}}: {{Fighting HIV}} with {{MTV}}},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit and La Ferrara, Eliana and {Orozco-Olvera}, Victor H},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {NBER Working Paper},
  number = {26096},
  abstract = {We test the effectiveness of an entertainment education TV series, MTV Shuga, aimed at providing information and changing attitudes and behaviors related to HIV/AIDS. Using a simple model we show that "edutainment" can work through an individual or a social channel. We conducted a randomized controlled trial in urban Nigeria where young viewers were exposed to MTV Shuga or to a placebo TV series. Among those exposed to MTV Shuga, we created additional variation in the social messages they received and in the people with whom they watched the show. We find significant improvements in knowledge and attitudes towards HIV and risky sexual behavior. Treated subjects are twice as likely to get tested for HIV eight months after the intervention. We also find reductions in STDs among women. These effects are stronger for viewers who report being more involved with the narrative, consistent with the psychological underpinnings of edutainment. Our experimental manipulations of the social norm component did not produce significantly different results from the main treatment. The individual effect of edutainment thus seems to have prevailed in the context of our study.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6FDZBAEB/Banerjee et al. - The Entertaining Way to Behavioral Change Fightin.pdf}
}

@book{banerjee2019good,
  title = {Good {{Economics}} for {{Hard Times}}: {{Better Answers}} to {{Our Biggest Problems}}},
  author = {Banerjee, A V and Duflo, E},
  year = {2019},
  publisher = {Penguin Books Limited},
  isbn = {978-0-14-198620-3}
}

@article{banerjee2023CosteffectiveApproaches2023,
  title = {2023 {{Cost-effective Approaches}} to {{Improve Global Learning}} - {{What}} Does {{Recent Evidence Tell Us}} Are "{{Smart Buys}}" for {{Improving Learning}} in {{Low-}} and {{Middle-income Countries}}?},
  shorttitle = {2023 {{Cost-effective Approaches}} to {{Improve Global Learning}} - {{What}} Does {{Recent Evidence Tell Us}} Are {\^a} {{Smart Buys{\^a}}}  for {{Improving Learning}} in {{Low-}} and {{Middle-income Countries}}?},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit and Andrab, Tahir and Banerji, Rukmini and Dynarski, Susan and Glennerster, Rachel and {Grantham-Mcgregor}, Sally and Muralidharan, Karthik and Piper, Benjamin and Chanduvi, Jaime Saavedra and Yoshikawa, Hirokazu and Ruto, Sara and Schmelkes, Sylvia},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  publisher = {World Bank Group},
  urldate = {2023-12-01},
  abstract = {Launched in July 2020, the Global Education Evidence Advisory Panel is an independent, cross-disciplinary body composed of leading education experts from around the world. Its mandate is to provide succinct, usable, and policy-focused recommendations to support policymakers' decision-making on education investments in low- and middle-income countries. The Panel is convened by the Foreign, Commonwealth \&amp; Development Office (FCDO), the World Bank, the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CU2PLMW8/Banerjee et al. - 2023 - 2023 Cost-effective Approaches to Improve Global L.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZKH7D8FN/GEEAP-Report-Smart-Buys-2023-final.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/D4KPEVU7/5121024.html}
}

@article{banerjeeCanInstitutionsBe2012,
  title = {Can {{Institutions Be Reformed}} from {{Within}}? {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Experiment}} with the {{Rajasthan Police}}},
  shorttitle = {Can {{Institutions Be Reformed}} from {{Within}}?},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit V. and Chattopadhyay, Raghabendra and Duflo, Esther and Keniston, Daniel and Singh, Nina},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2010854},
  urldate = {2024-08-09},
  abstract = {Institutions in developing countries, particularly those inherited from the colonial period, are often thought to be subject to strong inertia. This study presents the results of a unique randomized trial testing whether these institutions can be reformed through incremental administrative change. The police department of the state of Rajasthan, India collaborated with researchers at US and Indian universities to design and implement four interventions to improve police performance and the public's perception of the police in 162 police stations (covering over one-fifth of the State's police stations and personnel): (1) placing community observers in police stations; (2) a freeze on transfers of police staff; (3) in-service training to update skills; and (4) weekly duty rotation with a guaranteed day off per week. These reforms were evaluated using data collected through two rounds of surveys including police interviews, decoy visits to police stations, and a large-scale public opinion and crime victimization survey--the first of its kind in India. The results illustrate that two of the reform interventions, the freeze on transfers and the training, improved police effectiveness and public and crime victims' satisfaction. The decoy visits also led to an improvement in police performance. The other reforms showed no robust effects. This may be due to constraints on local implementation: The three successful interventions did not require the sustained cooperation of the communities or the local authorities (the station heads) and they were robustly implemented throughout the project. In contrast, the two unsuccessful interventions, which required local implementation, were not systematically implemented.},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{banerjeeDecisionTheoreticApproaches2017,
  title = {Decision {{Theoretic Approaches}} to {{Experiment Design}} and {{External Validity}} a {{aWe}} Thank {{Esther Duflo}} for Her Leadership on the Handbook and for Extensive Comments on Earlier Drafts. {{Chassang}} and {{Snowberg}} Gratefully Acknowledge the Support of {{NSF}} Grant {{SES-1156154}}.},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Economic Field Experiments}}},
  author = {Banerjee, A.V. and Chassang, S. and Snowberg, E.},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {141--174},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/bs.hefe.2016.08.005},
  urldate = {2020-03-18},
  abstract = {A modern, decision-theoretic framework can help clarify important practical questions of experimental design. Building on our recent work, this chapter begins by summarizing our framework for understanding the goals of experimenters and applying this to rerandomization. We then use this framework to shed light on questions related to experimental registries, preanalysis plans, and most importantly, external validity. Our framework implies that even when large samples can be collected, external decision-making remains inherently subjective. We embrace this conclusion and argue that in order to improve external validity, experimental research needs to create a space for structured speculation.},
  isbn = {978-0-444-63324-8},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E2FB8LRN/Banerjee et al. - 2017 - Decision Theoretic Approaches to Experiment Design.pdf}
}

@article{banerjeeDepressionLonelinessElderly2023,
  title = {Depression and {{Loneliness}} among the {{Elderly}} in {{Low-}} and {{Middle-Income Countries}}},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit and Duflo, Esther and Grela, Erin and McKelway, Madeline and Schilbach, Frank and Sharma, Garima and Vaidyanathan, Girija},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume = {37},
  number = {2},
  pages = {179--202},
  issn = {0895-3309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.37.2.179},
  urldate = {2024-10-29},
  abstract = {We combine data from longitudinal surveys in seven low- and middle-income countries (plus the United States for comparison) to document that depressive symptoms among those aged 55 and above are prevalent in those countries and, unlike in the United States, increase sharply with age. Depressive symptoms in one survey wave are associated with a greater decline in ability to carry out basic daily activities and a higher probability of death in the next wave. Using additional data from a panel survey we conducted in Tamil Nadu with a focus on elderly living alone, we document that social isolation, poverty, and physical health challenges are strongly correlated with depression. We discuss potential policy interventions in these three domains, including some results from our randomized control trials in the Tamil Nadu sample.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economics of the Handicapped,Health Behavior Health: Government Policy,Human Development,Income Distribution,Migration,Non-labor Market Discrimination Economic Development: Human Resources,Public Health Economics of the Elderly,Regulation},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KU65F3X7/Banerjee et al. - 2023 - Depression and Loneliness among the Elderly in Low.pdf}
}

@article{banerjeeDiffusionMicrofinance2013a,
  title = {The {{Diffusion}} of {{Microfinance}}},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit and Chandrasekhar, A. G. and Duflo, E. and Jackson, M. O.},
  year = {2013},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {341},
  number = {6144},
  pages = {1236498--1236498},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1236498},
  urldate = {2020-12-18},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GXPNT3ZV/Banerjee et al. - 2013 - The Diffusion of Microfinance.pdf}
}

@misc{banerjeeEfficientDeploymentPolice2019,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {The {{Efficient Deployment}} of {{Police Resources}}: {{Theory}} and {{New Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Drunk Driving Crackdown}} in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Efficient Deployment}} of {{Police Resources}}},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit and Duflo, Esther and Keniston, Daniel and Singh, Nina},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {26224},
  eprint = {26224},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w26224},
  urldate = {2024-09-13},
  abstract = {Should police activity be narrowly focused and high force, or widely-dispersed but of moderate intensity? Critics of intense ``hot spot'' policing argue it primarily displaces, not reduces, crime. But if learning about enforcement takes time, the police may take advantage of this period to intervene intensively in the most productive location. We propose a multi-armed bandit model of criminal learning and structurally estimate its parameters using data from a randomized controlled experiment on an anti-drunken driving campaign in Rajasthan, India. In each police station, sobriety checkpoints were either rotated among 3 locations or fixed in the best location, and the intensity of the crackdown was cross-randomized. Rotating checkpoints reduced night accidents by 17\%, and night deaths by 25\%, while fixed checkpoints had no significant effects. In structural estimation, we show clear evidence of driver learning and strategic responses. We use these parameters to simulate environment-specific optimal enforcement policies.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/67E5E56K/Banerjee et al. - 2019 - The Efficient Deployment of Police Resources Theo.pdf}
}

@misc{banerjeeEfficientDeploymentPolice2019a,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {The {{Efficient Deployment}} of {{Police Resources}}: {{Theory}} and {{New Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Drunk Driving Crackdown}} in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Efficient Deployment}} of {{Police Resources}}},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit and Duflo, Esther and Keniston, Daniel and Singh, Nina},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {26224},
  eprint = {26224},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w26224},
  urldate = {2024-09-15},
  abstract = {Should police activity be narrowly focused and high force, or widely-dispersed but of moderate intensity? Critics of intense ``hot spot'' policing argue it primarily displaces, not reduces, crime. But if learning about enforcement takes time, the police may take advantage of this period to intervene intensively in the most productive location. We propose a multi-armed bandit model of criminal learning and structurally estimate its parameters using data from a randomized controlled experiment on an anti-drunken driving campaign in Rajasthan, India. In each police station, sobriety checkpoints were either rotated among 3 locations or fixed in the best location, and the intensity of the crackdown was cross-randomized. Rotating checkpoints reduced night accidents by 17\%, and night deaths by 25\%, while fixed checkpoints had no significant effects. In structural estimation, we show clear evidence of driver learning and strategic responses. We use these parameters to simulate environment-specific optimal enforcement policies.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8M87GZHL/Banerjee et al. - 2019 - The Efficient Deployment of Police Resources Theo.pdf}
}

@article{banerjeeEntertainingWayBehavioral,
  title = {The {{Entertaining Way}} to {{Behavioral Change}}},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit and Ferrara, Eliana La and Orozco, Victor},
  abstract = {We test the e¤ectiveness of an entertainment education TV series, MTV Shuga, aimed at providing information and changing attitudes and behaviors related to HIV/AIDS. Using a simple model we show that ``edutainment''can work through an ``information''or through a ``conformity''channel. We conducted a randomized controlled trial in urban Nigeria where young viewers were exposed to Shuga or to a non-educational TV series. Among those who watched Shuga, we created additional variation in the ``social messages''they received and in the people with whom they watched the show. We {\dots}nd signi{\dots}cant improvements in knowledge and attitudes towards HIV and risky sexual behavior. Treated subjects are twice as likely to get tested for HIV 6 to 9 months after the intervention. We also {\dots}nd reductions in STDs among women. Our experimental manipulations of the social norm component did not produce signi{\dots}cantly di¤erent results from the main treatment. Also, we don't detect signi{\dots}cant spillovers on the behavior of friends who did not watch Shuga. The ``information''e¤ect of edutainment thus seems to have prevailed in the context of our study.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MKU9XW38/Banerjee et al. - The Entertaining Way to Behavioral Change.pdf}
}

@article{banerjeeFirmsWantBorrow2014,
  title = {Do {{Firms Want}} to {{Borrow More}}? {{Testing Credit Constraints Using}} a {{Directed Lending Program}}},
  shorttitle = {Do {{Firms Want}} to {{Borrow More}}?},
  author = {Banerjee, A. V. and Duflo, E.},
  year = {2014},
  month = apr,
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {81},
  number = {2},
  pages = {572--607},
  issn = {0034-6527, 1467-937X},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdt046},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This article uses variation in access to a targeted lending program to estimate whether firms are credit constrained. While both constrained and unconstrained firms may be willing to absorb all the directed credit that they can get (because it may be cheaper than other sources of credit), constrained firms will use it to expand production, while unconstrained firms will primarily use it as a substitute for other borrowing. We apply these observations to firms in India that became eligible for directed credit as a result of a policy change in 1998, and lost eligibility as a result of the reversal of this reform in 2000, and to smaller firms that were already eligible for the preferential credit before 1998 and remained eligible in 2000. Comparing the trends in the sales and the profits of these two groups of firms, we show that there is no evidence that directed credit is being used as a substitute for other forms of credit. Instead, the credit was used to finance more production--there was a large acceleration in the rate of growth of sales and profits for these firms in 1998, and a corresponding decline in 2000. There was no change in trends around either date for the small firms. We conclude that many of the firms must have been severely credit constrained, and that the marginal rate of return to capital was very high for these firms.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Banking,Credit constraints,India,Misallocation},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8SDSJXXP/Banerjee and Duflo - 2014 - Do Firms Want to Borrow More Testing Credit Const.pdf}
}

@article{banerjeeGrowthTheoryLens2004,
  title = {Growth {{Theory}} through the {{Lens}} of {{Development Economics}}},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit V. and Duflo, Esther},
  year = {2004},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.651483},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Growth theory traditionally assumed the existence of an aggregate production function, whose existence and properties are closely tied to the assumption of optimal resource allocation within each economy. We show extensive evidence, culled from the microdevelopment literature, demonstrating that the assumption of optimal resource allocation fails radically. The key fact is the enormous heterogeneity of rates of return to the same factor within a single economy, a heterogeneity that dwarfs the cross-country heterogeneity in the economy-wide average return. Prima facie, we argue, this evidence poses problems for old and new growth theories alike. We then review the literature on various causes of this misallocation. We go on to calibrate a simple model which explicitly introduces the possibility of misallocation into an otherwise standard growth model . We show that, in order to match the data, it is not enough to have misallocated factors: there also needs to be important fixed costs in production. We conclude by outlining the contour of a possible non-aggregate growth theory, and review the existing attempts to take such a model to the data.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {abhijit v,aggregate production function,allocation,banerjee and esther duflo,factor,growth theory through the,lens of development economics,non-aggregative growth theory,non-convexities},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7E9W7EP9/Banerjee and Duflo - 2004 - Growth Theory through the Lens of Development Econ.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R25TYNR4/Banerjee and Duflo - 2004 - Growth Theory through the Lens of Development Econ.pdf}
}

@article{banerjeeImprovingPolicePerformance2021,
  title = {Improving {{Police Performance}} in {{Rajasthan}}, {{India}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} on {{Incentives}}, {{Managerial Autonomy}}, and {{Training}}},
  shorttitle = {Improving {{Police Performance}} in {{Rajasthan}}, {{India}}},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit and Chattopadhyay, Raghabendra and Duflo, Esther and Keniston, Daniel and Singh, Nina},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Economic Policy},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {36--66},
  issn = {1945-7731},
  doi = {10.1257/pol.20190664},
  urldate = {2024-08-09},
  abstract = {Management matters for firms, but what practices are optimal in hierarchical government organizations? And can skilled managers identify them? A large-scale randomized trial conducted with the police of Rajasthan, India, tested four interventions recommended by senior police officers: limitations of transfers, rotation of duties and days off, increased community involvement, and on-duty training. Field experience motivated a fifth intervention: "decoy" visits by enumerators to register cases, incentivizing staff to improve service. Only training and decoy visits had robust impacts; others were poorly implemented and ineffective. Management reforms can improve policing, but even skilled leaders struggle to identify the optimal interventions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Institutional Arrangements,Labor Productivity Public Sector Labor Markets Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law Personnel Economics: Training Formal and Informal Sectors,Occupational Choice,Shadow Economy,Skills,State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories Human Capital},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3EW93IKC/Banerjee et al. - 2021 - Improving Police Performance in Rajasthan, India .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HPV5XKMF/Banerjee et al. - 2012 - Can Institutions Be Reformed from Within Evidence.pdf}
}

@article{banerjeeInequalityGrowthWhat,
  title = {Inequality and {{Growth}}: {{What Can}} the {{Data Say}}?},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit V and Du, Esther},
  pages = {42},
  abstract = {This paper describes the correlations between inequality and the growth rates in crosscountry data. Using non-parametric methods, we show that the growth rate is an inverted U-shaped function of net changes in inequality: Changes in inequality (in any direction) are associated with reduced growth in the next period. The estimated relationship is robust to variations in control variables and estimation methods. This inverted U-curve is consistent with a simple political economy model but it could also reflect the nature of measurement errors, and, in general, efforts to interpret this evidence causally run into difficult identification problems. We show that this non-linearity is sufficient to explain why previous estimates of the relationship between the level of inequality and growth are so different from one another.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/86QW4WBA/Banerjee and Du - Inequality and Growth What Can the Data Say.pdf}
}

@article{banerjeeLongTermImpacts,
  title = {The {{Long}} Term {{Impacts}} of a ``{{Graduation}}'' {{Program}}: {{Evidence}} from {{West Bengal}}},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit and Duflo, Esther and Chattopadhyay, Raghabendra and Shapiro, Jeremy},
  pages = {34},
  abstract = {This note reports on the long run (seven-year) impact of Bandhan's ``Targetting the Hard Core Poor program'', a multifaceted anti-poverty program which includes an asset transfer and support for 18 months, in West Bengal, India. Evaluations in seven different sites, including West Bengal (reported in Banerjee et al (2015) and Bandiera et al (2016)) find large effect of the programs, 3 years after it was launched (and 18 months after services ended). In the longer run, we find large, persistent, and often growing impacts: Seven years after the asset were first distributed, the monthly consumption of those assigned to treatment is 16 dollars-- or 25\%--higher than the consumption of non those assigned to control (the short term effect was 6.6 dollars -- or 12\%). Positive effects are found across all categories of outcomes (consumption, assets, income, food security, financial stability, time spent working, and physical and mental health), including some outcomes where we did not originally find an effect in the short or medium run. This suggests that the promise of the program to have unlocked a ``poverty trap'' seem realized, at least in this context.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {animal transfers,Conner,Documents,google drive,Guatemala ronda 2 2017,Mullally,papers},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X6MQAU7G/Banerjee et al. - The Long term Impacts of a “Graduation” Program E.pdf}
}

@article{banerjeeMarketHealthcareLow,
  title = {The {{Market}} for {{Healthcare}} in {{Low Income Countries}}},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit and Das, Jishnu and Hammer, Jeffrey and Hussam, Reshmaan and Mohpal, Aakash},
  pages = {56},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IIIPU5RW/Banerjee et al. - The Market for Healthcare in Low Income Countries.pdf}
}

@article{banerjeeMicroenterprisesMaximizeProfits2023,
  title = {Do {{Microenterprises Maximize Profits}}? {{A Vegetable Market Experiment}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit and Fischer, Greg and Karlan, Dean and Lowe, Matt and Roth, Benjamin N},
  year = {2023},
  abstract = {We ran a market-level experiment in Kolkata vegetable markets in which we subsidized some vendors to sell additional produce. The vendors earned over 60\% higher profits, even when excluding the value of the subsidy. Nevertheless, after the subsidy ended vendors largely stopped selling the additional produce. Vendors had knowledge of the opportunity and demonstrated they were capable of exploiting it without assistance. We conclude that their behavior significantly diverges from profit maximization. We draw implications for development research and policy.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DHAU3Y3A/Banerjee et al. - Do Microenterprises Maximize Profits A Vegetable  copy.pdf}
}

@article{banerjeeMultifacetedProgramCauses2015,
  title = {A Multifaceted Program Causes Lasting Progress for the Very Poor: {{Evidence}} from Six Countries},
  shorttitle = {A Multifaceted Program Causes Lasting Progress for the Very Poor},
  author = {Banerjee, A. and Duflo, E. and Goldberg, N. and Karlan, D. and Osei, R. and Pariente, W. and Shapiro, J. and Thuysbaert, B. and Udry, C.},
  year = {2015},
  month = may,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {348},
  number = {6236},
  pages = {1260799--1260799},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1260799},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/J6F7FZRU/Banerjee et al. - 2015 - A multifaceted program causes lasting progress for.pdf}
}

@article{banerjeeOccupationalChoiceProcess1993,
  title = {Occupational {{Choice}} and the {{Process}} of {{Development}}},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit V. and Newman, Andrew F.},
  year = {1993},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {101},
  number = {2},
  pages = {274--298},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/261876},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XY5GA27U/Banerjee and Newman - 1993 - Occupational Choice and the Process of Development.pdf}
}

@techreport{banerjeeShapeTemptationImplications2010,
  title = {The {{Shape}} of {{Temptation}}: {{Implications}} for the {{Economic Lives}} of the {{Poor}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Shape}} of {{Temptation}}},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit and Mullainathan, Sendhil},
  year = {2010},
  month = may,
  number = {w15973},
  pages = {w15973},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w15973},
  urldate = {2025-02-21},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A9P7VAB5/Banerjee and Mullainathan - 2010 - The Shape of Temptation Implications for the Econ.pdf}
}

@article{banerjeeUntoldSideCOVID192020,
  title = {``{{The Untold Side}} of {{COVID-19}}'': {{Struggle}} and {{Perspectives}} of the {{Sexual Minorities}}},
  shorttitle = {``{{The Untold Side}} of {{COVID-19}}''},
  author = {Banerjee, Debanjan and Nair, Vasundharaa S.},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Psychosexual Health},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {113--120},
  issn = {2631-8318, 2631-8326},
  doi = {10.1177/2631831820939017},
  urldate = {2022-01-31},
  abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has threatened global public health.Travel has been restricted,economies slashed, borders sealed, and billions quarantined at their residences, in an attempt to contain the outbreak. Social distancing and lockdown measures have disrupted human lives in terms of social relationships and emotional bonds. Every individual is facing unique challenges to cope with these unprecedented times. However, certain sections of the population, like the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,Transgender and Queer (LGBTQ) community, are particularly vulnerable to not only the infective risks of the virus, but also the psycho-social offshoots of the global lockdown and the pandemic aftermath.The various factors range from the immunocompromised state, increased comorbidities of sexually transmitted diseases, other chronic medical disorders and substance abuse, as well as reduced access to health care, to stigma and social discrimination, administrative apathy, economic constraints, and uncertainty of social rituals like the Pride Celebrations.These can lead to the underdetection of the viral load, increased physiological risks to COVID-19, decreased help-seeking, and inequality in health and legal care.Their emotional and psychosexual well-being also gets impaired, with increased risks for psychiatric disorders and suicidality.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DPNL7PNH/Banerjee and Nair - 2020 - “The Untold Side of COVID-19” Struggle and Perspe.pdf}
}

@article{banerjeeUsingGossipsSpread2019,
  title = {Using {{Gossips}} to {{Spread Information}}: {{Theory}} and {{Evidence}} from {{Two Randomized Controlled Trials}}},
  shorttitle = {Using {{Gossips}} to {{Spread Information}}},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit and Chandrasekhar, Arun G and Duflo, Esther and Jackson, Matthew O},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {86},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2453--2490},
  issn = {0034-6527, 1467-937X},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdz008},
  urldate = {2020-11-13},
  abstract = {Can we identify highly central individuals in a network without collecting network data, simply by asking community members? Can seeding information via such nominated individuals lead to significantly wider diffusion than via randomly chosen people, or even respected ones? In two separate large field experiments in India, we answer both questions in the affirmative. In particular, in 521 villages in Haryana, we provided information on monthly immunization camps to either randomly selected individuals (in some villages) or to individuals nominated by villagers as people who would be good at transmitting information (in other villages). We find that the number of children vaccinated every month is 22\% higher in villages in which nominees received the information. We show that people's knowledge of who are highly central individuals and good seeds can be explained by a model in which community members simply track how often they hear gossip about others. Indeed, we find in a third data set that nominated seeds are central in a network sense, and are not just those with many friends or in powerful positions.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KUYDCESX/Banerjee et al. - 2019 - Using Gossips to Spread Information Theory and Ev.pdf}
}

@book{bankWorldDevelopmentReport2012,
  title = {World {{Development Report}} 2012: {{Gender Equality}} and {{Development}}},
  shorttitle = {World {{Development Report}} 2012},
  author = {Bank, World},
  year = {2012},
  publisher = {World Bank},
  doi = {10.1596/978-0-8213-8810-5},
  urldate = {2023-10-02},
  abstract = {The main message of this year's World development report: gender equality and development is that these patterns of progress and persistence in gender equality matter, both for development outcomes and policy making. They matter because gender equality is a core development objective in its own right. But greater gender equality is also smart economics, enhancing productivity and improving other development outcomes, including prospects for the next generation and for the quality of societal policies and institutions. Economic development is not enough to shrink all gender disparities-corrective policies that focus on persisting gender gaps are essential. This report points to four priority areas for policy going forward. First, reducing gender gaps in human capital-specifically those that address female mortality and education. Second, closing gender gaps in access to economic opportunities, earnings, and productivity. Third, shrinking gender differences in voice and agency within society. Fourth, limiting the reproduction of gender inequality across generations. These are all areas where higher incomes by themselves do little to reduce gender gaps, but focused policies can have a real impact. Gender equality is at the heart of development. It's the right development objective, and it's smart economic policy. The World development report 2012 can help both countries and international partners think through and integrate a focus on gender equality into development policy making and programming.},
  isbn = {978-0-8213-8810-5},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XYBL3A8I/Bank - 2012 - World Development Report 2012 Gender Equality and.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZMXHVUSB/646650WDR0201200Box364543B00PUBLIC0.pdf}
}

@article{baranovImpactAIDSTreatment2018,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{AIDS Treatment}} on {{Savings}} and {{Human Capital Investment}} in {{Malawi}}},
  author = {Baranov, Victoria and Kohler, Hans-Peter},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {266--306},
  issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790},
  doi = {10.1257/app.20150369},
  urldate = {2020-03-17},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/N2LZG69D/Baranov and Kohler - 2018 - The Impact of AIDS Treatment on Savings and Human .pdf}
}

@article{baranovMaternalDepressionWomen2020,
  ids = {baranovMaternalDepressionWomen,baranovMaternalDepressionWomen2017,baranovMaternalDepressionWomen2019},
  title = {Maternal {{Depression}}, {{Women}}'s {{Empowerment}}, and {{Parental Investment}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Controlled Trial}}},
  shorttitle = {Maternal {{Depression}}, {{Women}}'s {{Empowerment}}, and {{Parental Investment}}},
  author = {Baranov, Victoria and Bhalotra, Sonia and Biroli, Pietro and Maselko, Joanna},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {110},
  number = {3},
  pages = {824--859},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20180511},
  urldate = {2020-10-16},
  abstract = {We evaluate the medium-term impacts of treating maternal depression on women's mental health, financial empowerment, and parenting decisions. We leverage variation induced by a cluster-randomized controlled trial that provided psychotherapy to 903 prenatally depressed mothers in rural Pakistan. It was one of the world's largest psych otherapy interventions, and it dramatically reduced postpartum depression. Seven years after psychotherapy concluded, we returned to the study site to find that impacts on women's mental health had persisted, with a 17 percent reduction in depression rates. The intervention also improved women's financial empowerment and increased both time- and money-intensive parental investments by between 0.2 and 0.3 standard deviations. (JEL G51, I12, J16, O15)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {autonomy,child development,early life,maternal depression,mental health,Pakistan,parenting,randomized controlled trial,women's labor supply},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BVTPGUFR/Baranov et al. - 2017 - Maternal Depression,Women’s Empowerment, and Paren.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NTBLMGIR/Baranov et al. - Maternal Depression, Women’s Empowerment, and Pare.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QPL9ESUQ/Baranov et al. - 2020 - Maternal Depression, Women’s Empowerment, and Pare.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/W9H4PZZT/Baranov et al. - 2020 - Maternal Depression, Women’s Empowerment, and Pare.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZIP6DMVC/Baranov et al. - Maternal Depression, Women’s Empowerment, and Pare.pdf}
}

@article{barbierAccountDepreciationNatural,
  title = {"{{Account}} for Depreciation of Natural Capital."},
  author = {Barbier, Edward B},
  journal = {Nature 515:32-33.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TM6MCUVS/515032a.pdf}
}

@article{barbierConceptNaturalCapital2019,
  title = {The Concept of Natural Capital},
  author = {Barbier, Edward B},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Oxford Review of Economic Policy},
  volume = {35},
  number = {1},
  pages = {14--36},
  issn = {0266-903X, 1460-2121},
  doi = {10.1093/oxrep/gry028},
  urldate = {2020-06-28},
  abstract = {The natural environment is now commonly viewed as a form of capital asset, or natural capital. Also included are ecosystems that provide important goods and services to the economy. Managing natural capital has consequences for sustainable development. However, there are contrasting weak versus strong sustainability views, which in turn have implications for `green' accounting. Natural resource-based sovereign wealth funds have emerged as key financial instruments for compensating resource depreciation with greater economy-wide investments. Recent scientific evidence recommends demarcating `safe operating spaces' to limit exploitation of critical global biophysical subsystems or processes. These challenges suggest that the concept of natural capital is pivotal to sound policy.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/B88J82JN/Barbier - 2019 - The concept of natural capital.pdf}
}

@article{barbierGreeningPostpandemicRecovery2020,
  title = {Greening the {{Post-pandemic Recovery}} in the {{G20}}},
  author = {Barbier, Edward B.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Environmental and Resource Economics},
  issn = {0924-6460, 1573-1502},
  doi = {10.1007/s10640-020-00437-w},
  urldate = {2020-06-28},
  abstract = {Rebuilding G20 economies after the COVID-19 pandemic requires rethinking what type of economy we need and want in the future. Simply reviving the existing `brown' economy will exacerbate irreversible climate change and other environmental risks. For G20 economies, investing in a workable and affordable green transition is essential. A good place to start is learning what worked and what did not from previous efforts to green the economic recovery during the 2008--2009 Great Recession, examining the cases of the United States and South Korea. Policies for a sustained economic recovery amount to much more than just short-term fiscal stimulus. Transitioning from fossil fuels to a sustainable low-carbon economy will require long-term commitments (5--10 years) of public spending and pricing reforms. The priorities for public spending include support for private sector green innovation and infrastructure, development of smart grids, transport systems, charging station networks, and sustainable cities. Pricing carbon and pollution, and removing fossil-fuel subsidies, can accelerate the transition, raise revenues for the necessary public investments, and lower the overall cost of the green transition.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QMP5LMVV/Barbier - 2020 - Greening the Post-pandemic Recovery in the G20.pdf}
}

@techreport{Barbosa2016,
  title = {The {{Value}} of {{Revolving Doors}} in {{Public Procurement}}},
  author = {Barbosa, Klenio and Straub, St{\'e}phane},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {TSE Working Paper},
  number = {November},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AF8T7U7C/Barbosa and Straub - The Value of Revolving Doors in Public Procurement.pdf}
}

@article{Bargain2018,
  title = {Validating the {{Collective Model}} of {{Household Consumption Using Direct Evidence}} on {{Sharing}}},
  author = {Bargain, Olivier and Lacroix, Guy and Tiberti, Luca},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3264635},
  keywords = {acknowledgement,and pep,cation,collective model,d11,d12,d36,engel curves,guy lacroix and luca,i31,j12,jel classi,liated with bordeaux university,olivier bargain is a,penglase,pierre-andre chiappori and jacob,rothbarth method,sharing rule,tiberti with laval university,we are grateful to},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2EQQZKMM/Bargain et al. - Validating the Collective Model of Household Consu.pdf}
}

@article{bargainRockHardPlace2020,
  ids = {bargainRockHardPlace2020a},
  title = {Between a {{Rock}} and a {{Hard Place}}: {{Poverty}} and {{COVID-19}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
  author = {Bargain, Olivier and Aminjonov, Ulugbek},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {23},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7IZVBPC2/Bargain and Aminjonov - 2020 - Between a Rock and a Hard Place Poverty and COVID.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IA3N8VJJ/Bargain and Aminjonov - 2020 - Between a Rock and a Hard Place Poverty and COVID.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NSXJ2T8S/2020-08.pdf}
}

@article{Barham2013,
  title = {Boys' {{Cognitive Skill Formation}} and {{Physical Growth}}: {{Long-Term Experimental Evidence}} on {{Critical Ages}} for {{Early Childhood Interventions}}},
  author = {Barham, Tania and Macours, Karen and Maluccio, John A},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {103},
  number = {3},
  pages = {467--471},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.103.3.467},
  abstract = {It is often assumed that early life circumstances, in particular before age two, are important for later human capital development. Using experimental variation in the timing of benefits from a conditional cash transfer program, we test the hypothesis that intervention starting in utero and continuing in the first two years is critical. At age ten, boys exposed to the program during this period had better cognitive, but not anthropometric, outcomes than those exposed in their second year of life or later. The lack of a differential effect on anthropometrics was due catch-up growth.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/N2L2QJRF/Barham et al. - 2013 - Boys' Cognitive Skill Formation and Physical Growt.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PIZTDFNK/Barham et al. - 2013 - Boys' Cognitive Skill Formation and Physical Growt.pdf}
}

@article{Barham2018,
  title = {Experimental {{Evidence}} of {{Exposure}} to a {{Conditional Cash Transfer During Early Teenage Years}}: {{Young Women}}'s {{Fertility}} and {{Labor Market Outcomes}}},
  author = {Barham, Tania and Macours, Karen and Maluccio, John A},
  year = {2018},
  number = {August},
  abstract = {Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs are one of most popular policy instruments for increasing investment in nutrition, health, and education in developing countries. For teenage girls, CCTs not only provide incentives and means to remain in school longer, but also may affect fertility outcomes through improved nutrition (with implications for the onset of puberty) or provision of reproductive healthcare information. Therefore, examining the fertility mechanism is crucial for understanding long-term impacts, in particular labor market outcomes, as young women's decisions regarding economic, education, and reproductive activities are closely linked. This paper exploits an experimental design and a survey implemented 10 years after the start of a CCT program in Nicaragua that introduced random variation in program exposure during the early teenage years, ages critical for sexual maturity. Differential exposure to the CCT does not lead to long-term differences in grades attained or learning, but does lead to differential impacts on the age of menarche, young adult BMI, fertility, and subsequent labor market outcomes and income. JEL Codes: I25, I38, I18, J13},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VZL23EGN/Barham, Macours, Maluccio - 2018 - Experimental Evidence of Exposure to a Conditional Cash Transfer During Early Teenage Years Young Wom.pdf}
}

@article{Barker1995,
  title = {Fetal Origins of Coronary Heart Disease},
  author = {Barker, D J P},
  year = {1995},
  month = jul,
  journal = {BMJ},
  volume = {311},
  number = {6998},
  pages = {171--174},
  issn = {0959-8138},
  doi = {10.1136/bmj.311.6998.171}
}

@article{Barker2012,
  title = {Developmental Origins of Chronic Disease},
  author = {Barker, D. J.P.},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Public Health},
  volume = {126},
  number = {3},
  pages = {185--189},
  publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
  issn = {00333506},
  doi = {10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.014},
  abstract = {Coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, breast cancer and many other chronic diseases are unnecessary. Their occurrence is not mandated by genes passed down to us through thousands of years of evolution. Chronic diseases are not the inevitable lot of humankind. They are the result of the changing pattern of human development. We could readily prevent them, had we the will to do so. Prevention of chronic disease, and an increase in healthy ageing require improvement in the nutrition of girls and young women. Many babies in the womb in the Western world today are receiving unbalanced and inadequate diets. Many babies in the developing world are malnourished because their mothers are chronically malnourished. Protecting the nutrition and health of girls and young women should be the cornerstone of public health. Not only will this prevent chronic disease, but it will produce new generations who have better health and well-being through their lives. {\copyright} 2011 The Royal Society for Public Health.},
  keywords = {Chronic disease,Fetal programming,Maternal nutrition,Placenta},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VJJTW8F4/Barker - 2012 - Developmental origins of chronic disease.pdf}
}

@article{barmettlerBigExperimenterWatching2012,
  title = {Big Experimenter Is Watching You! {{Anonymity}} and Prosocial Behavior in the Laboratory},
  author = {Barmettler, Franziska and Fehr, Ernst and Zehnder, Christian},
  year = {2012},
  month = may,
  journal = {Games and Economic Behavior},
  volume = {75},
  number = {1},
  pages = {17--34},
  issn = {08998256},
  doi = {10.1016/j.geb.2011.09.003},
  urldate = {2021-07-05},
  abstract = {Researchers have demonstrated that the presence of people with social preferences has important economic implications. However, the empirical basis of this research relies to a large extent on experiments that do not provide anonymity between experimenter and subject. It has been argued that this lack of experimenter--subject anonymity may create selfish incentives to engage in seemingly other-regarding behavior. If this were the case, these experiments would overestimate the importance of social preferences. Previous studies provide mixed results and methodological differences within and across studies make it difficult to isolate the impact of experimenter--subject anonymity. In this paper we use a novel procedure that allows us to examine the impact of the exact same ceterisparibus variation in anonymity on behavior in three of the most commonly used games in the social preference literature. We find that the introduction of experimenter--subject anonymity has no significant effect in any of the three games.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/53MCT9X9/Barmettler et al. - 2012 - Big experimenter is watching you! Anonymity and pr.pdf}
}

@article{baronDiscriminationMultiPhaseSystems2024,
  title = {Discrimination in {{Multi-Phase Systems}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Child Protection}}*},
  shorttitle = {Discrimination in {{Multi-Phase Systems}}},
  author = {Baron, E Jason and Doyle, Jr, Joseph J and Emanuel, Natalia and Hull, Peter and Ryan, Joseph},
  year = {2024},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  pages = {qjae007},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjae007},
  urldate = {2024-04-07},
  abstract = {We develop empirical tools for studying discrimination in multi-phase systems, and apply them to the setting of foster care placement by child protective services. Leveraging the quasi-random assignment of two sets of decision-makers---initial hotline call screeners and subsequent investigators---we study how unwarranted racial disparities arise and propagate through this system. Using a sample of over 200,000 maltreatment allegations, we find that calls involving Black children are 55\% more likely to result in foster care placement than calls involving white children with the same potential for future maltreatment in the home. Call screeners account for up to 19\% of this unwarranted disparity, with the remainder due to investigators. Unwarranted disparity is concentrated in cases with potential for future maltreatment, suggesting that white children may be harmed by ``under-placement'' in high-risk situations.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QBGKF3NC/w31490.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SMX6AA6X/Baron et al. - 2024 - Discrimination in Multi-Phase Systems Evidence fr.pdf}
}

@article{baronDiscriminationMultiphaseSystems2024a,
  title = {Discrimination in {{Multiphase Systems}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Child Protection}}*},
  shorttitle = {Discrimination in {{Multiphase Systems}}},
  author = {Baron, E Jason and Doyle, Jr, Joseph J and Emanuel, Natalia and Hull, Peter and Ryan, Joseph},
  year = {2024},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {139},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1611--1664},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjae007},
  urldate = {2025-03-19},
  abstract = {We develop empirical tools for studying discrimination in multiphase systems and apply them to the setting of foster care placement by child protective services. Leveraging the quasi-random assignment of two sets of decision-makers---initial hotline call screeners and subsequent investigators---we study how unwarranted racial disparities arise and propagate through this system. Using a sample of over 200,000 maltreatment allegations, we find that calls involving Black children are 55\% more likely to result in foster care placement than calls involving white children with the same potential for future maltreatment in the home. Call screeners account for up to 19\% of this unwarranted disparity, with the remainder due to investigators. Unwarranted disparity is concentrated in cases with potential for future maltreatment, suggesting that white children may be harmed by ``underplacement'' in high-risk situations.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QBMF2I9V/Baron et al. - 2024 - Discrimination in Multiphase Systems Evidence from Child Protection.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2X37MBDX/7616082.html}
}

@article{barrecaAdaptingClimateChange2016,
  title = {Adapting to {{Climate Change}}: {{The Remarkable Decline}} in the {{US Temperature-Mortality Relationship}} over the {{Twentieth Century}}},
  shorttitle = {Adapting to {{Climate Change}}},
  author = {Barreca, Alan and Clay, Karen and Deschenes, Olivier and Greenstone, Michael and Shapiro, Joseph S.},
  year = {2016},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {124},
  number = {1},
  pages = {105--159},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/684582},
  urldate = {2021-01-07},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KPWAFHPD/Barreca et al. - 2016 - Adapting to Climate Change The Remarkable Decline.pdf}
}

@article{barrecaClimateChangeHumidity2012,
  title = {Climate Change, Humidity, and Mortality in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Barreca, Alan I.},
  year = {2012},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Economics and Management},
  volume = {63},
  number = {1},
  pages = {19--34},
  issn = {0095-0696},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jeem.2011.07.004},
  abstract = {This paper estimates the effects of humidity and temperature on mortality rates in the United States (c. 1973-2002) in order to provide an insight into the potential health impacts of climate change. I find that humidity, like temperature, is an important determinant of mortality. Coupled with Hadley CM3 climate-change predictions, I project that mortality rates are likely to change little on the aggregate for the United States. However, distributional impacts matter: mortality rates are likely to decline in cold and dry areas, but increase in hot and humid areas. Further, accounting for humidity has important implications for evaluating these distributional effects.},
  langid = {english},
  pmcid = {PMC4199665},
  pmid = {25328254},
  keywords = {Climate change,Humidity,Mortality,Temperature},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5VQ8SGFP/Barreca - 2012 - Climate change, humidity, and mortality in the Uni.pdf}
}

@article{barreraFactsAlternativeFacts,
  title = {Facts, {{Alternative Facts}}, and {{Fact Checking}} in {{Times}} of {{Post-Truth Politics}}},
  author = {Barrera, Oscar and Guriev, Sergei and Henry, Emeric and Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina},
  pages = {84},
  abstract = {How effective is fact checking in countervailing ``alternative facts,'' i.e., misleading statements by politicians? In a randomized online experiment during the 2017 French presidential election campaign, we subjected subgroups of 2480 French voters to alternative facts by the extreme-right candidate, Marine Le Pen, and/or corresponding facts about the European refugee crisis from official sources. We find that: (i) alternative facts are highly persuasive; (ii) fact checking improves factual knowledge of voters (iii) but it does not affect policy conclusions or support for the candidate; (iv) exposure to facts alone does not decrease support for the candidate, even though voters update their knowledge. We find evidence consistent with the view that at least part of the effect can be explained by raising salience of the immigration issue.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YZLANWJW/Barrera et al. - Facts, Alternative Facts, and Fact Checking in Tim.pdf}
}

@article{barreraFactsAlternativeFacts2020,
  title = {Facts, Alternative Facts, and Fact Checking in Times of Post-Truth Politics},
  author = {Barrera, Oscar and Guriev, Sergei and Henry, Emeric and Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {182},
  pages = {104123},
  issn = {00472727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.104123},
  urldate = {2021-05-21},
  abstract = {How effective is fact checking in countervailing ``alternative facts,'' i.e., misleading statements by politicians? In a randomized online experiment during the 2017 French presidential election campaign, we subjected subgroups of 2480 French voters to alternative facts by the extreme-right candidate, Marine Le Pen, and/or corresponding facts about the European refugee crisis from official sources. We find that: (i) alternative facts are highly persuasive; (ii) fact checking improves factual knowledge of voters (iii) but it does not affect policy conclusions or support for the candidate; (iv) exposure to facts alone does not decrease support for the candidate, even though voters update their knowledge. We find evidence consistent with the view that at least part of the effect can be explained by raising salience of the immigration issue.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EM8N3AS2/Barrera et al. - 2020 - Facts, alternative facts, and fact checking in tim.pdf}
}

@incollection{Barrett2019,
  title = {Depression through the {{Lens}} of {{Economics}}},
  booktitle = {The {{Economics}} of {{Poverty Traps}}},
  author = {{de Quidt}, Jonathan and Haushofer, Johannes},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {127--152},
  doi = {10.7208/chicago/9780226574448.003.0003}
}

@book{barrettEconomicsPovertyTraps2018,
  title = {The {{Economics}} of {{Poverty Traps}}},
  author = {Barrett, Christopher B. and Carter, Michael and Chavas, Jean-Paul and Carter, Michael R.},
  year = {2018},
  publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
  doi = {10.7208/chicago/9780226574448.001.0001},
  urldate = {2020-11-17},
  isbn = {978-0-226-57430-1 978-0-226-57444-8},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{barrettEconomicsPovertyTraps2019,
  title = {The Economics of Poverty Traps},
  editor = {Barrett, Christopher B. and Carter, Michael R. and Chavas, Jean-Paul},
  year = {2019},
  series = {National {{Bureau}} of {{Economic Research}} Conference Report},
  publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
  address = {Chicago ; London},
  isbn = {978-0-226-57430-1},
  lccn = {HC79.P6 E355 2019},
  keywords = {Marginality Social,Poverty traps,Transfer payments}
}

@article{barrettWellBeingDynamicsPoverty2016,
  title = {Well-{{Being Dynamics}} and {{Poverty Traps}}},
  author = {Barrett, Christopher B. and Garg, Teevrat and McBride, Linden},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Annual Review of Resource Economics},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {303--327},
  issn = {1941-1340, 1941-1359},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-resource-100815-095235},
  urldate = {2020-05-26},
  abstract = {A sound understanding of poverty traps---defined as poverty that is selfreinforcing due to the poor's equilibrium behaviors---and their underlying mechanisms is fundamentally important to the development of policies and interventions targeted to assist the poor. We review the theoretical and empirical evidence on single equilibrium and multiple equilibria poverty traps at the macro-, meso-, and, especially, microlevels. In addition we review the literature exploring the various mechanisms that have been posited to perpetuate poverty. We find sufficient evidence to support the poverty traps hypothesis, suggesting that policies designed to interrupt those selfperpetuating mechanisms merit serious attention.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y5WJTVJJ/Barrett et al. - 2016 - Well-Being Dynamics and Poverty Traps.pdf}
}

@article{Barro2006,
  title = {Misallocation and {{Manufacturing TFP}} in {{China}} and {{India}} *},
  author = {Hsieh, Chang-Tai and Klenow, Peter J.},
  year = {2009},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {124},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1403--1448},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1162/qjec.2009.124.4.1403},
  isbn = {6174953203},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UH6XI8R6/Hsieh and Klenow - QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS.pdf}
}

@article{barroEconomicGrowthCross,
  title = {Economic {{Growth}} in a {{Cross Section}} of {{Countries}}},
  author = {Barro, Robert J},
  journal = {QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS},
  pages = {40},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/V9FL8A3Y/Barro - Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries.pdf}
}

@article{barrSocialInappropriatenessDiscrimination2018,
  title = {On the Social Inappropriateness of Discrimination},
  author = {Barr, Abigail and Lane, Tom and Nosenzo, Daniele},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {164},
  pages = {153--164},
  issn = {00472727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.06.004},
  urldate = {2023-04-19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VEGJB66Q/Barr et al. - 2018 - On the social inappropriateness of discrimination.pdf}
}

@article{Barry2015,
  title = {A {{Systematic Review}} of the {{Effectiveness}} of {{Mental Health Promotion Interventions}} for {{Young People}} in {{Low}} and {{Middle Income Countries}}},
  author = {Barry, Margaret and Clarke, Aleisha and Jenkins, Rachel and Patel, Vikram},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Adolescent Mental Health},
  pages = {223--246},
  doi = {10.1201/b18222-16},
  abstract = {This systematic review provides a narrative synthesis of the evidence on the effectiveness of mental health promotion interventions for young people in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Commissioned by the WHO, a review of the evidence for mental health promotion interventions across the lifespan from early years to adulthood was conducted. This paper reports on the findings for interventions promoting the positive mental health of young people (aged 6-18 years) in school and community-based settings. Searching a range of electronic databases, 22 studies employing RCTs (N = 11) and quasi-experimental designs conducted in LMICs since 2000 were identified. Fourteen studies of school-based interventions implemented in eight LMICs were reviewed; seven of which included interventions for children living in areas of armed conflict and six interventions of multicomponent lifeskills and resilience training. Eight studies evaluating out-of-school community interventions for adolescents were identified in five countries. Using the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) criteria, two reviewers independently assessed the quality of the evidence. The findings from the majority of the school-based interventions are strong. Structured universal interventions for children living in conflict areas indicate generally significant positive effects on students' emotional and behavioural wellbeing, including improved self-esteem and coping skills. However, mixed results were also reported, including differential effects for gender and age groups, and two studies reported nonsignficant findings. The majority of the school-based lifeskills and resilience programmes received a moderate quality rating, with findings indicating positive effects on students' self-esteem, motivation and self-efficacy. The quality of evidence from the community-based interventions for adolescents was moderate to strong with promising findings concerning the potential of multicomponent interventions to impact on youth mental health and social wellbeing. The review findings indicate that interventions promoting the mental health of young people can be implemented effectively in LMIC school and community settings with moderate to strong evidence of their impact on both positive and negative mental health outcomes. There is a paucity of evidence relating to interventions for younger children in LMIC primary schools. Evidence for the scaling up and sustainability of mental health promotion interventions in LMICs needs to be strengthened.},
  keywords = {barry,correspondence,countries,ie,low and middle income,margaret,mental health promotion,nuigalway,systematic review,young people}
}

@article{barrySystematicReviewEffectiveness2013,
  title = {A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Mental Health Promotion Interventions for Young People in Low and Middle Income Countries},
  author = {Barry, Margaret M and Clarke, Aleisha M and Jenkins, Rachel and Patel, Vikram},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {19},
  abstract = {Background: This systematic review provides a narrative synthesis of the evidence on the effectiveness of mental health promotion interventions for young people in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Commissioned by the WHO, a review of the evidence for mental health promotion interventions across the lifespan from early years to adulthood was conducted. This paper reports on the findings for interventions promoting the positive mental health of young people (aged 6--18 years) in school and community-based settings. Methods: Searching a range of electronic databases, 22 studies employing RCTs (N = 11) and quasi-experimental designs conducted in LMICs since 2000 were identified. Fourteen studies of school-based interventions implemented in eight LMICs were reviewed; seven of which included interventions for children living in areas of armed conflict and six interventions of multicomponent lifeskills and resilience training. Eight studies evaluating out-of-school community interventions for adolescents were identified in five countries. Using the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) criteria, two reviewers independently assessed the quality of the evidence. Results: The findings from the majority of the school-based interventions are strong. Structured universal interventions for children living in conflict areas indicate generally significant positive effects on students' emotional and behavioural wellbeing, including improved self-esteem and coping skills. However, mixed results were also reported, including differential effects for gender and age groups, and two studies reported nonsignficant findings. The majority of the school-based lifeskills and resilience programmes received a moderate quality rating, with findings indicating positive effects on students' self-esteem, motivation and self-efficacy. The quality of evidence from the community-based interventions for adolescents was moderate to strong with promising findings concerning the potential of multicomponent interventions to impact on youth mental health and social wellbeing. Conclusions: The review findings indicate that interventions promoting the mental health of young people can be implemented effectively in LMIC school and community settings with moderate to strong evidence of their impact on both positive and negative mental health outcomes. There is a paucity of evidence relating to interventions for younger children in LMIC primary schools. Evidence for the scaling up and sustainability of mental health promotion interventions in LMICs needs to be strengthened.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BJ54WJEQ/Barry et al. - 2013 - A systematic review of the effectiveness of mental.pdf}
}

@article{barseghyanEstimatingRiskPreferences2018,
  title = {Estimating {{Risk Preferences}} in the {{Field}}},
  author = {Barseghyan, Levon and Molinari, Francesca and O'Donoghue, Ted and Teitelbaum, Joshua C.},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  volume = {56},
  number = {2},
  pages = {501--564},
  issn = {0022-0515},
  doi = {10.1257/jel.20161148},
  urldate = {2025-03-25},
  abstract = {We survey the literature on estimating risk preferences using field data. We concentrate our attention on studies in which risk  preferences are the focal object and estimating their structure is the core enterprise. We review a number of models of risk  preferences---including both expected utility (EU) theory and non-EU models---that have been estimated using  field data, and we highlight issues related to identification and estimation of such models using field data. We then survey the  literature, giving separate treatment to research that uses individual-level data (e.g., property-insurance data) and research  that uses aggregate data (e.g., betting-market data). We conclude by discussing directions for future research.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Actuarial Studies Health Insurance Public and Private,Belief,Communication,Information and Knowledge,Insurance Companies,Learning,Mechanism Design Search,Model Construction and Estimation Consumer Economics: Theory Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty Asymmetric and Private Information,Unawareness Insurance}
}

@techreport{Bartelme2013,
  title = {The {{Textbook Case}} for {{Industrial Policy}}: {{Theory Meets Data}}},
  author = {Bartelme, Dominick and Costinot, Arnaud and Donaldson, Dave and {Rodr{\'i}guez-Clare}, Andr{\'e}s},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {NBER Working paper},
  eprint = {1011.1669v3},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  issn = {1098-6596},
  doi = {10.3386/w26193},
  abstract = {Predicting the binding mode of flexible polypeptides to proteins is an important task that falls outside the domain of applicability of most small molecule and protein-protein docking tools. Here, we test the small molecule flexible ligand docking program Glide on a set of 19 non-{$\alpha$}-helical peptides and systematically improve pose prediction accuracy by enhancing Glide sampling for flexible polypeptides. In addition, scoring of the poses was improved by post-processing with physics-based implicit solvent MM- GBSA calculations. Using the best RMSD among the top 10 scoring poses as a metric, the success rate (RMSD {$\leq$} 2.0 {\AA} for the interface backbone atoms) increased from 21\% with default Glide SP settings to 58\% with the enhanced peptide sampling and scoring protocol in the case of redocking to the native protein structure. This approaches the accuracy of the recently developed Rosetta FlexPepDock method (63\% success for these 19 peptides) while being over 100 times faster. Cross-docking was performed for a subset of cases where an unbound receptor structure was available, and in that case, 40\% of peptides were docked successfully. We analyze the results and find that the optimized polypeptide protocol is most accurate for extended peptides of limited size and number of formal charges, defining a domain of applicability for this approach.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  isbn = {9788578110796},
  pmid = {25246403},
  keywords = {icle},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M7WRMGRS/Bartelme et al. - 2019 - The Textbook Case for Industrial Policy Theory Me.pdf}
}

@article{bartosAttentionDiscriminationTheory2016,
  title = {Attention {{Discrimination}}: {{Theory}} and {{Field Experiments}} with {{Monitoring Information Acquisition}}},
  shorttitle = {Attention {{Discrimination}}},
  author = {Barto{\v s}, Vojt{\v e}ch and Bauer, Michal and Chytilov{\'a}, Julie and Mat{\v e}jka, Filip},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {106},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1437--1475},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20140571},
  urldate = {2020-10-20},
  abstract = {We integrate tools to monitor information acquisition in field experiments on discrimination and examine whether gaps arise already when decision makers choose the effort level for reading an application. In both countries we study, negatively stereotyped minority names reduce employers' effort to inspect resumes. In contrast, minority names increase information acquisition in the rental housing market. Both results are consistent with a model of endogenous allocation of costly attention, which magnifies the role of prior beliefs and preferences beyond the one considered in standard models of discrimination. The findings have implications for magnitude of discrimination, returns to human capital and policy. (JEL C93, D83, J15, J16, J24, J71, R31)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R9YM7Y49/Bartoš et al. - 2016 - Attention Discrimination Theory and Field Experim.pdf}
}

@misc{barwickDigitalDistractionsPeer2024,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {Digital {{Distractions}} with {{Peer Influence}}: {{The Impact}} of {{Mobile App Usage}} on {{Academic}} and {{Labor Market Outcomes}}},
  shorttitle = {Digital {{Distractions}} with {{Peer Influence}}},
  author = {Barwick, Panle Jia and Chen, Siyu and Fu, Chao and Li, Teng},
  year = {2024},
  month = oct,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {33054},
  eprint = {33054},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w33054},
  urldate = {2024-10-30},
  abstract = {Concerns over the excessive use of mobile phones, especially among youths and young adults, are growing. We present, to our knowledge, the first estimates of both behavioral spillover and contextual peer effects, as well as the first comprehensive evidence of how own and peers' mobile app usage affects academic performance, physical health, and labor market outcomes. Our analysis leverages administrative data from a Chinese university of three cohorts of students over up to four years merged with mobile phone records, random roommate assignments, and a policy shock that affects peers' peers. App usage is contagious: a one s.d. increase in roommates' in-college app usage raises own app usage by 5.8\% on average, with substantial heterogeneity across students. High app usage is detrimental to all outcomes we measure. A one s.d. increase in app usage reduces GPAs by 36.2\% of a within-cohort-major s.d. and lowers wages by 2.3\%. Roommates' app usage exerts both direct effects (e.g., noise and disruptions) and indirect effects (via behavioral spillovers) on GPAs and wages, resulting in a total negative impact of over half the size of the own usage effect. Extending China's minors' game restriction of three hours per week to college students would boost their initial wages by 0.9\%. Using high-frequency GPS data, we identify one underlying mechanism: high app usage crowds out time in study halls and increases late arrivals at and absences from lectures.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XYCY2WF4/Barwick et al. - 2024 - Digital Distractions with Peer Influence The Impa.pdf}
}

@article{basicPersonalNormsNot2024,
  title = {Personal Norms --- and Not Only Social Norms --- Shape Economic Behavior},
  author = {Ba{\v s}i{\'c}, Zvonimir and Verrina, Eugenio},
  year = {2024},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {239},
  pages = {105255},
  issn = {00472727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2024.105255},
  urldate = {2024-11-23},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/63ZHB6RD/Bašić and Verrina - 2024 - Personal norms — and not only social norms — shape.pdf}
}

@article{basu2015republic,
  title = {The Republic of Beliefs: A New Approach to 'Law and Economics'},
  author = {Basu, Kaushik},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Law and Economics},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/98UDI9WP/The0republic0o000law0and0economics0.pdf}
}

@article{batistaWordsThatWork2024,
  title = {Words That {{Work}}: {{Using Language}} to {{Generate Hypotheses}}},
  author = {Batista, Rafael M and Ross, James},
  year = {2024},
  abstract = {In this paper, we examine how specific features of language drive consumer behavior. Our contribution, however, lies not in testing specific hypotheses; rather, it is in demonstrating a data-driven process for generating them. We devise an approach that generates interpretable hypotheses from text by integrating large-language models (LLMs), machine learning (ML), and psychology experiments. Using a dataset with over 60,000 headlines (and over 32,000 A/B tests), we produce human-interpretable hypotheses about what features of language might a↵ect engagement. We then test a subset of these hypotheses out-of-sample using two datasets: one consisting of 1,600 A/B tests and another containing over 5,000 social media posts. Our approach indeed facilitates discovery. For instance, we find that describing physical reactions significantly increases engagement. In contrast, focusing on positive aspects of human behavior decreases it. A third hypothesis posited that referring to multimedia (e.g., GIFs, videos) would influence engagement, and it does, only it significantly increases engagement in one domain while significantly decreasing it in another. This approach extends beyond a single application. In general, it o↵ers a data-driven method for discovery that can convert unstructured text data into insights that are interpretable, novel, testable, and generalizable. It does so while maintaining a transparent role for both human researchers and algorithmic processes. This approach o↵ers a practical tool to researchers, organizations, and policymakers seeking to aggregate insights from multiple marketing experiments.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/537RF56K/Batista and Ross - Words that Work Using Language to Generate Hypoth.pdf}
}

@article{bauCANPOLICYCHANGE,
  title = {{{CAN POLICY CHANGE CULTURE}}? {{GOVERNMENT PENSION PLANS AND TRADITIONAL KINSHIP PRACTICES}}},
  author = {Bau, Natalie},
  pages = {58},
  abstract = {Policies may change the incentives that allow cultural practices to persist. To test this, I study matrilocality and patrilocality, kinship traditions that determine daughters' and sons' post-marriage residences and thus, which gender lives with and supports parents in their old age. Two separate policy experiments in Ghana and Indonesia show that pension policies reduce the practice of these traditions. I also show that these traditions incentivize parents to invest in the education of children who traditionally co-reside with them. Consequently, when pension plans change cultural practices, they also reduce educational investment. This finding further demonstrates that policy can change culture.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cultural change,cultural transmission,intergenerational trans-,kinship traditions},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F7VCQJBZ/Bau - CAN POLICY CHANGE CULTURE GOVERNMENT PENSION PLAN.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HYESJE2H/Bau - CAN POLICY CHANGE CULTURE GOVERNMENT PENSION PLAN.pdf}
}

@article{bauerQuietRevolutionNumerical2015,
  title = {The Quiet Revolution of Numerical Weather Prediction},
  author = {Bauer, Peter and Thorpe, Alan and Brunet, Gilbert},
  year = {2015},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {525},
  number = {7567},
  pages = {47--55},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/nature14956},
  urldate = {2025-02-16},
  abstract = {Advances in numerical weather prediction represent a quiet revolution because they have resulted from a steady accumulation of scientific knowledge and technological advances over many years that, with only a few exceptions, have not been associated with the aura of fundamental physics breakthroughs. Nonetheless, the impact of numerical weather prediction is among the greatest of any area of physical science. As a computational problem, global weather prediction is comparable to the simulation of the human brain and of the evolution of the early Universe, and it is performed every day at major operational centres across the world.},
  copyright = {2015 Springer Nature Limited},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Atmospheric dynamics,Climate sciences},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IIXGQCWQ/Bauer et al. - 2015 - The quiet revolution of numerical weather predicti.pdf}
}

@techreport{bauHumanCapitalInvestment2020,
  title = {Human {{Capital Investment}} in the {{Presence}} of {{Child Labor}}},
  author = {Bau, Natalie and Rotemberg, Martin and Shah, Manisha and Steinberg, Bryce},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  number = {w27241},
  pages = {w27241},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w27241},
  urldate = {2021-01-27},
  abstract = {Policies that improve early life human capital are a promising tool to alter disadvantaged children's lifelong trajectories. Yet, in many low-income countries, children and their parents face tradeoffs between schooling and productive work. If there are positive returns to human capital in child labor, then children who receive greater early life investments may attend less school. Exploiting early life rainfall shocks in India as a source of exogenous variation in early life investment, we show that increased early life investment reduces schooling in districts with high child labor, especially for girls and lower castes. These effects persist and are intergenerational, affecting fertility, per capita household consumption, and other measures of household poverty, and lead to a divergence in the next generations' educational outcomes. Our results are robust to the inclusion of rich controls for district-level characteristics and an IV strategy. We provide evidence that reductions in educational investment in response to positive early life shocks are inefficient.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/32JZ43RF/Bau et al. - 2020 - Human Capital Investment in the Presence of Child .pdf}
}

@article{Bazzi2015,
  title = {Local {{Government Proliferation}} , {{Diversity}}, and {{Conflict}}},
  author = {Bazzi, Samuel and Gudgeon, Matthew},
  year = {2016},
  abstract = {The creation of new local governments is a key feature of decentralization in developing countries. This process often causes substantial changes in contestable public resources and the local diversity of the electorate. We exploit the plausibly exogenous timing of new district creation in Indonesia to iden-tify the implications of these changes for violent conflict. Using new geospatial data on violence, we show that allowing for redistricting along group lines can reduce conflict. However, these reductions are undone and even reversed if the newly defined electorates are ethnically polarized, particularly in areas that receive an entirely new seat of government. We identify several mechanisms highlighting the violent contestation of political control.},
  keywords = {and ben olken for,audrey sacks and,conflict,decentralization,dilip mookherjee,endogenous borders,ethnic diversity,fund for financial support,gudgeon is grateful to,helpful comments and discus-,hiroaki kaido,kevin lang,please do not circulate,polarization,preliminary,sion,the weiss family program,we thank claudio ferraz,we thank jan pierskalla}
}

@techreport{Bazzi2016a,
  title = {Unity in {{Diversity}}?},
  author = {Bazzi, Samuel and Gaduh, Arya and Rothenberg, Alexander and Wong, Maisy and Alesina, Alberto and Bandiera, Oriana and Barsbai, Toman and Chiovelli, Giorgio and Fernandez, Raquel and Giuliano, Paola and Mookherjee, Dilip and Nunn, Nathan and Paserman, Daniele and Olken, Ben and Walton, Sam M},
  year = {2016},
  abstract = {Ethnic divisions complicate nation building, but little is known about how to mitigate these divisions. We use one of history's largest resettlement programs to show how intergroup contact affects long-run integration. In the 1980s, the Indonesian government relocated two million migrants into hundreds of new communities to encourage interethnic mixing. Two decades later, more diverse communities exhibit deeper integration, as reflected in language use and intergroup marriage. Endogenous sor-ting across communities cannot explain these effects. Rather, initial conditions, including residential segregation, political and economic competition, and linguistic differences influence which diverse communities integrate. These findings contribute lessons for resettlement policy.},
  keywords = {Cultural Change,D02,D71,Diversity,Identity,J15,JEL Classifications,Language,Migration,Nation Building * We thank,O15,R23 Keywords}
}

@article{bazziLocalGovernmentProliferation,
  title = {Local {{Government Proliferation}}, {{Diversity}}, and {{Conflict}}},
  author = {Bazzi, Samuel and Gudgeon, Matthew},
  pages = {76},
  abstract = {The redrawing of administrative boundaries and creation of new local governments are pervasive features of decentralization across the world. This redistricting process constitutes a dramatic shift in the locus of politics and often causes substantial changes in two widely debated sources of conflict: diversity and contestable public resources. Using new geospatial data on violence and the plausibly exogenous timing of district creation in Indonesia, we show that allowing for redistricting along group lines can reduce conflict. However, these reductions are undone and even reversed if the newly defined electorates are ethnically polarized, particularly in areas that receive an entirely new seat of government. We link changes in the salience of group cleavages to the violent contestation of political control by identifying new cycles of electoral violence and ethnic favoritism. Our findings illustrate some unintended consequences of redistricting in diverse settings and offer novel insight into the instrumental role of diversity in shaping conflict.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8CGNC2F9/Bazzi and Gudgeon - Local Government Proliferation, Diversity, and Con.pdf}
}

@article{bazziSkillTransferabilityMigration2016,
  title = {Skill {{Transferability}}, {{Migration}}, and {{Development}}:{{Evidence}} from {{Population Resettlement}} in {{Indonesia}}},
  shorttitle = {Skill {{Transferability}}, {{Migration}}, and {{Development}}},
  author = {Bazzi, Samuel and Gaduh, Arya and Rothenberg, Alexander D. and Wong, Maisy},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {106},
  number = {9},
  pages = {2658--2698},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20141781},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JXB7VS8K/Bazzi et al. - 2016 - Skill Transferability, Migration, and Development.pdf}
}

@article{beamanCanNetworkTheoryBased2021,
  title = {Can {{Network Theory-Based Targeting Increase Technology Adoption}}?},
  author = {Beaman, Lori and BenYishay, Ariel and Magruder, Jeremy and Mobarak, Ahmed Mushfiq},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {111},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1918--1943},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20200295},
  urldate = {2024-01-29},
  abstract = {Can targeting information to network-central farmers induce more adoption of a new agricultural technology? By combining social network data and a field experiment in 200 villages in Malawi, we find that targeting central farmers is important to spur the diffusion process. We also provide evidence of one explanation for why centrality matters: a diffusion process governed by complex contagion. Our results are consistent with a model in which many farmers need to learn from multiple people before they adopt themselves. This means that without proper targeting of information, the diffusion process can stall and technology adoption remains perpetually low. (JEL O13, O18, O33, Q12, Q16)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {1254380,abenyishay,agricultural technology adoption,ahmed,and 3ie for financial,atai,beaman,beaman acknowledges support by,benyishay,berkeley,complex contagion,contact,edu,initiative,jmagruder,jpal agricultural technology adoption,l-beaman,magruder,malawi,mobarak,northwestern,social learning,support,the national science foundation,under grant no,we thank the cega,wm,yale},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L4WBRQ5H/Beaman et al. - 2021 - Can Network Theory-Based Targeting Increase Techno.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WFURCB4N/BBMM_Jan2021.pdf}
}

@article{beamanPowerfulWomenDoes2009,
  title = {Powerful {{Women}}: {{Does Exposure Reduce Bias}}?*},
  shorttitle = {Powerful {{Women}}},
  author = {Beaman, Lori and Chattopadhyay, Raghabendra and Duflo, Esther and Pande, Rohini and Topalova, Petia},
  year = {2009},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {124},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1497--1540},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1162/qjec.2009.124.4.1497},
  urldate = {2023-01-03},
  abstract = {We exploit random assignment of gender quotas for leadership positions on Indian village councils to show that prior exposure to a female leader is associated with electoral gains for women. After ten years of quotas, women are more likely to stand for, and win, elected positions in councils required to have a female chief councilor in the previous two elections. We provide experimental and survey evidence on one channel of influence---changes in voter attitudes. Prior exposure to a female chief councilor improves perceptions of female leader effectiveness and weakens stereotypes about gender roles in the public and domestic spheres.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H3Y6G8C2/Beaman et al. - 2009 - Powerful Women Does Exposure Reduce Bias.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LXSSXEEQ/1917190.html}
}

@article{beaudryEffectivenessPsychologicalInterventions2021,
  title = {Effectiveness of Psychological Interventions in Prison to Reduce Recidivism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials},
  shorttitle = {Effectiveness of Psychological Interventions in Prison to Reduce Recidivism},
  author = {Beaudry, Gabrielle and Yu, Rongqin and Perry, Amanda E and Fazel, Seena},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {The Lancet Psychiatry},
  volume = {8},
  number = {9},
  pages = {759--773},
  issn = {22150366},
  doi = {10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00170-X},
  urldate = {2024-04-16},
  abstract = {Background Repeat offending, also known as criminal recidivism, in people released from prison has remained high over many decades. To address this, psychological treatments have been increasingly used in criminal justice settings; however, there is little evidence about their effectiveness. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions in prison to reduce recidivism after release.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ME2UAAXL/Beaudry et al. - 2021 - Effectiveness of psychological interventions in pr.pdf}
}

@article{becker1964human,
  title = {Human {{Capital}}: {{A Theoretical}} and {{Empirical Analysis}}, with {{Special Reference}} to {{Education}}},
  author = {Becker, Gary S},
  year = {1964},
  journal = {University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship}
}

@book{becker1991treatise,
  title = {A {{Treatise}} on the {{Family}}},
  author = {Becker, G S},
  year = {1991},
  publisher = {Harvard University Press},
  isbn = {978-0-674-90699-0}
}

@techreport{Becker2015,
  title = {Bullying among {{Adolescents}}: {{The Role}} of {{Cognitive}} and {{Non-Cognitive Skills}}},
  author = {Sarzosa, Miguel and Urz{\'u}a, Sergio},
  year = {2015},
  month = oct,
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w21631},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4NGC4RP3/BullyingSU_Feb2020.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WBW87BMH/Sarzosa and Urzúa - 2015 - Bullying among Adolescents The Role of Cognitive .pdf}
}

@article{becker2022origins,
  title = {On the Origins of Restricting Women's Promiscuity},
  author = {Becker, Anke},
  year = {2022}
}

@book{beckerEconomicsDiscrimination1957,
  title = {The {{Economics}} of {{Discrimination}}},
  author = {Becker, Gary S.},
  editor = {{edition}, 2d},
  year = {1957},
  series = {Economic {{Research Studies}}},
  publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
  address = {Chicago, IL},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {This second edition of Gary S. Becker's The Economics of Discrimination has been expanded to include three further discussions of the problem and an entirely new introduction which considers the contributions made by others in recent years and some of the more important problems remaining.Mr. Becker's work confronts the economic effects of discrimination in the market place because of race, religion, sex, color, social class, personality, or other non-pecuniary considerations. He demonstrates that discrimination in the market place by any group reduces their own real incomes as well as those of the minority.The original edition of The Economics of Discrimination was warmly received by economists, sociologists, and psychologists alike for focusing the discerning eye of economic analysis upon a vital social problem---discrimination in the market place."This is an unusual book; not only is it filled with ingenious theorizing but the implications of the theory are boldly confronted with facts. . . . The intimate relation of the theory and observation has resulted in a book of great vitality on a subject whose interest and importance are obvious."---M.W. Reder, American Economic Review"The author's solution to the problem of measuring the motive behind actual discrimination is something of a tour de force. . . . Sociologists in the field of race relations will wish to read this book."---Karl Schuessler, American Sociological Review},
  isbn = {978-0-226-04116-2},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {african-americans,black,business,capitalism,class,competition,discrimination,economics,economy,employment,ethnicity,free markets,gender,government,human resources,labor,nonfiction,nonprofits,personality,profit,psychology,race,racism,rational choice,religion,revenue,sexual orientation,sexuality,sociology,success},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4KN9EWTL/bo22415931.html}
}

@article{beckerMeasuringUtilitySingleresponse1964,
  title = {Measuring Utility by a Single-Response Sequential Method},
  author = {Becker, Gordon M. and Degroot, Morris H. and Marschak, Jacob},
  year = {1964},
  journal = {Behavioral Science},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {226--232},
  issn = {1099-1743},
  doi = {10.1002/bs.3830090304},
  urldate = {2022-02-21},
  abstract = {A person deciding on a career, a wife, or a place to live bases his choice on two factors: (1) How much do I like each of the available alternatives? and (2) What are the chances for a successful outcome of each alternative? These two factors comprise the utility of each outcome for the person making the choice. This notion of utility is fundamental to most current theories of decision behavior. According to the expected utility hypothesis, if we could know the utility function of a person, we could predict his choice from among any set of actions or objects. But the utility function of a given subject is almost impossible to measure directly. To circumvent this difficulty, stochastic models of choice behavior have been formulated which do not predict the subject's choices but make statements about the probabilities that the subject will choose a given action. This paper reports an experiment to measure utility and to test one stochastic model of choice behavior.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E9MQWU3Y/Becker et al. - 1964 - Measuring utility by a single-response sequential .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BJT52D4P/bs.html}
}

@article{beckerQuantityQualityLife2005,
  title = {The {{Quantity}} and {{Quality}} of {{Life}} and the {{Evolution}} of {{World Inequality}}},
  author = {Becker, Gary S and Philipson, Tomas J and Soares, Rodrigo R},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {THE AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {95},
  number = {1},
  pages = {15},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {INCOME,LONGEVITY,MEDICAL economics,QUALITY of life,WORLD health},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FARTIZEP/Becker et al. - 2005 - The Quantity and Quality of Life and the Evolution.pdf}
}

@book{beckerTreatiseFamily1991,
  title = {A Treatise on the Family},
  author = {Becker, Gary S.},
  year = {1991},
  edition = {Enl. ed},
  publisher = {Harvard University Press},
  address = {Cambridge, Mass},
  isbn = {978-0-674-90698-3},
  langid = {english},
  lccn = {HQ518 .B35 1991},
  keywords = {Economic aspects,Families},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KVEMKGQE/Becker - 1991 - A treatise on the family.pdf}
}

@article{becksteadOVERWHELMINGIMPORTANCESHAPING,
  title = {{{ON THE OVERWHELMING IMPORTANCE OF SHAPING THE FAR FUTURE}}},
  author = {Beckstead, Nicholas},
  pages = {198},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/D2W2BSWV/Beckstead - ON THE OVERWHELMING IMPORTANCE OF SHAPING THE FAR .pdf}
}

@book{beegleFrameOfReferenceBiasSubjective2009,
  title = {Frame-{{Of-Reference Bias In Subjective Welfare Regressions}}},
  author = {Beegle, Kathleen and Himelein, Kristen and Ravallion, Martin},
  year = {2009},
  month = may,
  series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}},
  publisher = {The World Bank},
  doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-4904},
  urldate = {2020-04-27},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{beegleFrameofreferenceBiasSubjective2012,
  title = {Frame-of-Reference Bias in Subjective Welfare},
  author = {Beegle, Kathleen and Himelein, Kristen and Ravallion, Martin},
  year = {2012},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Behavior \& Organization},
  volume = {81},
  number = {2},
  pages = {556--570},
  issn = {01672681},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jebo.2011.07.020},
  urldate = {2020-04-27},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2ZUFRKW2/Beegle et al. - 2009 - Frame-Of-Reference Bias In Subjective Welfare Regr.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RE7PHFWI/beegle2012.pdf}
}

@article{begueriaStandardizedPrecipitationEvapotranspiration2014,
  title = {Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index ({{SPEI}}) Revisited: Parameter Fitting, Evapotranspiration Models, Tools, Datasets and Drought Monitoring},
  shorttitle = {Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index ({{SPEI}}) Revisited},
  author = {Beguer{\'i}a, Santiago and {Vicente-Serrano}, Sergio M. and Reig, Fergus and Latorre, Borja},
  year = {2014},
  month = aug,
  journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
  volume = {34},
  number = {10},
  pages = {3001--3023},
  issn = {08998418},
  doi = {10.1002/joc.3887},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) was developed in 2010 and has been used in an increasing number of climatology and hydrology studies. The objective of this article is to describe computing options that provide flexible and robust use of the SPEI. In particular, we present methods for estimating the parameters of the log-logistic distribution for obtaining standardized values, methods for computing reference evapotranspiration (ET0), and weighting kernels used for calculation of the SPEI at different time scales. We discuss the use of alternative ET0 and actual evapotranspiration (ETa) methods and different options on the resulting SPEI series by use of observational and global gridded data. The results indicate that the equation used to calculate ET0 can have a significant effect on the SPEI in some regions of the world. Although the original formulation of the SPEI was based on plotting-positions Probability Weighted Moment (PWM), we now recommend use of unbiased PWM for model fitting. Finally, we present new software tools for computation and analysis of SPEI series, an updated global gridded database, and a real-time drought-monitoring system.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Drought,Drought index,Evaporation,Global warming,Palmer drought severity index (PDSI),Penman-Monteith,Standardized precipitation index (SPI)},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FJLIWY9N/Beguería et al. - 2014 - Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration inde.pdf}
}

@article{behaghelPleaseCallAgain2015,
  title = {Please {{Call Again}}: {{Correcting Nonresponse Bias}} in {{Treatment Effect Models}}},
  shorttitle = {Please {{Call Again}}},
  author = {Behaghel, Luc and Cr{\'e}pon, Bruno and Gurgand, Marc and Le Barbanchon, Thomas},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
  volume = {97},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1070--1080},
  issn = {0034-6535, 1530-9142},
  doi = {10.1162/REST_a_00497},
  urldate = {2020-10-05},
  abstract = {We propose a novel selectivity correction procedure to deal with survey attrition in treatment effect models, at the crossroads of the Heckit model and the bounding approach of Lee (2009). As a substitute for the instrument needed in sample selectivity correction models, we use information on the number of prior calls made to each individual before obtaining a response to the survey. We obtain sharp bounds to the average treatment effect on the common support of responding individuals. Because the number of prior calls brings information, we can obtain tighter bounds than in other nonparametric methods.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F83MCQYC/Behaghel et al. - 2015 - Please Call Again Correcting Nonresponse Bias in .pdf}
}

@article{Behrman1988,
  title = {Nutrition, Health, Birth Order and Seasonality. {{Intrahousehold}} Allocation among Children in Rural {{India}}},
  author = {Behrman, Jere R.},
  year = {1988},
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {28},
  number = {1},
  pages = {43--62},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/0304-3878(88)90013-2},
  abstract = {Nutrients available to children are determined largely by intrahousehold allocations. There are a number of reasons why birth order may affect these allocations. A model is developed to estimate critical parameters of parental preferences regarding the allocation of nutrients among their children. Latent variable estimates for rural south India indicate that parental preferences have productivity-equity tradeoffs and parents favor older children. The productivity-equity tradeoff, however, is much less for the lean season. Therefore, when food is scarcest, parents follow more closely a pure investment strategy, exposing their more vulnerable children to greater malnutrition tisk. {\copyright} 1988.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KSX3JHQA/Behrman - 1988 - Nutrition, health, birth order and seasonality.pdf}
}

@article{behrmanImpactHealthNutrition1996,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Health}} and {{Nutrition}} on {{Education}}},
  author = {Behrman, J. R.},
  year = {1996},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The World Bank Research Observer},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {23--37},
  issn = {0257-3032, 1564-6971},
  doi = {10.1093/wbro/11.1.23},
  urldate = {2020-10-15},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ACZ42TXT/Behrman - 1996 - THE IMPACT OF HEALTH AND NUTRITION ON EDUCATION.pdf}
}

@incollection{behrmanInvestmentEducationInputs2010,
  title = {Investment in {{Education}}---{{Inputs}} and {{Incentives}}*},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Development Economics}}},
  author = {Behrman, Jere R.},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {4883--4975},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-0-444-52944-2.00011-2},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  isbn = {978-0-444-52944-2},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Conditional cash transfers,Demand-side educational policies,Early childhood development,Economic development,Education,Educational product markets,Experimental trials,Human capital,Incentives for education,Knowledge,Labor markets,Learning by doing,Preschool programs,Program evaluation,School vouchers,Schooling,Skills,Student incentives,Supply-side educational policies,Teacher incentives,Teacher markets,Test scores,Training programs},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZWBI3QG9/Behrman - 2010 - Investment in Education—Inputs and Incentives.pdf}
}

@article{behrmanWhatDeterminesAdult2014,
  title = {What Determines Adult Cognitive Skills? {{Influences}} of Pre-School, School, and Post-School Experiences in {{Guatemala}}},
  shorttitle = {What Determines Adult Cognitive Skills?},
  author = {Behrman, Jere R. and Hoddinott, John and Maluccio, John A. and {Soler-Hampejsek}, Erica and Behrman, Emily L. and Martorell, Reynaldo and {Ram{\'i}rez-Zea}, Manuel and Stein, Aryeh D.},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Latin American Economic Review},
  volume = {23},
  number = {1},
  pages = {4},
  issn = {2198-3526, 2196-436X},
  doi = {10.1007/s40503-014-0004-4},
  urldate = {2020-11-17},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CWXZKZ2L/Behrman et al. - 2014 - What determines adult cognitive skills Influences.pdf}
}

@article{Bekkouche2019,
  title = {Colonial Origins of Education Systems and Student Performance in Primary School},
  author = {Bekkouche, Yasmine and Dupraz, Yannick},
  year = {2019},
  abstract = {To understand how the colonial origins of different school systems affect what students learn in school, we exploit the natural experiment provided by the partition of Cameroon between the British and French Empires after WWI. Since reunification at independence, two educational systems, Francophone and Anglophone, coexist. Our border discontinuity analysis of 2004-2005 PASEC primary school survey data finds that Francophone students perform better in maths in Grade 5 by half a standard deviation in test scores. This is not explained by any observable inputs of the production function, nor is it explained by the practice of grade repetition, much more developed in the Francophone system. We hypothesize that it is due to the Francophone system putting more emphasis on abstract reasoning than applied problem solving.},
  keywords = {48,65 coventry cv4 7al,75014 paris,ac,africa,at,bekkouche,boulevard jourdan,colonial legacies,contact information,department,dot,dupraz,education,eu,france,of economics,office s0,paris school of economics,psemail,school quality,united kingdom,warwick,warwick university,y,yannick dupraz,yasmine,yasmine bekkouche},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8CF72BZX/Bekkouche and Dupraz - Colonial origins of education systems and student .pdf}
}

@article{belachewFoodInsecurityAge2011,
  title = {Food Insecurity and Age at Menarche among Adolescent Girls in {{Jimma Zone Southwest Ethiopia}}: A Longitudinal Study},
  shorttitle = {Food Insecurity and Age at Menarche among Adolescent Girls in {{Jimma Zone Southwest Ethiopia}}},
  author = {Belachew, Tefera and Hadley, Craig and Lindstrom, David and Getachew, Yehenew and Duchateau, Luc and Kolsteren, Patrick},
  year = {2011},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Reproductive biology and endocrinology: RB\&E},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {125},
  issn = {1477-7827},
  doi = {10.1186/1477-7827-9-125},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Age at menarche is the reflection of cumulative pre-adolescent exposure of girls to either adverse environment such as food insecurity or affluent living conditions. Food insecurity could result in inadequate nutrient intake and stress, both of which are hypothesized to have opposing effects on the timing of menarche through divergent pathways. It is not known whether food insecure girls have delayed menarche or early menarche compared with their food secure peers. In this study we test the competing hypothesis of the relationship between food insecurity and age at menarche among adolescent girls in the Southwest Ethiopia. METHODS: We report on 900 girls who were investigated in the first two rounds of the five year longitudinal survey. The semi-parametric frailty model was fitted to determine the effect of adolescent food insecurity on time to menarche after adjusting for socio-demographic and economic variables. RESULTS: Food insecure girls have menarche one year later than their food secure peer (median age of 15 years vs 14 years). The hazard of menarche showed a significant decline (P = 0.019) as severity of food insecurity level increased, the hazard ratio (HR) for mild food insecurity and moderate/severe food insecurity were 0.936 and 0.496, respectively compared to food secure girls. Stunted girls had menarche nearly one year later than their non-stunted peers (HR = 0.551, P {$<$} 0.001). CONCLUSION: Food insecurity is associated with delay of age at menarche by one year among girls in the study area. Stunted girls had menarche one year later than their non-stunted peers. Age at menarche reflects the development of girls including the timing of sexual maturation, nutritional status and trajectory of growth during the pre-pubertal periods. The findings reflect the consequence of chronic food insecurity on the development and well-being of girls in the study area.},
  langid = {english},
  pmcid = {PMC3180361},
  pmid = {21910910},
  keywords = {Adolescent,Adolescent Development,Developing Countries,Ethiopia,Female,Food Supply,Growth Disorders,Health Surveys,Humans,Longitudinal Studies,Malnutrition,Menarche,Nutritional Status,Proportional Hazards Models,Puberty Delayed,Rural Health,Socioeconomic Factors,Stress Psychological,Urban Health},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CVAQS8KL/Belachew et al. - 2011 - Food insecurity and age at menarche among adolesce.pdf}
}

@article{bellemarePaperHowEstimating,
  title = {The {{Paper}} of {{How}}: {{Estimating Treatment Effects Using}} the {{Front-Door Criterion}}},
  author = {Bellemare, Marc F and Bloem, Jeffrey R},
  pages = {34},
  abstract = {Modern empirical social science consists largely of attempts at answering questions of the form ``What is the causal effect of X on Y?'' As a result, social scientists rely on a number of empirical techniques aimed at disentangling causal relationships from mere correlations. One such technique is Judea Pearl's (1995, 2000) front-door criterion, which relies for identification on the presence of a single, strictly exogenous mechanism on the causal path between the treatment and outcome. Social scientists in general---and economists in particular---have been resistant to the idea of adding the front-door criterion to the standard empirical toolkit, largely due to the difficulty posed by finding the required mechanism. To help overcome that resistance, we first explain how to use the front-door criterion in a regression context. We then present three empirical illustrations of the front-door criterion. Finally, and most importantly, we look at what happens when some of the assumptions underpinning the front-door criterion are violated.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4YYXCSSN/Bellemare and Bloem - The Paper of How Estimating Treatment Effects Usi.pdf}
}

@article{bellEnteringFoxholePartisan2022,
  title = {Entering the ``Foxhole'': {{Partisan}} Media Priming and the Application of Racial Justice in {{America}}},
  shorttitle = {Entering the ``Foxhole''},
  author = {Bell, Andrew M. and DeSante, Christopher D. and Gift, Thomas and Smith, Candis Watts},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Research \& Politics},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {20531680221137136},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
  issn = {2053-1680},
  doi = {10.1177/20531680221137136},
  urldate = {2025-03-03},
  abstract = {Can accessing a partisan media environment---irrespective of its content---change how Americans interpret and assess news? We examine this question by focusing on one of the most fraught issues in American society: racial justice. Although studies suggest that repeated exposure to right-leaning media messaging can amplify racial resentment, we leverage a pair of survey experiments to test whether merely seeing a conservative media masthead can make Whites render justice with racialized considerations. Results show that---even keeping the content of stories identical---entering a simulated right-leaning media environment significantly conditions racial attitudes. We find evidence of both anti-Black and pro-White biases that are activated when respondents consume information under the Fox News masthead. This study has important implications for understanding how partisan media priming shapes political views and the distinctive nature of racism in America.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CMSP33HJ/Bell et al. - 2022 - Entering the “foxhole” Partisan media priming and the application of racial justice in America.pdf}
}

@article{belloniInferenceTreatmentEffects2014,
  title = {Inference on {{Treatment Effects}} after {{Selection}} among {{High-Dimensional Controls}}},
  author = {Belloni, A. and Chernozhukov, V. and Hansen, C.},
  year = {2014},
  month = apr,
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {81},
  number = {2},
  pages = {608--650},
  issn = {0034-6527, 1467-937X},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdt044},
  urldate = {2023-02-13},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XV7A9CGB/Belloni et al. - 2014 - Inference on Treatment Effects after Selection amo.pdf}
}

@article{belloniInferenceTreatmentEffects2014a,
  title = {Inference on {{Treatment Effects}} after {{Selection}} among {{High-Dimensional Controls}}},
  author = {Belloni, A. and Chernozhukov, V. and Hansen, C.},
  year = {2014},
  month = apr,
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {81},
  number = {2},
  pages = {608--650},
  issn = {0034-6527, 1467-937X},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdt044},
  urldate = {2023-06-14},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R5CQJNNK/Belloni et al. - 2014 - Inference on Treatment Effects after Selection amo.pdf}
}

@article{belotSixCountrySurveyCOVID192020,
  title = {Six-{{Country Survey}} on {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {Belot, Mich{\`e}le and Choi, Syngjoo and Jamison, Julian C and Papageorge, Nicholas W and Tripodi, Egon},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {45},
  abstract = {Six-Country Survey on COVID-19* This paper presents a new data set collected on representative samples across 6 countries: China, South Korea, Japan, Italy, the UK and the four largest states in the US. The information collected relates to work and living situations, income, behavior (such as social-distancing, hand-washing and wearing a face mask), beliefs about the Covid 19 pandemic and exposure to the virus, socio-demographic characteristics and pre-pandemic health characteristics. In each country, the samples are nationally representative along three dimensions: age, gender, and household income, and in the US, it is also representative for race. The data were collected in the third week of April 2020. The data set could be used for multiple purposes, including calibrating certain parameters used in economic and epidemiological models, or for documenting the impact of the crisis on individuals, both in financial and psychological terms, and for understanding the scope for policy intervention by documenting how people have adjusted their behavior as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic and their perceptions regarding the measures implemented in their countries. The data is publicly available.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VSAVZQZW/Belot et al. - 2020 - Six-Country Survey on COVID-19.pdf}
}

@article{Benabou2015,
  title = {The {{Economics}} of {{Motivated Beliefs}}},
  author = {B{\'e}nabou, Roland},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Revue d'{\'e}conomie politique},
  volume = {125},
  number = {5},
  pages = {665},
  issn = {0373-2630},
  doi = {10.3917/redp.255.0665},
  abstract = {I present key ideas and results from recent work incorporating " motivated " belief distortions into Economics, both at the individual level (overconfidence, wishful thinking, willful blindness) and at the social one (groupthink, team morale, market exuberance and crises). To do so I develop a flexible model that unifies much of this line of research, then relate its main assumptions and testable predictions to the relevant experimental and observational evidence.},
  keywords = {beliefs,group morale,groupthink,hubris,overconfidence,wishful thinking},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QFNKU6AB/Bénabou - 2015 - The Economics of Motivated Beliefs.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/S79DGBWI/Bénabou - 2015 - The Economics of Motivated Beliefs.pdf}
}

@article{Benabou2016,
  title = {Mindful Economics: {{The}} Production, Consumption, and Value of Beliefs},
  author = {B{\'e}nabou, Roland and Tirole, Jean},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume = {30},
  number = {3},
  pages = {141--164},
  issn = {08953309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.30.3.141},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BTTX34FR/Bénabou and Tirole - 2016 - Mindful Economics The Production, Consumption, an.pdf}
}

@article{benabouElicitingMoralPreferences2020,
  title = {Eliciting {{Moral Preferences}}: {{Theory}} and {{Experiment}}},
  author = {B{\'e}nabou, Roland and Falk, Armin and Henkel, Luca and Tirole, Jean},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {49},
  abstract = {We examine to what extent a person's moral preferences can be inferred from observing their choices, for instance via experiments, and in particular, how one should interpret certain behaviors that appear deontologically motivated. Comparing the performance of the direct elicitation (DE) and multiple-price list (MPL) mechanisms, we characterize in each case how (social or self) image motives in{\ddag}ate the extent to which agents behave prosocially. More surprisingly, this signaling bias is shown to depend on the elicitation method, both per se and interacted with the level of visibility: it is greater under DE for low reputation concerns, and greater under MPL when they become high enough. We then test the model's predictions in an experiment in which nearly 700 subjects choose between money for themselves and implementing a 350e donation that will, in expectation, save one human life. Interacting the elicitation method with the decision's level of visibility and salience, we {\dots}nd the key crossing e¤ect predicted by the model. We also show theoretically that certain ``Kantian'' postures, turning down all prices in the o¤ered range, easily emerge under MPL when reputation becomes important enough.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LFPJVF3J/Bénabou et al. - Eliciting Moral Preferences Theory and Experiment.pdf}
}

@article{benabouIdentityMoralsTaboos2011,
  title = {Identity, {{Morals}}, and {{Taboos}}: {{Beliefs}} as {{Assets}} *},
  shorttitle = {Identity, {{Morals}}, and {{Taboos}}},
  author = {B{\'e}nabou, Roland and Tirole, Jean},
  year = {2011},
  month = may,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {126},
  number = {2},
  pages = {805--855},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjr002},
  urldate = {2021-03-12},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TDBBE2M3/Bénabou and Tirole - 2011 - Identity, Morals, and Taboos Beliefs as Assets .pdf}
}

@article{benabouIncentivesProsocialBehavior2006,
  title = {Incentives and {{Prosocial Behavior}}},
  author = {B{\'e}nabou, Roland and Tirole, Jean},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {The American Economic Review},
  volume = {96},
  number = {5},
  pages = {35},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2BSVVJ2R/dp1695.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2S3Q4HV2/Lecture_2_Laws_Norms_and_Information.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6T2SEF37/Benabou and Tirole - 2006 - Incentives and Prosocial Behavior.pdf}
}

@techreport{benabouLawsNorms2011,
  title = {Laws and {{Norms}}},
  author = {Benabou, Roland and Tirole, Jean},
  year = {2011},
  month = nov,
  number = {w17579},
  pages = {w17579},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w17579},
  urldate = {2020-12-31},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IIRNK4BG/Benabou and Tirole - 2011 - Laws and Norms.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/V2AU54JV/MWP_LS_Bénabou_Tirole_2011_05.pdf}
}

@article{benabouNarrativesImperativesMoral2020,
  title = {Narratives, {{Imperatives}}, and {{Moral Persuasion}}},
  author = {B{\'e}nabou, Roland and Falk, Armin and Tirole, Jean},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {56},
  abstract = {We study the production and circulation of arguments justifying actions on the basis of morality. By downplaying externalities, exculpatory narratives allow people to maintain a positive image while acting sel{\dots}shly. Conversely, responsibilizing narratives raise both direct and reputational stakes, fostering prosocial behavior. These rationales di¤use along a linear network, through both costly signaling and strategic disclosure. The norms that emerge re{\ddag}ect local correlation in agents'incentives (reputation versus in{\ddag}uence concerns), with low mixing generating both a polarization of beliefs across groups and less moral behavior on average. Imperatives (general precepts) constitute an alternative mode of moral in{\ddag}uence. We analyze their costs and bene{\dots}ts relative to those of narratives, and when the two will be used as substitutes or complements.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8HIRP7HZ/Bénabou et al. - Narratives, Imperatives, and Moral Persuasion.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LIPSW4WJ/narratives_and_imperatives_slides_for_posting.pdf}
}

@article{Benhassine2018,
  title = {Does Inducing Informal Firms to Formalize Make Sense? {{Experimental}} Evidence from {{Benin}}},
  author = {Benhassine, Najy and McKenzie, David and Pouliquen, Victor and Santini, Massimiliano},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {157},
  number = {2},
  pages = {1--14},
  issn = {00472727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2017.11.004},
  abstract = {Efforts to bring informal firms into the formal sector are often based on a view that this will bring benefits to the firms themselves, or at least benefit governments through increasing the tax base. A randomized experiment based around the introduction of the entreprenant legal status in Benin is used to test these assumptions, along with supplementary efforts to enhance the presumed benefits of formalizing to firms. Few firms register when just given information about the new regime, but our full package of supplementary efforts boosts formalization by 16.3 percentage points. However, this formalization does not bring firms higher sales or profits, and the cost of formalizing these firms exceeds the added taxation they will pay over the next decade. We show how better targeting of these policies towards firms that look more like formal firms to begin with can increase the formalization rate and improve cost-effectiveness.},
  keywords = {Informality,Regulatory simplification,Small enterprises},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3F3KF4MU/Benhassine et al. - 2018 - Does inducing informal firms to formalize make sen.pdf}
}

@article{beningGhanaTogoBoundary191419821983,
  title = {The {{Ghana-Togo Boundary}}, 1914-1982},
  author = {Bening, R. Bagulo},
  year = {1983},
  journal = {Africa Spectrum},
  volume = {18},
  number = {2},
  eprint = {40174115},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {191--209},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2XULTIFI/Bening - 1983 - The Ghana-Togo Boundary, 1914-1982.pdf}
}

@article{Benjamin1992,
  title = {Household {{Composition}}, {{Labor Markets}}, and {{Labor Demand}}: {{Testing}} for {{Separation}} in {{Agricultural Household Models}}},
  author = {Benjamin, Dwayne},
  year = {1992},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {60},
  number = {2},
  eprint = {2951598},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {287},
  issn = {00129682},
  doi = {10.2307/2951598},
  abstract = {Most people consider that the disease of the digestive system (gastritis) is due to the wrong diet or irregular eating. To improve the diet requires good knowledge and positive behavior because it will affect how a person takes precautions so that gastritis does not occur. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between knowledge about the causes of gastritis with gastritis prevention behavior in undergraduated of Nursing Program University of Muhamadiyah Banjarmasin. Subjects used in this study are students of undergraduated of Nursing Program with sample of 277 respondents taken using accidental sampling techniques and statistical tests using Spearman Rank. The result of this research is there is correlation between knowledge about cause of gastritis with behavior of prevention of gastritis with value P = 0,000 {$<\alpha$} 0,05. Based on the results of the study is expected the community and especially students can increase knowledge of the causes of gastritis.},
  arxiv = {1011.1669v3},
  isbn = {9783540773405},
  pmid = {19791887},
  keywords = {acceptance,according to the imf,ah,ahli sunnah wal jamaah,akidah,Akta Perkhidmatan Kewangan Islam 2013,Akta Takaful 184,Analgesia,Animal models,asean,by gdp,comparison,d a,data presentation,Depositors and Sustainable Economic Development,Drugs,economic crisis,economic development,economies and a member,expressed here,federalism,financial performance,financial support,for international economics for,gender inequality,global financial crisis,health risk,Hibah,how to read a country profile,human development,in 2011,in the world by,inclusive development index,inclusive growth and development report 2017,income basis,india,india ranked 140th by,indian economy,Institution,is the tenth largest,islamic banking,islamic capital market,islamic creed,islamic economics,islamic finance,Islamic Financial Development,islamic financial institutions,islamic insurance,islamic law,legislation,malaysia,Manfaat Takaful,maqasid al-shari,mazhab akidah,methodology of the benchmarking framework,national dashboard,Neuropathic pain,nominal gdp and 129th,nominal gdp and the,non-muslims,of brics,of key performance indicators,of the g-20 major,on a per capita,openness index,Penamaan,Pilgrimage,policy and institutional indicators,power parity,ppp,regional inequality,regulation,responsible for the views,rising to the challenge of inclusive growth and de,selected country summaries,shariah advisory council,shariah committee,shariah governance,southeast asia countries,sub-national,takaful,takaful development,takaful history,takaful product,TH,the country is one,the economy of india,the santa cruz center,third largest by purchasing,wah,we alone are,we are grateful to,women},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MYZDRQ2W/Benjamin - 1992 - Household Composition, Labor Markets, and Labor De.pdf}
}

@incollection{benjaminErrorsProbabilisticReasoning2019,
  title = {Errors in Probabilistic Reasoning and Judgment Biases},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Behavioral Economics}}: {{Applications}} and {{Foundations}} 1},
  author = {Benjamin, Daniel J.},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {69--186},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/bs.hesbe.2018.11.002},
  urldate = {2021-07-20},
  isbn = {978-0-444-63375-0},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AKIFP8YY/Benjamin - 2019 - Errors in probabilistic reasoning and judgment bia.pdf}
}

@article{benjaminiControllingFalseDiscovery1995,
  title = {Controlling the {{False Discovery Rate}}: {{A Practical}} and {{Powerful Approach}} to {{Multiple Testing}}},
  author = {Benjamini, Yoav and Hochberg, Yosef},
  year = {1995},
  journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological)},
  volume = {57},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {2346101},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {289--300},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/V3HDEHVM/Benjamini and Hochberg - 1995 - Controlling the False Discovery Rate A Practical .pdf}
}

@article{benjaminMismeasureMemoryWhen,
  title = {The {{Mismeasure}} of {{Memory}}: {{When Retrieval Fluency Is Misleading}} as a {{Metamnemonic Index}}},
  author = {Benjamin, Aaron S and Bjork, Robert A and Schwartz, Bennett L},
  pages = {14},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6ZT223KH/Benjamin et al. - The Mismeasure of Memory When Retrieval Fluency I.pdf}
}

@article{benjaminWhatHappinessData2020,
  title = {What {{Do Happiness Data Mean}}? {{Evidence}} from a {{Survey}} of {{Happiness Respondents}}},
  author = {Benjamin, Daniel J and Debnam, Jakina and Fleurbaey, Marc and Heffetz, Ori and Kimball, Miles},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {41},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2GRVKIZL/Benjamin et al. - What Do Happiness Data Mean Evidence from a Surve.pdf}
}

@incollection{Benshaul-Tolonen2020,
  title = {Measuring Menstruation-Related Absenteeism among Adolescents in Low-Income Countries},
  booktitle = {The {{Palgrave Handbook}} of {{Critical Menstruation Studies}}},
  author = {{Benshaul-Tolonen} and {Anja} and {Aja} and Zulaika, Garazi and Sommer, Marni and {Phillips-Howard}, Penelope A},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {705--723},
  publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan}
}

@techreport{Benshaul-Tolonen2021,
  type = {Working Paper},
  title = {Sanitary Products, Absenteeism and Psychosocial Well-Being: {{Evidence}} from a Three-Arm Cluster Randomized Controlled Feasibility Study in {{Western Kenya}}},
  author = {{Benshaul-Tolonen}, A. and Zulaika, G. and Nyothach, E. and Odour, C. and Mason, L. and Obor, D. and Laserson, K. F.},
  year = {2021},
  number = {WP No.93},
  institution = {Columbia University, SIPA, CDEP-CGEG}
}

@article{benshaul-tolonenPupilAbsenteeismMeasurement2019,
  title = {Pupil {{Absenteeism}}, {{Measurement}}, and {{Menstruation}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Western Kenya}}},
  author = {{Benshaul-Tolonen}, Anja and Zulaika, Garazi and Nyothach, Elizabeth and Mason, Linda and Obor, David and Alexander, Kelly T and {Phillips-Howard}, Penelope A},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {mimeo},
  abstract = {Due to data limitations it is unclear if biological processes such as periods hinder girls in developing countries from participating in school to a greater extent than boys. We collect 32,000 unannounced random spot-checks for 6,000 primary school students in Kenya to assess if girls miss more school than boys. Absenteeism is common among both boys and girls, with pubescent girls missing more schooldays because of school transfers, but less if transfer students are excluded. Boys miss more days because of illness compared to girls. Cohen's kappa coefficient reveals non-random inconsistencies across the spot-check data and school registers, which would lead to bias if school register data were used in impact evaluations. To illustrate this point, we replicate the results from a three-arm pilot cluster randomized control study that provided sanitary products to schoolgirls to reduce absenteeism using the school records instead of the spot-checks for the same calendar dates. As shown, the school register data would lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the treatment effects.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I9TGHMUJ/Benshaul-Tolonen et al. - Pupil Absenteeism, Measurement, and Menstruation .pdf}
}

@article{benshaul-tolonenSanitaryProductsAbsenteeism2021,
  title = {Sanitary Products, Absenteeism and Psychosocial Well-Being: {{Evidence}} from a Three-Arm Cluster Randomized Controlled Feasibility Study in {{Western Kenya}}},
  author = {{Benshaul-Tolonen}, Anja and Zulaika, Garazi and Nyothach, Elizabeth and Odour, Clifford and Mason, Linda and Obor, David and Alexander, Kelly T and Laserson, Kayla F},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {mimeo},
  abstract = {Does access to sanitary products improve schoolgirls' well-being? We conduct the first cluster randomized controlled feasibility study to provide different sanitary technologies (sanitary pads or menstrual cup or usual practice) to 644 primary schoolgirls in western Kenya, across 30 schools with 10 schools per treatment arm. Inclusion restrictions were: ages 14-16 years, having experienced at least three menses, and no precluding disabilities. We find that disposable sanitary pads led to a 7.9 percentage point reduction in absenteeism. In addition, using a wider dataset from the 30 schools, we show that (1) boys have similar levels of absences to girls, (2) replication of the results using official school register data fails to detect the treatment effect, illustrating the need for high quality data on school absences. Narrow focus on absences limits our understanding of the effect that sanitary products have on schoolgirls' welfare: both sanitary pads and menstrual cups improved physical, emotional, social and educational well-being over time. Physical well-being improved in the sanitary pads group by 6.2\%, and girls with heavy periods reported 10.1\% improvements in emotional well-being from the menstrual cup. The results tapered off toward the end of the study in the sanitary pad group, but remained in the menstrual cup group---highlighting the trade off between strong initial effects of an easy to adopt disposable product compared with delayed and sustained effects of a complex, reusable technology at a significantly lower unit cost.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CR33KABI/Benshaul-Tolonen et al. - 2021 - Sanitary products, absenteeism and psychosocial we.pdf}
}

@techreport{bentoAverageEstablishmentSize2018,
  title = {On {{Average Establishment Size}} across {{Sectors}} and {{Countriesy}}},
  author = {Bento, Pedro and Restuccia, Diego},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w24968}
}

@article{Benyishay2019,
  title = {Social Learning and Incentives for Experimentation and Communication},
  author = {BenYishay, Ariel and Mobarak, Ahmed Mushfiq},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {86},
  number = {3},
  pages = {976--1009},
  issn = {1467937X},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdy039},
  abstract = {Low adoption of agricultural technologies holds large productivity consequences for developing countries. Many countries hire agricultural extension agents to communicate with farmers about new technologies, even though a large academic literature has established that information from social networks is a key determinant of product adoption. We incorporate social learning in extension policy using a large-scale field experiment in which we communicate to farmers using different members of social networks. We show that communicator own adoption and effort are susceptible to small performance incentives, and the social identity of the communicator influences others' learning and adoption. Farmers appear most convinced by communicators who share a group identity with them, or who face comparable agricultural conditions. Exploring the incentives for injection points in social networks to experiment with and communicate about new technologies can take the influential social learning literature in a more policy-relevant direction.},
  keywords = {Agriculture,Peer effects,Social learning,Technology adoption},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4A2KKDRT/BenYishay and Mobarak - 2019 - Social Learning and Incentives for Experimentation.pdf}
}

@article{benyishayChildhoodShocksTrust,
  title = {Childhood {{Shocks}} and {{Trust}} in {{Adulthood}}: {{Impacts}} of {{Early-Life Rainfall}} in {{Sub-Saharan Africa}}},
  author = {BenYishay, Ariel},
  volume = {2013},
  pages = {37},
  abstract = {In many developing countries, early-life socioeconomic shocks have been shown to affect nutritional status, human capital investments and earning potential in adulthood. To date, there has been no evidence on whether these childhood shocks also affect pro-social behaviour later in life. I study the impacts of early-life rainfall shocks on trust in adulthood across 17 sub-Saharan African countries. Controlling for country fixed effects, country-specific age effects, and individual-level observables, I find that rainfall in the 5 years immediately after birth substantially increases localized trust of one's relatives and neighbors in adulthood. These effects vary dramatically across ethnic groups with different historical exposure to slave exporting: Only in ethnic groups with low historical levels of trust due to slavery does early-life rainfall affect trust in adulthood. This transmission of mistrust may be due to weaker risk-sharing norms in these ethnic groups, which differentially affect cohorts exposed to greater shocks in childhood. Results from a separate survey in Malawi show similar heterogeneous impacts on contemporary risk-sharing behaviors.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {childhood shocks,rainfall,trust},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YZIAZG3Q/BenYishay - Childhood Shocks and Trust in Adulthood Impacts o.pdf}
}

@article{berajaDataintensiveInnovationState,
  title = {Data-Intensive {{Innovation}} and the {{State}}: {{Evidence}} from {{AI Firms}} in {{China}}},
  author = {Beraja, Martin and Yang, David Y},
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  pages = {23},
  abstract = {Developing artificial intelligence (AI) technology requires data. In many domains, government data far exceed in magnitude and scope data collected by the private sector, and AI firms often gain access to such data when providing services to the state. We argue that such access can stimulate commercial AI innovation in part because data and trained algorithms are shareable across government and commercial uses. We gather comprehensive information on firms and public security procurement contracts in China's facial recognition AI industry. We quantify the data accessible through contracts by measuring public security agencies' capacity to collect surveillance video. Using a triple-differences strategy, we find that data-rich contracts, compared to data-scarce ones, lead recipient firms to develop significantly and substantially more commercial AI software. Our analysis suggests a contribution of government data to the rise of China's facial recognition AI firms, and that states' data collection and provision policies could shape AI innovation.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8YFB3BBC/Beraja and Yang - Data-intensive Innovation and the State Evidence .pdf}
}

@article{bergemannInformationDesignBayesian2016,
  title = {Information {{Design}}, {{Bayesian Persuasion}}, and {{Bayes Correlated Equilibrium}}},
  author = {Bergemann, Dirk and Morris, Stephen},
  year = {2016},
  month = may,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {106},
  number = {5},
  pages = {586--591},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.p20161046},
  urldate = {2023-02-18},
  abstract = {A set of players have preferences over a set of outcomes. We consider the problem of an ``information designer'' who can choose an information structure for the players to serve his ends, but has no ability to change the mechanism (or force the players to make particular action choices). We describe a unifying perspective for information design. We consider a simple example of Bayesian persuasion with both an uninformed and informed receiver. We extend information design to many player and relate it to the literature on incomplete information correlated equilibrium.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CQ9Y7DDQ/Bergemann and Morris - 2016 - Information Design, Bayesian Persuasion, and Bayes.pdf}
}

@article{Bergman2015,
  title = {Parent-{{Child Information Frictions}} and {{Human Capital Investment}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Field Experiment}}},
  author = {Bergman, Peter Leopold S.},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute (CESifo)},
  volume = {CESifo Wor},
  pages = {1--66},
  issn = {0043-8871},
  abstract = {This paper studies information frictions between parents and their children and how these affect human capital investments. A random sample of parents was provided detailed, biweekly information about their child's missed assignments and grades. I find parents have upwardly-biased beliefs about their child's effort; providing additional information attenuates this bias and improves student achievement. Using data from the experiment, I estimate a persuasion or signaling game between parents and their children that shows the treatment effect is due to a combination of more accurate beliefs and reduced monitoring costs. The experimental results and simulations from the model demonstrate that improving the quality of school reporting or providing frequent information to parents about their child's effort in school can produce gains in achievement at a low cost. JEL Codes: I20, I21, I24. * I am extremely grateful to Adriana Lleras-Muney, Pascaline Dupas and Karen Quartz for their advice and support. Andrew Kosenko, Chaoyan Zhu and Danna Kang Thomas provided excellent research assistance. I thank James Heckman and five referees for their detailed com-ments, as well as},
  keywords = {CESifo Working Paper no. 5391,experiment,information frictions,parents},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SDKSQUF8/Bergman - Parent-Child Information Frictions and Human Capit.pdf}
}

@book{bergstromImprovingWellBeingAdolescent2021,
  title = {Improving the {{Well-Being}} of {{Adolescent Girls}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
  author = {Bergstrom, Katy and Ozler, Berk},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}},
  publisher = {The World Bank},
  doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-9827},
  urldate = {2023-12-01},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KENG9RG4/Bergstrom and Ozler - 2021 - Improving the Well-Being of Adolescent Girls in De.pdf}
}

@article{berinskyCanWeTurn2016,
  title = {Can We Turn Shirkers into Workers?},
  author = {Berinsky, Adam J. and Margolis, Michele F. and Sances, Michael W.},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
  volume = {66},
  pages = {20--28},
  issn = {00221031},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jesp.2015.09.010},
  urldate = {2021-05-05},
  abstract = {Survey researchers increasingly employ attention checks to identify inattentive respondents and reduce noise. Once inattentive respondents are identified, however, researchers must decide whether to drop such respondents, thus threatening external validity, or keep such respondents, thus threatening internal validity. In this article, we ask whether there is a third way: can inattentive respondents be induced to pay attention? Using three different strategies across three studies, we show that while such inducements increase attention check passage, they do not reduce noise in descriptive or experimental survey items. In addition, the inducements cause some respondents to drop out of the survey. These results have important implications for applied research. While scholars should continue to measure inattention via attention checks, increasing the attentiveness of ``shirker'' respondents is not as easy as previously thought.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QB74JXXY/Berinsky et al. - 2016 - Can we turn shirkers into workers.pdf}
}

@article{berinskySeparatingShirkersWorkers2014,
  title = {Separating the {{Shirkers}} from the {{Workers}}? {{Making Sure Respondents Pay Attention}} on {{Self-Administered Surveys}}},
  shorttitle = {Separating the {{Shirkers}} from the {{Workers}}?},
  author = {Berinsky, Adam J. and Margolis, Michele F. and Sances, Michael W.},
  year = {2014},
  month = jul,
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  volume = {58},
  number = {3},
  pages = {739--753},
  issn = {00925853},
  doi = {10.1111/ajps.12081},
  urldate = {2021-05-05},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FKXVPZVF/Berinsky et al. - 2014 - Separating the Shirkers from the Workers Making S.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FPUHQ6KX/ajps12081-sup-0001-suppmat.doc;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H52DZ9FF/ajps12081-sup-0001-suppmat.doc}
}

@article{berkImpactImpactInvesting2021,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Impact Investing}}},
  author = {Berk, Jonathan B. and Van Binsbergen, Jules H.},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3909166},
  urldate = {2023-08-19},
  abstract = {The change in the cost of capital that results from a divestiture strategy can be closely approximated as a simple linear function of three parameters: (1) the fraction of socially conscious capital, (2) the fraction of targeted firms in the economy and (3) the return correlation between the targeted firms and the rest of the stock market. When calibrated to current data, we demonstrate that the impact on the cost of capital is too small to meaningfully affect real investment decisions. We empirically corroborate these small estimates by studying firm changes in ESG status and are unable to detect an impact of ESG divestiture strategies on the price or cost of capital of treated firms. Our results suggest that to have impact, instead of divesting, socially conscious investors should invest and exercise their rights of control to change corporate policy.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8LQRALQ3/Berk and Van Binsbergen - 2021 - The Impact of Impact Investing.pdf}
}

@techreport{Berkouwer2019,
  title = {Credit and Attention in the Adoption of Profitable Energy Efficient Technologies in {{Kenya}}},
  author = {Berkouwer, Susanna B and Dean, Joshua T},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {1--73},
  abstract = {What roles do credit constraints and inattention play in the under-adoption of profitable technologies? We study this issue in the case of energy efficient cookstoves in Nairobi. Using a randomized field experiment with 1,000 households we find that the technology has high returns: we estimate an average annual internal rate of return of 300\% and savings of \$120 per year in fuel costs---around one month of income. Yet, current adoption rates are inefficiently low. Using an incentive-compatible, Becker-DeGroot-Marschak mechanism to elicit willingness-to-pay (WTP) we find that average WTP is only \$12. To investigate the roles of financial constraints and behavioral biases in this puzzling pattern, we cross-randomize access to credit with an intervention designed to increase attention to the costs and benefits of adoption. In our first main result, credit doubles WTP and closes the energy efficiency gap. Second, attention is context-dependent: inattention to future costs increases the impact of credit, especially for time-inconsistent agents, but we find no evidence of inattention to energy savings. These results contribute to the longstanding debate comparing the efficacy of taxation and subsidies in correcting environmental externalities: in the presence of credit constraints, common in low-income contexts, Pigovian taxation alone is no longer the optimal second-best policy. Factoring in financial savings, avoided environmental damages, and time savings, we estimate that a subsidy on the energy efficient technology would have a marginal value of public funds of \$20.38.},
  isbn = {2017112534}
}

@article{berkouwerCreditAttentionAdoption,
  title = {Credit and Attention in the Adoption of Profitable Energy Efficient Technologies in {{Kenya}}},
  author = {Berkouwer, Susanna B and Dean, Joshua T},
  pages = {98},
  abstract = {What roles do credit constraints and inattention play in the under-adoption of highreturn technologies? We study this question in the case of energy efficient cookstoves in Nairobi. Using a randomized field experiment with 1,000 households, we estimate a 300\% average annual rate of return to investing in this technology, or \$120 per year in fuel savings---around one month of income. Despite this, adoption rates are low: eliciting preferences using an incentive-compatible Becker-DeGroot-Marschak mechanism, we find that average willingness-to-pay (WTP) is only \$12. To investigate what drives this puzzling pattern, we cross-randomize access to credit with two interventions designed to increase attention to the costs and benefits of adoption. Our first main finding is that credit doubles WTP and closes the energy efficiency gap over the period of the loan. Second, credit works in part through psychological mechanisms: around one-third of the total impact of credit is caused by inattention to loan payments. We find no evidence of inattention to energy savings. These findings have implications for second-best regulation of pollution externalities using subsidies versus taxes. In lowincome contexts, where credit constraints are common, Pigovian taxation alone may not be the optimal policy. Private benefits and avoided environmental damages generate average welfare gains of \$600 for each stove adopted and used for two years. A subsidy would have a marginal value of public funds of \$19 per \$1 spent.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HCSM3RF2/Berkouwer and Dean - Credit and attention in the adoption of proﬁtable .pdf}
}

@article{berkouwerCreditAttentionExternalities2022,
  title = {Credit, {{Attention}}, and {{Externalities}} in the {{Adoption}} of {{Energy Efficient Technologies}} by {{Low-Income Households}}},
  author = {Berkouwer, Susanna B. and Dean, Joshua T.},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {112},
  number = {10},
  pages = {3291--3330},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20210766},
  urldate = {2023-11-27},
  abstract = {We study an energy efficient charcoal cookstove in an experiment with 1,000 households in Nairobi. We estimate a 39 percent reduction in charcoal spending, which matches engineering estimates, generating a 295 percent annual return. Despite fuel savings of \$237 over the stove's two-year lifespan---and \$295 in emissions reductions---households are only willing to pay \$12. Drawing attention to energy savings does not increase demand. However, a loan more than doubles willingness to pay: credit constraints prevent adoption of privately optimal technologies. Energy efficient technologies could drive sustainable development by slowing greenhouse emissions while saving households money. (JEL D12, D91, G51, O12, O13, O32, Q54)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WIH57RLC/Berkouwer and Dean - 2022 - Credit, Attention, and Externalities in the Adopti.pdf}
}

@article{bermanNarrowCorridorStates2020,
  title = {The {{Narrow Corridor}}: {{States}}, {{Societies}}, and the {{Fate}} of {{Liberty}}. {{By Daron Acemoglu}} and {{James A}}. {{Robinson}}. {{New York}}: {{Penguin Press}}, 2019. 576p. \$32.00 Cloth.},
  shorttitle = {The {{Narrow Corridor}}},
  author = {Berman, Sheri},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Perspectives on Politics},
  volume = {18},
  number = {3},
  pages = {903--905},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  issn = {1537-5927, 1541-0986},
  doi = {10.1017/S1537592720001838},
  urldate = {2024-01-29},
  abstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\%3Acambridge.org\%3Aid\%3Aarticle\%3AS1537592720001838/resource/name/firstPage-S1537592720001838a.jpg},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/25MQVKTW/Berman - 2020 - The Narrow Corridor States, Societies, and the Fa.pdf}
}

@article{bermanSWEETCHILDMINE,
  title = {{{SWEET CHILD OF MINE}}: {{INCOME}}, {{HEALTH AND INEQUALITY}}},
  author = {Berman, Nicolas and Rotunno, Lorenzo and Ziparo, Roberta},
  pages = {74},
  abstract = {How to allocate limited resources among children is a crucial household decision, especially in developing countries where it might have strong implications for children and family survival. We study how variations in parental income in the early life of their children affect subsequent child health and parental investments across siblings, using micro data from multiple waves of the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) spanning 54 developing countries. Variations in the world prices of locally produced crops are used as measures of local income. We find that children born in periods of higher income durably enjoy better health and receive better human capital (health and education) investments than their siblings. Children whose older siblings were born during favourable income periods receive less investment and exhibit worse health in absolute terms. We interpret these within-household reallocations in light of economic and evolutionary theories that highlight the importance of efficiency considerations in competitive environments. Finally, we study the implications of these for aggregate child health inequality, which is found to be higher in regions exposed to more volatile crop prices.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {health,income,inequality,intra-household allocation},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DE8S7KRC/Berman and Rotunno - SWEET CHILD OF MINE INCOME, HEALTH AND INEQUALITY.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZXL2YVR4/Ziparo 28 mai 2019.pdf}
}

@article{bernardASKMEWHY,
  title = {{{ASK ME WHY}}: {{USING VIGNETTES TO UNDERSTAND PATTERNS OF INTRAHOUSEHOLD DECISION-MAKING IN RURAL SENEGAL}}},
  author = {Bernard, Tanguy and Doss, Cheryl and Hidrobo, Melissa and Hoel, Jessica and Kieran, Caitlin},
  pages = {55},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BWE2RLQ7/Bernard et al. - ASK ME WHY USING VIGNETTES TO UNDERSTAND PATTERNS.pdf}
}

@article{bernardParentalAspirationsChildren2019,
  title = {Parental {{Aspirations}} for {{Children}}'s {{Education}}: {{Is There}} a "{{Girl Effect}}"? {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Rural Ethiopia}}},
  shorttitle = {Parental {{Aspirations}} for {{Children}}'s {{Education}}},
  author = {Bernard, Tanguy and Dercon, Stefan and Orkin, Kate and Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  journal = {AEA Papers and Proceedings},
  volume = {109},
  pages = {127--132},
  issn = {2574-0768},
  doi = {10.1257/pandp.20191072},
  urldate = {2024-03-15},
  abstract = {We report on an experiment with poor rural households in Ethiopia, which aimed to boost aspirations for a better future through exposure to documentaries  featuring local male and female role models. We explore effects on parents' educational aspirations and investment in children's education. At baseline, educational  aspirations are high but biased against girls. At a six-month follow-up, the intervention increased parents' aspirations for their children's education and increased  enrollment, time spent in school, and schooling expenditures. There was no catching up of girls relative to boys. Results are consistent with broader local social  norms that value education but disfavor women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child Care,Children,Equity Justice Inequality and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement Analysis of Education Education and Inequality Education and Economic Development Fertility,Family Planning,Human Development,Income Distribution,Migration,Non-labor Discrimination Economic Development: Human Resources,Youth Economics of Gender},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9B4Q3XPM/Bernard et al. - 2019 - Parental Aspirations for Children's Education Is .pdf}
}

@article{bernardStateImpactForecasting,
  title = {State versus Impact Forecasting},
  author = {Bernard, David Rhys},
  journal = {. It},
  pages = {17},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QT5E27XS/Bernard - State versus impact forecasting.pdf}
}

@article{Berndt1973,
  title = {The Translog Function and the Substitution of Equipment, Structures, and Labor in {{U}}.{{S}}. Manufacturing 1929-68},
  author = {Berndt, Ernst R. and Christensen, Laurits R.},
  year = {1973},
  journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {81--113},
  issn = {03044076},
  doi = {10.1016/0304-4076(73)90007-9}
}

@article{berndtTRANSLOGFUNCTIONSUBSTITUTION,
  title = {{{THE TRANSLOG FUNCTION AND THE SUBSTITUTION OF EQUIPMENT}}, {{STRUCTURES}}, {{AND LABOR IN U}}.{{S}}. {{MANUFA}}{\textasciitilde}{{URING}} 1929-68},
  author = {Berndt, Ernst R and Christensen, Laurits R and Cobb, Charles},
  pages = {33},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FDEAIAVC/Berndt et al. - THE TRANSLOG FUNCTION AND THE SUBSTITUTION OF EQUI.pdf}
}

@article{bernheimTheoryChosenPreferences2021,
  title = {A {{Theory}} of {{Chosen Preferences}}},
  author = {Bernheim, B. Douglas and Braghieri, Luca and {Mart{\'i}nez-Marquina}, Alejandro and Zuckerman, David},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {111},
  number = {2},
  pages = {720--754},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20190390},
  urldate = {2024-08-13},
  abstract = {We propose and develop a dynamic theory of endogenous preference formation in which people adopt worldviews that shape their judgments about their experiences. The framework highlights the role of mindset flexibility, a trait that determines the relative weights the decision-maker places on her current and anticipated worldviews when evaluating future outcomes. The theory generates rich behavioral dynamics, thereby illuminating a wide range of applications and providing potential explanations for a variety of observed phenomena. (JEL D11, D81, D91, Z13)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HF3EVYTB/Bernheim et al. - 2021 - A Theory of Chosen Preferences.pdf}
}

@article{Berry2019,
  title = {Eliciting and {{Utilizing Willingness-to-Pay}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Field Trials}} in {{Northern Ghana}}},
  author = {Berry, James and Fischer, Greg and Guiteras, Raymond P},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  issn = {0022-3808},
  doi = {10.1086/705374},
  abstract = {We utilize the Becker-DeGroot-Marschak (1964) mechanism to estimate the willingness to pay for clean drinking water technology in northern Ghana. The BDM mechanism has attractive properties for empirical research, allowing us to directly estimate demand, compute heterogeneous treatment effects, and study the screening and causal effects of prices with minor modifications to a standard field experi- ment setting. We demonstrate the implementation of BDM along these three dimensions, compare it to the standard take-it-or-leave it method for eliciting willingness to pay, and discuss practical issues for implementing the mechanism in true field settings.},
  keywords = {ac,becker-,degroot-marschak,edu,field experiments,fischer,g,guiteras,health behavior,heterogeneous treatment effects,jimberry,london school of economics,lse,ncsu,north carolina state university,price mechanism,rpguiter,udel,uk,university of delaware,we thank alex},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZIY9GB8L/Berry et al. - 2020 - Eliciting and Utilizing Willingness to Pay Eviden.pdf}
}

@article{Berry2019a,
  title = {Not {{Playing Favorites}}: {{An Experiment}} on {{Parental Preferences}} for {{Educational Investment}}},
  author = {Berry, James and {Dizon-Ross}, Rebecca and Jagnani, Maulik},
  year = {2019},
  number = {January},
  abstract = {How do parents choose to allocate investments across children? Do they maximize the returns to their investments (total household earnings), or equalize across their children because of an aversion to cross-sibling inequality? In this paper, we conduct the first experiment that identifies parents' preferences for investing in their children's education. The experiment exogenously varies the short-run returns to educational investments to identify the degree to which parents care about (a) maximizing total household earnings, (b) minimizing cross-sibling inequality in "outcomes" (i.e., child-level earnings), and (c) minimizing cross-sibling inequality in "inputs" (i.e., the investments each child receives). We find that parents care about both maximizing total household earnings and minimizing inequality in inputs. Parents' aversion to inequality in inputs is quantitatively important, with parents choosing exactly equal inputs 35\% of the time and their aversion to inequality causing them to forego roughly 40-50\% of their potential experimental earnings due to inequality aversion in inputs. In contrast, we find no evidence that parents are averse to inequality in outcomes.}
}

@article{berryElicitingUtilizingWillingness2020,
  title = {Eliciting and {{Utilizing Willingness}} to {{Pay}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Field Trials}} in {{Northern Ghana}}},
  shorttitle = {Eliciting and {{Utilizing Willingness}} to {{Pay}}},
  author = {Berry, James and Fischer, Greg and Guiteras, Raymond},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {128},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1436--1473},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/705374},
  urldate = {2021-02-23},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{berryElicitingUtilizingWillingness2020a,
  title = {Eliciting and {{Utilizing Willingness}} to {{Pay}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Field Trials}} in {{Northern Ghana}}},
  shorttitle = {Eliciting and {{Utilizing Willingness}} to {{Pay}}},
  author = {Berry, James and Fischer, Greg and Guiteras, Raymond},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {128},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1436--1473},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/705374},
  urldate = {2021-02-23},
  abstract = {Using the Becker-DeGroot-Marschak (BDM) mechanism, we estimate the willingness-topay (WTP) for and impact of clean water technology through a field experiment in Ghana. Although WTP is low relative to the cost, demand is relatively inelastic at low prices. In the short-run, treatment effects are positive -- the incidence of children's diarrhea falls by one third -- and consistent throughout the WTP distribution. After a year, use has fallen, particularly for those with relatively low valuations. Strikingly, the long-run average treatment effect is negative for those with valuations below the median. Combining estimated treatment effects with individual willingness-to pay measures implies households' valuations of health benefits are much smaller than those typically used by policymakers. Finally, we explore differences between BDM and take-it-or-leave-it valuations and make recommendations for effectively implementing BDM in the field.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CB65EMQT/Berry et al. - 2020 - Eliciting and Utilizing Willingness to Pay Eviden.pdf}
}

@article{berryNotPlayingFavorites,
  title = {Not {{Playing Favorites}}: {{An Experiment}} on {{Parental Fairness Preferences}}},
  author = {Berry, James and {Dizon-Ross}, Rebecca and Jagnani, Maulik},
  pages = {64},
  abstract = {We conduct a lab-in-the-field experiment to identify parents' preferences for investing in their children. The experiment exogenously varied the short-run returns to educational investments to identify how much parents care about maximizing total household earnings, minimizing cross-sibling inequality in ``outcomes'' (child-level earnings), and minimizing cross-sibling inequality in ``inputs'' (child-level investments). We show that while parents place some weight on maximizing earnings, they also display a strong preference for equality in inputs, forgoing roughly 40\% of their potential earnings or 90\% of a day's wage to equalize inputs. We find no evidence that parents care about equalizing outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4EA4KNQY/Berry et al. - Not Playing Favorites An Experiment on Parental F.pdf}
}

@article{bertozziChallengesModelingForecasting2020,
  title = {The Challenges of Modeling and Forecasting the Spread of {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {Bertozzi, Andrea L. and Franco, Elisa and Mohler, George and Short, Martin B. and Sledge, Daniel},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  pages = {202006520},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.2006520117},
  urldate = {2020-07-13},
  abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has placed epidemic modeling at the forefront of worldwide public policy making. Nonetheless, modeling and forecasting the spread of COVID-19 remains a challenge. Here, we detail three regional-scale models for forecasting and assessing the course of the pandemic. This work demonstrates the utility of parsimonious models for early-time data and provides an accessible framework for generating policy-relevant insights into its course. We show how these models can be connected to each other and to time series data for a particular region. Capable of measuring and forecasting the impacts of social distancing, these models highlight the dangers of relaxing nonpharmaceutical public health interventions in the absence of a vaccine or antiviral therapies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HDJACGWA/Bertozzi et al. - 2020 - The challenges of modeling and forecasting the spr.pdf}
}

@article{Bertrand2019,
  title = {The {{Glittering Prizes}}: {{Career Incentives}} and {{Bureaucrat Performance}}},
  author = {Bertrand, Marianne and Burgess, Robin and Chawla, Arunish and Xu, Guo},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  pages = {1--43},
  issn = {0034-6527},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdz029},
  abstract = {Bureaucracies are configured differently to private sector and political organizations. Across a wide range of civil services entry is competitive, promotion is constrained by seniority, jobs are for life and retirement occurs at a fixed age. This implies that older entering officers, who are less likely to attain the glittering prize of reaching the top of the bureaucracy before they retire, may be less motivated to exert effort. Using a nationwide stakeholder survey and rich administrative data on elite civil servants in India we provide evidence that: (i) officers who cannot reach the senior-most positions before they retire are perceived to be less effective and are more likely to be suspended and (ii) this effect is weakened by a reform that extends the retirement age. Together these results suggest that the career incentive of reaching the top of a public organization is a powerful determinant of bureaucrat performance. JEL classification: D73, H11, O10 * We are grateful to Padamvir Singh, the former Director of Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA), for his help with getting this project started and to LBSNAA and the Indian Planning Commission for collaboration. We thank Blackstone Group and its President Ashref Hashim for help with fielding the surveys of bureaucrat effectiveness. The paper has benefited from comments from},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DEA75KU5/Bertrand et al. - 2019 - The Glittering Prizes Career Incentives and Burea.pdf}
}

@article{bertrandFieldExperimentsCorrespondence,
  title = {Field {{Experiments}}: {{Correspondence Studies}}},
  author = {Bertrand, Marianne and Duflo, Esther},
  abstract = {This chapter reviews the existing field experimentation literature on the prevalence of discrimination, the consequences of such discrimination, and possible approaches to undermine it. We highlight key gaps in the literature and ripe opportunities for future field work. Section ``Measuring Discrimination in the Field'' reviews the various experimental methods that have been employed to measure the prevalence of discrimination, most notably audit and correspondence studies; it also describes several other measurement tools commonly used in lab-based work that deserve greater consideration in field research. Section ``Consequences of Discrimination'' provides an overview of literature on the costs of being stereotyped or discriminated against, with a focus on selfexpectancy effects and self-fulfilling prophecies; section ``Consequences of Discrimination'' also discusses the thin field-based literature on the consequences of limited diversity in organizations and groups. The final section of the chapter, section ``What Affects Discrimination?,'' reviews evidence for policies and interventions aimed at weakening discrimination, covering role model and intergroup contact effects, as well as socio-cognitive and technological de-biasing strategies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CNXBUF57/Bertrand and Duflo - Field Experiments Correspondence Studies.pdf}
}

@incollection{bertrandFieldExperimentsDiscrimination2017,
  title = {Field {{Experiments}} on {{Discrimination}}},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Economic Field Experiments}}},
  author = {Bertrand, M. and Duflo, E.},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {309--393},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/bs.hefe.2016.08.004},
  urldate = {2021-04-28},
  abstract = {This article reviews the existing field experimentation literature on the prevalence of discrimination, the consequences of such discrimination, and possible approaches to undermine it. We highlight key gaps in the literature and ripe opportunities for future field work. Section 2 reviews the various experimental methods that have been employed to measure the prevalence of discrimination, most notably audit and correspondence studies; it also describes several other measurement tools commonly used in labbased work that deserve greater consideration in field research. Section 3 provides an overview of the literature on the costs of being stereotyped or discriminated against, with a focus on self-expectancy effects and self-fulfilling prophecies; Section 4 also discusses the thin field-based literature on the consequences of limited diversity in organizations and groups. The final section of the paper, Section 4, reviews the evidence for policies and interventions aimed at weakening discrimination, covering role model and intergroup contact effects, as well as sociocognitive and technological debiasing strategies.},
  isbn = {978-0-444-63324-8},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R8VUAZ6R/Bertrand and Duflo - 2017 - Field Experiments on Discrimination a aLaura Stilw.pdf}
}

@article{bertrandGenderTwentyFirstCentury2020,
  title = {Gender in the {{Twenty-First Century}}},
  author = {Bertrand, Marianne},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {AEA Papers and Proceedings},
  volume = {110},
  pages = {1--24},
  issn = {2574-0768, 2574-0776},
  doi = {10.1257/pandp.20201126},
  urldate = {2021-04-28},
  abstract = {We study how childhood exposure to a nontraditional family (a working married mother, a married mother that is the primary breadwinner, or a non-married mother) affects gender role attitudes in young adulthood. Boys and girls develop more liberal gender attitudes when they spend more time with a non-married mother. In intact families, boys' gender attitudes, more than girls', appear positively influenced by the role model of a working mother, especially if she is also the primary breadwinner. However, the effect of childhood exposure to a mother with greater economic power on boys' gender attitudes is smaller in more gender-conservative families.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/88YXPLQQ/Bertrand - 2020 - Gender in the Twenty-First Century.pdf}
}

@article{bertrandObtainingDriverLicense2007,
  title = {Obtaining a {{Driver}}'s {{License}} in {{India}}: {{An Experimental Approach}} to {{Studying Corruption}}},
  shorttitle = {Obtaining a {{Driver}}'s {{License}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Bertrand, M. and Djankov, S. and Hanna, R. and Mullainathan, S.},
  year = {2007},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {122},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1639--1676},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1162/qjec.2007.122.4.1639},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QKDVPCJT/Bertrand et al. - 2007 - Obtaining a Driver's License in India An Experime.pdf}
}

@article{besenIntroductionLawEconomics1991,
  title = {An {{Introduction}} to the {{Law}} and {{Economics}} of {{Intellectual Property}}},
  author = {Besen, Stanley M and Raskind, Leo J},
  year = {1991},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {3--27},
  issn = {0895-3309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.5.1.3},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XCAZ36HW/Besen and Raskind - 1991 - An Introduction to the Law and Economics of Intell.pdf}
}

@article{beskenGeneratingLiesProduces2018,
  title = {Generating {{Lies Produces Lower Memory Predictions}} and {{Higher Memory Performance Than Telling}} the {{Truth}}: {{Evidence}} for a {{Metacognitive Illusion}}},
  author = {Besken, Miri},
  year = {2018},
  pages = {20},
  abstract = {Manipulations that induce disfluency during encoding generally produce lower memory predictions for the disfluent condition than for the fluent condition. Similar to other manipulations of disfluency, generating lies takes longer and requires more mental effort than does telling the truth; hence, a manipulation of lie generation might produce patterns similar to other types of fluency for memory predictions. The current study systematically investigates the effect of a lie-generation manipulation on both actual and predicted memory performance. In a series of experiments, participants told the truth or generated plausible lies to general knowledge questions and made item-by-item predictions about their subsequent memory performance during encoding, followed by a free recall test. Participants consistently predicted their memory performance to be higher for truth than for lies (Experiments 1 through 4), despite their typically superior actual memory performance for lies than for the truth (Experiments 1 through 3), producing double dissociations between memory and metamemory. Moreover, lying led to longer response latencies than did telling the truth, showing that generating lies is in fact objectively more disfluent. An additional experiment compared memory predictions for truth and lie trials via a scenario about the lie-generation manipulation used in the present study, which revealed superior memory predictions of truth than of lies, providing proof for a priori beliefs about the effects of lying on predicted memory (Experiment 5). The effects of the current lie-generation manipulation on metamemory are discussed in light of experience-based and theory-based processes on making judgments of learning. Theoretical and practical implications of this experimental paradigm are also considered.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SYR65VW9/Besken - Generating Lies Produces Lower Memory Predictions .pdf}
}

@article{Besley1992,
  title = {Workfare versus {{Welfare}}: {{Incentive Arguments}} for {{Work Requirements}} in {{Poverty- Alleviation Programs}}},
  author = {Besley, Timothy and Coate, Stephen},
  year = {1992},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {82},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {2117613\%5Cnhttp://www.aeaweb.org/aer/index.php},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {249--261},
  issn = {0036-8075},
  doi = {10.1126/science.151.3712.867-a},
  abstract = {The use of work requirements in poverty alleviation programs is of widespread significance. Perhaps the most notorious historical example is the English system, instituted by the Poor Law of 1834, in which poor relief was granted through residence in a workhouse. Workfare was also common in ancient regime France, where relief was granted in "charity workshops." They remain popular in both developed and less developed countries today. In the United States, for example, a number of states now demand that welfare claimants enroll in either a training or work program in order to receive benefits. Similarly, current practice in India relies heavily on public-works projects its a tool for providing poor relief. There are many arguments made in favor of work requirements in poverty-alleviation programs. One consistent theme, however, is that work requirements serve to provide the "appropriate incentives" for recipients of poor relief.},
  isbn = {00028282},
  pmid = {17746758},
  keywords = {HB Economic Theory,HD Industries. Land use. Labor},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/39DIN5MB/Besley and Coate - 1992 - Workfare versus Welfare Incentive Arguments for W.pdf}
}

@article{Besley2017,
  title = {Aspirations and the Political Economy of Inequality},
  author = {Besley, Timothy},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Oxford Economic Papers},
  volume = {69},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--35},
  issn = {14643812},
  doi = {10.1093/oep/gpw055},
  abstract = {In standard approaches to the political economy of inequality, the income distribution and the preferences of households are taken as fixed when studying how incomes are determined within and between nations. This papermakes the income distribution endogenous by supposing that aspirational parents can socialize children into having aspirational preferences which are modelled as a reference point in income space. The model looks at the endogenous determination of the level of income, income inequality and income redistribution where the proportion of aspirational individuals evolves endogenously according to pay-offs along the equilibrium path. The paper discusses implications of the model for intergenerational mobility. It also shows how the income generation process is critical for the dynamics and welfare conclusions. Finally, it looks at some evidence from the World Values Survey in light of the theory.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/47TYI3ZJ/Besley - 2017 - Aspirations and the political economy of inequalit.pdf}
}

@article{bessoneEconomicConsequencesIncreasing2021,
  title = {The {{Economic Consequences}} of {{Increasing Sleep Among}} the {{Urban Poor}}},
  author = {Bessone, Pedro and Rao, Gautam and Schilbach, Frank and Schofield, Heather and Toma, Mattie},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {136},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1887--1941},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjab013},
  urldate = {2024-07-29},
  abstract = {Abstract             The urban poor in developing countries face challenging living environments, which may interfere with good sleep. Using actigraphy to measure sleep objectively, we find that low-income adults in Chennai, India, sleep only 5.5~hours a night on average despite spending 8~hours in bed. Their sleep is highly interrupted, with sleep efficiency---sleep per time in bed---comparable to those with disorders such as sleep apnea or insomnia. A randomized three-week treatment providing information, encouragement, and improvements to home sleep environments increased sleep duration by 27 minutes a night by inducing more time in bed. Contrary to expert predictions and a large body of sleep research, increased nighttime sleep had no detectable effects on cognition, productivity, decision making, or well being, and led to small decreases in labor supply. In contrast, short afternoon naps at the workplace improved an overall index of outcomes by 0.12 standard deviations, with significant increases in productivity, psychological well-being, and cognition, but a decrease in work time.},
  copyright = {https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open\_access/funder\_policies/chorus/standard\_publication\_model},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9XWQANAL/Bessone et al. - 2020 - The Economic Consequences of Increasing Sleep Amon.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DINBVHHD/Bessone et al. - Sleepless in Chennai The Consequences of Increasi.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LY8V8IJ3/qjab013_online_appendix.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MWJYFQRU/Bessone et al. - 2021 - The Economic Consequences of Increasing Sleep Amon.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RTF27LXH/qje%2Fqjab013.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/THN759AJ/qje%2Fqjab013.pdf}
}

@techreport{Best2017,
  title = {Individuals and {{Organizations}} as {{Sources}} of {{State Effectiveness}}, and {{Consequences}} for {{Policy}}},
  author = {Best, Michael Carlos and Hjort, Jonas and Szakonyi, David},
  year = {2017},
  doi = {10.3386/w23350},
  abstract = {How much of the variation in state effectiveness is due to the individuals and organizations responsible for implementing policy? We investigate this question and its implications for policy design in the context of public procurement, using a text-based product classification method to measure bureaucratic output. We show that effective procurers lower bid preparation/submission costs, and that 60\% of within-product purchase-price variation across 16 million purchases in Russia in 2011-2015 is due to the bureaucrats and organizations administering procurement processes. This has dramatic policy consequences. To illustrate these, we study a ubiquitous procurement policy: bid preferences for favored firms (here domestic manufacturers). The policy decreases overall entry and increases prices when procurers are effective, but has the opposite impact with ineffective procurers, as predicted by a simple endogenous-entry model of procurement. Our results imply that the state's often overlooked bureaucratic tier is critical for effectiveness and the make-up of optimal policies.}
}

@article{bestIndividualsOrganizationsSources,
  title = {Individuals and {{Organizations}} as {{Sources}} of {{State Effectiveness}}, and {{Consequences}} for {{Policy Design}}},
  author = {Best, Michael Carlos and Hjort, Jonas},
  pages = {80},
  abstract = {How much of the variation in state effectiveness is due to the individuals and organizations responsible for implementing policy? We investigate this question and its implications for policy design in the context of public procurement, using a text-based product classification method to measure bureaucratic output. We show that effective procurers lower bid preparation/submission costs, and that 60\% of within-product purchase-price variation across 16 million purchases in Russia in 2011-2015 is due to the bureaucrats and organizations administering procurement processes. This has dramatic policy consequences. To illustrate these, we study a ubiquitous procurement policy: bid preferences for favored firms (here domestic manufacturers). The policy decreases overall entry and increases prices when procurers are effective, but has the opposite impact with ineffective procurers, as predicted by a simple endogenous-entry model of procurement. Our results imply that the state's often overlooked bureaucratic tier is critical for effectiveness and the make-up of optimal policies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XQGXMQPC/Best and Hjort - Individuals and Organizations as Sources of State .pdf}
}

@article{bettampadiVaccinationInequalityIndia2021,
  title = {Vaccination {{Inequality}} in {{India}}, 2002--2013},
  author = {Bettampadi, Deepti and Lepkowski, James M. and Sen, Ananda and Power, Laura E. and Boulton, Matthew L.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {American Journal of Preventive Medicine},
  volume = {60},
  number = {1},
  pages = {S65-S76},
  issn = {07493797},
  doi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.034},
  urldate = {2022-02-04},
  abstract = {Introduction: India's childhood vaccination coverage has increased amid the implementation of national health policies intended to improve immunization levels. However, there is a dearth of contemporary studies comparing state-level childhood vaccination rates across India's highly diverse states and territories. This study assesses SES-based inequalities in childhood vaccination by state for 2002-2013. Methods: National surveys from 2002 to 2004, 2007 to 2008, and 2012 to 2013 were used for analyses. Household SES was assessed using an asset index created through principal component analysis. Full vaccination comprised 1 dose bacille Calmette-Guerin, 3 doses diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine, 3 doses oral polio vaccine, and 1 dose measles-containing vaccine at age 12-60 months. Inequality analyses were stratified by 3 time periods and by government-designated high focus group versus non-high focus group states. Results: Childhood vaccination steadily increased between 2002 and 2013 in high focus group states but fell in some non-high focus group states, whereas SES-based vaccination inequalities generally decreased in both. In 2012-2013, rural areas had lower vaccination rates than urban areas in high focus group states but similar vaccination rates as urban areas in non-high focus group states. Increases in vaccination rates were not consistently accompanied by improvements in SES-based inequalities in vaccination. Conclusions: Childhood vaccination in India has improved overall, although increases are more pronounced in high focus group states than in non-high focus group states over the study period. The gap in coverage between these states decreased over time owing in part to the latter experiencing reductions in full vaccination rates during 2007-2013. SES-based vaccination disparities persist in India, highlighting the need to improve vaccination rates for all children, especially those from disadvantaged and underserved groups.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/D3V637YV/Bettampadi et al. - 2021 - Vaccination Inequality in India, 2002–2013.pdf}
}

@article{bezrukovaMetaanalyticalIntegration402016,
  title = {A Meta-Analytical Integration of over 40 Years of Research on Diversity Training Evaluation},
  author = {Bezrukova, Katerina and Spell, Chester S. and Perry, Jamie L. and Jehn, Karen A.},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
  volume = {142},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1227--1274},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address = {US},
  issn = {1939-1455},
  doi = {10.1037/bul0000067},
  abstract = {This meta-analysis of 260 independent samples assessed the effects of diversity training on 4 training outcomes over time and across characteristics of training context, design, and participants. Models from the training literature and psychological theory on diversity were used to generate theory-driven predictions. The results revealed an overall effect size (Hedges g) of .38 with the largest effect being for reactions to training and cognitive learning; smaller effects were found for behavioral and attitudinal/affective learning. Whereas the effects of diversity training on reactions and attitudinal/affective learning decayed over time, training effects on cognitive learning remained stable and even increased in some cases. While many of the diversity training programs fell short in demonstrating effectiveness on some training characteristics, our analysis does reveal that successful diversity training occurs. The positive effects of diversity training were greater when training was complemented by other diversity initiatives, targeted to both awareness and skills development, and conducted over a significant period of time. The proportion of women in a training group was associated with more favorable reactions to diversity training. Implications for policy and directions for future research on diversity training are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Cultural Sensitivity,Discrimination,Diversity in the Workplace,Diversity Training,Education},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LIXERGLA/Bezrukova et al. - 2016 - A meta-analytical integration of over 40 years of .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WZLHXQDE/doiLanding.html}
}

@article{Bharadwaj2017,
  title = {Mental Health Stigma},
  author = {Bharadwaj, Prashant and Pai, Mallesh M. and Suziedelyte, Agne},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Economics Letters},
  volume = {159},
  pages = {57--60},
  publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
  issn = {01651765},
  doi = {10.1016/j.econlet.2017.06.028},
  abstract = {Comparing self-reports to administrative records, we find that survey respondents are significantly more likely to under-report mental illnesses compared to other health conditions. This behavior is consistent with the existence of stigma of mental illnesses. We show that stigma can play a role in determining health-seeking behavior.},
  keywords = {icle,Mental health,Misreporting,Stigma},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NDQIELVU/Bharadwaj et al. - 2017 - Mental health stigma.pdf}
}

@article{bharadwajEarlyLifeHealth2013,
  title = {Early {{Life Health Interventions}} and {{Academic Achievement}}},
  author = {Bharadwaj, Prashant and L{\o}ken, Katrine Vellesen and Neilson, Christopher},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {103},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1862--1891},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.103.5.1862},
  urldate = {2021-01-04},
  abstract = {This paper studies the effect of improved early life health care on mortality and long-run academic achievement in school. We use the idea that medical treatments often follow rules of thumb for assigning care to patients, such as the classification of Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW), which assigns infants special care at a specific birth weight cutoff. Using detailed administrative data on schooling and birth records from Chile and Norway, we establish that children who receive extra medical care at birth have lower mortality rates and higher test scores and grades in school. These gains are in the order of 0.15--0.22 standard deviations. (JEL I11, I12, I18, I21, J13, O15)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4NZ7LPL7/Bharadwaj et al. - 2013 - Early Life Health Interventions and Academic Achie.pdf}
}

@article{bharadwajEarlyLifeHealth2013a,
  title = {Early {{Life Health Interventions}} and {{Academic Achievement}}},
  author = {Bharadwaj, Prashant and L{\o}ken, Katrine Vellesen and Neilson, Christopher},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {103},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1862--1891},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.103.5.1862},
  urldate = {2022-09-13},
  abstract = {This paper studies the effect of improved early life health care on mortality and long-run academic achievement in school. We use the idea that medical treatments often follow rules of thumb for assigning care to patients, such as the classification of Very Low Birth Weight (VLBW), which assigns infants special care at a specific birth weight cutoff. Using detailed administrative data on schooling and birth records from Chile and Norway, we establish that children who receive extra medical care at birth have lower mortality rates and higher test scores and grades in school. These gains are in the order of 0.15--0.22 standard deviations. (JEL I11, I12, I18, I21, J13, O15)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XHBFMFQJ/Bharadwaj et al. - 2013 - Early Life Health Interventions and Academic Achie.pdf}
}

@article{bharadwajStatisticalDiscriminationDistribution,
  title = {Statistical Discrimination and the Distribution of Wages},
  author = {Bharadwaj, Prashant and Deb, Rahul and Renou, Ludovic},
  abstract = {We characterize the conditions under which the wage distributions for two groups are consistent with a general model of statistical discrimination. We adapt this theoretical characterization to develop a novel empirical test, the rejection of which we interpret as evidence of taste-based discrimination. In doing so, we provide a theoretical foundation via which the wage structure effect in the decomposition of wage distributions can be interpreted as evidence of taste-based discrimination. We provide a proof of concept application using Census and NLSY-79 data, which suggests taste-based discrimination at work against Black male workers in several broad occupation categories.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/74LUHTGP/Bharadwaj et al. - Statistical discrimination and the distribution of wages.pdf}
}

@article{bharatiDoesEducationAffect2016,
  title = {Does {{Education Affect Time Preference}}?},
  author = {Bharati, Tushar and Chin, Seungwoo},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2880879},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Individual time and risk preferences are important determinants for economic behavior and outcomes. The neoclassical economic theory assumes individual time preference is constant across time for the individuals and does not pay much attention to the determinants of individual time preference. Using exogenous variation in access to schools caused by spatial variation in Indonesia primary school construction project (INPRES), we estimate the causal impact of education on time preference. We find significant effect of education on time preference for females. IV-Probit model suggests that one more year of schooling makes people 5 to 6 percent points more patient while a conventional IV-2SLS estimates suggest a increase in patience by 6 to 7 percentage points. Factor analysis (taking advantage of behavior measure information) and bound analysis produce consistent results. Components of cognitive ability and health seem to be probable mechanisms. Our results suggest that educational opportunities in developing countries can affect time preference that may, in turn, affect investments in human capital production and health, starting off a virtuous cycle.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {D01,D90,education,I25,Indonesia,patience,Time preferences},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X34T36RP/Bharati and Chin - 2016 - Does Education Affect Time Preference.pdf}
}

@article{bharatiRecoveryEarlyLife,
  title = {Recovery from an Early Life Shock through Improved Access to Schools: {{Evidence}} from {{Indonesia}}.},
  author = {Bharati, Tushar and Chin, Seungwoo and Jung, Dawoon},
  pages = {65},
  abstract = {We examine the extent to which improved access to schools can help individuals overcome early life resource shocks as proxied by low rainfall in the first year of life. Using information from the fifth wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey, we show that individuals with relatively low levels of rainfall in the first year of life have lower educational attainment. Next, using exogenous geographic variation in the intensity of Indonesian primary school construction program, we show that individuals who experienced low rainfall in the first year of life but later benefited from the newly constructed schools recovered completely from their educational deficit. For individuals who did not experience the adverse rainfall shock in first year of life, school construction did not increase schooling. Evidence suggest that this was, in part, a result of deteriorating school infrastructure and teacher quality and increased competition to get into middle and high school that accompanied the school construction and affected the high rainfall individuals disproportionately.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {early-life shocks,education,h52,i21,jel classification codes,o15,rainfall},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RPGJTS9V/Bharati et al. - Recovery from an early life shock through improved.pdf}
}

@misc{bhatLongRunEffectsPsychotherapy2022,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {The {{Long-Run Effects}} of {{Psychotherapy}} on {{Depression}}, {{Beliefs}}, and {{Economic Outcomes}}},
  author = {Bhat, Bhargav and {de Quidt}, Jonathan and Haushofer, Johannes and Patel, Vikram H. and Rao, Gautam and Schilbach, Frank and Vautrey, Pierre-Luc P.},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {30011},
  eprint = {30011},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w30011},
  urldate = {2025-02-25},
  abstract = {We revisit two clinical trials that randomized depressed adults in India (n=775) to a brief course of psychotherapy or a control condition. Four to five years later, the treatment group was 11 percentage points less likely to be depressed than the control group. The more effective intervention averted 9 months of depression on average over five years and cost only \$66 per recipient. Therapy changed people's beliefs about themselves in three ways. First, it reduced their likelihood of seeing themselves as a failure or feeling bad about themselves. Second, when faced with a novel work opportunity, therapy reduced over-optimistic belief updating in response to feedback and thus reduced overconfidence. Third, it increased self-assessed levels of patience and altruism. Therapy did not increase levels of employment or consumption, possibly because of other constraints on employment in the largely female study sample.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZP2ESF5T/Bhat et al. - 2022 - The Long-Run Effects of Psychotherapy on Depression, Beliefs, and Economic Outcomes.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{bhowmickGroupBiasIndian2021,
  title = {In-Group Bias in the {{Indian}} Judiciary: {{Evidence}} from 5.5 Million Criminal Cases},
  shorttitle = {In-Group Bias in the {{Indian}} Judiciary},
  booktitle = {{{ACM SIGCAS Conference}} on {{Computing}} and {{Sustainable Societies}} ({{COMPASS}})},
  author = {Bhowmick, Aditi and Novosad, Paul and Asher, Sam and Ash, Elliott and Siddiqi, Bilal and Goessman, Christoph and Chen, Daniel and Devi, Tanaya},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  pages = {47--47},
  publisher = {ACM},
  address = {Virtual Event Australia},
  doi = {10.1145/3460112.3471943},
  urldate = {2024-09-10},
  abstract = {We study judicial in-group bias in Indian criminal courts using a newly collected dataset on over 5 million criminal case records from 2010--2018. After detecting gender and religious identity using a neural-net classifier applied to judge and defendant names, we exploit quasi-random assignment of cases to judges to examine whether defendant outcomes are affected by assignment to a judge with a similar identity. In the aggregate, we estimate tight zero effects of in-group bias based on shared gender, religion, and last name (a proxy for caste). We do find limited in-group bias in some (but not all) settings where identity is salient -- in particular, we find a small religious in-group bias during Ramadan, and we find shared-name in-group bias when judge and defendant match on a rare last name. JEL codes: J15, J16, K4, O12 {$\ast$}Author Details: Ash, ETH Zurich: ashe@ethz.ch; Asher, John Hopkins: sasher2@jhu.edu; Bhowmick, Development Data Lab: bhowmick@devdatalab.org; Bhupatiraju: World Bank: sbhupatiraju@worldbank.org; Chen, Toulouse and World Bank: daniel.chen@iast.fr; Devi, Harvard: tdevi@g.harvard.edu; Goessmann, ETH Zurich: christoph.goessmann@gess.ethz.ch; Novosad, Dartmouth College: paul.novosad@dartmouth.edu; Siddiqi, UC Berkeley: bilal.siddiqi@berkeley.edu. We thank Alison Campion, Rebecca Cai, Nikhitha Cheeti, Kritarth Jha, Romina Jafarian, Ornelie Manzambi, Chetana Sabnis, and Jonathan Tan for helpful research assistance. We thank Emergent Ventures, the World Bank Research Support Budget, the World Bank Program on Data and Evidence for Justice Reform, the UC Berkeley Center for Effective Global Action, and the DFID Economic Development and Institutions program for financial support. For helpful feedback we thank participants of the Political Economy Seminar at ETH Zurich, Delhi School of Economics Winter School 2020, Texas Economics of Crime Workshop, Midwest International Economic Development Conference, Discrimination and Diversity Workshop at the University of East Anglia, Seminar in Applied Microeconomics Virtual Assembly and Discussion (SAMVAAD), Women in Economics and Policy seminar series, UC Berkeley Development Economics brown bag series, ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies (2021), German Development Economics Conference, Evidence in Governance and Politics (EGAP) seminar series, the Yale Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Economic Justice Virtual Symposium, the Penn Center for the Advanced Study of India, and researchers at the Vidhi Center for Legal Policy.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-8453-7},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KJ6N7HXX/Bhowmick et al. - 2021 - In-group bias in the Indian judiciary Evidence fr.pdf}
}

@article{bhupatirajuPromiseMachineLearning,
  title = {The {{Promise}} of {{Machine Learning}} for the {{Courts}} of {{India}}},
  author = {Bhupatiraju, Sandeep and Chen, Daniel L and Joshi, Shareen},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WFC8I3VS/Bhupatiraju et al. - The Promise of Machine Learning for the Courts of .pdf}
}

@incollection{Bicchieri1999,
  title = {The Great Illusion: {{Ignorance}}, Informational Cascades, and the Persistence of Unpopular Norms},
  booktitle = {Experience, Reality, and Scientific Explanation: {{Essays}} in Honor of Merrilee and Wesley Salmon},
  author = {Bicchieri, Cristina and Fukui, Yoshitaka},
  editor = {Galavotti, Maria Carla and Pagnini, Alessandro},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {89--121},
  publisher = {Springer Netherlands},
  address = {Dordrecht},
  doi = {10.1007/978-94-015-9191-1₅},
  abstract = {Norms of discrimination against women and blacks, norms ofrevenge still alive in some Mediterranean countries, and norms that everybody dislikes and tries to circumvent, such as the invisible norms ofreciprocity that hold among the Iks studied by Turnbull, are all examples of unpopular and inefficient norms that often persist in spite of their being disliked as well as being obviously inefficient from a social or economic viewpoint. The world of business is not immune to this problem. In all those countries in which corruption is endemic, bribing public officials to get lucrative contracts is the norm, but it is often true that such norm is disliked by many, and that it may lead to highly inefficient social outcomes (Bicchieri and Rovelli, 1995).},
  isbn = {978-94-015-9191-1},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NT5R96RV/Bicchieri and Fukui - THE GREAT ILLUSION IGNORANCE, INFORMATIONAL CASCA.pdf}
}

@article{bicchieriCovenantsSwordsGroup2002,
  title = {Covenants without {{Swords}}: {{Group Identity}}, {{Norms}}, and {{Communication}} in {{Social Dilemmas}}},
  shorttitle = {Covenants without {{Swords}}},
  author = {Bicchieri, Cristina},
  year = {2002},
  month = may,
  journal = {Rationality and Society},
  volume = {14},
  number = {2},
  pages = {192--228},
  issn = {1043-4631, 1461-7358},
  doi = {10.1177/1043463102014002003},
  urldate = {2022-09-15},
  abstract = {In one-shot social dilemma experiments, cooperation rates dramatically increase if subjects are allowed to communicate before making a choice. There are two possible explanations for this `communication effect'. One is that communication enhances group identity, the other is that communication elicits social norms. I discuss both views and argue in favor of a norm-based explanation.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/46PVR8FT/Bicchieri - 2002 - Covenants without Swords Group Identity, Norms, a.pdf}
}

@article{bicchieriGREATILLUSIONIGNORANCE,
  title = {{{THE GREAT ILLUSION}}: {{IGNORANCE}}, {{INFORMATIONAL CASCADES}}, {{AND THE PERSISTENCE OF UNPOPULAR NORMS}}},
  author = {Bicchieri, Cristina and Fukui, Yoshitaka},
  pages = {34},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{bicchieriNormChangeTrendsetters2018,
  title = {Norm {{Change}}: {{Trendsetters}} and {{Social Structure}}},
  shorttitle = {Norm {{Change}}},
  author = {Bicchieri, Cristina and Funcke, Alexander},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Social Research: An International Quarterly},
  volume = {85},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--21},
  issn = {1944-768X},
  doi = {10.1353/sor.2018.0002},
  urldate = {2022-09-15},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7RQIYSM6/Bicchieri and Funcke - 2018 - Norm Change Trendsetters and Social Structure.pdf}
}

@book{bicchieriNormsWildHow2017,
  title = {Norms in the {{Wild}}: {{How}} to {{Diagnose}}, {{Measure}}, and {{Change Social Norms}}},
  shorttitle = {Norms in the {{Wild}}},
  author = {Bicchieri, Cristina},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190622046.001.0001},
  urldate = {2023-08-02},
  isbn = {978-0-19-062204-6}
}

@article{biEpidemiologyTransmissionCOVID192020,
  title = {Epidemiology and Transmission of {{COVID-19}} in 391 Cases and 1286 of Their Close Contacts in {{Shenzhen}}, {{China}}: A Retrospective Cohort Study},
  shorttitle = {Epidemiology and Transmission of {{COVID-19}} in 391 Cases and 1286 of Their Close Contacts in {{Shenzhen}}, {{China}}},
  author = {Bi, Qifang and Wu, Yongsheng and Mei, Shujiang and Ye, Chenfei and Zou, Xuan and Zhang, Zhen and Liu, Xiaojian and Wei, Lan and Truelove, Shaun A and Zhang, Tong and Gao, Wei and Cheng, Cong and Tang, Xiujuan and Wu, Xiaoliang and Wu, Yu and Sun, Binbin and Huang, Suli and Sun, Yu and Zhang, Juncen and Ma, Ting and Lessler, Justin and Feng, Tiejian},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Lancet Infectious Diseases},
  volume = {20},
  number = {8},
  pages = {911--919},
  issn = {14733099},
  doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30287-5},
  urldate = {2020-09-21},
  abstract = {Background Rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China, prompted heightened surveillance in Shenzhen, China. The resulting data provide a rare opportunity to measure key metrics of disease course, transmission, and the impact of control measures.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2VCPVENG/Bi et al. - 2020 - Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 c.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LG34PZ77/mmc2.pdf}
}

@article{bikhchandaniTheoryFadsFashion1992,
  title = {A {{Theory}} of {{Fads}}, {{Fashion}}, {{Custom}}, and {{Cultural Change}} as {{Informational Cascades}}},
  author = {Bikhchandani, Sushil and Hirshleifer, David and {work(s):}, Ivo Welch Reviewed},
  year = {1992},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {100},
  number = {5},
  eprint = {2138632},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {992--1026},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/247X8VIK/Bikhchandani et al. - 1992 - A Theory of Fads, Fashion, Custom, and Cultural Ch.pdf}
}

@article{binderImperialPresidencyUnleashed2024,
  title = {The {{Imperial Presidency Unleashed}}},
  author = {Binder, Sarah and Goldgeier, James and Saunders, Elizabeth N.},
  year = {2024},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Foreign Affairs},
  issn = {0015-7120},
  urldate = {2024-07-21},
  abstract = {The Supreme Court eliminated the last remaining checks on executive power.},
  langid = {american},
  keywords = {Campaigns & Elections,Law,Politics & Society,Trump Administration,U.S. Elections,U.S. Foreign Policy,U.S. Politics},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/J5XGRUZA/imperial-presidency-unleashed-donald-trump.html}
}

@article{binghamUnexpectedEffectsSexual2001,
  title = {The {{Unexpected Effects}} of a {{Sexual Harassment Educational Program}}},
  author = {Bingham, Shereen G. and Scherer, Lisa L.},
  year = {2001},
  month = jun,
  journal = {The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science},
  volume = {37},
  number = {2},
  pages = {125--153},
  issn = {0021-8863, 1552-6879},
  doi = {10.1177/0021886301372001},
  urldate = {2021-12-21},
  abstract = {This study evaluated a sexual harassment program for staff and faculty employees at a metropolitan university. One hundred men and 97 women who participated in the program and 141 men and 178 women who did not participate responded to a self-report questionnaire through campus mail. Analysis of variance was used to test for effects of program participation and employee gender on five outcome variables. Results indicated that participants showed more knowledge about sexual harassment than did nonparticipants and had a stronger attitude that sexual behavior at work is inappropriate. Men had more favorable attitudes toward sexual behavior at work than did women. Moreover, program participation and employee gender interacted, indicating an adverse reaction to the program among male participants. Male participants were less likely than other groups to perceive coercive sexual harassment, less willing to report sexual harassment, and more likely to blame the victim. Implications of the findings are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/J5HFWGW4/Bingham and Scherer - 2001 - The Unexpected Effects of a Sexual Harassment Educ.pdf}
}

@article{binswangerAttitudesRiskExperimental1980,
  title = {Attitudes {{Toward Risk}}: {{Experimental Measurement}} in {{Rural India}}},
  shorttitle = {Attitudes {{Toward Risk}}},
  author = {Binswanger, Hans P.},
  year = {1980},
  month = aug,
  journal = {American Journal of Agricultural Economics},
  volume = {62},
  number = {3},
  pages = {395--407},
  issn = {0002-9092, 1467-8276},
  doi = {10.2307/1240194},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Attitudes toward risk were measured in 240 households using two methods: an interview method eliciting certainty equivalents and an experimental gambling approach with real payoffs which, at their maximum, exceeded monthly incomes of unskilled laborers. The interview method is subject to interviewer bias and its results were totally inconsistent with the experimental measures of risk aversion. Experimental measures indicate that, at high payoff levels, virtually all individuals are moderately risk-averse with little variation according to personal characteristics. Wealth tends to reduce risk aversion slightly, but its effect is not statistically significant.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {charac-,india,it,psychological experiments,risk aversion,risk for agriculture,semi-arid tropics,terized by high climatic,the research reported here,the semi-arid,tropical areas of india,was carried out in},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VP3FHF8H/Binswanger - 1980 - Attitudes Toward Risk Experimental Measurement in.pdf}
}

@techreport{bisinAdvancesEconomicTheory2022,
  title = {Advances in the {{Economic Theory}} of {{Cultural Transmission}}},
  author = {Bisin, Alberto and Verdier, Thierry},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  number = {w30466},
  pages = {w30466},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w30466},
  urldate = {2022-10-12},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GJ5QWB4C/Bisin and Verdier - 2022 - Advances in the Economic Theory of Cultural Transm.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GPXNG3QA/bisin-verdier-2023-advances-in-the-economic-theory-of-cultural-transmission.pdf}
}

@article{Black2005,
  ids = {blackMOREMERRIEREFFECT},
  title = {The More the Merrier? {{The}} Effect of Family Size and Birth Order on Children's Education},
  author = {Black, Sandra E. and Devereux, Paul J. and Salvanes, Kjell G.},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {120},
  number = {2},
  pages = {669--700},
  issn = {00335533},
  doi = {10.1162/0033553053970179},
  abstract = {There is an extensive theoretical literature that postulates a trade-off between child quantity and quality within a family. However, there is little causal evidence that speaks to this theory. Using a rich data set on the entire population of Norway over an extended period of time, we examine the effects of family size and birth order on the educational attainment of children. We find a negative correlation between family size and children's education, but when we include indicators for birth order or use twin births as an instrument, family size effects become negligible. In addition, higher birth order has a significant and large negative effect on children's education. We also study adult earnings, employment, and teenage childbearing and find strong evidence for birth order effects with these outcomes, particularly among women. These findings suggest the need to revisit economic models of fertility and child "production," focusing not only on differences across families but differences within families as well. {\copyright} 2005 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DXMKFQ4Y/Black et al. - THE MORE THE MERRIER THE EFFECT OF FAMILY SIZE AN.pdf}
}

@article{blackDemographicsGayLesbian2000,
  title = {Demographics of the Gay and Lesbian Population in the {{United States}}: {{Evidence}} from Available Systematic Data Sources},
  shorttitle = {Demographics of the Gay and Lesbian Population in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Black, Dan and Gates, Gary and Sanders, Seth and Taylor, Lowell},
  year = {2000},
  month = may,
  journal = {Demography},
  volume = {37},
  number = {2},
  pages = {139--154},
  issn = {0070-3370},
  doi = {10.2307/2648117},
  urldate = {2024-02-07},
  abstract = {This work provides an overview of standard social science data sources that now allow some systematic study of the gay and lesbian population in the United States. For each data source, we consider how sexual orientation can be defined, and we note the potential sample sizes. We give special attention to the important problem of measurement error, especially the extent to which individuals recorded as gay and lesbian are indeed recorded correctly. Our concern is that because gays and lesbians constitute a relatively small fraction of the population, modest measurement problems could lead to serious errors in inference. In examining gays and lesbians in multiple data sets we also achieve a second objective: We provide a set of statistics about this population that is relevant to several current policy debates.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3TIPMX5B/Demographics-of-the-gay-and-lesbian-population-in.html}
}

@article{blackDiscriminationEquilibriumSearch1995,
  title = {Discrimination in an {{Equilibrium Search Model}}},
  author = {Black, Dan A.},
  year = {1995},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Labor Economics},
  volume = {13},
  number = {2},
  pages = {309--334},
  issn = {0734-306X, 1537-5307},
  doi = {10.1086/298376},
  urldate = {2024-01-09},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IMLE7U3R/Black - 1995 - Discrimination in an Equilibrium Search Model.pdf}
}

@article{blackEarningsEffectsSexual2003,
  title = {The {{Earnings Effects}} of {{Sexual Orientation}}},
  author = {Black, Dan A. and Makar, Hoda R. and Sanders, Seth G. and Taylor, Lowell J.},
  year = {2003},
  month = apr,
  journal = {ILR Review},
  volume = {56},
  number = {3},
  pages = {449--469},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc},
  issn = {0019-7939},
  doi = {10.1177/001979390305600305},
  urldate = {2024-02-07},
  abstract = {This investigation of the effect of sexual orientation on earnings employs General Social Survey data from 1989--96. Depending largely on the definition of sexual orientation used, earnings are estimated as having been between 14\% and 16\% lower for gay men than for heterosexual men, and between 20\% and 34\% higher for lesbian women than for heterosexual women. This evidence, the authors suggest, is consistent with either of two complementary constructions: Gary Becker's argument that male/female earnings differentials are rooted in specialization within households and in optimal human capital accumulation decisions individuals make when they are young; and Claudia Goldin's observations about marriage-based gender discrimination, according to which the paternalistic ``protection'' of wives and mothers from the world of work has tended to overlook lesbians.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{blackEconomicsLesbianGay2007,
  title = {The {{Economics}} of {{Lesbian}} and {{Gay Families}}},
  author = {Black, Dan A. and Sanders, Seth G. and Taylor, Lowell J.},
  year = {2007},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume = {21},
  number = {2},
  pages = {53--70},
  issn = {0895-3309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.21.2.53},
  urldate = {2024-02-07},
  abstract = {In this essay, we provide some statistics about the gay and lesbian population in the United States, and ask if analysis based on economic reasoning can provide insight into the family outcomes we observe. We do not start with a hypothesis of innate differences in preferences, but instead seek to understand how differences in constraints systematically alter incentives faced by gay, lesbian, and heterosexual people. Our work reinforces a central theme of Gary Becker's: that family life and economic life are interwoven. Decisions within families -- including couples' decisions to commit to one another, divorce, bear children, or adopt children -- are intrinsically connected to other economic decisions, including human capital accumulation, labor supply, occupational choice, consumption, and decisions about where to live. We provide evidence addressing number of questions: Do differing biological constraints faced by gay, lesbian, and heterosexual couples affect choices over children? Do differences in fertility (or anticipated fertility), again owing to differences in constraints, influence where people live? Do same-sex couples have patterns of household specialization that differ in predictable fashion from heterosexual couples?},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Domestic Abuse Economics of Gender,Family Structure,Labor Productivity Urban Rural Regional Real Estate and Transportation Economics: Regional Migration,Marital Dissolution,Marriage,Neighborhood Characteristics,Non-labor Discrimination Human Capital,Occupational Choice,Population,Regional Labor Markets,Skills},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XKLJ95A9/Black et al. - 2007 - The Economics of Lesbian and Gay Families.pdf}
}

@article{blackThisOnlyTest2019,
  title = {This {{Is Only}} a {{Test}}? {{Long-Run}} and {{Intergenerational Impacts}} of {{Prenatal Exposure}} to {{Radioactive Fallout}}},
  shorttitle = {This {{Is Only}} a {{Test}}?},
  author = {Black, Sandra E. and B{\"u}tikofer, Aline and Devereux, Paul J. and Salvanes, Kjell G.},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  volume = {101},
  number = {3},
  pages = {531--546},
  issn = {0034-6535, 1530-9142},
  doi = {10.1162/rest_a_00815},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {We examine the effect of radiation exposure in utero, resulting from nuclear weapon testing in the 1950s and early 60s, on long-run outcomes of Norwegian children. Exposure to low-dose radiation, specifically during months 3 and 4 in utero, leads to lower IQ scores for men and lower education attainment and earnings among men and women. Children of persons affected in utero also have lower cognitive scores, suggesting a persistent intergenerational effect of the shock to endowments. Given the lack of awareness about nuclear testing in Norway at this time, our estimates are likely unaffected by avoidance behavior or stress effects.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {capital market integration,economic,economic growth,financial globalization},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/S22EF4QZ/Black et al. - 2019 - This Is Only a Test Long-Run and Intergenerationa.pdf}
}

@article{blackWhyGayMen2002,
  title = {Why {{Do Gay Men Live}} in {{San Francisco}}?},
  author = {Black, Dan and Gates, Gary and Sanders, Seth and Taylor, Lowell},
  year = {2002},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Urban Economics},
  volume = {51},
  number = {1},
  pages = {54--76},
  issn = {0094-1190},
  doi = {10.1006/juec.2001.2237},
  urldate = {2024-02-07},
  abstract = {San Francisco is known both as one of America's loveliest cities and as home to an unusually large gay community. We argue that this overrepresentation of gays is not coincidental. Gay households face constraints that make having children more costly for them than for similar heterosexual households. This reduces lifetime demand for housing while freeing resources for allocation elsewhere. Therefore, gay men disproportionately sort into high-amenity locations. A ranking of metropolitan areas by their gay concentration finds high concentrations in America's most attractive cities. Regression analysis reveals that measures of local amenities predict gay location more strongly than does gay friendliness.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZF7C5QJU/S0094119001922375.html}
}

@article{blanchardCondemningCondoningRacism1994,
  title = {Condemning and Condoning Racism: {{A}} Social Context Approach to Interracial Settings},
  shorttitle = {Condemning and Condoning Racism},
  author = {Blanchard, Fletcher A. and Crandall, Christian S. and Brigham, John C. and Vaughn, Leigh Ann},
  year = {1994},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology},
  volume = {79},
  pages = {993--997},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address = {US},
  issn = {1939-1854},
  doi = {10.1037/0021-9010.79.6.993},
  abstract = {Campus racial harassment provided the context for an experiment, replicated over 3 different campus samples, regarding the effects of social influence on Whites' reactions to racism. Hearing someone condemn racism led Ss to express significantly stronger antiracist opinions than occurred following exposure to a no-influence control condition. Furthermore, hearing someone condone racism led Ss to adopt significantly less strong antiracist positions than when no other opinions were introduced. The robust social influence effects were obtained regardless of whether the source was White or Black or whether Ss responded publicly or privately. A social context approach to interracial settings is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Racism,Social Influences,Whites},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E9TWE4MI/Blanchard et al. - 1994 - Condemning and condoning racism A social context .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/68SYFBLE/1995-13151-001.html}
}

@misc{blanchflowerFurtherEvidenceGlobal2024,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {Further {{Evidence}} on the {{Global Decline}} in the {{Mental Health}} of the {{Young}}},
  author = {Blanchflower, David G. and Bryson, Alex and Lepinteur, Anthony and Piper, Alan},
  year = {2024},
  month = may,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {32500},
  eprint = {32500},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w32500},
  urldate = {2024-08-08},
  abstract = {Prior to around 2011, there was a pronounced curvilinear relationship between age and wellbeing: poor mental health was hump-shaped with respect to age, whilst subjective well-being was U-shaped. We examine data from a European panel for France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Sweden called, Come-Here, for 2020-2023, plus data from International Social Survey Program (ISSP) surveys for 2011 and 2021 and some country-specific data. Mental ill-health now declines in a roughly monotonic fashion with age, whilst subjective well-being rises with age. We also show that young people with poorer mental health spend more time daily in front of a screen on the internet or their smartphone, and that within-person increases in poor mental health are correlated with spending more time in front of a screen. This evidence appears important because it is among the first pieces of research to use panel data on individuals to track the relationship between screen time and changes in mental health, and because the results caution against simply using the presence of the internet in the household, or low usage indicators (such as having used the internet in the last week) to capture the role played by screen time in the growth of mental ill-health.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/75P4MKS7/Blanchflower et al. - 2024 - Further Evidence on the Global Decline in the Ment.pdf}
}

@article{Blattman2017,
  title = {Reducing {{Crime}} and {{Violence}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Cognitive Behavioral Therapy}} in {{Liberia}}},
  author = {Blattman, Christopher and Jamison, Julian C. and Sheridan, Margaret},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {107},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1165--1206},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20150503},
  abstract = {We show that a number of ``noncognitive'' skills and preferences, including patience and identity, are malleable in adults, and that investments in them reduce crime and violence. We recruited criminally-engaged men and randomized half to eight weeks of cognitive behavioral therapy designed to foster self-regulation, patience, and a noncriminal identity and lifestyle. We also randomized \$200 grants. Cash alone and therapy alone initially reduced crime and violence, but effects dissipated over time. When cash followed therapy, crime and violence decreased dramatically for at least a year. We hypothesize that cash reinforced therapy's impacts by prolonging learning-by-doing, lifestyle changes, and self-investment.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PBTDJ3WY/blattman2017.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TCNJTRVE/Blattman et al. - Reducing crime and violence Experimental evidence.pdf}
}

@article{blattmanCognitiveBehaviorTherapy,
  title = {Cognitive Behavior Therapy Reduces Crime and Violence over 10 Years: {{Experimental}} Evidence},
  author = {Blattman, Christopher and Chaskel, Sebastian and Sheridan, Margaret and Jamison, Julian C},
  abstract = {Several small, short-term, or non-experimental studies show that cognitive behavioralinformed interventions reduce antisocial behaviors over 1--2 years, but there is little research on persistence. We followed 999 high-risk men in Liberia 10 years after randomization into: 8 weeks of low-cost, nonspecialist-led therapy; \$200 cash; both; or neither. A decade later, antisocial behaviors (such as robbery and drug-selling) fell 0.2 standard deviations from therapy alone---significantly greater than the 1-year impacts. Meanwhile, men who received therapy plus cash were 0.25 standard deviations less antisocial---similar to their 1-year results. In both cases, impacts were concentrated in men exhibiting highest baseline risk.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/INBLVRBM/Blattman et al. - Cognitive behavior therapy reduces crime and viole.pdf}
}

@article{blattmanHowPromoteOrder2014,
  title = {How to {{Promote Order}} and {{Property Rights}} under {{Weak Rule}} of {{Law}}? {{An Experiment}} in {{Changing Dispute Resolution Behavior}} through {{Community Education}}},
  shorttitle = {How to {{Promote Order}} and {{Property Rights}} under {{Weak Rule}} of {{Law}}?},
  author = {Blattman, Christopher and Hartman, Alexandra C. and Blair, Robert A.},
  year = {2014},
  month = feb,
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  volume = {108},
  number = {1},
  pages = {100--120},
  issn = {0003-0554, 1537-5943},
  doi = {10.1017/S0003055413000543},
  urldate = {2024-02-01},
  abstract = {Dispute resolution institutions facilitate agreements and preserve the peace whenever property rights are imperfect. In weak states, strengthening formal institutions can take decades, and so state and aid interventions also try to shape informal practices and norms governing disputes. Their goal is to improve bargaining and commitment, thus limiting disputes and violence. Mass education campaigns that promote alternative dispute resolution (ADR) are common examples of these interventions. We studied the short-term impacts of one such campaign in Liberia, where property disputes are endemic. Residents of 86 of 246 towns randomly received training in ADR practices and norms; this training reached 15\% of adults. One year later, treated towns had higher resolution of land disputes and lower violence. Impacts spilled over to untrained residents. We also saw unintended consequences: more extrajudicial punishment and (weakly) more nonviolent disagreements. Results imply that mass education can change high-stakes behaviors, and improving informal bargaining and enforcement behavior can promote order in weak states.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LAKEPEPX/Blattman et al. - 2014 - How to Promote Order and Property Rights under Wea.pdf}
}

@article{Bleakley2007,
  title = {Disease and {{Development}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Hookworm Eradication}} in the {{American South}}},
  author = {Bleakley, Hoyt},
  year = {2007},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {122},
  number = {1},
  pages = {73--117},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1162/qjec.121.1.73},
  abstract = {This study evaluates the economic consequences of the successful eradication of hookworm disease from the American South. The hookworm-eradication campaign (c. 1910) began soon after (i) the discovery that a variety of health problems among Southerners could be attributed to the disease and (ii) the donation by John D. Rockefeller of a substantial sum to the effort. The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission (RSC) surveyed infection rates in the affected areas (eleven southern states) and found that an average of forty percent of school-aged children were infected with hookworm. The RSC then sponsored treatment and education campaigns across the region. Follow-up studies indicate that this campaign substantially reduced hookworm disease almost immediately. The sudden introduction of this treatment combines with the cross-area differences in pre-treatment infection rates to form the basis of the identification strategy. Areas with higher levels of hookworm infection prior to the RSC experienced greater increases in school enrollment, attendance, and literacy after the intervention. This result is robust to controlling for a variety of alternative factors, including differential trends across areas, changing crop prices, shifts in certain educational and health policies, and the effect of malaria eradication. No significant contemporaneous results are found for adults, who should have benefited less from the intervention owing to their substantially lower (prior) infection rates. A long-term follow-up of affected cohorts indicates a substantial gain in income that coincided with exposure to hookworm eradication. I also find evidence that eradication increased the return to schooling.}
}

@article{Bleakley2010,
  title = {Malaria {{Eradication}} in the {{Americas}}: {{A Retrospective Analysis}} of {{Childhood Exposure}}},
  author = {Bleakley, Hoyt},
  year = {2010},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {1--45},
  issn = {1945-7782},
  doi = {10.1257/app.2.2.1},
  abstract = {This study uses the malaria-eradication campaigns in the United States (circa 1920) and in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico (circa 1955) to measure how much childhood exposure to malaria depresses labor productivity. The campaigns began because of advances in health technology, which mitigates concerns about reverse causality. Malarious areas saw large drops in the disease thereafter. Relative to non-malarious areas, cohorts born after eradication had higher income as adults than the preceding generation. These cross-cohort changes coincided with childhood exposure to the campaigns rather than to pre-existing trends. Estimates suggest a substantial, though not predominant, role for malaria in explaining cross-region differences in income. (JEL I12, I18, J13, O15)},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/W64UQMYC/Bleakley - 2010 - Malaria Eradication in the Americas A Retrospecti.pdf}
}

@article{Bleakley2010a,
  title = {Health, {{Human Capital}}, and {{Development}}},
  author = {Bleakley, Hoyt},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {283--310},
  issn = {1941-1383},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.economics.102308.124436},
  abstract = {How much does disease depress development in human capital and income around the world? I discuss a range of micro evidence, which finds that health is both human capital itself and an input to producing other forms of human capital. I use a standard model to integrate these results and suggest a reinterpretation of much of the micro literature. I then discuss the aggregate implications of micro estimates but note the complications in extrapolating to general equilibrium, especially because of health's effect on population size. I also review the macro evidence on this topic, which consists of either cross-country comparisons or measuring responses to health shocks. Micro estimates are one to two orders of magnitude smaller than the cross-country relationship but nevertheless imply high benefit-to-cost ratios from improving certain forms of health.},
  keywords = {disease,economic growth,envelope theorem,income,schooling},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/43DND26J/Bleakley - 2010 - Health, Human Capital, and Development.pdf}
}

@article{Bloch2002,
  title = {Terror as a Bargaining Instrument: {{A}} Case Study of Dowry Violence in Rural {{India}}},
  author = {Bloch, Francis and Rao, Vijayendra},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {92},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1029--1043},
  issn = {00028282},
  doi = {10.1257/00028280260344588},
  abstract = {Some aspects of violent behavior are linked to economic incentives and deserve more attention from economists. In India, for example, domestic violence is used as a bargaining instrument, to extract larger dowries from a wife's family, after the marriage has taken place. Bloch and Rao examine how domestic violence may be used as a bargaining instrument, to extract larger dowries from a spouse's family. The phrase "dowry violence" refers not to the dowry paid at the time of the wedding, but to additional payments demanded by the groom's family after the marriage. The additional dowry is often paid to stop the husband from systematically beating the wife. Bloch and Rao base their case study of three villages in southern India on qualitative and survey data. Based on the ethnographic evidence, they develop a noncooper-ative bargaining and signaling model of dowries and domestic violence. They test the predictions from those models on survey data.They find that women whose families pay smaller dowries suffer increased risk of marital violence. So do women who come from richer families (from whom resources can more easily be extracted). Larger dowries - as well as greater satisfaction with the marriage (in the form of more male children) - reduce the probability of violence.In India marriage is almost never a matter of choice for women, but is driven almost entirely by social norms and parental preferences. Providing opportunities for women outside of marriage and the marriage market would significantly improve their well-being by allowing them to leave an abusive husband, or find a way of "bribing" him to stop the abuse, or present a credible threat, which has the same effect.This paper - a product of Poverty and Human Resources, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to examine crime and violence in developing countries. Vijayendra Rao may be contacted at vraoworldbank.org.}
}

@article{blochReciprocityGroupsLimits2007,
  title = {Reciprocity in {{Groups}} and the {{Limits}} to {{Social Capital}}},
  author = {Bloch, Francis and Genicot, Garance and Ray, Debraj},
  year = {2007},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {97},
  number = {2},
  pages = {65--69},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.97.2.65},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/B5PNFKD9/Bloch et al. - 2007 - Reciprocity in Groups and the Limits to Social Cap.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DPJS4AHI/Bloch, Genicot, Debraj - 2007 - Reciprocity in groups and the limits to social capital.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XM6NQ2QC/Bloch et al. - 2007 - Reciprocity in Groups and the Limits to Social Cap.pdf}
}

@article{blochRUMORSSOCIALNETWORKS2018,
  title = {{{RUMORS AND SOCIAL NETWORKS}}},
  shorttitle = {{{RUMORS AND SOCIAL NETWORKS}}},
  author = {Bloch, Francis and Demange, Gabrielle and Kranton, Rachel},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  journal = {International Economic Review},
  volume = {59},
  number = {2},
  pages = {421--448},
  issn = {00206598},
  doi = {10.1111/iere.12275},
  urldate = {2021-04-16},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2EPPYWT7/Bloch et al. - 2018 - RUMORS AND SOCIAL NETWORKS RUMORS AND SOCIAL NETW.pdf}
}

@article{blomquistSelfProtectionAvertingBehavior2004,
  title = {Self-{{Protection}} and {{Averting Behavior}}, {{Values}} of {{Statistical Lives}}, and {{Benefit Cost Analysis}} of {{Environmental Policy}}},
  author = {Blomquist, Glenn C.},
  year = {2004},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Review of Economics of the Household},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {89--110},
  issn = {1569-5239},
  doi = {10.1023/B:REHO.0000018024.53114.3a},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Situations in which risk is at least partly a matter of choice provide opportunities to analyze behavior and estimate the willingness to pay for small changes in mortality risks. Individuals engage in household production of health and safety as long as the value of the gain in risk reduction is worth the money, time, and any disutility necessary to produce the reduction in risk. This paper reviews values of statistical life inferred from choices about highway speeds, traveler use of protective equipment, crashworthiness of motor vehicles, and housing location near Superfund sites. The best estimates, close to \$4 million in year 2000 dollars, are valuable complements to estimates from labor and constructed markets. Interestingly some evidence suggests that values for children and seniors are not less than middle-aged adults. Issues of risk perception and other challenges related to estimation are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {benefit cost analysis,mortality risks,self-protection,value of statistical life},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JKAT84WC/Blomquist - 2004 - Self-Protection and Averting Behavior, Values of S.pdf}
}

@article{Bloom2016,
  title = {Management as a {{Technology}}?},
  author = {Bloom, Nicholas and Van Reenen, John},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2788794},
  abstract = {Are some management practices akin to a technology that can explain firm and national productivity, or do they simply reflect contingent management styles? We collect data on core management practices from over 11,000 firms in 34 countries. We find large cross-country differences in the adoption of management practices, with the US having the highest size-weighted average management score. We present a formal model of ``Management as a Technology", and structurally estimate it using panel data to recover parameters including the depreciation rate and adjustment costs of managerial capital (both found to be larger than for tangible non-managerial capital). Our model also predicts (i) a positive impact of management on firm performance; (ii) a positive relationship between product market competition and average management quality (part of which stems from the larger covariance between management with firm size as competition strengthens); and (iii) a rise in the level and a fall in the dispersion of management with firm age. We find strong empirical support for all of these predictions in our data. Finally, building on our model, we find that differences in management practices account for about 30\% of total factor productivity differences both between countries and within countries across firms.},
  keywords = {acknowledgments,as well as,bengt holmstr,competition,john halti-,management practices,marianne bertrand,michael peters and michele,om,productivity,rebecca henderson,robert gibbons,tertilt for helpful comments,thank orazio attanasio,wanger,we would like to},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KHFMEZNV/Bloom et al. - MANAGEMENT AS A TECHNOLOGY.pdf}
}

@article{Bloom2018,
  title = {Do {{Management Interventions Last}}? {{Evidence}} from {{India}}},
  author = {Bloom, Nicholas and Mahajan, Aprajit and McKenzie, David and Roberts, John},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {NBER Working Paper Series},
  number = {February},
  pages = {1--22},
  doi = {10.3386/w24249},
  abstract = {Beginning in 2008, we ran a randomized controlled trial that changed management practices in a set of Indian weaving firms (Bloom et al. 2013). In 2017 we revisited the plants and found three main results. First, while about half of the management practices adopted in the original experimental plants had been dropped, there was still a large and significant gap in practices between the treatment and control plants. Likewise, there remained a significant performance gap between treatment and control plants, suggesting lasting impacts of effective management interventions. Second, while few management practices had demonstrably spread across the firms in the study, many had spread within firms, from the experimental plants to the non-experimental plants, suggesting limited spillovers between firms but large spillovers within firms. Third, managerial turnover and the lack of Director time were two of the most cited reasons for the drop in management practices in experimental plants, highlighting the importance of key employees.},
  keywords = {acknowledgements,and by the world,and india,at stanford,bank under,by seed at the,by the stanford center,financial support was provided,for poverty and development,graduate school of business,have been possible without,management,organization,productivity,srp,the,the strategic research program,this research would not}
}

@article{bloomDiseaseDevelopmentRevisited2014,
  title = {Disease and {{Development Revisited}}},
  author = {Bloom, David E. and Canning, David and Fink, G{\"u}nther},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {122},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1355--1366},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/677189},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HJ6PLKJK/Bloom et al. - 2014 - Disease and Development Revisited.pdf}
}

@article{bloomDoesManagementMatter2013,
  title = {Does {{Management Matter}}? {{Evidence}} from {{India}}*},
  shorttitle = {Does {{Management Matter}}?},
  author = {Bloom, Nicholas and Eifert, Benn and Mahajan, Aprajit and McKenzie, David and Roberts, John},
  year = {2013},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {128},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--51},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjs044},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Abstract             A long-standing question is whether differences in management practices across firms can explain differences in productivity, especially in developing countries where these spreads appear particularly large. To investigate this, we ran a management field experiment on large Indian textile firms. We provided free consulting on management practices to randomly chosen treatment plants and compared their performance to a set of control plants. We find that adopting these management practices raised productivity by 17\% in the first year through improved quality and efficiency and reduced inventory, and within three years led to the opening of more production plants. Why had the firms not adopted these profitable practices previously? Our results suggest that informational barriers were the primary factor explaining this lack of adoption. Also, because reallocation across firms appeared to be constrained by limits on managerial time, competition had not forced badly managed firms to exit.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/64Q7EGVD/Bloom et al. - 2013 - Does Management Matter Evidence from India.pdf}
}

@article{Blouin2019,
  title = {Strategic Default in the International Coffee Market},
  author = {Blouin, Arthur and Macchiavello, Rocco},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {134},
  number = {2},
  pages = {895--951},
  issn = {15314650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjz004},
  abstract = {This article studies strategic default on forward sale contracts in the international coffee market. To test for strategic default, we construct contract-specific measures of unanticipated changes in market conditions by comparing spot prices at maturity with the relevant futures prices at the contracting date. Unanticipated rises in market prices increase defaults on fixed-price contracts but not on price-indexed ones. We isolate strategic default by focusing on unanticipated rises at the time of delivery after production decisions are sunk and suppliers have been paid. Estimates suggest that roughly half of the observed defaults are strategic. We model how strategic default introduces a trade-off between insurance and counterparty risk: relative to indexed contracts, fixed-price contracts insure against price swings but create incentives to default when market conditions change. A model calibration suggests that the possibility of strategic default causes 15.8\% average losses in output, significant dispersion in the marginal product of capital, and sizable negative externalities on supplying farmers. JEL Codes: D22, L14, G32, O16.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5NCM2463/Blouin and Macchiavello - 2019 - Strategic Default in the International Coffee Mark.pdf}
}

@article{blouinErasingEthnicityPropaganda2019,
  title = {Erasing {{Ethnicity}}? {{Propaganda}}, {{Nation Building}}, and {{Identity}} in {{Rwanda}}},
  author = {Blouin, Arthur and Mukand, Sharun W},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {journal of political economy},
  pages = {55},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C47FRCA2/Blouin and Mukand - Erasing Ethnicity Propaganda, Nation Building, an.pdf}
}

@incollection{blumeIdentificationSocialInteractions2011,
  title = {Identification of {{Social Interactions}}},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Social Economics}}},
  author = {Blume, Lawrence E. and Brock, William A. and Durlauf, Steven N. and Ioannides, Yannis M.},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {853--964},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-0-444-53707-2.00001-3},
  urldate = {2022-09-27},
  abstract = {While interest in social determinants of individual behavior has led to a rich theoretical literature and many efforts to measure these influences, a mature ``social econometrics'' has yet to emerge. This chapter provides a critical overview of the identification of social interactions. We consider linear and discrete choice models as well as social networks structures. We also consider experimental and quasi-experimental methods. In addition to describing the state of the identification literature, we indicate areas where additional research is especially needed and suggest some directions that appear to be especially promising.},
  isbn = {978-0-444-53713-3},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z9QV572A/Blume et al. - 2011 - Identification of Social Interactions.pdf}
}

@article{blumenstockWhyDefaultsAffect2018,
  title = {Why {{Do Defaults Affect Behavior}}? {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Afghanistan}}},
  shorttitle = {Why {{Do Defaults Affect Behavior}}?},
  author = {Blumenstock, Joshua and Callen, Michael and Ghani, Tarek},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {108},
  number = {10},
  pages = {2868--2901},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20171676},
  urldate = {2020-10-01},
  abstract = {We report on an experiment examining why default options impact behavior. By randomly assigning employees to different varieties of a salary-linked savings account, we find that default enrollment increases participation by 40 percentage points---an effect equivalent to providing a 50 percent matching incentive. We then use a series of experimental interventions to differentiate between explanations for the default effect, which we conclude is driven largely by present-biased preferences and the cognitive cost of thinking through different savings scenarios. Default assignment also changes employees' attitudes toward saving, and makes them more likely to actively decide to save after the study concludes. (JEL C93, D14, D91, O12)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/89SZG5WL/Blumenstock et al. - 2018 - Why Do Defaults Affect Behavior Experimental Evid.pdf}
}

@book{bobelPalgraveHandbookCritical2020,
  title = {The {{Palgrave Handbook}} of {{Critical Menstruation Studies}}},
  editor = {Bobel, Chris and Winkler, Inga T. and Fahs, Breanne and Hasson, Katie Ann and Kissling, Elizabeth Arveda and Roberts, Tomi-Ann},
  year = {2020},
  publisher = {Springer Singapore},
  address = {Singapore},
  doi = {10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7},
  urldate = {2021-11-25},
  isbn = {978-981-15-0613-0 978-981-15-0614-7},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WK87GQE8/Bobel et al. - 2020 - The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Stu.pdf}
}

@article{Bobonis2016,
  title = {Monitoring Corruptible Politicians},
  author = {Bobonis, Gustavo J. and Fuertes, Luis R.C{\'a}mara and Schwabe, Rainer},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {106},
  number = {8},
  pages = {2371--2405},
  issn = {00028282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20130874},
  abstract = {Does monitoring corrupt activities induce a sustained reduction in corruption? Using longitudinal data on audits of municipal governments in Puerto Rico, we show corruption is considerably lower in municipalities with timely audits-before elections. However, these municipalities do not exhibit decreased levels of corruption in subsequent audits, even while mayors in these benefit from higher reelection rates. Our results suggest that audits enable voters to select responsive but corruptible politicians to office. Audit programs must disseminate results when they are most relevant for voters-shortly before an election-and ensure that these programs are sustained, long-term commitments.}
}

@article{bobonisAllocationResourcesHousehold2009,
  title = {Is the {{Allocation}} of {{Resources}} within the {{Household Efficient}}? {{New Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Experiment}}},
  shorttitle = {Is the {{Allocation}} of {{Resources}} within the {{Household Efficient}}?},
  author = {Bobonis, Gustavo~J.},
  year = {2009},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {117},
  number = {3},
  pages = {453--503},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/600076},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FISKNPNN/Bobonis - 2009 - Is the Allocation of Resources within the Househol.pdf}
}

@article{boDecentralization,
  title = {Decentralization},
  author = {B{\'o}, Ernesto Dal and Finan, Frederico and Li, Nicholas Y and Schechter, Laura},
  pages = {65},
  abstract = {Standard models of hierarchy assume that agents and middle managers are better informed than principals about how to implement a particular task. We estimate the value of the informational advantage held by supervisors -- middle managers -- when ministerial leadership -- the principal -- introduced a new monitoring technology aimed at improving the performance of agricultural extension agents (AEAs) in rural Paraguay. Our approach employs a novel experimental design that elicited treatment-priority rankings from supervisors before randomization of treatment. We find that supervisors did have valuable information---they prioritized AEAs who would be more responsive to the monitoring treatment. We develop a model of monitoring under different allocation rules and roll-out scales (i.e., the share of AEAs to receive treatment). We semi-parametrically estimate marginal treatment effects (MTEs) to demonstrate that the value of information and the benefits to decentralizing treatment decisions depend crucially on the sophistication of the principal and on the scale of roll-out.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I2RYZU3R/Bó et al. - Decentralization.pdf}
}

@article{bodoryCausalweightPackage,
  title = {The Causalweight {{Package}}},
  author = {Bodory, Hugo and Huber, Martin},
  pages = {27},
  abstract = {We describe the R package causalweight for causal inference based on inverse probability weighting (IPW). The causalweight package offers a range of semiparametric methods for treatment or impact evaluation and mediation analysis, which incorporates intermediate outcomes for investigating causal mechanisms. Depending on the method, identification relies on selection on observables assumptions or on instrumental variables when selection is on unobservables, approaches that may also be applied to tackle non-random outcome attrition and sample selection. Inference is based on the bootstrap.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {instrumental variable,ipw,mediation analysis,sample selection,selection on observables,treatment effect},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DMX47EXD/Bodory and Huber - The causalweight Package.pdf}
}

@article{Boehm2018,
  title = {Misallocation in the {{Market}} for {{Inputs}}: {{Enforcement}} and the {{Organization}} of {{Production}}},
  author = {Boehm, Johannes and Oberfield, Ezra},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Working Paper},
  abstract = {How costly is weak contract enforcement? Using microdata on Indian manufacturing plants, we show that in states with weaker enforcement, as measured by judicial lags, production and sourcing decisions appear systematically distorted. We document that among plants in industries that tend to rely more heavily on inputs that require customization, those in states with more congested courts shift their expenditures away from intermediate inputs, whereas we find the opposite in industries that tend to rely on standardized inputs. To quantify the impact of these distortions on aggregate productivity, we construct a model in which plants have several ways of producing, each with different bundles of inputs. Weak enforcement exacerbates a holdup problem that arises when using inputs that require customization, distorting both the intensive and extensive margins of input use.},
  keywords = {contract en-,forcement,intermediate inputs,misallocation,production networks,productivity,value chains},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IBG73RIX/Boehm and Oberfield - 2018 - Misallocation in the Market for Inputs Enforcemen.pdf}
}

@article{boersFavourableEffectsConsuming2014,
  title = {Favourable Effects of Consuming a {{Palaeolithic-type}} Diet on Characteristics of the Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Pilot-Study},
  shorttitle = {Favourable Effects of Consuming a {{Palaeolithic-type}} Diet on Characteristics of the Metabolic Syndrome},
  author = {Boers, Inge and Muskiet, Frits AJ and Berkelaar, Evert and Schut, Erik and Penders, Ria and Hoenderdos, Karine and Wichers, Harry J and Jong, Miek C},
  year = {2014},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Lipids in Health and Disease},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {160},
  issn = {1476-511X},
  doi = {10.1186/1476-511X-13-160},
  urldate = {2023-08-08},
  abstract = {Background The main goal of this randomized controlled single-blinded pilot study was to study whether, independent of weight loss, a Palaeolithic-type diet alters characteristics of the metabolic syndrome. Next we searched for outcome variables that might become favourably influenced by a Paleolithic-type diet and may provide new insights in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the metabolic syndrome. In addition, more information on feasibility and designing an innovative dietary research program on the basis of a Palaeolithic-type diet was obtained. Methods Thirty-four subjects, with at least two characteristics of the metabolic syndrome, were randomized to a two weeks Palaeolithic-type diet (n\,=\,18) or an isoenergetic healthy reference diet, based on the guidelines of the Dutch Health Council (n\,=\,14). Thirty-two subjects completed the study. Measures were taken to keep bodyweight stable. As primary outcomes oral glucose tolerance and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome (abdominal circumference, blood pressure, glucose, lipids) were measured. Secondary outcomes were intestinal permeability, inflammation and salivary cortisol. Data were collected at baseline and after the intervention. Results Subjects were 53.5 (SD9.7) year old men (n\,=\,9) and women (n\,=\,25) with mean BMI of 31.8 (SD5.7) kg/m2. The Palaeolithic-type diet resulted in lower systolic blood pressure (-9.1~mmHg; P\,=\,0.015), diastolic blood pressure (-5.2~mmHg; P\,=\,0.038), total cholesterol (-0.52~mmol/l; P\,=\,0.037), triglycerides (-0.89~mmol/l; P\,=\,0.001) and higher HDL-cholesterol (+0.15~mmol/l; P\,=\,0.013), compared to reference. The number of characteristics of the metabolic syndrome decreased with 1.07 (P\,=\,0.010) upon the Palaeolithic-type diet, compared to reference. Despite efforts to keep bodyweight stable, it decreased in the Palaeolithic group compared to reference (-1.32~kg; P\,=\,0.012). However, favourable effects remained after post-hoc adjustments for this unintended weight loss. No changes were observed for intestinal permeability, inflammation and salivary cortisol. Conclusions We conclude that consuming a Palaeolithic-type diet for two weeks improved several cardiovascular risk factors compared to a healthy reference diet in subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Trial registration Nederlands Trial Register NTR3002},
  pmcid = {PMC4210559},
  pmid = {25304296},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QA47V3TJ/Boers et al. - 2014 - Favourable effects of consuming a Palaeolithic-typ.pdf}
}

@article{bohrenDynamicsDiscriminationTheory2019,
  title = {The {{Dynamics}} of {{Discrimination}}: {{Theory}} and {{Evidence}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Dynamics}} of {{Discrimination}}},
  author = {Bohren, J. Aislinn and Imas, Alex and Rosenberg, Michael},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {109},
  number = {10},
  pages = {3395--3436},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20171829},
  urldate = {2021-05-26},
  abstract = {We model the dynamics of discrimination and show how its evolution can identify the underlying source. We test these theoretical predictions in a field experiment on a large online platform where users post content that is evaluated by other users on the platform. We assign posts to accounts that exogenously vary by gender and evaluation histories. With no prior evaluations, women face significant discrimination. However, following a sequence of positive evaluations, the direction of discrimination reverses: women's posts are favored over men's. Interpreting these results through the lens of our model, this dynamic reversal implies discrimination driven by biased beliefs. (JEL C93, D83, J16, J71)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IZYFZRQW/Bohren et al. - 2019 - The Dynamics of Discrimination Theory and Evidenc.pdf}
}

@article{bohrenInaccurateStatisticalDiscrimination2023,
  title = {Inaccurate {{Statistical Discrimination}}: {{An Identification Problem}}},
  shorttitle = {Inaccurate {{Statistical Discrimination}}},
  author = {Bohren, J. Aislinn and Haggag, Kareem and Imas, Alex and Pope, Devin G.},
  year = {2023},
  month = sep,
  journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  pages = {1--45},
  issn = {0034-6535},
  doi = {10.1162/rest_a_01367},
  urldate = {2023-10-19},
  abstract = {We study inaccurate beliefs as a source of discrimination. Economists typically characterize discrimination as stemming from a taste-based (preference) or accurate statistical (belief-based) source. While individuals may have inaccurate beliefs about how relevant characteristics (e.g., productivity, signals) are correlated with group identity, fewer than 7\% of empirical discrimination papers in economics consider the possibility of such inaccurate statistical discrimination. Using theory and a labor market experiment, we show that failing to account for inaccurate beliefs leads to a misclassification of source. We outline three methods to identify source: varying observed signals, belief elicitation, and an intervention to target inaccurate beliefs.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3QEZ5NSC/Bohren et al. - 2019 - Inaccurate Statistical Discrimination.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QZRPRHVS/Bohren et al. - 2019 - Inaccurate Statistical Discrimination.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/697SA7EC/Inaccurate-Statistical-Discrimination-An.html}
}

@article{bohrenSystemicDiscriminationTheory2023,
  title = {Systemic {{Discrimination}}: {{Theory}} and {{Measurement}}},
  author = {Bohren, J Aislinn and Hull, Peter and Imas, Alex},
  year = {2023},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UWUJRIR3/Bohren et al. - Systemic Discrimination Theory and Measurement.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XCCM99GD/Systemic_Discrimination_Feb22_2023.pdf}
}

@article{boikoAutonomousChemicalResearch2023,
  title = {Autonomous Chemical Research with Large Language Models},
  author = {Boiko, Daniil A. and MacKnight, Robert and Kline, Ben and Gomes, Gabe},
  year = {2023},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {624},
  number = {7992},
  pages = {570--578},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-023-06792-0},
  urldate = {2024-01-05},
  abstract = {Transformer-based large language models are making significant strides in various fields, such as natural language processing1--5, biology6,7, chemistry8--10 and computer programming11,12. Here, we show the development and capabilities of Coscientist, an artificial intelligence system driven by GPT-4 that autonomously designs, plans and performs complex experiments by incorporating large language models empowered by tools such as internet and documentation search, code execution and experimental automation. Coscientist showcases its potential for accelerating research across six diverse tasks, including the successful reaction optimization of palladium-catalysed cross-couplings, while exhibiting advanced capabilities for (semi-)autonomous experimental design and execution. Our findings demonstrate the versatility, efficacy and explainability of artificial intelligence systems like Coscientist in advancing research.},
  copyright = {2023 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Chemistry,Computer science},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L6B7R4PV/Boiko et al. - 2023 - Autonomous chemical research with large language m.pdf}
}

@article{boisjolyEmpathyAntipathyImpact2006,
  title = {Empathy or {{Antipathy}}? {{The Impact}} of {{Diversity}}},
  shorttitle = {Empathy or {{Antipathy}}?},
  author = {Boisjoly, Johanne and Duncan, Greg J. and Kremer, Michael and Levy, Dan M. and Eccles, Jacque},
  year = {2006},
  month = dec,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {96},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1890--1905},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.96.5.1890},
  urldate = {2023-10-20},
  abstract = {Mixing across racial and ethnic lines could spur understanding or inflame tensions between groups. We find that white students at a large state university randomly assigned African American roommates in their first year were more likely to endorse affirmative action and view a diverse student body as essential for a high-quality education. They were also more likely to say they have more personal contact with, and interact more comfortably with, members of minority groups. Although sample sizes are too small to provide definitive evidence, these results suggest students become more empathetic with the social groups to which their roommates belong. (JEL I28, J15, J18, Z13)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Analysis of Education Economics of Minorities Races Indigenous Peoples and Immigrants,Non-labor Discrimination Demographic Economics: Public Policy},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9DL3K384/Boisjoly et al. - 2006 - Empathy or Antipathy The Impact of Diversity.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FTXEEY36/aer.96.5.1890.pdf}
}

@article{Bold2017a,
  title = {Clientelism in the {{Public Sector}}: {{Why Public Service Reforms May Not Succeed}} and {{What}} to {{Do About It}}},
  author = {Bold, Tessa and Molina, Ezequiel and Safir, Abla},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {World Development Report, The World Bank},
  number = {May}
}

@article{boldClientelismPublicSector,
  title = {Clientelism in the {{Public Sector}}: {{Why Public Service Reforms Fail}} and {{What}} to {{Do}} about {{It}}},
  author = {Bold, Tessa and Molina, Ezequiel and Safir, Abla},
  pages = {34},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LPDSZ9G2/Bold et al. - Clientelism in the Public Sector Why Public Servi.pdf}
}

@article{boldLemonTechnologiesAdoption2017,
  title = {Lemon {{Technologies}} and {{Adoption}}: {{Measurement}}, {{Theory}} and {{Evidence}} from {{Agricultural Markets}} in {{Uganda}}*},
  shorttitle = {Lemon {{Technologies}} and {{Adoption}}},
  author = {Bold, Tessa and Kaizzi, Kayuki C. and Svensson, Jakob and {Yanagizawa-Drott}, David},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {132},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1055--1100},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjx009},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Abstract             To reduce poverty and food insecurity in Africa requires raising productivity in agriculture. Systematic use of fertilizer and hybrid seed is a pathway to increased productivity, but adoption of these technologies remains low. We investigate whether the quality of agricultural inputs can help explain low take-up. Testing modern products purchased in local markets, we find that 30\% of nutrient is missing in fertilizer, and hybrid maize seed is estimated to contain less than 50\% authentic seeds. We document that such low quality results in low average returns. If authentic technologies replaced these low-quality products, however, average returns are high. To rationalize the findings, we calibrate a learning model using data from our agricultural trials. Because agricultural yields are noisy, farmers' ability to learn about quality is limited and this can help explain the low quality equilibrium we observe, but also why the market has not fully collapsed.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NCX97EZ4/Bold et al. - 2017 - Lemon Technologies and Adoption Measurement, Theo.pdf}
}

@article{boltonGroupInterpersonalPsychotherapy2003,
  title = {Group {{Interpersonal Psychotherapy}} for {{Depression}} in {{Rural Uganda}}: {{A Randomized Controlled Trial}}},
  shorttitle = {Group {{Interpersonal Psychotherapy}} for {{Depression}} in {{Rural Uganda}}},
  author = {Bolton, Paul and Bass, Judith and Neugebauer, Richard and Verdeli, Helen and Clougherty, Kathleen F. and Wickramaratne, Priya and Speelman, Liesbeth and Ndogoni, Lincoln and Weissman, Myrna},
  year = {2003},
  month = jun,
  journal = {JAMA},
  volume = {289},
  number = {23},
  pages = {3117},
  issn = {0098-7484},
  doi = {10.1001/jama.289.23.3117},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Objectives To test the efficacy of group interpersonal psychotherapy in alleviating depression and dysfunction and to evaluate the feasibility of conducting controlled trials in Africa. Design, Setting, and Participants For this cluster randomized, controlled clinical trial (February-June 2002), 30 villages in the Masaka and Rakai districts of rural Uganda were selected using a random procedure; 15 were then randomly assigned for studying men and 15 for women. In each village, adult men or women believed by themselves and other villagers to have depressionlike illness were interviewed using a locally adapted Hopkins Symptom Checklist and an instrument assessing function. Based on these interviews, lists were created for each village totaling 341 men and women who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for major depression or subsyndromal depression. Interviewers revisited them in order of decreasing symptom severity until they had 8 to 12 persons per village, totaling 284. Of these, 248 agreed to be in the trial and 9 refused; the remainder died or relocated. A total of 108 men and 116 women completed the study and were reinterviewed. Intervention Eight of the 15 male villages and 7 of the 15 female villages were randomly assigned to the intervention arm and the remainder to the control arm. The intervention villages received group interpersonal psychotherapy for depression as weekly 90-minute sessions for 16 weeks. Main Outcome Measures Depression and dysfunction severity scores on scales adapted and validated for local use; proportion of persons meeting DSM-IV major depression diagnostic criteria. Results Mean reduction in depression severity was 17.47 points for intervention groups and 3.55 points for controls (PϽ.001). Mean reduction in dysfunction was 8.08 and 3.76 points, respectively (PϽ.001). After intervention, 6.5\% and 54.7\% of the intervention and control groups, respectively, met the criteria for major depression (PϽ.001) compared with 86\% and 94\%, respectively, prior to intervention (P=.04). The odds of postintervention depression among controls was 17.31 (95\% confidence interval, 7.63-39.27) compared with the odds among intervention groups. Results from intentionto-treat analyses remained statistically significant. Conclusions Group interpersonal psychotherapy was highly efficacious in reducing depression and dysfunction. A clinical trial proved feasible in the local setting. Both findings should encourage similar trials in similar settings in Africa and beyond.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/N6MKQHW6/Bolton et al. - 2003 - Group Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression i.pdf}
}

@article{Boltz2019,
  title = {The {{Risk}} of {{Polygamy}} and {{Wives}}' {{Saving Behavior}}},
  author = {Boltz, Marie and Chort, Isabelle},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {World Bank Economic Review},
  volume = {33},
  number = {1},
  pages = {209--230},
  issn = {1564698X},
  doi = {10.1093/wber/lhw054},
  abstract = {In a polygamous society, all monogamous women are potentially at risk of polygamy. However, both the anthropological and economic literatures are silent on the potential impact of the risk of polygamy on economic decisions of monogamous wives. We explore this issue for Senegal using individual panel data. We first estimate a Cox model for the probability of transition to polygamy. Second, we estimate the impact of the predicted risk of polygamy on monogamous wives' savings. We find a positive impact of the risk of polygamy on female savings entrusted to formal or informal institutions suggestive of self-protective strategies. This increase in savings comes at the cost of reduced consumption, both in terms of household food expenditures and wives' private nonfood expenses.},
  keywords = {consumption,intra-household resource allocation,Polygamy,savings,survival analysis}
}

@article{boltzIncomeHidingInformal2019,
  title = {Income Hiding and Informal Redistribution: {{A}} Lab-in-the-Field Experiment in {{Senegal}}},
  shorttitle = {Income Hiding and Informal Redistribution},
  author = {Boltz, Marie and Marazyan, Karine and Villar, Paola},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {137},
  pages = {78--92},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.11.004},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This paper estimates the hidden cost of informal redistribution in economies where people heavily rely on their social networks and have limited access to financial markets. It is based on a lab-in-thefield experiment conducted in Senegal which uniquely combines a small-scale randomized controlled trial (RCT) and a lab experiment. The lab component allows us to estimate the cost of this informal redistribution, by eliciting the willingness-to-pay to hide income, and to identify the relevant population: two-thirds of the experiment participants are ready to forgo up to 14\% of their gains to keep them private. Based on the RCT component, we find that giving people fearing the redistributive pressure the opportunity to hide allows them to decrease by 27\% the share of gains they to kin as measured out of the lab. They reallocate this extra money to health and personal expenses. This is the first paper to both identify the individual cost of this informal redistribution and to relate it to real-life resource-allocation decisions in a controlled setting.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SY49VLZG/Boltz et al. - 2019 - Income hiding and informal redistribution A lab-i.pdf}
}

@article{bombliesModelingRoleRainfall2012,
  title = {Modeling the Role of Rainfall Patterns in Seasonal Malaria Transmission},
  author = {Bomblies, Arne},
  year = {2012},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Climatic Change},
  volume = {112},
  number = {3-4},
  pages = {673--685},
  issn = {0165-0009, 1573-1480},
  doi = {10.1007/s10584-011-0230-6},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Seasonal total precipitation is well known to affect malaria transmission because Anopheles mosquitoes depend on standing water for breeding habitat. However, the withinseason temporal pattern of the rainfall influences persistence of standing water and thus rainfall patterns can also affect mosquito population dynamics in water-limited environments. Here, using a numerical simulation, I show that intraseasonal rainfall pattern accounts for 39\% of the variance in simulated mosquito abundance in a Niger Sahel village where malaria is endemic but highly seasonal. I apply a field validated coupled hydrology and entomology model. Using synthetic rainfall time series generated using a stationary first-order Markov Chain model, I hold all variables except hourly rainfall constant, thus isolating the contribution of rainfall pattern to variance in mosquito abundance. I further show the utility of hydrology modeling using topography to assess precipitation effects by analyzing collected water. Time-integrated surface area of pools explains 70\% of the variance in simulated mosquito abundance from a mechanistic model, and time-integrated surface area of pools persisting longer than 7 days explains 82\% of the variance. Correlations using the hydrology model output explain more variance in mosquito abundance than the 60\% from rainfall totals. I extend this analysis to investigate the impacts of this effect on malaria vector mosquito populations under climate shift scenarios, holding all climate variables except precipitation constant. In these scenarios, rainfall mean and variance change with climatic change, and the modeling approach evaluates the impact of non-stationarity in rainfall and the associated rainfall patterns on expected mosquito activity.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XU3ICCPK/Bomblies - 2012 - Modeling the role of rainfall patterns in seasonal.pdf}
}

@article{bonargentCanResearchPolicymakers2023,
  title = {Can {{Research}} with {{Policymakers Change}} the {{World}}?},
  author = {Bonargent, Alix},
  year = {2023},
  abstract = {Over the past two decades, economists have increasingly sought to collaborate with policymakers in designing and executing research projects, as a way to achieve greater policy relevance. However, the extent to which such partnerships lead to actual policy changes remains underexplored, partly due to the lack of available data. To address this question, I construct a unique dataset of over 500 academic research projects in the field of development economics, which includes information on the level of policymakers' involvement at the proposal stage and tracks changes in policy decisions observed following project implementation. Projects developed in partnership with policymakers are 17 to 20 percentage points more likely to result in observed policy change. This relationship is fully conditional on academic achievement (i.e., publication), suggesting that it does not result from a sorting of policymakers into policy-oriented studies of limited academic value. Local political conditions affect when and where these partnerships are formed. I identify a ``window of opportunity'' for researcher-policymaker partnerships coinciding with the election cycle: these collaborations most often occur earlier in the term when political conditions are conducive to experimentation and reform.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GA66IWKM/Bonargent - Can Research with Policymakers Change the World.pdf}
}

@article{bondSadTruthHappiness2019,
  title = {The {{Sad Truth}} about {{Happiness Scales}}},
  author = {Bond, Timothy N. and Lang, Kevin},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {127},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1629--1640},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/701679},
  urldate = {2020-04-27},
  abstract = {Happiness is reported in ordered intervals (e.g. very, pretty, not too happy). We review and apply standard statistical results to determine when such data permit identification of two groups' relative average happiness. The necessary conditions for nonparametric identification are strong and unlikely to be ever satisfied. Standard parametric approaches cannot identify this ranking unless the variances are exactly equal. If not, ordered probit findings can be reversed by lognormal transformations. For nine prominent happiness research areas, conditions for nonparametric identification are rejected and standard parametric results are reversed using plausible transformations. Tests for a common reporting function consistently reject.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DGA3QSCH/Bond and Lang - 2019 - The Sad Truth about Happiness Scales.pdf}
}

@article{bordaloBeliefsGender2019,
  title = {Beliefs about {{Gender}}},
  author = {Bordalo, Pedro and Coffman, Katherine and Gennaioli, Nicola and Shleifer, Andrei},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {109},
  number = {3},
  pages = {739--773},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20170007},
  urldate = {2021-05-17},
  abstract = {We conduct laboratory experiments that explore how gender stereotypes shape beliefs about ability of oneself and others in different categories of knowledge. The data reveal two patterns. First, men's and women's beliefs about both oneself and others exceed observed ability on average, particularly in difficult tasks. Second, overestimation of ability by both men and women varies across categories. To understand these patterns, we develop a model that separates gender stereotypes from misestimation of ability related to the difficulty of the task. We find that stereotypes contribute to gender gaps in self-confidence, assessments of others, and behavior in a cooperative game. (JEL C92, D83, D91, J16)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CVLRWCW8/Bordalo et al. - 2019 - Beliefs about Gender.pdf}
}

@article{bordaloBeliefsGender2019a,
  title = {Beliefs about {{Gender}}},
  author = {Bordalo, Pedro and Coffman, Katherine and Gennaioli, Nicola and Shleifer, Andrei},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {109},
  number = {3},
  pages = {739--773},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20170007},
  urldate = {2022-04-20},
  abstract = {We conduct laboratory experiments that explore how gender stereotypes shape beliefs about ability of oneself and others in different categories of knowledge. The data reveal two patterns. First, men's and women's beliefs about both oneself and others exceed observed ability on average, particularly in difficult tasks. Second, overestimation of ability by both men and women varies across categories. To understand these patterns, we develop a model that separates gender stereotypes from misestimation of ability related to the difficulty of the task. We find that stereotypes contribute to gender gaps in self-confidence, assessments of others, and behavior in a cooperative game. (JEL C92, D83, D91, J16)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8TURT7RF/Bordalo et al. - 2019 - Beliefs about Gender.pdf}
}

@article{bordaloIssueSaliencePolitical,
  title = {Issue {{Salience}} and {{Political Stereotypes}}},
  author = {Bordalo, Pedro and Tabellini, Marco and Yang, David Y},
  pages = {73},
  abstract = {US voters exaggerate the differences in attitudes held by Republicans and Democrats on a range of socioeconomic and political issues, and higher perceived polarization is associated with greater political engagement and affective polarization. In this paper, we examine the role of issue salience in driving beliefs about political attitudes. We find that a model of political stereotypes, where distortions are stronger for issues that are more salient to voters, captures important qualitative and quantitative features of the data. First, perceived partisan differences are larger on issues that individuals consider more important. To attach a causal interpretation to this link, we show that the end of the Cold War in 1991, which shifted US voters' attention away from external threats, increased perceived, relative to actual, partisan differences on domestic issues. Second, issue salience increases the tendency to over-weigh extreme types. The increase in perceived polarization post 1991 was stronger for issues with more stereotypical partisan differences. Finally, the reverse pattern occurred after the terrorist attacks in 2001, when attention swung back towards external threats. We discuss other mechanisms, which may be at work but fail to match important features of the data. Our results highlight how beliefs about political groups can shift even when the underlying partisan differences change little, with important social and political consequences.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TRCV8966/Bordalo et al. - Issue Salience and Political Stereotypes.pdf}
}

@article{bordaloStereotypes2016,
  title = {Stereotypes*},
  author = {Bordalo, Pedro and Coffman, Katherine and Gennaioli, Nicola and Shleifer, Andrei},
  year = {2016},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {131},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1753--1794},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjw029},
  urldate = {2022-04-20},
  abstract = {Abstract             We present a model of stereotypes based on Kahneman and Tversky's representativeness heuristic. A decision maker assesses a target group by overweighting its representative types, defined as the types that occur more frequently in that group than in a baseline reference group. Stereotypes formed this way contain a ``kernel of truth'': they are rooted in true differences between groups. Because stereotypes focus on differences, they cause belief distortions, particularly when groups are similar. Stereotypes are also context dependent: beliefs about a group depend on the characteristics of the reference group. In line with our predictions, beliefs in the lab about abstract groups and beliefs in the field about political groups are context dependent and distorted in the direction of representative types.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VSGU4TBH/Bordalo et al. - 2016 - Stereotypes.pdf}
}

@article{borusyakNonrandomExposureExogenous2023,
  title = {Nonrandom {{Exposure}} to {{Exogenous Shocks}}},
  author = {Borusyak, Kirill and Hull, Peter},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {91},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2155--2185},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ECTA19367},
  urldate = {2024-10-07},
  abstract = {We develop a new approach to estimating the causal effects of treatments or instruments that combine multiple sources of variation according to a known formula. Examples include treatments capturing spillovers in social or transportation networks and simulated instruments for policy eligibility. We show how exogenous shocks to some---but not all---determinants of such variables can be leveraged while avoiding omitted variables bias. Our solution involves specifying counterfactual shocks that may as well have been realized and adjusting for a summary measure of nonrandomness in shock exposure: the average treatment (or instrument) across shock counterfactuals. We use this approach to address bias when estimating employment effects of market access growth from Chinese high-speed rail construction.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A98JTSZI/Borusyak and Hull - 2023 - Nonrandom Exposure to Exogenous Shocks.pdf}
}

@article{borusyakQuasiExperimentalShiftShareResearch2022,
  title = {Quasi-{{Experimental Shift-Share Research Designs}}},
  author = {Borusyak, Kirill and Hull, Peter and Jaravel, Xavier},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {89},
  number = {1},
  pages = {181--213},
  issn = {0034-6527},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdab030},
  urldate = {2024-03-26},
  abstract = {Many studies use shift-share (or ``Bartik'') instruments, which average a set of shocks with exposure share weights. We provide a new econometric framework for shift-share instrumental variable (SSIV) regressions in which identification follows from the quasi-random assignment of shocks, while exposure shares are allowed to be endogenous. The framework is motivated by an equivalence result: the orthogonality between a shift-share instrument and an unobserved residual can be represented as the orthogonality between the underlying shocks and a shock-level unobservable. SSIV regression coefficients can similarly be obtained from an equivalent shock-level regression, motivating shock-level conditions for their consistency. We discuss and illustrate several practical insights of this framework in the setting of Autor et al. (2013), estimating the effect of Chinese import competition on manufacturing employment across U.S. commuting zones.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JKDNYTZ7/MGRM_Combining_Experimental_and_Observational_Studies.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Q5ZKJFHU/Borusyak et al. - 2022 - Quasi-Experimental Shift-Share Research Designs.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4Z4BSJKW/6294942.html}
}

@article{borusyakRevisitingEventStudyDesigns2024,
  title = {Revisiting {{Event-Study Designs}}: {{Robust}} and {{Efficient Estimation}}},
  shorttitle = {Revisiting {{Event-Study Designs}}},
  author = {Borusyak, Kirill and Jaravel, Xavier and Spiess, Jann},
  year = {2024},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  pages = {rdae007},
  issn = {0034-6527},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdae007},
  urldate = {2024-07-27},
  abstract = {We develop a framework for difference-in-differences designs with staggered treatment adoption and heterogeneous causal effects. We show that conventional regression-based estimators fail to provide unbiased estimates of relevant estimands absent strong restrictions on treatment-effect homogeneity. We then derive the efficient estimator addressing this challenge, which takes an intuitive ``imputation'' form when treatment-effect heterogeneity is unrestricted. We characterize the asymptotic behaviour of the estimator, propose tools for inference, and develop tests for identifying assumptions. Our method applies with time-varying controls, in triple-difference designs, and with certain non-binary treatments. We show the practical relevance of our results in a simulation study and an application. Studying the consumption response to tax rebates in the U.S., we find that the notional marginal propensity to consume is between 8 and 11\% in the first quarter---about half as large as benchmark estimates used to calibrate macroeconomic models---and predominantly occurs in the first month after the rebate.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z8M7DPBV/Borusyak et al. - 2024 - Revisiting Event-Study Designs Robust and Efficie.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WBQYSEAF/7601390.html}
}

@article{bosworthAccountingGrowthComparing,
  title = {Accounting for {{Growth}}: {{Comparing China}} and {{India}}},
  author = {Bosworth, Barry and Collins, Susan M},
  pages = {31},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PCEGKR8S/Bosworth and Collins - Accounting for Growth Comparing China and India.pdf}
}

@article{bouguenUsingRandomizedControlled2019,
  title = {Using {{Randomized Controlled Trials}} to {{Estimate Long-Run Impacts}} in {{Development Economics}}},
  author = {Bouguen, Adrien and Huang, Yue and Kremer, Michael and Miguel, Edward},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {11},
  number = {Volume 11, 2019},
  pages = {523--561},
  publisher = {Annual Reviews},
  issn = {1941-1383, 1941-1391},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-030333},
  urldate = {2024-07-21},
  abstract = {We assess evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on long-run economic productivity and living standards in poor countries. We first document that several studies estimate large positive long-run impacts, but that relatively few existing RCTs have been evaluated over the long run. We next present evidence from a systematic survey of existing RCTs, with a focus on cash transfer and child health programs, and show that a meaningful subset can realistically be evaluated for long-run effects. We discuss ways to bridge the gap between the burgeoning number of development RCTs and the limited number that have been followed up to date, including through new panel (longitudinal) data; improved participant tracking methods; alternative research designs; and access to administrative, remote sensing, and cell phone data. We conclude that the rise of development economics RCTs since roughly 2000 provides a novel opportunity to generate high-quality evidence on the long-run drivers of living standards.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DFEKD4UJ/Bouguen et al. - 2019 - Using Randomized Controlled Trials to Estimate Lon.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L35EGNZR/annurev-economics-080218-030333.html}
}

@article{bouguenUsingRandomizedControlled2019a,
  title = {Using {{Randomized Controlled Trials}} to {{Estimate Long-Run Impacts}} in {{Development Economics}}},
  author = {Bouguen, Adrien and Huang, Yue and Kremer, Michael and Miguel, Edward},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {523--561},
  issn = {1941-1383, 1941-1391},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-030333},
  urldate = {2024-07-30},
  abstract = {We assess evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on long-run economic productivity and living standards in poor countries. We first document that several studies estimate large positive long-run impacts, but that relatively few existing RCTs have been evaluated over the long run. We next present evidence from a systematic survey of existing RCTs, with a focus on cash transfer and child health programs, and show that a meaningful subset can realistically be evaluated for long-run effects. We discuss ways to bridge the gap between the burgeoning number of development RCTs and the limited number that have been followed up to date, including through new panel (longitudinal) data; improved participant tracking methods; alternative research designs; and access to administrative, remote sensing, and cell phone data. We conclude that the rise of development economics RCTs since roughly 2000 provides a novel opportunity to generate high-quality evidence on the long-run drivers of living standards.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/88S6B58A/Bouguen et al. - 2019 - Using Randomized Controlled Trials to Estimate Lon.pdf}
}

@article{bowlingWillQuestionsEver2020,
  title = {Will the {{Questions Ever End}}? {{Person-Level Increases}} in {{Careless Responding During Questionnaire Completion}}},
  shorttitle = {Will the {{Questions Ever End}}?},
  author = {Bowling, Nathan A. and Gibson, Anthony M. and Houpt, Joseph W. and Brower, Cheyna K.},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Organizational Research Methods},
  pages = {109442812094779},
  issn = {1094-4281, 1552-7425},
  doi = {10.1177/1094428120947794},
  urldate = {2021-05-05},
  abstract = {Is there a point within a self-report questionnaire where participants will start responding carelessly? If so, then after how many items do participants reach that point? And what can researchers do to encourage participants to remain careful throughout the entirety of a questionnaire? We conducted two studies (Study 1 N {$\frac{1}{4}$} 358; Study 2 N {$\frac{1}{4}$} 129) to address these questions. Our results found (a) consistent evidence that participants responded more carelessly as they progressed further into a questionnaire, (b) mixed evidence that participants who were warned that carelessness would be punished displayed smaller increases in carelessness, and (c) mixed evidence that increases in carelessness were greater within an unproctored online study (Study 1) than within a proctored laboratory study (Study 2). These findings help address when and why careless responding is likely to occur, and they suggest effective preventive strategies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GSVMI432/Bowling et al. - 2020 - Will the Questions Ever End Person-Level Increase.pdf}
}

@article{boyleSecondEnclosureMovement,
  title = {The {{Second Enclosure Movement}} and the {{Construction}} of the {{Public Domain}}},
  author = {Boyle, James},
  journal = {LAW AND CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS},
  volume = {66},
  pages = {42},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {B31,History of Copyright,Intellectual Property,K11,K12,O3,Public Domain},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KUETBN8X/Boyle - The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction.pdf}
}

@article{BPSIndonesia2019,
  title = {Indonesia ({{IDN}}) {{Administrative Boundary Common Operational Database}} ({{COD-AB}})},
  author = {Badan Pusat Statistik and SIAK, Kemendagri},
  year = {2019}
}

@misc{bpsIndonesiaAdministrativeLevel2019,
  title = {Indonesia Administrative Level 0-4 Boundaries: {{Administrative Boundary Common Operational Database}} ({{COD-AB}})},
  author = {BPS and SIAK},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  urldate = {2020-05-01}
}

@article{bradleySOCIOECONOMICSTATUSCHILD2001,
  title = {{{SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT}}},
  author = {Bradley, Robert H},
  year = {2001},
  pages = {32},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {achievement,adjustment,child,poverty,socioeconomic status},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SJX5ZL4B/Bradley - 2001 - SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT.pdf}
}

@article{braghieriPoliticalCorrectnessSocial2021,
  title = {Political {{Correctness}}, {{Social Image}}, and {{Information Transmission}}},
  author = {Braghieri, Luca},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {10.1257/rct.5063-1.1},
  urldate = {2022-01-27},
  abstract = {A prominent argument in the debate about political correctness is that people may feel pressure to publicly espouse views on a set of sensitive socio-political topics that they may not privately hold, and that such misrepresentations may render public discourse less vibrant and informative. This paper provides a formalization of the argument in terms of social image and evaluates it experimentally in the context of college campuses, where the debate about political correctness has been particularly heated. The results of the experiment show that: i) social image concerns indeed drive a wedge between the sensitive socio-political attitudes that college students report in private and in public; ii) public utterances are less informative than private utterances according to a host of measures of informativeness suggested by the theoretical model; iii) information loss is exacerbated by the fact that the natural audience in the environment, namely other college students, are partially naive about the ways in which social image concerns distort their peers' public statements.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DAE5Y7BA/Braghieri - Political Correctness, Social Image, and Informati.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SDS9T8A7/PoliticalCorrectness_Paper.pdf}
}

@article{braghieriSocialMediaMental2022,
  title = {Social {{Media}} and {{Mental Health}}},
  author = {Braghieri, Luca and Levy, Ro'ee and Makarin, Alexey},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {112},
  number = {11},
  pages = {3660--3693},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20211218},
  urldate = {2024-09-26},
  abstract = {We provide quasi-experimental estimates of the impact of social media on mental health by leveraging a unique natural experiment: the staggered introduction of Facebook across US colleges. Our analysis couples data on student mental health around the years of Facebook's expansion with a generalized difference-in-differences empirical strategy. We find that the rollout of Facebook at a college had a negative impact on student mental health. It also increased the likelihood with which students reported experiencing impairments to academic performance due to poor mental health. Additional evidence on mechanisms suggests the results are due to Facebook fostering unfavorable social comparisons. (JEL D91, I12, I23, L82)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZE7HKTLT/Braghieri et al. - 2022 - Social Media and Mental Health.pdf}
}

@techreport{brandilyPoorlyUnderstoodDisease2020,
  type = {Preprint},
  title = {A {{Poorly Understood Disease}}? {{The Unequal Distribution}} of {{Excess Mortality Due}} to {{COVID-19 Across French Municipalities}}},
  shorttitle = {A {{Poorly Understood Disease}}?},
  author = {Brandily, Paul and Brebion, Clement and Briole, Simon and Khoury, Laura},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  institution = {Health Economics},
  doi = {10.1101/2020.07.09.20149955},
  urldate = {2020-08-25},
  abstract = {While COVID-19 was already responsible for more than 500,000 deaths worldwide as of July 3, 2020, very little is known on the socio-economic heterogeneity of its impact on mortality. In this paper, we combine several administrative data sources to estimate the relationship between mortality due to COVID-19 and poverty at a very local level (i.e. the municipality level) in France, one of the most severely hit country in the world. We find strong evidence of an income gradient in the impact of the pandemic on mortality: it is twice as large in the poorest municipalities compared to other municipalities. We then show that both poor housing conditions and higher occupational exposure are likely mechanisms. Overall, these mechanisms accounts for up to 60\% of the difference observed between rich and poor municipalities.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JV5QY2ZK/WP_202044_.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z98RNLVZ/Brandily et al. - 2020 - A Poorly Understood Disease The Unequal Distribut.pdf}
}

@book{brassFormsCollectiveViolence2006,
  title = {Forms of {{Collective Violence}}: {{Riots}}, {{Pogroms}}, \& {{Genocide}} in {{Modern India}}},
  author = {Brass, P.R.},
  year = {2006},
  publisher = {Three Essays Collective},
  isbn = {978-81-88789-39-9},
  lccn = {2006453149}
}

@article{braunerInferringEffectivenessGovernment2020,
  title = {Inferring the Effectiveness of Government Interventions against {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {Brauner, Jan M. and Mindermann, S{\"o}ren and Sharma, Mrinank and Johnston, David and Salvatier, John and Gaven{\v c}iak, Tom{\'a}{\v s} and Stephenson, Anna B. and Leech, Gavin and Altman, George and Mikulik, Vladimir and Norman, Alexander John and Monrad, Joshua Teperowski and Besiroglu, Tamay and Ge, Hong and Hartwick, Meghan A. and Teh, Yee Whye and Chindelevitch, Leonid and Gal, Yarin and Kulveit, Jan},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Science},
  pages = {eabd9338},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.abd9338},
  urldate = {2021-01-08},
  abstract = {Governments are attempting to control the COVID-19 pandemic with nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). However, the effectiveness of different NPIs at reducing transmission is poorly understood. We gathered chronological data on the implementation of NPIs for several European, and other, countries between January and the end of May 2020. We estimate the effectiveness of NPIs, ranging from limiting gathering sizes, business closures, and closure of educational institutions to stay-at-home orders. To do so, we used a Bayesian hierarchical model that links NPI implementation dates to national case and death counts and supported the results with extensive empirical validation. Closing all educational institutions, limiting gatherings to 10 people or less, and closing face-to-face businesses each reduced transmission considerably. The additional effect of stay-at-home orders was comparatively small.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KMQA2D93/Brauner et al. - 2020 - Inferring the effectiveness of government interven.pdf}
}

@article{brauwBiofortificationCropAdoption2018,
  title = {Biofortification, {{Crop Adoption}} and {{Health Information}}: {{Impact Pathways}} in {{Mozambique}} and {{Uganda}}},
  shorttitle = {Biofortification, {{Crop Adoption}} and {{Health Information}}},
  author = {Brauw, Alan and Eozenou, Patrick and Gilligan, Daniel O. and Hotz, Christine and Kumar, Neha and Meenakshi, J.V.},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Journal of Agricultural Economics},
  volume = {100},
  number = {3},
  pages = {906--930},
  issn = {0002-9092, 1467-8276},
  doi = {10.1093/ajae/aay005},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Biofortification,Casual mediation analysis,Mozambique,Randomized control trial,Technology adoption,Uganda},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZWVQDWM8/Brauw et al. - 2018 - Biofortification, Crop Adoption and Health Informa.pdf}
}

@article{bredaFemaleRoleModels,
  title = {Do {{Female Role Models Reduce}} the {{Gender Gap}} in {{Science}}? {{Evidence}} from {{French High Schools{\'u}}}},
  author = {Breda, Thomas and Grenet, Julien and Monnet, Marion},
  pages = {134},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AKLCPBXK/Breda et al. - Do Female Role Models Reduce the Gender Gap in Sci.pdf}
}

@article{breitsohlImpactInsufficientEffort2018,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Insufficient Effort Responding Detection Methods}} on {{Substantive Responses}}: {{Results}} from an {{Experiment Testing Parameter Invariance}}: {{IER DETECTION AND PARAMETER INVARIANCE}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Impact}} of {{Insufficient Effort Responding Detection Methods}} on {{Substantive Responses}}},
  author = {Breitsohl, Heiko and Steidelm{\"u}ller, Corinna},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Applied Psychology},
  volume = {67},
  number = {2},
  pages = {284--308},
  issn = {0269994X},
  doi = {10.1111/apps.12121},
  urldate = {2021-05-05},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UZUIBFNN/Breitsohl and Steidelmüller - 2018 - The Impact of Insufficient Effort Responding Detec.pdf}
}

@article{bremanGiveMoreTomorrow2011,
  title = {Give More Tomorrow: {{Two}} Field Experiments on Altruism and Intertemporal Choice},
  shorttitle = {Give More Tomorrow},
  author = {Breman, Anna},
  year = {2011},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  series = {Special {{Issue}}: {{International Seminar}} for {{Public Economics}} on {{Normative Tax Theory}}},
  volume = {95},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1349--1357},
  issn = {0047-2727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.05.004},
  urldate = {2022-02-18},
  abstract = {This paper conducts two natural field experiments to test inter-temporal choices in charitable giving by varying the timing of commitment and payment. Monthly donors were asked to increase their contributions (1) immediately, (2) in one month, (3) in two months. The results are consistent between the two field experiments; first, mean increases in donations are significantly higher when donors are asked to commit to future donations. Second, follow-up data shows that the treatment effect is persistent, making the strategy highly profitable to the charity. Finally, I provide evidence of heterogeneity in the response to different time lags, indicating differences in inter-temporal choices among donors.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Altruism,Field experiment,Intertemporal choice},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PVB9AW82/S0047272711000764.html}
}

@incollection{Breza2016,
  title = {Field {{Experiments}}, {{Social Networks}}, and {{Development}}},
  booktitle = {The {{Oxford Handbook}} of the {{Economics}} of {{Networks}}},
  author = {Breza, Emily},
  year = {2016},
  doi = {0.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948277.013.25},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8TL4GLQY/Breza - 2016 - Field Experiments, Social Networks, and Developmen.pdf}
}

@article{brezaConsistentlyEstimatingNetwork2023,
  title = {Consistently Estimating Network Statistics Using Aggregated Relational Data},
  author = {Breza, Emily and Chandrasekhar, Arun G. and Lubold, Shane and McCormick, Tyler H. and Pan, Mengjie},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {120},
  number = {21},
  pages = {e2207185120},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.2207185120},
  urldate = {2023-11-30},
  abstract = {Collecting complete network data is expensive, time-consuming, and often infeasible. Aggregated Relational Data (ARD), which ask respondents questions of the form ``How many people with trait X do you know?'' provide a low-cost option when collecting complete network data is not possible. Rather than asking about connections between each pair of individuals directly, ARD collect the number of contacts the respondent knows with a given trait. Despite widespread use and a growing literature on ARD methodology, there is still no systematic understanding of when and why ARD should accurately recover features of the unobserved network. This paper provides such a characterization by deriving conditions under which statistics about the unobserved network (or functions of these statistics like regression coefficients) can be consistently estimated using ARD. We first provide consistent estimates of network model parameters for three commonly used probabilistic models: the beta-model with node-specific unobserved effects, the stochastic block model with unobserved community structure, and latent geometric space models with unobserved latent locations. A key observation is that cross-group link probabilities for a collection of (possibly unobserved) groups identify the model parameters, meaning ARD are sufficient for parameter estimation. With these estimated parameters, it is possible to simulate graphs from the fitted distribution and analyze the distribution of network statistics. We can then characterize conditions under which the simulated networks based on ARD will allow for consistent estimation of the unobserved network statistics, such as eigenvector centrality, or response functions by or of the unobserved network, such as regression coefficients.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5B5FZRND/breza-et-al-2023-consistently-estimating-network-statistics-using-aggregated-relational-data.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZEN84MTD/Breza et al. - 2023 - Consistently estimating network statistics using a.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{brezaFieldExperimentsSocial2016,
  title = {Field {{Experiments}}, {{Social Networks}}, and {{Development}}},
  booktitle = {The {{Oxford Handbook}} of the {{Economics}} of {{Networks}}},
  author = {Breza, Emily},
  editor = {Bramoull{\'e}, Yann and Galeotti, Andrea and Rogers, Brian W.},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  pages = {411--439},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  doi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948277.013.25},
  urldate = {2024-03-21},
  abstract = {This chapter explores the use of field experiments as a tool to study the economics of social networks, with an emphasis on applications in development economics. Field experiments can be powerful vehicles to measure causal treatment effects. However, when treatments ``spill over'' onto others in the social network, many new considerations arise. The chapter begins with a discussion of methodological challenges involved in conducting social network experiments. The chapter then explores how field experiments have begun to shed light on five key issues in the economics of networks, including social learning and diffusion, other-regarding preferences, peer monitoring and enforcement, risk sharing, and network formation.},
  isbn = {978-0-19-994827-7},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EPVDD72C/Breza and Breza - 2016 - Field Experiments, Social Networks, and Developmen.pdf}
}

@techreport{brezaLaborRationing2021,
  title = {Labor Rationing},
  author = {Breza, Emily and Kaur, Supreet and Shamdasani, Yogita},
  year = {2021},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/34H9QX2D/Breza et al. - 2021 - Labor rationing.pdf}
}

@article{brezaMeasuringEquilibriumImpacts2021,
  title = {Measuring the {{Equilibrium Impacts}} of {{Credit}}: {{Evidence}} from the {{Indian Microfinance Crisis}}*},
  shorttitle = {Measuring the {{Equilibrium Impacts}} of {{Credit}}},
  author = {Breza, Emily and Kinnan, Cynthia},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {136},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1447--1497},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjab016},
  urldate = {2024-03-11},
  abstract = {In October 2010, the state government of Andhra Pradesh, India, issued an emergency ordinance, bringing microfinance activities in the state to a complete halt and causing a nationwide shock to the liquidity of lenders, especially those with loans in the affected state. We use this massive dislocation in the microfinance market to identify the causal impacts of a reduction in credit supply on consumption, earnings, and employment in general equilibrium in rural labor markets. Using a proprietary district-level data set from 25 separate, for-profit microlenders matched with household data from the National Sample Survey, we find that district-level reductions in credit supply are associated with significant decreases in casual daily wages, household wage earnings, and consumption. We find a substantial consumption multiplier from credit that is likely driven by two channels---aggregate demand and business investment. We calibrate a simple two-period, two-sector model of the rural economy that incorporates both channels and show that the magnitude of our wage results is consistent with the model's predictions.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CID64IYC/qje%2Fqjab016.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SBGYULKV/Breza and Kinnan - 2021 - Measuring the Equilibrium Impacts of Credit Evide.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4HLXY5ZW/6266467.html}
}

@article{brezaMoraleEffectsPay2018,
  title = {The {{Morale Effects}} of {{Pay Inequality}}},
  author = {Breza, Emily and Kaur, Supreet and Shamdasani, Yogita},
  year = {2018},
  pages = {66},
  abstract = {Relative-pay concerns have potentially broad labor market implications. In a month-long experiment with Indian manufacturing workers, we randomize whether coworkers within production units receive the same flat daily wage, or differential wages according to their (baseline) productivity ranks. When coworkers' productivity is difficult to observe, pay inequality reduces output by 0.45 standard deviations and attendance by 18 percentage points. It also lowers coworkers' ability to cooperate in their own self-interest. However, when workers can clearly perceive that their higherpaid peers are more productive than themselves, pay disparity has no discernible effect on output, attendance, or group cohesion. These findings help inform our understanding of when pay compression is more likely to arise in the labor market. JEL Codes: J3, O15, D03, E24.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2F6IJXHT/Breza et al. - 2018 - The Morale Effects of Pay Inequality.pdf}
}

@article{brezaProppingWageFloor2019,
  title = {Propping {{Up}} the {{Wage Floor}}: {{Collective Labor Supply}} without {{Unions}}},
  shorttitle = {Propping {{Up}} the {{Wage Floor}}},
  author = {Breza, Emily and Kaur, Supreet and Krishnaswamy, Nandita},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  pages = {w25880},
  doi = {10.3386/w25880},
  urldate = {2020-11-18},
  abstract = {Social norms have the potential to alter the functioning of economic markets. We test whether norms shape the aggregate labor supply curve by leading decentralized individuals to maintain wage floors in their local labor markets. We partner with existing employers who create new jobs for workers in informal spot labor markets. Unemployed workers would like to find work, and prefer to do so even at wages below the prevailing wage rather than remain unemployed. However, they rarely do so when this choice is observable to other workers. In contrast, social observability does not affect labor supply at the prevailing wage. Consistent with the idea that norms could have aggregate implications, measures of social cohesion correlate with downward wage rigidity and business cycle volatility across India.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3HJ5TXDX/Breza et al. - 2019 - Propping Up the Wage Floor Collective Labor Suppl.pdf}
}

@article{brezaSocialNetworksReputation2019,
  title = {Social {{Networks}}, {{Reputation}}, and {{Commitment}}: {{Evidence From}} a {{Savings Monitors Experiment}}},
  shorttitle = {Social {{Networks}}, {{Reputation}}, and {{Commitment}}},
  author = {Breza, Emily and Chandrasekhar, Arun G.},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {87},
  number = {1},
  pages = {175--216},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ECTA13683},
  urldate = {2020-11-04},
  abstract = {We conduct an experiment to study whether individuals save more when information about the progress toward their self-set savings goal is shared with another village member (a ``monitor''). We develop a reputational framework to explore how a monitor's effectiveness depends on her network position. Savers who care about whether others perceive them as responsible should save more with central monitors, who more widely disseminate information, and proximate monitors, who pass information to individuals with whom the saver interacts frequently. We randomly assign monitors to savers and find that monitors on average increase savings by 36\%. Consistent with the framework, more central and proximate monitors lead to larger increases in savings. Moreover, information flows through the network, with 63\% of monitors telling others about the saver's progress. Fifteen months after the conclusion of the experiment, other villagers have updated their beliefs about the saver's responsibility in response to the intervention.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/25ZDBMKW/Breza and Chandrasekhar - 2019 - Social Networks, Reputation, and Commitment Evide.pdf}
}

@article{brezaUsingAggregatedRelational2020,
  title = {Using {{Aggregated Relational Data}} to {{Feasibly Identify Network Structure}} without {{Network Data}}},
  author = {Breza, Emily and Chandrasekhar, Arun G. and McCormick, Tyler H. and Pan, Mengjie},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {110},
  number = {8},
  pages = {2454--2484},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20170861},
  urldate = {2023-11-30},
  abstract = {Social network data are often prohibitively expensive to collect, limiting empirical network research. We propose an inexpensive and feasible strategy for network elicitation using Aggregated Relational Data (ARD): responses to questions of the form "how many of your links have trait k?" Our method uses ARD to recover parameters of a network formation model, which permits sampling from a distribution over node- or graph-level statistics. We replicate the results of two field experiments that used network data and draw similar conclusions with ARD alone.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Data Access Field Experiments Network Formation and Analysis: Theory Economic Sociology,Economic Anthropology,Language,Methodology for Collecting Estimating and Organizing Microeconomic Data,Social and Economic Stratification},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9YQBA4I8/1703.04157v3.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BI76U49Q/1703.04157v3.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E7PLARJV/Breza et al. - 2020 - Using Aggregated Relational Data to Feasibly Ident.pdf}
}

@article{breznauObservingManyResearchers2022,
  title = {Observing Many Researchers Using the Same Data and Hypothesis Reveals a Hidden Universe of Uncertainty},
  author = {Breznau, Nate and Rinke, Eike Mark and Wuttke, Alexander and Nguyen, Hung H. V. and Adem, Muna and Adriaans, Jule and {Alvarez-Benjumea}, Amalia and Andersen, Henrik K. and Auer, Daniel and Azevedo, Flavio and Bahnsen, Oke and Balzer, Dave and Bauer, Gerrit and Bauer, Paul C. and Baumann, Markus and Baute, Sharon and Benoit, Verena and Bernauer, Julian and Berning, Carl and Berthold, Anna and Bethke, Felix S. and Biegert, Thomas and Blinzler, Katharina and Blumenberg, Johannes N. and Bobzien, Licia and Bohman, Andrea and Bol, Thijs and Bostic, Amie and Brzozowska, Zuzanna and Burgdorf, Katharina and Burger, Kaspar and Busch, Kathrin B. and {Carlos-Castillo}, Juan and Chan, Nathan and Christmann, Pablo and Connelly, Roxanne and Czymara, Christian S. and Damian, Elena and Ecker, Alejandro and Edelmann, Achim and Eger, Maureen A. and Ellerbrock, Simon and Forke, Anna and Forster, Andrea and Gaasendam, Chris and Gavras, Konstantin and Gayle, Vernon and Gessler, Theresa and Gnambs, Timo and Godefroidt, Am{\'e}lie and Gr{\"o}mping, Max and Gro{\ss}, Martin and Gruber, Stefan and Gummer, Tobias and Hadjar, Andreas and Heisig, Jan Paul and Hellmeier, Sebastian and Heyne, Stefanie and Hirsch, Magdalena and Hjerm, Mikael and Hochman, Oshrat and H{\"o}vermann, Andreas and Hunger, Sophia and Hunkler, Christian and Huth, Nora and Ign{\'a}cz, Zs{\'o}fia S. and Jacobs, Laura and Jacobsen, Jannes and Jaeger, Bastian and Jungkunz, Sebastian and Jungmann, Nils and Kauff, Mathias and Kleinert, Manuel and Klinger, Julia and Kolb, Jan-Philipp and Ko{\l}czy{\'n}ska, Marta and Kuk, John and Kuni{\ss}en, Katharina and Kurti Sinatra, Dafina and Langenkamp, Alexander and Lersch, Philipp M. and L{\"o}bel, Lea-Maria and Lutscher, Philipp and Mader, Matthias and Madia, Joan E. and Malancu, Natalia and Maldonado, Luis and Marahrens, Helge and Martin, Nicole and Martinez, Paul and Mayerl, Jochen and Mayorga, Oscar J. and McManus, Patricia and McWagner, Kyle and Meeusen, Cecil and Meierrieks, Daniel and Mellon, Jonathan and Merhout, Friedolin and Merk, Samuel and Meyer, Daniel and Micheli, Leticia and Mijs, Jonathan and Moya, Crist{\'o}bal and Neunhoeffer, Marcel and N{\"u}st, Daniel and Nyg{\aa}rd, Olav and Ochsenfeld, Fabian and Otte, Gunnar and Pechenkina, Anna O. and Prosser, Christopher and Raes, Louis and Ralston, Kevin and Ramos, Miguel R. and Roets, Arne and Rogers, Jonathan and Ropers, Guido and Samuel, Robin and Sand, Gregor and Schachter, Ariela and Schaeffer, Merlin and Schieferdecker, David and Schlueter, Elmar and Schmidt, Regine and Schmidt, Katja M. and {Schmidt-Catran}, Alexander and Schmiedeberg, Claudia and Schneider, J{\"u}rgen and Schoonvelde, Martijn and {Schulte-Cloos}, Julia and Schumann, Sandy and Schunck, Reinhard and Schupp, J{\"u}rgen and Seuring, Julian and Silber, Henning and Sleegers, Willem and Sonntag, Nico and Staudt, Alexander and Steiber, Nadia and Steiner, Nils and Sternberg, Sebastian and Stiers, Dieter and Stojmenovska, Dragana and Storz, Nora and Striessnig, Erich and Stroppe, Anne-Kathrin and Teltemann, Janna and Tibajev, Andrey and Tung, Brian and Vagni, Giacomo and Van Assche, Jasper and {van der Linden}, Meta and {van der Noll}, Jolanda and Van Hootegem, Arno and Vogtenhuber, Stefan and Voicu, Bogdan and Wagemans, Fieke and Wehl, Nadja and Werner, Hannah and Wiernik, Brenton M. and Winter, Fabian and Wolf, Christof and Yamada, Yuki and Zhang, Nan and Ziller, Conrad and Zins, Stefan and {\.Z}{\'o}{\l}tak, Tomasz},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
  volume = {119},
  number = {44},
  pages = {e2203150119},
  issn = {0027-8424},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.2203150119},
  urldate = {2024-04-10},
  abstract = {Will different researchers converge on similar findings when analyzing the same data? Seventy-three independent research teams used identical cross-country survey data to test a prominent social science hypothesis: that more immigration will reduce public support for government provision of social policies. Instead of convergence, teams' results varied greatly, ranging from large negative to large positive effects of immigration on social policy support. The choices made by the research teams in designing their statistical tests explain very little of this variation; a hidden universe of uncertainty remains. Considering this variation, scientists, especially those working with the complexities of human societies and behavior, should exercise humility and strive to better account for the uncertainty in their work., This study explores how researchers' analytical choices affect the reliability of scientific findings. Most discussions of reliability problems in science focus on systematic biases. We broaden the lens to emphasize the idiosyncrasy of conscious and unconscious decisions that researchers make during data analysis. We coordinated 161 researchers in 73 research teams and observed their research decisions as they used the same data to independently test the same prominent social science hypothesis: that greater immigration reduces support for social policies among the public. In this typical case of social science research, research teams reported both widely diverging numerical findings and substantive conclusions despite identical start conditions. Researchers' expertise, prior beliefs, and expectations barely predict the wide variation in research outcomes. More than 95\% of the total variance in numerical results remains unexplained even after qualitative coding of all identifiable decisions in each team's workflow. This reveals a universe of uncertainty that remains hidden when considering a single study in isolation. The idiosyncratic nature of how researchers' results and conclusions varied is a previously underappreciated explanation for why many scientific hypotheses remain contested. These results call for greater epistemic humility and clarity in reporting scientific findings.},
  pmcid = {PMC9636921},
  pmid = {36306328},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/79XWTQMR/pnas.2203150119.sapp.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FRJE26I6/Breznau et al. - 2022 - Observing many researchers using the same data and.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KLMEWTIB/pnas.202203150.pdf}
}

@article{bricenoAreThereSynergies,
  title = {Are There Synergies from Combining Hygiene and Sanitation Promotion Campaigns: {{Evidence}} from a Large-Scale Cluster-Randomized Trial in Rural {{Tanzania}}},
  author = {Brice{\~n}o, Bertha and Coville, Aidan and Gertler, Paul and Martinez, Sebastian},
  pages = {19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FLKD4RXV/Briceño et al. - Are there synergies from combining hygiene and san.pdf}
}

@book{bridgesHowNotFix2017,
  title = {How ({{Not}}) to {{Fix Problems That Matter}}: {{Assessing}} and {{Responding}} to {{Malawi}}'s {{History}} of {{Institutional Reform}}},
  shorttitle = {How ({{Not}}) to {{Fix Problems That Matter}}},
  author = {Bridges, Kate and Woolcock, Michael},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}},
  publisher = {The World Bank},
  doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-8289},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/B2G6MEH7/Bridges and Woolcock - 2017 - How (Not) to Fix Problems That Matter Assessing a.pdf}
}

@article{brielStoppingRandomizedTrials2009,
  title = {Stopping Randomized Trials Early for Benefit: A Protocol of the {{Study Of Trial Policy Of Interim Truncation-2}} ({{STOPIT-2}})},
  shorttitle = {Stopping Randomized Trials Early for Benefit},
  author = {Briel, Matthias and Lane, Melanie and Montori, Victor M and Bassler, Dirk and Glasziou, Paul and Malaga, German and Akl, Elie A and {Ferreira-Gonzalez}, Ignacio and {Alonso-Coello}, Pablo and Urrutia, Gerard and Kunz, Regina and Culebro, Carolina Ruiz and {da Silva}, Suzana Alves and Flynn, David N and Elamin, Mohamed B and Strahm, Brigitte and Murad, M Hassan and Djulbegovic, Benjamin and Adhikari, Neill KJ and Mills, Edward J and {Gwadry-Sridhar}, Femida and Kirpalani, Haresh and Soares, Heloisa P and Elnour, Nisrin O Abu and You, John J and Karanicolas, Paul J and Bucher, Heiner C and Lampropulos, Julianna F and Nordmann, Alain J and Burns, Karen EA and Mulla, Sohail M and Raatz, Heike and Sood, Amit and Kaur, Jagdeep and Bankhead, Clare R and Mullan, Rebecca J and Nerenberg, Kara A and Vandvik, Per Olav and {Coto-Yglesias}, Fernando and Sch{\"u}nemann, Holger and Tuche, Fabio and Chrispim, Pedro Paulo M and Cook, Deborah J and Lutz, Kristina and Ribic, Christine M and Vale, Noah and Erwin, Patricia J and Perera, Rafael and Zhou, Qi and {Heels-Ansdell}, Diane and Ramsay, Tim and Walter, Stephen D and Guyatt, Gordon H},
  year = {2009},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Trials},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {49},
  issn = {1745-6215},
  doi = {10.1186/1745-6215-10-49},
  urldate = {2023-04-15},
  abstract = {Background Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) stopped early for benefit often receive great attention and affect clinical practice, but pose interpretational challenges for clinicians, researchers, and policy makers. Because the decision to stop the trial may arise from catching the treatment effect at a random high, truncated RCTs (tRCTs) may overestimate the true treatment effect. The Study Of Trial Policy Of Interim Truncation (STOPIT-1), which systematically reviewed the epidemiology and reporting quality of tRCTs, found that such trials are becoming more common, but that reporting of stopping rules and decisions were often deficient. Most importantly, treatment effects were often implausibly large and inversely related to the number of the events accrued. The aim of STOPIT-2 is to determine the magnitude and determinants of possible bias introduced by stopping RCTs early for benefit. Methods/Design We will use sensitive strategies to search for systematic reviews addressing the same clinical question as each of the tRCTs identified in STOPIT-1 and in a subsequent literature search. We will check all RCTs included in each systematic review to determine their similarity to the index tRCT in terms of participants, interventions, and outcome definition, and conduct new meta-analyses addressing the outcome that led to early termination of the tRCT. For each pair of tRCT and systematic review of corresponding non-tRCTs we will estimate the ratio of relative risks, and hence estimate the degree of bias. We will use hierarchical multivariable regression to determine the factors associated with the magnitude of this ratio. Factors explored will include the presence and quality of a stopping rule, the methodological quality of the trials, and the number of total events that had occurred at the time of truncation., Finally, we will evaluate whether Bayesian methods using conservative informative priors to "regress to the mean" overoptimistic tRCTs can correct observed biases. Discussion A better understanding of the extent to which tRCTs exaggerate treatment effects and of the factors associated with the magnitude of this bias can optimize trial design and data monitoring charters, and may aid in the interpretation of the results from trials stopped early for benefit.},
  pmcid = {PMC2723099},
  pmid = {19580665},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XY3HFRA3/Briel et al. - 2009 - Stopping randomized trials early for benefit a pr.pdf}
}

@article{Brock2001,
  title = {Discrete Choice with Social Interactions},
  author = {Brock, W. A. and Durlauf, S. N.},
  year = {2001},
  journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {68},
  number = {2},
  pages = {235--260},
  issn = {00346527},
  doi = {10.1111/1467-937X.00168},
  abstract = {This paper provides an analysis of aggregate behavioural outcomes when individual utility exhibits social interaction effects. We study generalized logistic models of individual choice which incorporate terms reflecting the desire of individuals to conform to the behaviour of others in an environment of noncooperative decisionmaking. Laws of large numbers are generated in such environments. Multiplicity of equilibria in these models, which are equivalent to the existence of multiple self-consistent means for average choice behaviour, will exist when the social interactions exceed a particular threshold. Local stability of these multiple equilibria is also studied. The properties of the noncooperative economy are contrasted with the properties of an economy in which a social planner determines the set of individual choices. Finally, a likelihood function based on the theoretical model is given and conditions for the econometric identifiability of the model are established.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MKB4S8WC/Brock and Durlauf - 2001 - Discrete Choice with Social Interactions.pdf}
}

@article{Brock2018,
  title = {Giving and Promising Gifts: {{Experimental}} Evidence on Reciprocity from the Field},
  author = {Brock, J. Michelle and Lange, Andreas and Leonard, Kenneth L.},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Health Economics},
  volume = {58},
  pages = {188--201},
  publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
  issn = {18791646},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jhealeco.2018.02.007},
  abstract = {We test the value of unconditional non-monetary gifts as a way to improve health worker performance in a low income country health setting. We randomly assigned health workers to different gift treatments within a program that visited health workers, measured performance and encouraged them to provide high quality care for their patients. We show that unconditional non-monetary gifts improve performance by 20 percent over a six-week period, compared to the control group. We compare the impact of the unconditional gift to one in which a gift is offered conditional on meeting a performance target and show that only the unconditional gift results in a statistically significant improvement. This demonstrates that organizations can improve the performance of health workers in the medium term without using financial incentives.},
  keywords = {Field experiment,Gift exchange,Health care,Reciprocity,Tanzania},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/94YPHNPD/Brock et al. - 2018 - Giving and promising gifts Experimental evidence .pdf}
}

@article{broockmanDurablyReducingTransphobia2016,
  ids = {broockmanDurablyReducingTransphobia},
  title = {Durably Reducing Transphobia: {{A}} Field Experiment on Door-to-Door Canvassing},
  shorttitle = {Durably Reducing Transphobia},
  author = {Broockman, D. and Kalla, J.},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {352},
  number = {6282},
  pages = {220--224},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.aad9713},
  urldate = {2021-04-22},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M5TAV7ME/Broockman and Kalla - Durably reducing transphobia A field experiment o.pdf}
}

@article{brooks-gunnEffectsPovertyChildren22,
  title = {The {{Effects}} of {{Poverty}} on {{Children}}},
  author = {{Brooks-Gunn}, Jeanne and Duncan, Greg J.},
  year = 1997,
  journal = {The Future of Children},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  eprint = {1602387},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {55},
  issn = {10548289},
  doi = {10.2307/1602387},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Although hundreds of studies have documented the association between family poverty and children's health, achievement, and behavior, few measure the effects of the timing, depth, and duration of poverty on children, and many fail to adjust for other family characteristics (for example, female headship, mother's age, and schooling) that may account for much of the observed correlation between povertyand child outcomes. This article focuses on a recent set of studies that explore the relationship between poverty and child outcomes in depth. By and large, this research supports the conclusion that family income has selective but, in some instances, quite substantial effects on child and adolescent well-being. Familyincome appears to be more strongly related to children's ability and achievement than to their emotional outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IKMF97WE/Brooks-Gunn and Duncan - 1997 - The Effects of Poverty on Children.pdf}
}

@article{brooksUSAAidPolicy2019,
  title = {{{USA}} Aid Policy and Induced Abortion in Sub-{{Saharan Africa}}: An Analysis of the {{Mexico City Policy}}},
  shorttitle = {{{USA}} Aid Policy and Induced Abortion in Sub-{{Saharan Africa}}},
  author = {Brooks, Nina and Bendavid, Eran and Miller, Grant},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Lancet Global Health},
  volume = {7},
  number = {8},
  pages = {e1046-e1053},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  issn = {2214-109X},
  doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30267-0},
  urldate = {2024-07-17},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {31257094},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TWCC3VVT/Brooks et al. - 2019 - USA aid policy and induced abortion in sub-Saharan.pdf}
}

@article{broomeWELFAREECONOMICSPOPULATION1996,
  title = {{{THE WELFARE ECONOMICS OF POPULATION}}},
  author = {Broome, J.},
  year = {1996},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Oxford Economic Papers},
  volume = {48},
  number = {2},
  pages = {177--193},
  issn = {0030-7653, 1464-3812},
  doi = {10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a028564},
  urldate = {2020-04-28},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/W4PUXJLQ/Broome - 1996 - THE WELFARE ECONOMICS OF POPULATION.pdf}
}

@article{brownAdverseChildhoodExperiences2009,
  title = {Adverse {{Childhood Experiences}} and the {{Risk}} of {{Premature Mortality}}},
  author = {Brown, David W. and Anda, Robert F. and Tiemeier, Henning and Felitti, Vincent J. and Edwards, Valerie J. and Croft, Janet B. and Giles, Wayne H.},
  year = {2009},
  month = nov,
  journal = {American Journal of Preventive Medicine},
  volume = {37},
  number = {5},
  pages = {389--396},
  issn = {07493797},
  doi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2009.06.021},
  urldate = {2023-09-01},
  abstract = {Background: Strong, graded relationships between exposure to childhood traumatic stressors and numerous negative health behaviors and outcomes, healthcare utilization, and overall health status inspired the question of whether these adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with premature death during adulthood. Purpose: This study aims to determine whether ACEs are associated with an increased risk of premature death during adulthood. Methods: Baseline survey data on health behaviors, health status, and exposure to ACEs were collected from 17,337 adults aged Ͼ18 years during 1995--1997. The ACEs included abuse (emotional, physical, sexual); witnessing domestic violence; parental separation or divorce; and growing up in a household where members were mentally ill, substance abusers, or sent to prison. The ACE score (an integer count of the eight categories of ACEs) was used as a measure of cumulative exposure to traumatic stress during childhood. Deaths were identified during follow-up assessments (between baseline appointment date and December 31, 2006) using mortality records obtained from a search of the National Death Index. Expected years of life lost (YLL) and years of potential life lost (YPLL) were computed using standard methods. The relative risk of death from all causes at age Յ65 years and at age Յ75 years was estimated across the number of categories of ACEs using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression. Analysis was conducted during January--February 2009. Results: Overall, 1539 people died during follow-up; the crude death rate was 91.0 per 1000; the age-adjusted rate was 54.7 per 1000. People with six or more ACEs died nearly 20 years earlier on average than those without ACEs (60.6 years, 95\% CIϭ56.2, 65.1, vs 79.1 years, 95\% CIϭ78.4, 79.9). Average YLL per death was nearly three times greater among people with six or more ACEs (25.2 years) than those without ACEs (9.2 years). Roughly one third (nϭ526) of those who died during follow-up were aged Յ75 years at the time of death, accounting for 4792 YPLL. After multivariable adjustment, adults with six or more ACEs were 1.7 (95\% CIϭ1.06, 2.83) times more likely to die when aged Յ75 years and 2.4 (95\% CIϭ1.30, 4.39) times more likely to die when aged Յ65 years. Conclusions: ACEs are associated with an increased risk of premature death, although a graded increase in},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AVPK9SJT/Brown et al. - 2009 - Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Risk of Prem.pdf}
}

@article{brownBullyingEducationEarnings2008,
  title = {Bullying, Education and Earnings: {{Evidence}} from the {{National Child Development Study}}},
  shorttitle = {Bullying, Education and Earnings},
  author = {Brown, Sarah and Taylor, Karl},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {Economics of Education Review},
  volume = {27},
  number = {4},
  pages = {387--401},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  urldate = {2024-03-29},
  abstract = {We explore the effect of bullying at school on the educational attainment of a sample of individuals drawn from the British National Child Development Study (NCDS). Our empirical findings suggest that school bullying has an adverse effect on human capital accumulation both at and beyond school. Moreover; the impact of bullying on educational attainment at age 16 is found to be similar in magnitude to class size effects. Furthermore, in contrast to class size effects, the adverse influence of bullying on educational attainment remains during adulthood. In addition, being bullied at school influences wages received during adulthood as well as indirectly influencing wages via educational attainment.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9ZQ8B6T3/v27y2008i4p387-401.html}
}

@article{brownCognitiveEnduranceHuman2024,
  title = {Cognitive {{Endurance}} as {{Human Capital}}*},
  author = {Brown, Christina and Kaur, Supreet and Kingdon, Geeta and Schofield, Heather},
  year = {2024},
  month = dec,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  pages = {qjae043},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjae043},
  urldate = {2025-02-21},
  abstract = {Schooling may build human capital not only by teaching academic skills but by expanding the capacity for cognition. We focus specifically on cognitive endurance: the ability to sustain effortful mental activity over a continuous stretch of time. As motivation, we document that globally and in the United States, the poor exhibit cognitive fatigue more quickly than the rich do across field settings; they also attend schools that offer fewer opportunities to practice thinking for continuous stretches. Using a field experiment with 1,600 Indian primary school students, we randomly increase the amount of time students spend in sustained cognitive activity during the school day---using either math problems (mimicking good schooling) or nonacademic games (providing a pure test of our mechanism). Each approach markedly improves cognitive endurance: students show 22\% less decline in performance over time when engaged in intellectual activities---listening comprehension, academic problems, or IQ tests. They also exhibit increased attentiveness in the classroom and score higher on psychological measures of sustained attention. Moreover, each treatment improves students' school performance by 0.09 standard deviations. This indicates that the experience of effortful thinking itself---even when devoid of any subject content---improves general cognitive capacity. Finally, we complement these results with quasi-experimental variation indicating that an additional year of schooling improves cognitive endurance, but only in higher-quality schools. Our findings suggest that schooling disparities may further disadvantage poor children by hampering the development of a core mental capacity.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TPG4RUBK/Brown et al. - 2024 - Cognitive Endurance as Human Capital.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AFQG9BKP/7925870.html}
}

@article{Browning2012,
  title = {Using Attentional Bias Modification as a Cognitive Vaccine against Depression},
  author = {Browning, Michael and Holmes, Emily A. and Charles, Matthew and Cowen, Philip J. and Harmer, Catherine J.},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Biological Psychiatry},
  volume = {72},
  number = {7},
  pages = {572--579},
  publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
  issn = {00063223},
  doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.014},
  abstract = {Background: Negative attentional biases are thought to increase the risk of recurrence in depression, suggesting that reduction of such biases may be a plausible strategy in the secondary prevention of the illness. However, no previous study has tested whether reducing negative attentional bias causally affects risk factors for depressive recurrence. The current experimental medicine study reports the effects of a computerized attentional bias modification (ABM) procedure on intermediate measures of the risk of depressive recurrence (residual depressive symptoms and the cortisol awakening response) in patients with recurrent depression. Methods: Sixty-one patients with at least two previous episodes of depression who were currently in remission were randomized to receive either an active (positive) or placebo computer-based ABM regime. The ABM regime presented either pictures of faces or words. Residual depressive symptoms, measured using the Beck Depression Inventory and the cortisol awakening response were measured immediately before and after completion of the bias modification and then again after 4 weeks' follow-up. Results: Positive, face-based ABM reduced both measures of recurrence risk (Beck Depression Inventory and cortisol awakening response). This effect occurred during the month following completion of bias modification. Word-based modification did not influence the outcome measures. Conclusions: Positive face-based ABM was able to reduce intermediate measures of recurrence risk in previously depressed patients. These results suggest that ABM may provide a "cognitive vaccine" against depression and offer a useful strategy in the secondary prevention of the illness. {\copyright} 2012 Society of Biological Psychiatry.},
  keywords = {Attention,cognitive bias,depression,experimental medicine,prevention},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DEDB9XT2/Browning et al. - 2012 - Using Attentional Bias Modification as a Cognitive.pdf}
}

@article{bruceLonelinessUnitedStates2019,
  title = {Loneliness in the {{United States}}: {{A}} 2018 {{National Panel Survey}} of {{Demographic}}, {{Structural}}, {{Cognitive}}, and {{Behavioral Characteristics}}},
  shorttitle = {Loneliness in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Bruce, Liana DesHarnais and Wu, Joshua S. and Lustig, Stuart L. and Russell, Daniel W. and Nemecek, Douglas A.},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {American Journal of Health Promotion},
  volume = {33},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1123--1133},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc},
  issn = {0890-1171},
  doi = {10.1177/0890117119856551},
  urldate = {2024-10-29},
  abstract = {Purpose:To inform health behavior intervention design, we sought to quantify loneliness and its correlates, including social media use, among adults in the United States.Design:Cross-sectional research panel questionnaire.Setting:Responses were gathered from individuals in all 50 states surveyed via Internet from February 2018 to March 2018.Participants:A total of 20 096 US panel respondents aged 18+.Measures:The University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale (theoretical score range = 20-80) was administered along with demographic, structural, cognitive, and behavioral items.Analysis:After calibrating the sample to population norms, we conducted multivariable linear regression analysis.Results:The overall mean survey-weighted loneliness score was 44.03 (standard error = 0.09). Social support (standardized {$\beta$} [s{$\beta$}] = -0.19) and meaningful daily interactions (s{$\beta$} = -0.14) had the strongest associations with lower loneliness, along with reporting good relationships, family life, physical and mental health, friendships, greater age, being in a couple, and balancing one's daily time. Social anxiety was most strongly associated with greater loneliness (s{$\beta$} = +0.20), followed by self-reported social media overuse (s{$\beta$} = +0.05) and daily use of text-based social media (s{$\beta$} = +0.03).Conclusion:Our findings confirm that loneliness decreases with age, and that being in a relationship as well as everyday behavioral factors in people's control are most strongly related to loneliness. Population health promotion efforts to reduce loneliness should focus on improving social support, decreasing social anxiety, and promoting healthy daily behaviors.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QIXM5PR3/Bruce et al. - 2019 - Loneliness in the United States A 2018 National P.pdf}
}

@article{Bruhn2018,
  title = {The Impact of Consulting Services on Small and Medium Enterprises: {{Evidence}} from a Randomized Trial in {{Mexico}}},
  author = {Bruhn, Miriam and Karlan, Dean and Schoar, Antoinette},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {126},
  number = {2},
  pages = {635--687},
  issn = {1537534X},
  doi = {10.1086/696154},
  abstract = {A randomized control trial with 432 small and medium enterprises in Mexico shows positive impact of access to 1 year of management consulting services on total factor productivity and return on assets. Owners also had an increase in ``entrepreneurial spirit'' (an index that measures entrepreneurial confidence and goal setting). Using Mexican social security data, we find a persistent large increase (about 50 percent) in the number of employees and total wage bill even 5 years after the program. We document large heterogeneity in the specific managerial practices that improved as a result of the consulting, with the most prominent being marketing, financial accounting, and longterm business planning.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JXKZRWZA/Bruhn et al. - The Impact of Consulting Services on Small and Med.pdf}
}

@article{bruneauPowerBeingHeard2012,
  title = {The Power of Being Heard: {{The}} Benefits of `Perspective-Giving' in the Context of Intergroup Conflict},
  shorttitle = {The Power of Being Heard},
  author = {Bruneau, Emile G. and Saxe, Rebecca},
  year = {2012},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
  volume = {48},
  number = {4},
  pages = {855--866},
  issn = {00221031},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jesp.2012.02.017},
  urldate = {2021-04-21},
  abstract = {Although hundreds of dialogue programs geared towards conflict resolution are offered every year, there have been few scientific studies of their effectiveness. Across 2 studies we examined the effect of controlled, dyadic interactions on attitudes towards the `other' in members of groups involved in ideological conflict. Study 1 involved Mexican immigrants and White Americans in Arizona, and Study 2 involved Israelis and Palestinians in the Middle East. Cross-group dyads interacted via video and text in a brief, structured, face-to-face exchange: one person was assigned to write about the difficulties of life in their society (`perspective-giving'), and the second person was assigned to accurately summarize the statement of the first person (`perspective-taking'). Positive changes in attitudes towards the outgroup were greater for Mexican immigrants and Palestinians after perspective-giving and for White Americans and Israelis after perspective-taking. For Palestinians, perspective-giving to an Israeli effectively changed attitudes towards Israelis, while a control condition in which they wrote an essay on the same topic without interacting had no effect on attitudes, illustrating the critical role of being heard. Thus, the effects of dialogue for conflict resolution depend on an interaction between dialogue condition and participants' group membership, which may reflect power asymmetries.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2CVPFW3Z/Bruneau and Saxe - 2012 - The power of being heard The benefits of ‘perspec.pdf}
}

@article{Bryan2014,
  title = {Underinvestment in a {{Profitable Technology}}: {{The Case}} of {{Seasonal Migration}} in {{Bangladesh}}},
  author = {Bryan, Gharad and Chowdury, Shyamal and Mobarak, Ahmed Mushfiq},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {82},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1671--1748},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ECTA10489},
  abstract = {Hunger during pre-harvest lean seasons is widespread in the agrarian areas of Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. We randomly assign an \$8.50 incentive to households in rural Bangladesh to temporarily out-migrate during the lean season. The incentive induces 22\% of households to send a seasonal migrant, their consumption at the origin increases significantly, and treated households are 8-10 percentage points more likely to re-migrate 1 and 3 years after the incentive is removed. These facts can be explained qualitatively by a model in which migration is risky, mitigating risk requires individual-specific learning, and some migrants are sufficiently close to subsistence that failed migration is very costly. We document evidence consistent with this model using heterogeneity analysis and additional experimental variation, but calibrations with forward-looking households that can save up to migrate suggest that it is difficult for the model to quantitatively match the data. We conclude with extensions to the model that could provide a better quantitative accounting of the behavior.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NKTMPIEA/2014 - Underinvestment in a Profitable Technology The Ca.pdf}
}

@techreport{Bryan2018,
  title = {Randomizing {{Religion}}: {{The Impact}} of {{Protestant Evangelism}} on {{Economic Outcomes}}},
  author = {Bryan, Gharad and Choi, James and Karlan, Dean},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Nber},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w24278},
  abstract = {To test the causal impact of religiosity, we conducted a randomized evaluation of an evangelical Protestant Christian values and theology education program that consisted of 15 weekly half-hour sessions. We analyze outcomes for 6,276 ultra-poor Filipino households six months after the program ended. We find significant increases in religiosity and income, no significant changes in total labor supply, assets, consumption, food security, or life satisfaction, and a significant decrease in perceived relative economic status. Exploratory analysis suggests the program may have improved hygienic practices and increased household discord, and that the income treatment effect may operate through increasing grit.}
}

@article{Bryan2019,
  title = {The {{Aggregate Productivity Effects}} of {{Internal Migration}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Indonesia}}},
  author = {Bryan, Gharad and Morten, Melanie},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  pages = {000--000},
  issn = {0022-3808},
  doi = {10.1086/701810},
  abstract = {We estimate the aggregate productivity gains from reducing barriers to internal labor migration in Indonesia, accounting for worker selection and spatial differences in human capital. We distinguish between movement costs, which mean workers will move only if they expect higher wages, and amenity differences, which mean some locations must pay more to attract workers. We find modest but important aggregate impacts. We estimate a 22 percent increase in labor productivity from removing all barriers. Reducing migration costs to the US level, a high-mobility benchmark, leads to a 7.1 percent productivity boost. These figures hide substantial heterogeneity. The origin population that benefits most sees a 104 percent increase in average earnings from a complete barrier removal, or a 25 percent gain from moving to the US benchmark.},
  keywords = {abhijit banerjee,abramitzky,as well as ran,buera,dave donaldson,david lagakos,greg fischer,indonesia,internal migration,j61,jel classification,o18,o53,paco,pascaline dupas,pete klenow,r12,r23,rebecca diamond,selection,thank the editor,three anonymous referees},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LCYBH8PL/Bryan and Morten - 2019 - The Aggregate Productivity Effects of Internal Mig.pdf}
}

@article{buchmannPaternalisticDiscrimination2024,
  title = {Paternalistic {{Discrimination}}},
  author = {Buchmann, Nina and Meyer, Carl and Sullivan, Colin D},
  year = {2024},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3YELVJMS/Buchmann et al. - Paternalistic Discrimination.pdf}
}

@article{buehrenEvaluationAdolescentDevelopment2017a,
  title = {Evaluation of an Adolescent Development Program for Girls in {{Tanzania}}},
  author = {Buehren, Niklas and Goldstein, Markus P. and Gulesci, Selim and Sulaiman, Munshi and Yam, Venus},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Policy Research Working Paper Series},
  number = {7961},
  publisher = {The World Bank},
  urldate = {2024-01-31},
  abstract = {This paper evaluates a program targeted to adolescent girls in Tanzania that aims to empower them economically as well as socially. The program was found to be highly successful in Uganda in terms of economic, health, and social outcomes. In contrast, this evaluation finds that the program did not have any notable effect on most of these outcomes in the Tanzanian setting. The evaluation also measures the impact of the program with and without microcredit services. The findings show that the addition of microcredit improves the take-up of the program and savings of the participants. The paper explores programmatic implementation information that helps explain the marked difference in outcomes between Uganda and Tanzania. This research shows that layering additional microfinance services onto an adolescent development program can be an effective tool to attain greater inclusion of youth in financial services, and brings out important issues of the generalizability of the research findings.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Social Development&Poverty},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F6K6GEW2/Buehren et al. - 2017 - Evaluation of an Adolescent Development Program fo.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PNL9ZI6W/Buehren et al. - 2017 - Evaluation of an adolescent development program fo.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I75A7X92/7961.html}
}

@article{bueraMicroMacroDevelopment2023,
  title = {From {{Micro}} to {{Macro Development}}},
  author = {Buera, Francisco J. and Kaboski, Joseph P. and Townsend, Robert M.},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  volume = {61},
  number = {2},
  pages = {471--503},
  issn = {0022-0515},
  doi = {10.1257/jel.20211537},
  urldate = {2023-08-04},
  abstract = {Macroeconomic development remains an important policy goal because of its ability to lift entire populations out of poverty. In our review of the literature, we emphasize that the best way to achieve this objective is to embrace a synthesis of methods and ideas, with the science of experiments as a unifying feature. Randomized controlled trials need representative data and structural modeling, and macro models need to be designed and disciplined to the realities and data of developing-country economies. Macroeconomic models have key lessons for gathering and analyzing micro evidence and for moving to an evaluation of macro policy. Resource constraints, heterogeneity, general equilibrium effects, obstacles to trade, dynamics, and returns to scale can all play key roles. A synthesis for macro development is well under way.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economic Development: General,Field Experiments,Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development,Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics: General,Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development,Microeconomics: General},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EPJCW5W5/Buera et al. - 2023 - From Micro to Macro Development.pdf}
}

@article{bueraMicroMacroDevelopment2023a,
  title = {From {{Micro}} to {{Macro Development}}},
  author = {Buera, Francisco J. and Kaboski, Joseph P. and Townsend, Robert M.},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  volume = {61},
  number = {2},
  pages = {471--503},
  issn = {0022-0515},
  doi = {10.1257/jel.20211537},
  urldate = {2023-06-13},
  abstract = {Macroeconomic development remains an important policy goal because of its ability to lift entire populations out of poverty. In our review of the literature, we emphasize that the best way to achieve this objective is to embrace a synthesis of methods and ideas, with the science of experiments as a unifying feature. Randomized controlled trials need representative data and structural modeling, and macro models need to be designed and disciplined to the realities and data of developing-country economies. Macroeconomic models have key lessons for gathering and analyzing micro evidence and for moving to an evaluation of macro policy. Resource constraints, heterogeneity, general equilibrium effects, obstacles to trade, dynamics, and returns to scale can all play key roles. A synthesis for macro development is well under way.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economic Development: General,Field Experiments,Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development,Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics: General,Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development,Microeconomics: General}
}

@misc{BuildingSocialCohesion,
  title = {Building {{Social Cohesion}} in {{Ethnically Mixed Schools}}: {{An Intervention}} on {{Perspective Taking}}* {\textbar} {{The Quarterly Journal}} of {{Economics}} {\textbar} {{Oxford Academic}}},
  urldate = {2023-07-06},
  howpublished = {https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/136/4/2147/6164874?login=false},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EP39C2HL/6164874.html}
}

@article{buitrago-garciaOccurrenceTransmissionPotential2020,
  title = {Occurrence and Transmission Potential of Asymptomatic and Presymptomatic {{SARS-CoV-2}} Infections: {{A}} Living Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Occurrence and Transmission Potential of Asymptomatic and Presymptomatic {{SARS-CoV-2}} Infections},
  author = {{Buitrago-Garcia}, Diana and {Egli-Gany}, Dianne and Counotte, Michel J. and Hossmann, Stefanie and Imeri, Hira and Ipekci, Aziz Mert and Salanti, Georgia and Low, Nicola},
  editor = {Ford, Nathan},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {PLOS Medicine},
  volume = {17},
  number = {9},
  pages = {e1003346},
  issn = {1549-1676},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1003346},
  urldate = {2021-03-30},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y44PWGGB/Buitrago-Garcia et al. - 2020 - Occurrence and transmission potential of asymptoma.pdf}
}

@article{bullockPartisanBiasFactual,
  title = {Partisan {{Bias}} in {{Factual Beliefs}} about {{Politics}}},
  author = {Bullock, John G and Gerber, Alan S and Hill, Seth J and Huber, A},
  pages = {60},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{bullockPartisanBiasFactual2015,
  title = {Partisan {{Bias}} in {{Factual Beliefs}} about {{Politics}}},
  author = {Bullock, John G. and Gerber, Alan S. and Hill, Seth J. and Huber, Gregory A.},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Political Science},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {519--578},
  issn = {15540634},
  doi = {10.1561/100.00014074},
  urldate = {2021-05-04},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NXTVT657/Bullock et al. - 2015 - Partisan Bias in Factual Beliefs about Politics.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/W7KT2A5D/Bullock et al. - Partisan Bias in Factual Beliefs about Politics.pdf}
}

@article{burchardiTestingWillingnessPay2021,
  title = {Testing Willingness to Pay Elicitation Mechanisms in the Field: {{Evidence}} from {{Uganda}}},
  shorttitle = {Testing Willingness to Pay Elicitation Mechanisms in the Field},
  author = {Burchardi, Konrad B. and {de Quidt}, Jonathan and Gulesci, Selim and Lerva, Benedetta and Tripodi, Stefano},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {152},
  pages = {102701},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102701},
  urldate = {2022-02-15},
  abstract = {Researchers frequently use variants of the Becker--DeGroot--Marschak (BDM) mechanism to elicit willingness to pay (WTP). These variants involve numerous incentive-irrelevant design choices, some of which carry advantages for implementation but may deteriorate participant comprehension or trust in the mechanism, which are well-known problems with the BDM. We highlight three such features and test them in the field in rural Uganda, a relevant population for many recent applications. Comprehension is very high, and 86 percent of participants bid optimally for an induced-value voucher, with little variation across treatments. This gives confidence for similar applications, and suggests the comprehension-expediency trade-off is mild.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4553676F/Burchardi et al. - 2021 - Testing willingness to pay elicitation mechanisms .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5SNE7GZA/CEPR-DP15809 (1).pdf}
}

@article{Burgess2019,
  title = {The {{Brazilian Amazon}}'s {{Double Reversal}} of {{Fortune}}},
  author = {Burgess, Robin and Costa, Francisco J. M. and Olken, Benjamin A.},
  year = {2019}
}

@techreport{burgessBrazilianAmazonDouble2019,
  type = {Preprint},
  title = {The {{Brazilian Amazon}}'s {{Double Reversal}} of {{Fortune}}},
  author = {Burgess, Robin and Costa, Francisco J M and Olken, Ben},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  institution = {SocArXiv},
  doi = {10.31235/osf.io/67xg5},
  urldate = {2020-04-16},
  abstract = {We use high-resolution satellite data to determine how Amazonian deforestation changes discretely at the Brazilian international border. We document two dramatic reversals. In 2000, Brazilian pixels were 37 percent more likely to be deforested, and between 2001 and 2005 annual Brazilian deforestation was more than three times the rate observed across the border. In 2006, just after Brazil introduced policies to reduce deforestation, these differences disappear. However, from 2014, amid a period of economic crisis and deteriorating commitment to environmental regulation, Brazilian deforestation rates jump back up to near pre-reform levels. These results demonstrate the power of the state to affect whether wilderness ecosystems are conserved or exploited.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JX4L4BR7/Burgess et al. - 2019 - The Brazilian Amazon’s Double Reversal of Fortune.pdf}
}

@article{burgessValueDemocracyEvidence2015,
  title = {The {{Value}} of {{Democracy}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Road Building}} in {{Kenya}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Value}} of {{Democracy}}},
  author = {Burgess, Robin and Jedwab, Remi and Miguel, Edward and Morjaria, Ameet and Padr{\'o} I Miquel, Gerard},
  year = {2015},
  month = jun,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {105},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1817--1851},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20131031},
  urldate = {2023-11-18},
  abstract = {Ethnic favoritism is seen as antithetical to development. This paper provides credible quantification of the extent of ethnic favoritism using data on road building in Kenyan districts across the 1963--2011 period. Guided by a model, it then examines whether the transition in and out of democracy under the same president constrains or exacerbates ethnic favoritism. Across the post-independence period, we find strong evidence of ethnic favoritism: districts that share the ethnicity of the president receive twice as much expenditure on roads and have five times the length of paved roads built. This favoritism disappears during periods of democracy. (JEL D72, H54, J15, O15, O17, O22, R42)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G5ZVGQAN/Burgess et al. - 2015 - The Value of Democracy Evidence from Road Buildin.pdf}
}

@article{burgessWeatherClimateChange2017,
  title = {Weather, Climate Change and Death in {{India}}},
  author = {Burgess, Robin and Desch{\^e}nes, Olivier and Donaldson, Dave and Greenstone, Michael},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Unpublished Manuscript},
  pages = {71},
  abstract = {This paper reveals a stark inequality in the effect of ambient temperatures on death in human populations. Using district-level daily weather and annual mortality data from 1957 to 2000, we find that hot days lead to substantial increases in mortality in rural but not urban India. Despite being far poorer, the mortality response in urban India is not dissimilar to that in the US over the same period. Looking into potential mechanisms we find that the rural death effects are driven by hot days in the growing season which reduce productivity and wages in agriculture. Consistent with a model of endogenous survival in the face of credit constraints, we also find that the expansion of bank branches into rural India helped to mitigate these effects. When coupled with a climatological model that predicts many more hot days in a typical year by the end of this century, these estimates imply considerable reductions ceteris paribus in rural Indian, but not urban Indian or US, life expectancy .},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZFZQEP2A/Vacharopoulou - Weather, climate change and death in India.pdf}
}

@article{burnRelationshipPrejudiceWage2020,
  title = {The {{Relationship}} between {{Prejudice}} and {{Wage Penalties}} for {{Gay Men}} in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Burn, Ian},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {ILR Review},
  volume = {73},
  number = {3},
  pages = {650--675},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc},
  issn = {0019-7939},
  doi = {10.1177/0019793919864891},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {This article estimates the empirical relationship between prejudicial attitudes toward homosexuality and the wages of gay men in the United States. It combines data on prejudicial attitudes toward homosexuality from the General Social Survey with data on wages from the U.S. Decennial Censuses and American Community Surveys---both aggregated to the state level. The author finds that a one standard deviation increase in the share of individuals in a state who are prejudiced toward homosexuals is correlated with a decrease in the wages of gay men of between 2.7\% and 4.0\%. The results also suggest that the prejudice of managers is responsible for this correlation. The author finds that a one standard deviation increase in the share of the managers in a state who are prejudiced toward homosexuals is associated with a 1.9\% decrease in the wages of gay men. The author finds no evidence that the wage penalty for gay men is correlated with the prejudice of customers or co-workers.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VXKFERHG/Burn - 2020 - The Relationship between Prejudice and Wage Penalt.pdf}
}

@article{burnsideAidPoliciesGrowth2000,
  title = {Aid, {{Policies}}, and {{Growth}}},
  author = {Burnside, Craig and Dollar, David},
  year = {2000},
  journal = {THE AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {90},
  number = {4},
  pages = {22},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y3Z3QWUP/Burnside and Dollar - 2000 - Aid, Policies, and Growth.pdf}
}

@article{burnsTrainingAwayBias2017,
  title = {Training Away Bias: {{The}} Differential Effects of Counterstereotype Training and Self-Regulation on Stereotype Activation and Application},
  shorttitle = {Training Away Bias},
  author = {Burns, Mason D. and Monteith, Margo J. and Parker, Laura R.},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
  volume = {73},
  pages = {97--110},
  issn = {00221031},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jesp.2017.06.003},
  urldate = {2021-05-17},
  abstract = {A pressing issue concerns how to reduce stereotypic responses and discriminatory outcomes resulting from the operation of implicit biases. One possibility is that cognitive retraining, such as by repeatedly practicing counterstereotypes, can reduce implicit bias so that stereotype application will be reduced in turn. Another possibility involves motivated self-regulation, where people's awareness of their proneness to biased responses heightens negative self-directed affect, which in turn facilitates monitoring for biases and reduces stereotype application. These possibilities were tested across three experiments. In all experiments, participants who completed counterstereotype training subsequently scored lower on a measure of implicit bias, relative to untrained participants. In Experiments 1 and 2, counterstereotyping did not reduce subsequent stereotype application; in Experiment 3, counterstereotyping did reduce stereotype application, but this effect was not mediated by implicit bias scores. Participants in the motivated self-regulation condition (Experiments 2 \& 3) were primed with their proneness to respond in biased ways, which increased negative self-directed affect among participants more internally motivated to respond without bias. Participants' degree of negative self-directed affect was not consistently associated with implicit bias scores. However, greater negative self-directed affect was associated with reduced stereotype application (Experiment 2) and greater rejection of racist jokes (Experiment 3). These results suggest that reductions of implicit bias through counterstereotype training do not, in turn, lead to reduced stereotype application. In contrast, the results support the viability of motivated self-regulation interventions that facilitate awareness of bias and heighten negative self-directed affect, thus creating the motivation to selfregulate stereotype application.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8DTJIJAI/Burns et al. - 2017 - Training away bias The differential effects of co.pdf}
}

@article{Bursztyn2012,
  title = {The {{Schooling Decision}}: {{Family Preferences}}, {{Intergenerational Conflict}}, and {{Moral Hazard}} in the {{Brazilian Favelas}}},
  author = {Bursztyn, Leonardo and Coffman, Lucas C.},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {120},
  number = {3},
  pages = {359--397},
  issn = {00223808},
  doi = {10.1086/666746},
  abstract = {This paper experimentally analyzes the schooling decisions of poor households in urban Brazil. We elicit parents' choices between monthly government transfers conditional on their adolescent child attending school and guaranteed, unconditional transfers of varying sizes. In the baseline treatment, an overwhelming majority of parents prefer conditional transfers to larger unconditional transfers. However, few parents prefer conditional payments if they are offered text message notifications whenever their child misses school. These findings suggest important intergenerational conflicts in these schooling decisions, a lack of parental control and observability of school attendance, and an additional rationale for conditional cash transfer programs- the monitoring they provide. {\copyright} 2012 by The University of Chicago.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DKPT64RW/Bursztyn and Coffman - 2012 - The Schooling Decision Family Preferences, Interg.pdf}
}

@article{Bursztyn2019,
  title = {Cool to Be Smart or Smart to Be Cool? Understanding Peer Pressure in Education},
  author = {Bursztyn, Leonardo and Egorov, Georgy and Jensen, Robert},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {86},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1487--1526},
  issn = {1467937X},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdy026},
  abstract = {We model and test two school-based peer cultures: One that stigmatizes effort and one that rewards ability. The model shows that either may reduce participation in educational activities when peers can observe participation and performance. We design a field experiment that allows us to test for, and differentiate between, these two concerns. We find that peer pressure reduces takeup of an SAT prep package virtually identically across two very different high school settings. However, the effects arise from very distinct mechanisms: A desire to hide effort in one setting and a desire to hide low ability in the other.},
  keywords = {Education,Field experiment,Peer pressure,Signalling},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/INGQP3S8/Bursztyn et al. - Cool to be Smart or Smart to be Cool Understandin.pdf}
}

@article{bursztynActingWifeMarriage2017,
  title = {'{{Acting Wife}}': {{Marriage Market Incentives}} and {{Labor Market Investments}}},
  shorttitle = {'{{Acting Wife}}'},
  author = {Bursztyn, Leonardo and Fujiwara, Thomas and Pallais, Amanda},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {107},
  number = {11},
  pages = {3288--3319},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20170029},
  urldate = {2023-07-06},
  abstract = {Do single women avoid career-enhancing actions because these actions signal undesirable traits, like ambition, to the marriage market? While married and unmarried female MBA  students perform similarly when their performance is unobserved by classmates (on exams and problem sets), unmarried women have lower participation grades. In a field  experiment, single female students reported lower desired salaries and willingness to travel and work long hours on a real-stakes placement questionnaire when they expected  their classmates to see their preferences. Other groups' responses were unaffected by peer observability. A second experiment indicates the effects are driven by observability by  single male peers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Domestic Abuse Economics of Gender,Family Structure,Field Experiments Asymmetric and Private Information,Marital Dissolution,Mechanism Design Marriage,Non-labor Discrimination Wage Level and Structure,Wage Differentials},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3LY6NX92/Bursztyn et al. - 2017 - 'Acting Wife' Marriage Market Incentives and Labo.pdf}
}

@techreport{bursztynDisguisingPrejudicePopular2020,
  title = {Disguising {{Prejudice}}: {{Popular Rationales}} as {{Excuses}} for {{Intolerant Expression}}},
  shorttitle = {Disguising {{Prejudice}}},
  author = {Bursztyn, Leonardo and Haaland, Ingar and Rao, Aakaash and Roth, Christopher},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  number = {w27288},
  pages = {w27288},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w27288},
  urldate = {2020-12-29},
  abstract = {We study the use of popular rationales to justify public anti-minority actions. Rationales to oppose minorities change some people's private opinions, leading them to take anti-minority actions even if they are not prejudiced against minorities. When these rationales become widespread, prejudiced people can pool with unprejudiced people who are persuaded, decreasing the stigma associated with anti-minority expression and enabling greater public opposition to minority groups. We examine this mechanism through several large-scale experiments in the context of anti-immigrant behavior in the United States. In a first experiment, subjects learn that a previous respondent authorized a donation to an anti-immigrant organization and then make an inference about the respondent's underlying motivations. Subjects informed that their matched respondent learned about a study claiming that immigrants increase crime rates before authorizing the donation see the respondent as less intolerant and more easily persuadable. In a second experiment, subjects learn about that same study and then choose whether to authorize a publicly observable donation to the anti-immigrant organization. Subjects who are informed that their exposure to the rationale will be publicly observable are substantially more likely to make the donation than subjects who are informed that their exposure will remain private. Our findings suggest that prominent public figures can lower the social cost of intolerant expression by popularizing rationales, contributing to waves of anti-minority behavior.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8XC3A5DX/DisguisingPrejudice_April2021.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UPEAS98J/BFI_WP_202073-1.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YRTAV5G8/Bursztyn et al. - 2020 - Disguising Prejudice Popular Rationales as Excuse.pdf}
}

@article{bursztynExtremeMainstreamErosion2020,
  title = {From {{Extreme}} to {{Mainstream}}: {{The Erosion}} of {{Social Norms}}},
  shorttitle = {From {{Extreme}} to {{Mainstream}}},
  author = {Bursztyn, Leonardo and Egorov, Georgy and Fiorin, Stefano},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {110},
  number = {11},
  pages = {3522--3548},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20171175},
  urldate = {2021-06-01},
  abstract = {Social norms, usually persistent, can change quickly when new public information arrives, such as a surprising election outcome. People may become more inclined to express views or take actions previously perceived as stigmatized and may judge others less negatively for doing so. We examine this possibility using two experiments. We first show via revealed preference experiments that Donald Trump's rise in popularity and eventual victory increased individuals' willingness to publicly express xenophobic views. We then show that individuals are sanctioned less negatively if they publicly expressed a xenophobic view in an environment where that view is more popular. (JEL D72, D85, Z13)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M32UCTYF/w23415.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SKGZFAKS/Bursztyn et al. - 2020 - From Extreme to Mainstream The Erosion of Social .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YSE5HABL/appendix.pdf}
}

@article{bursztynHowDoesPeer2015,
  title = {How {{Does Peer Pressure Affect Educational Investments}}?},
  author = {Bursztyn, Leonardo and Jensen, Robert},
  year = {2015},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {130},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1329--1367},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjv021},
  urldate = {2022-02-15},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TUTFEQE7/Bursztyn and Jensen - 2015 - How Does Peer Pressure Affect Educational Investme.pdf}
}

@article{bursztynImmigrantNextDoor2024,
  title = {The {{Immigrant Next Door}}},
  author = {Bursztyn, Leonardo and Chaney, Thomas and Hassan, Tarek A. and Rao, Aakaash},
  year = {2024},
  month = feb,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {114},
  number = {2},
  pages = {348--384},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20220376},
  urldate = {2024-07-11},
  abstract = {We study how decades-long exposure to individuals of a given foreign descent shapes natives' attitudes and behavior toward that group. Using individualized donations data, we show that long-term exposure to a given foreign ancestry leads to more generous behavior specifically toward that group's ancestral country. Focusing on exposure to Arab Muslims to examine mechanisms, we show that long-term exposure (i) decreases explicit and implicit prejudice against Arab Muslims, (ii) reduces support for policies and political candidates hostile toward Arab Muslims, (iii) increases charitable donations to Arab countries, (iv) leads to more personal contact with Arab Muslims, and (v) increases knowledge of Arab Muslims and Islam.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Altruism,Belief,Communication,Information and Knowledge,Intergenerational Transfers Search,Learning,Non-labor Discrimination,Philanthropy,Unawareness Micro-Based Behavioral Economics: Role and Effects of Psychological Emotional Social and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making Economics of Minorities Races Indigenous Peoples and Immigrants}
}

@article{bursztynJustifyingDissent2023,
  title = {Justifying {{Dissent}}},
  author = {Bursztyn, Leonardo and Egorov, Georgy and Haaland, Ingar and Rao, Aakaash and Roth, Christopher},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  pages = {qjad007},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjad007},
  urldate = {2023-05-11},
  abstract = {Abstract             Dissent plays an important role in any society, but dissenters are often silenced through social sanctions. Beyond their persuasive effects, rationales providing arguments supporting dissenters' causes can increase the public expression of dissent by providing a ``social cover'' for voicing otherwise stigmatized positions. Motivated by a simple theoretical framework, we experimentally show that liberals are more willing to post a tweet opposing the movement to defund the police, are seen as less prejudiced, and face lower social sanctions when their tweet implies they had first read credible scientific evidence supporting their position. Analogous experiments with conservatives demonstrate that the same mechanisms facilitate anti-immigrant expression. Our findings highlight both the power of rationales and their limitations in enabling dissent and shed light on phenomena such as social movements, political correctness, propaganda, and antiminority behavior.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CG8YC4FT/Bursztyn et al. - 2023 - Justifying Dissent.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HRH3IKLQ/qjad007_online_appendix.pdf}
}

@article{bursztynMisperceivedSocialNorms2020,
  title = {Misperceived {{Social Norms}}: {{Women Working Outside}} the {{Home}} in {{Saudi Arabia}}},
  shorttitle = {Misperceived {{Social Norms}}},
  author = {Bursztyn, Leonardo and Gonz{\'a}lez, Alessandra L. and {Yanagizawa-Drott}, David},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {110},
  number = {10},
  pages = {2997--3029},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20180975},
  urldate = {2020-12-29},
  abstract = {We show that the vast majority of young married men in Saudi Arabia privately support women working outside the home (WWOH) and substantially underestimate support by other similar men. Correcting these beliefs increases men's (costly) willingness to help their wives search for jobs. Months later, wives of men whose beliefs were corrected are more likely to have applied and interviewed for a job outside the home. In a recruitment experiment with a local company, randomly informing women about actual support for WWOH leads them to switch from an at-home temporary enumerator job to a higher-paying, outside-the-home version of the job. (JEL D83, J16, J22, O15, Z13)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M5FLEKYD/13078.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TUAY8BAJ/Bursztyn et al. - 2020 - Misperceived Social Norms Women Working Outside t.pdf}
}

@article{bursztynMisperceptionsOthers,
  title = {Misperceptions about {{Others}}},
  author = {Bursztyn, Leonardo and Yang, David Y},
  pages = {55},
  abstract = {People's perceptions about others play an important role in shaping their own attitudes and behaviors, as well as social norms more broadly. This review presents a meta-analysis of the recent empirical literature that examines perceptions about others in the field. We document a number of stylized facts. Misperceptions about others are widespread, asymmetric, much larger when about out-group members, and positively associated with one's own attitudes. Experimental treatments to re-calibrate misperceptions generally work as intended; they sometimes lead to meaningful changes in behaviors, though this often occurs only immediately after the treatments. We discuss different conceptual frameworks that could explain the origin, persistence, and rigidity of misperceptions about others. We point to several directions for future research.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6R3WSVZK/Bursztyn and Yang - Misperceptions about Others.pdf}
}

@article{bursztynOpinionsFacts2022,
  title = {Opinions as {{Facts}}},
  author = {Bursztyn, Leonardo and Rao, Aakaash and Roth, Christopher and {Yanagizawa-Drott}, David},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  pages = {rdac065},
  issn = {0034-6527},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdac065},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {The rise of opinion programs has transformed television news. Because they present anchors' subjective commentary and analysis, opinion programs often convey conflicting narratives about reality. We experimentally document that people across the ideological spectrum turn to opinion programs over ``straight news'', even when provided large incentives to learn objective facts. We then examine the consequences of diverging narratives between opinion programs in a high-stakes setting: the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. We find stark differences in the adoption of preventative behaviours among viewers of the two most popular opinion programs, both on the same network, which adopted opposing narratives about the threat posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. We then show that areas with greater relative viewership of the program downplaying the threat experienced a greater number of COVID-19 cases and deaths. Our evidence suggests that opinion programs may distort important beliefs and behaviours.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9P3GHXUW/6726198.html}
}

@article{bursztynOpinionsFacts2022a,
  title = {Opinions as {{Facts}}},
  author = {Bursztyn, Leonardo and Rao, Aakaash and Roth, Christopher and {Yanagizawa-Drott}, David},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  pages = {rdac065},
  issn = {0034-6527},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdac065},
  urldate = {2023-07-02},
  abstract = {The rise of opinion programs has transformed television news. Because they present anchors' subjective commentary and analysis, opinion programs often convey conflicting narratives about reality. We experimentally document that people across the ideological spectrum turn to opinion programs over ``straight news'', even when provided large incentives to learn objective facts. We then examine the consequences of diverging narratives between opinion programs in a high-stakes setting: the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. We find stark differences in the adoption of preventative behaviours among viewers of the two most popular opinion programs, both on the same network, which adopted opposing narratives about the threat posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. We then show that areas with greater relative viewership of the program downplaying the threat experienced a greater number of COVID-19 cases and deaths. Our evidence suggests that opinion programs may distort important beliefs and behaviours.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CRKRUUAH/6726198.html}
}

@article{bursztynSocialImageEconomic2017a,
  title = {Social {{Image}} and {{Economic Behavior}} in the {{Field}}: {{Identifying}}, {{Understanding}}, and {{Shaping Social Pressure}}},
  shorttitle = {Social {{Image}} and {{Economic Behavior}} in the {{Field}}},
  author = {Bursztyn, Leonardo and Jensen, Robert},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {131--153},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-economics-063016-103625},
  urldate = {2023-10-23},
  abstract = {Many people care about how they are perceived by those around them. Several recent field experiments in economics have found that such social image concerns can have powerful effects on a range of behaviors. In this article, we first review this recent literature aimed at identifying social image concerns or social pressure. We then highlight and discuss two important areas that have been comparatively less well explored in this literature: understanding social pressure, including the underlying mechanisms, and whether such pressure can be shaped or influenced.},
  keywords = {image,norms,social interactions,social pressure},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AK39GGLE/Bursztyn and Jensen - 2017 - Social Image and Economic Behavior in the Field I.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DQZ7R4YV/Bursztyn and Jensen - 2017 - Social Image and Economic Behavior in the Field I.pdf}
}

@article{bursztynStatusGoodsExperimental2018,
  title = {Status {{Goods}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Platinum Credit Cards}}*},
  shorttitle = {Status {{Goods}}},
  author = {Bursztyn, Leonardo and Ferman, Bruno and Fiorin, Stefano and Kanz, Martin and Rao, Gautam},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {133},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1561--1595},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjx048},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {This article provides field-experimental evidence on status goods. We work with an Indonesian bank that markets platinum credit cards to high-income customers. In a first experiment, we show that demand for the platinum card exceeds demand for a nondescript control product with identical benefits, suggesting demand for the pure status aspect of the card. Transaction data reveal that platinum cards are more likely to be used in social contexts, implying social image motivations. In a second experiment, we provide evidence of positional externalities from the consumption of these status goods. A final experiment provides suggestive evidence that increasing self-esteem causally reduces demand for status goods, indicating that social image might be a substitute for self-image.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EVEZFFL8/Bursztyn et al. - 2018 - Status Goods Experimental Evidence from Platinum .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JY7ULQVG/4768294.html}
}

@article{bursztynWhenProductMarkets2024,
  title = {When {{Product Markets Become Collective Traps}}: {{The Case}} of {{Social Media}}},
  author = {Bursztyn, Leonardo and Handel, Benjamin and {Jimenez-Duran}, Rafael and Roth, Christopher},
  year = {2024},
  abstract = {Individuals might experience negative utility from not consuming a popular product. With such externalities to non-users, standard consumer surplus measures, which take aggregate consumption as given, fail to appropriately capture consumer welfare. We propose an approach to account for these externalities and apply it to estimate consumer welfare from two social media platforms: TikTok and Instagram. Incentivized experiments with college students indicate positive welfare based on the standard measure, but negative welfare when accounting for these non-user externalities. Our findings highlight the existence of product market traps, where active users of a platform prefer it not to exist.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X43Y4346/Bursztyn et al. - When Product Markets Become Collective Traps The .pdf}
}

@article{bussChangesFrontalPosterior2018,
  title = {Changes in Frontal and Posterior Cortical Activity Underlie the Early Emergence of Executive Function},
  author = {Buss, Aaron T. and Spencer, John P.},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Developmental Science},
  volume = {21},
  number = {4},
  pages = {e12602},
  issn = {1363755X},
  doi = {10.1111/desc.12602},
  urldate = {2020-11-27},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LW9MI98F/Buss and Spencer - 2018 - Changes in frontal and posterior cortical activity.pdf}
}

@article{bussEmergentExecutiveDynamic2014,
  title = {The Emergent Executive: A Dynamic Field Theory of the Development of Executive Function},
  shorttitle = {The Emergent Executive},
  author = {Buss, Aaron T. and Spencer, John P.},
  year = {2014},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development},
  volume = {79},
  number = {2},
  pages = {vii, 1--103},
  issn = {1540-5834},
  doi = {10.1002/mono.12096},
  abstract = {Executive function (EF) is a central aspect of cognition that undergoes significant changes in early childhood. Changes in EF in early childhood are robustly predictive of academic achievement and general quality of life measures later in adulthood. We present a dynamic neural field (DNF) model that provides a process-based account of behavior and developmental change in a key task used to probe the early development of executive function---the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) task. In the DCCS, children must flexibly switch from sorting cards either by shape or color to sorting by the other dimension. Typically, 3-year-olds, but not 5-year-olds, lack the flexibility to do so and perseverate on the first set of rules when instructed to switch. Using the DNF model, we demonstrate how rule-use and behavioral flexibility come about through a form of dimensional attention. Further, developmental change is captured by increasing the robustness and precision of dimensional attention. Note that although this enables the model to effectively switch tasks, the dimensional attention system does not ``know'' the details of task-specific performance. Rather, correct performance emerges as a property of system--wide interactions. We show how this captures children's behavior in quantitative detail across 14 versions of the DCCS task. Moreover, we successfully test a set of novel predictions with 3-year-old children from a version of the task not explained by other theories.},
  langid = {english},
  pmcid = {PMC4426851},
  pmid = {24818836},
  keywords = {Attention,Brain,Child Behavior,Child Development,Child Preschool,Cognition,Computer Simulation,Executive Function,Humans,Individuality,Memory Short-Term,Models Psychological,Neuroimaging,Psychological Tests,Psychological Theory,Space Perception}
}

@article{bussProbingEarlyDevelopment2014,
  title = {Probing the Early Development of Visual Working Memory Capacity with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy},
  author = {Buss, Aaron T. and Fox, Nicholas and Boas, David A. and Spencer, John P.},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  journal = {NeuroImage},
  volume = {85},
  pages = {314--325},
  issn = {10538119},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.034},
  urldate = {2020-11-27},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M55FESDD/Buss et al. - 2014 - Probing the early development of visual working me.pdf}
}

@article{bustosAgriculturalProductivityStructural2016,
  title = {Agricultural {{Productivity}} and {{Structural Transformation}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Brazil}}},
  shorttitle = {Agricultural {{Productivity}} and {{Structural Transformation}}},
  author = {Bustos, Paula and Caprettini, Bruno and Ponticelli, Jacopo},
  year = {2016},
  month = jun,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {106},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1320--1365},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20131061},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EJ5Q35C5/Bustos et al. - 2016 - Agricultural Productivity and Structural Transform.pdf}
}

@techreport{buteraMeasuringWelfareEffects2019,
  title = {Measuring the {{Welfare Effects}} of {{Shame}} and {{Pride}}},
  author = {Butera, Luigi and Metcalfe, Robert and Morrison, William and Taubinsky, Dmitry},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  number = {w25637},
  pages = {w25637},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w25637},
  urldate = {2021-06-07},
  abstract = {Public recognition is a frequent tool for motivating desirable behavior, yet its welfare effects are rarely measured. We develop a portable money-metric approach for measuring the direct welfare effects of shame and pride, which we deploy in a series of experiments on exercise and charitable behavior. In all experiments, public recognition motivates desirable behavior but creates highly unequal emotional consequences. High-performing individuals enjoy significant utility gains from pride, while low-performing individuals incur significant utility losses from shame. We estimate structural models of social signaling, and we use the models to explore the social efficiency of public recognition policies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EKYG5ZYB/Butera et al. - 2019 - Measuring the Welfare Effects of Shame and Pride.pdf}
}

@techreport{buttonGenderIdentityRace2020,
  title = {Gender {{Identity}}, {{Race}}, and {{Ethnicity Discrimination}} in {{Access}} to {{Mental Health Care}}: {{Preliminary Evidence}} from a {{Multi-Wave Audit Field Experiment}}},
  shorttitle = {Gender {{Identity}}, {{Race}}, and {{Ethnicity Discrimination}} in {{Access}} to {{Mental Health Care}}},
  author = {Button, Patrick and Dils, Eva and Harrell, Benjamin and Fumarco, Luca and Schwegman, David},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  number = {w28164},
  pages = {w28164},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w28164},
  urldate = {2023-07-10},
  abstract = {A broad body of interdisciplinary research establishes that transgender and non-binary individuals face discrimination across many contexts, including healthcare. Simultaneously, transgender individuals face various mental health disparities, including higher rates of depression and anxiety, suicidality, and PTSD. Therefore, understanding the role of discrimination in access to mental health care is essential. However, no previous research quantifies the extent to which transgender and non-binary people face discrimination in mental healthcare markets. We provide the first experimental evidence, using an audit study, of the extent to which cisgender women, transgender women, transgender men, non-binary people, and racial and ethnic minorities (African American and Hispanic individuals) face discrimination in access to mental health services. While data collection is ongoing, we find significant discrimination against transgender or non-binary African Americans and Hispanics in access to mental health care appointments.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QNMUVHID/Button et al. - 2020 - Gender Identity, Race, and Ethnicity Discriminatio.pdf}
}

@article{byrdLimitedMemoryAlgorithm1995,
  title = {A {{Limited Memory Algorithm}} for {{Bound Constrained Optimization}}},
  author = {Byrd, Richard H. and Lu, Peihuang and Nocedal, Jorge and Zhu, Ciyou},
  year = {1995},
  month = sep,
  journal = {SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing},
  volume = {16},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1190--1208},
  issn = {1064-8275, 1095-7197},
  doi = {10.1137/0916069},
  urldate = {2023-08-06},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2ZQ2MZUV/Byrd et al. - 1995 - A Limited Memory Algorithm for Bound Constrained O.pdf}
}

@article{byrneInferredDurationInfectious2020,
  title = {Inferred Duration of Infectious Period of {{SARS-CoV-2}}: Rapid Scoping Review and Analysis of Available Evidence for Asymptomatic and Symptomatic {{COVID-19}} Cases},
  shorttitle = {Inferred Duration of Infectious Period of {{SARS-CoV-2}}},
  author = {Byrne, Andrew William and McEvoy, David and Collins, Aine B and Hunt, Kevin and Casey, Miriam and Barber, Ann and Butler, Francis and Griffin, John and Lane, Elizabeth A and McAloon, Conor and O'Brien, Kirsty and Wall, Patrick and Walsh, Kieran A and More, Simon J},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {BMJ Open},
  volume = {10},
  number = {8},
  pages = {e039856},
  issn = {2044-6055, 2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039856},
  urldate = {2020-09-21},
  abstract = {Objectives{\enspace} Our objective was to review the literature on the inferred duration of the infectious period of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-\-CoV-2) virus, and provide an overview of the variation depending on the methodological approach. Design{\enspace} Rapid scoping review. Literature review with fixed search terms, up to 1 April 2020. Central tendency and variation of the parameter estimates for infectious period in (A) asymptomatic and (B) symptomatic cases from (1) virological studies (repeated testing), (2) tracing studies and (3) modelling studies were gathered. Narrative review of viral dynamics. Information sources{\enspace} Search strategies developed and the following searched: PubMed, Google Scholar, MedRxiv and BioRxiv. Additionally, the Health Information Quality Authority (Ireland) viral load synthesis was used, which screened literature from PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, NHS evidence, Cochrane, medRxiv and bioRxiv, and HRB open databases. Results{\enspace} There was substantial variation in the estimates, and how infectious period was inferred. One study provided approximate median infectious period for asymptomatic cases of 6.5--9.5 days. Median presymptomatic infectious period across studies varied over {$<$}1--4 days. Estimated mean time from symptom onset to two negative RT-\-PCR tests was 13.4 days (95\%\,CI 10.9 to 15.8) but was shorter when studies included children or less severe cases. Estimated mean duration from symptom onset to hospital discharge or death (potential maximal infectious period) was 18.1 days (95\%\,CI 15.1 to 21.0); time to discharge was on average 4 days shorter than time to death. Viral dynamic data and model infectious parameters were often shorter than repeated diagnostic data. Conclusions{\enspace} There are limitations of inferring infectiousness from repeated diagnosis, viral loads and viral replication data alone and also potential patient recall bias relevant to estimating exposure and symptom onset times. Despite this, available data provide a preliminary evidence base to inform models of central tendency for},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SV8S4DGW/Byrne et al. - 2020 - Inferred duration of infectious period of SARS-CoV.pdf}
}

@article{C,
  title = {The {{Economics}} of {{Improvement}} in {{Intellectual Property Law}}},
  author = {Lemley, Mark A.},
  year = {1996},
  journal = {SocArXiv},
  doi = {10.31235/osf.io/sjxtz}
}

@article{Cabral2018,
  title = {Rapid and Lasting Gains from Solving Illegal Fishing},
  author = {Cabral, Reniel B. and Mayorga, Juan and Clemence, Michaela and Lynham, John and Koeshendrajana, Sonny and Muawanah, Umi and Nugroho, Duto and Anna, Zuzy and {Mira} and Ghofar, Abdul and Zulbainarni, Nimmi and Gaines, Steven D. and Costello, Christopher},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Nature Ecology and Evolution},
  volume = {2},
  number = {4},
  pages = {650--658},
  publisher = {Springer US},
  issn = {2397334X},
  doi = {10.1038/s41559-018-0499-1},
  abstract = {Perhaps the greatest challenge facing global fisheries is that recovery often requires substantial short-term reductions in fishing effort, catches and profits. These costs can be onerous and are borne in the present; thus, many countries are unwilling to undertake such socially and politically unpopular actions. We argue that many nations can recover their fisheries while avoiding these short-term costs by sharply addressing illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. This can spur fishery recovery, often at little or no cost to local economies or food provision. Indonesia recently implemented aggressive policies to curtail the high levels of IUU fishing it experiences from foreign-flagged vessels. We show that Indonesia's policies have reduced total fishing effort by at least 25\%, illustrating with empirical evidence the possibility of achieving fishery reform without short-term losses to the local fishery economy. Compared with using typical management reforms that would require a 15\% reduction in catch and 16\% reduction in profit, the approach of curtailing IUU has the potential to generate a 14\% increase in catch and a 12\% increase in profit. Applying this model globally, we find that addressing IUU fishing could facilitate similar rapid, long-lasting fisheries gains in many regions of the world.},
  isbn = {4155901804991},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6LISTXSD/Cabral et al. - 2018 - Rapid and lasting gains from solving illegal fishi.pdf}
}

@article{caiLargeScaleMultipleTesting2016,
  title = {Large-{{Scale Multiple Testing}} of {{Correlations}}},
  author = {Cai, T. Tony and Liu, Weidong},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
  volume = {111},
  number = {513},
  pages = {229--240},
  issn = {0162-1459, 1537-274X},
  doi = {10.1080/01621459.2014.999157},
  urldate = {2021-09-21},
  abstract = {Multiple testing of correlations arises in many applications including gene coexpression network analysis and brain connectivity analysis. In this paper, we consider large scale simultaneous testing for correlations in both the one-sample and two-sample settings. New multiple testing procedures are proposed and a bootstrap method is introduced for estimating the proportion of the nulls falsely rejected among all the true nulls.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8T92BP2G/Cai and Liu - 2016 - Large-Scale Multiple Testing of Correlations.pdf}
}

@article{calearSystematicReviewSchoolbased2010,
  title = {Systematic Review of School-Based Prevention and Early Intervention Programs for Depression},
  author = {Calear, Alison L. and Christensen, Helen},
  year = {2010},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Adolescence},
  volume = {33},
  number = {3},
  pages = {429--438},
  issn = {0140-1971},
  doi = {10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.07.004},
  urldate = {2024-03-20},
  abstract = {A systematic review was conducted to identify and describe school-based prevention and early intervention programs for depression and to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing depressive symptoms. Forty-two randomised controlled trials, relating to 28 individual school-based programs, were identified through the Cochrane Library, PsycInfo and PubMed databases. A large proportion of the programs identified were based on cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and delivered by a mental health professional or graduate student over 8--12 sessions. Indicated programs, which targeted students exhibiting elevated levels of depression, were found to be the most effective, with effect sizes for all programs ranging from 0.21 to 1.40. Teacher program leaders and the employment of attention control conditions were associated with fewer significant effects. Further school-based research is required that involves the use of attention controls, long-term follow-ups and which focuses on the training and evaluation of sustainable program leaders, such as teachers.},
  keywords = {Adolescent,Child,Depression,Review,School-based},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A3EDNL49/Calear and Christensen - 2010 - Systematic review of school-based prevention and e.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3XUA6SKA/S0140197109001006.html}
}

@article{callanderSearchingGoodPolicies2011,
  title = {Searching for {{Good Policies}}},
  author = {Callander, Steven},
  year = {2011},
  month = nov,
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  volume = {105},
  number = {4},
  pages = {643--662},
  issn = {0003-0554, 1537-5943},
  doi = {10.1017/S0003055411000426},
  urldate = {2022-10-06},
  abstract = {Policymaking is hard. Policymakers typically have imperfect information about which policies produce which outcomes, and they are left with little choice but to fumble their way through the policy space via a trial-and-error process. This raises a question at the heart of democracy: Do democratic systems identify good policies? To answer this question I introduce a novel model of policymaking in complex environments. I show that good policies are often but not always found and I identify the possibility of policymaking getting stuck at outcomes that are arbitrarily bad. Notably, policy stickiness occurs in the model even in the absence of institutional constraints. This raises the question of how institutions and the political environment impact experimentation and learning. I show how a simple political friction---uncertainty over voter preferences---interacts with political competition and policy uncertainty in a subtle way that, surprisingly, improves the quality of policymaking over time.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZDKIISFI/Callander - 2011 - Searching for Good Policies.pdf}
}

@techreport{Callen2018,
  title = {Data and {{Policy Decisions}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Pakistan}}},
  author = {Callen, Michael and Gulzar, Saad and Hasanain, Ali and Yasir Khan, Muhammad and Rezaee, Arman},
  year = {2018},
  abstract = {We evaluate a program in Pakistan that equips government health inspectors with a smartphone app which channels data on rural clinics to senior policy makers. Data are transmitted in real-time, and submitted reports require timestamps, geostamps, and photos. The system led to rural clinics being inspected 74\% more often. In addition, we test whether senior officials act on the information provided by the system. We find that highlighting poorly performing facilities raises doctor attendance by 18.1 percentage points from a dismal base of 24.5\%. Our results indicate that technology can mobilize data to real effect, even in low capacity settings. various seminar participants for insightful comments. Excellent research assistance was provided by Muhammad Zia Mehmood and Haseeb Ali. We thank Ali Cheema and Farooq Naseer for kindly sharing their data on election outcomes.},
  isbn = {9550091031},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/D4GAUI6W/Callen et al. - Data and Policy Decisions Experimental Evidence f.pdf}
}

@article{camargoGAD7GeneralisedAnxiety2021,
  title = {{[GAD-7 Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale in Colombian medical professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic: construct validity and reliability]}},
  shorttitle = {{[GAD-7 Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale in Colombian medical professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic}},
  author = {Camargo, Loida and {Herrera-Pino}, Jorge and Shelach, Salomon and {Soto-A{\~n}ari}, Marcio and Porto, Maria F. and Alonso, Monica and Gonz{\'a}lez, Miguel and Contreras, Oscar and Caldichoury, Nicole and {Ramos-Henderson}, Miguel and Gargiulo, Pascual and L{\'o}pez, Norman},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Revista Colombiana De Psiquiatria (English Ed.)},
  issn = {2530-3120},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rcp.2021.06.003},
  abstract = {Introduction: The detection of anxiety symptoms among health workers who care for patients infected with COVID-19 is a current priority. Fast and valid instruments are required for this population group. The objective is to establish the construct validity and reliability of the Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale in Colombian doctors during the COVID-19 lockdown.Methods: E-health study, in which cross-sectional data were collected online (n=1,030) from 610 COVID doctors and 420 non-COVID doctors, during the Colombian lockdown, between 20 April and 10 August 2020. Each subject was contacted, and they confirmed their participation, identity and professional role.Results: A single factor factorial structure was found, made up of the 7 items of the instrument, which managed to explain 70\% of the variance. The goodness of fit indices (RMSEA = 0.080; CFI = 0.995; SRMR = 0.053; p {$<$}0.001) showed an "acceptable" unidimensionality and adequate factor loadings in each item of the GAD-7, {$>$}0.070. Finally, the internal consistency of the instrument was good, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.920 (95\%IC, 8.80-9.71).Conclusions: The GAD-7 is an instrument that presents adequate indicators of validity and reliability. It is an excellent tool that is reliable and easy and fast to use for the detection of generalised anxiety symptoms in medical personnel caring (or not) for patients infected with COVID-19.},
  langid = {spanish},
  pmcid = {PMC8249708},
  pmid = {34230699},
  keywords = {Anxiety,COVID-19,GAD-7,Health workers,Psychometrics},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AIAPAGI9/Camargo et al. - 2021 - [GAD-7 Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale in Colom.pdf}
}

@article{cameraCommunicationCommitmentDeception2011,
  title = {Communication, Commitment, and Deception in Social Dilemmas: Experimental Evidence},
  shorttitle = {Communication, Commitment, and Deception in Social Dilemmas},
  author = {Camera, G. and Casari, M. and Bigoni, M.},
  year = {2011},
  month = may,
  journal = {Working Papers},
  number = {wp751},
  publisher = {Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Universita' di Bologna},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {Social norms of cooperation are studied under several forms of communication. In an experiment, strangers could make public statements before playing a prisoner's dilemma. The interaction was repeated indefinitely, which generated multiple equilibria. Communication could be used as a tool to either signal intentions to coordinate on Pareto-superior outcomes, to deceive others, or to credibly commit to actions. Some forms of communication did not promote the incidence of efficient Nash play, and sometimes reduced it. Surprisingly, cooperation suffered when subjects could publicly commit to actions.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L8XX3KAI/Camera et al. - 2011 - Communication, commitment, and deception in social.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X8L6XZJH/wp751.html}
}

@article{cameronCrimesMoralityUnintended,
  title = {Crimes against {{Morality}}: {{Unintended Consequences}} of {{Criminalizing Sex Work}}},
  author = {Cameron, Lisa and Muz, Jennifer and Shah, Manisha},
  pages = {49},
  abstract = {We examine the impact of criminalizing sex work, exploiting an event in which local officials unexpectedly criminalized sex work in one district in East Java, Indonesia, but not in neighboring districts. We collect data on female sex workers and their clients before and after the change. We find that criminalization increases sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers by 58 percent, measured by biological tests. This is driven by decreased access to condoms and condom use. We also find evidence that criminalization decreases earnings among women who left sex work due to criminalization, and decreases their ability to meet children's school expenses while increasing the likelihood that children begin working to supplement household income.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IND9DNPJ/Cameron et al. - Crimes against Morality Unintended Consequences o.pdf}
}

@article{cameronRobustInferenceMultiway2011,
  title = {Robust {{Inference With Multiway Clustering}}},
  author = {Cameron, A. Colin and Gelbach, Jonah B. and Miller, Douglas L.},
  year = {2011},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Business \& Economic Statistics},
  volume = {29},
  number = {2},
  pages = {238--249},
  issn = {0735-0015, 1537-2707},
  doi = {10.1198/jbes.2010.07136},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cluster-robust standard errors,Two-way clustering},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3Y2V6SUV/Cameron et al. - 2011 - Robust Inference With Multiway Clustering.pdf}
}

@article{campbellRobustnessReproducibilityAmerican2024,
  title = {The {{Robustness Reproducibility}} of the {{American Economic Review}}},
  author = {Campbell, Douglas and Brodeur, Abel and Dreber, Anna and Johannesson, Magnus and Kopecky, Joseph and Lusher, Lester and Tsoy, Nikita},
  year = {2024},
  abstract = {We estimate the robustness reproducibility of key results from 17 non-experimental AER papers published in 2013 (8 papers) and 2022/23 (9 papers). We find that many of the results are not robust, with no improvement over time. The fraction of significant robustness tests (p{$<$}0.05) varies between 17\% and 88\% across the papers with a mean of 46\%. The mean relative t/z-value of the robustness tests varies between 35\% and 87\% with a mean of 63\%, suggesting selective reporting of analytical specifications that exaggerate statistical significance. A sample of economists (n=359) overestimates robustness reproducibility, but predictions are correlated with observed reproducibility.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SVK92BB6/Campbell et al. - The Robustness Reproducibility of the American Eco.pdf}
}

@article{Campos2018,
  title = {How {{Should}} the {{Government Bring Small Firms}} into the {{Formal System}}?},
  author = {Campos, Francisco and Goldstein, Markus and McKenzie, David},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {World Bank Policy Research Working Paper},
  number = {8601}
}

@article{camposHowShouldGovernment,
  title = {How {{Should}} the {{Government Bring Small Firms}} into the {{Formal System}}? {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Malawi}}\#},
  author = {Campos, Francisco and Goldstein, Markus and McKenzie, David},
  pages = {53},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y2RPPITR/Campos et al. - How Should the Government Bring Small Firms into t.pdf}
}

@article{canenPoliticalDistortionsState2022,
  title = {Political {{Distortions}}, {{State Capture}}, and {{Economic Development}} in {{Africa}}},
  author = {Canen, Nathan and Wantchekon, Leonard},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume = {36},
  number = {1},
  pages = {101--124},
  issn = {0895-3309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.36.1.101},
  urldate = {2022-02-23},
  abstract = {This article studies the role of political distortions in driving economic growth and development in Africa. We first discuss how existing theories based on long-run structural factors (e.g., pre-colonial and colonial institutions, or ethnic diversity) may not capture new data patterns in the region, including changes to political regimes, growth patterns, and their variation across regions with similar historical experiences. We then argue that a framework focused on political distortions (i.e., how political incentives impact resource allocation and economic outcomes) may have multiple benefits: it encapsulates many distortions observed in practice, including patronage, variations in contract enforcement and the role of political connections in firm outcomes; it unifies results in Africa and elsewhere; and it leaves a wide scope for policy analysis. We conclude by overviewing reforms that may curb such distortions, including changes to campaign financing rules, bureaucratic reform, free trade agreements, and technology.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/D56IVW9G/Canen and Wantchekon - 2022 - Political Distortions, State Capture, and Economic.pdf}
}

@article{cantoniProtestsStrategicGames2019,
  title = {Protests as {{Strategic Games}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Hong Kong}}'s {{Antiauthoritarian Movement}}*},
  shorttitle = {Protests as {{Strategic Games}}},
  author = {Cantoni, Davide and Yang, David Y and Yuchtman, Noam and Zhang, Y Jane},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {134},
  number = {2},
  pages = {1021--1077},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjz002},
  urldate = {2022-11-13},
  abstract = {Social scientists have long viewed the decision to protest as strategic, with an individual's participation a function of their beliefs about others' turnout. We conduct a framed field experiment that recalibrates individuals' beliefs about others' protest participation, in the context of Hong Kong's ongoing antiauthoritarian movement. We elicit subjects' planned participation in an upcoming protest and their prior beliefs about others' participation, in an incentivized manner. One day before the protest, we randomly provide a subset of subjects with truthful information about others' protest plans and elicit posterior beliefs about protest turnout, again in an incentivized manner. After the protest, we elicit subjects' actual participation. This allows us to identify the causal effects of positively and negatively updated beliefs about others' protest participation on subjects' own turnout. In contrast with the assumptions of many recent models of protest participation, we consistently find evidence of strategic substitutability. We provide guidance regarding plausible sources of strategic substitutability that can be incorporated into theoretical models of protests.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F4LX52B8/Cantoni et al. - 2019 - Protests as Strategic Games Experimental Evidence.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2TP29922/5298503.html}
}

@article{caoHerdingWarfareCulture,
  title = {Herding, {{Warfare}}, and a {{Culture}} of {{Honor}}: {{Global Evidence}}},
  author = {Cao, Yiming and Enke, Benjamin and Falk, Armin and Giuliano, Paola and Nunn, Nathan},
  pages = {66},
  abstract = {According to the widely known `culture of honor' hypothesis from social psychology, traditional herding practices are believed to have generated a value system that is conducive to revengetaking and violence. We test this idea at a global scale using a combination of ethnographic records, historical folklore information, global data on contemporary conflict events, and largescale surveys. The data show systematic links between traditional herding practices and a culture of honor. First, the culture of pre-industrial societies that relied on animal herding emphasizes violence, punishment, and revenge-taking. Second, contemporary ethnolinguistic groups that historically subsisted more strongly on herding have more frequent and severe conflict today. Third, the contemporary descendants of herders report being more willing to take revenge and punish unfair behavior in the globally representative Global Preferences Survey. In all, the evidence supports the idea that this form of economic subsistence generated a functional psychology that has persisted until today and plays a role in shaping conflict across the globe.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FUL7VALP/Cao et al. - Herding, Warfare, and a Culture of Honor Global E.pdf}
}

@techreport{cappelenUniversalismGlobalEvidence2022,
  title = {Universalism: {{Global Evidence}}},
  shorttitle = {Universalism},
  author = {Cappelen, Alexander and Enke, Benjamin and Tungodden, Bertil},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  number = {w30157},
  pages = {w30157},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w30157},
  urldate = {2022-09-23},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3XTBC44V/w30157.pdf}
}

@article{cariaCanPeopleForm2020,
  title = {Can {{People}} Form {{Links}} to {{Efficiently Access Information}}?},
  author = {Caria, A Stefano and Fafchamps, Marcel},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {130},
  number = {631},
  pages = {1966--1994},
  issn = {0013-0133, 1468-0297},
  doi = {10.1093/ej/ueaa064},
  urldate = {2021-05-10},
  abstract = {We investigate how individuals form social connections to access non-rival information. In our dynamic game of one-way-flow network formation, indirect connections are key for information diffusion. The myopic best response is to link to the node with the highest informational reach, which crucially depends on indirect links. If all subjects follow this strategy, the game rapidly converges to an efficient circle network. We find that subjects play the myopic best response frequently. But some subjects target high degree nodes instead, neglecting indirect connections. Although somewhat infrequent, this behaviour generates a large aggregate loss in efficiency in our game. Similar findings are obtained when subjects link to transfer information to others. Using a minimal group treatment, we also manipulate group identity and find evidence of in-group homophily when group identity is revealed to subjects.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X5JFJL5N/Caria and Fafchamps - 2020 - Can People form Links to Efficiently Access Inform.pdf}
}

@article{carlsSeasonalMigrationIncrease,
  title = {Seasonal {{Migration}} to {{Increase Incomes}} of {{Poor Households}} in {{Bangladesh}}},
  author = {Carls, Elizabeth},
  pages = {28},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ECV6NQUZ/Carls - Seasonal Migration to Increase Incomes of Poor Hou.pdf}
}

@article{Carneiro2019,
  title = {Tackling Social Exclusion: {{Evidence}} from {{Chile}}},
  author = {Carneiro, Pedro and Galasso, Emanuela and Ginja, Rita},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Economic Journal},
  volume = {129},
  number = {617},
  pages = {172--208},
  issn = {14680297},
  doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12594},
  abstract = {We study a Chilean programme that combines home visits to households in extreme poverty with guaranteed access to social services. Its goal was to connect marginalised families to the social system to improve their living conditions. Programme impacts are identified using regression discontinuity exploring the fact that eligibility is a discontinuous function of an index of family income and assets. There is no evidence of short or long-term effects on employment or housing. However, we find short and medium-term impacts on the take-up of subsidies and employment services among families without access to the welfare system prior to the intervention.},
  keywords = {and other constraints to,are generally deprived in,assets and skills,c26,chile,extreme poverty,households,households in extreme poverty,i38,j08,jel-codes,little access to information,multiple dimensions,social exclusion,social protection,terial resources,the lack of ma-},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VBTL6STQ/Carneiro et al. - 2019 - Tackling Social Exclusion Evidence from Chile.pdf}
}

@article{carneiroImpactsMultifacetedPrenatal2020,
  title = {The {{Impacts}} of a {{Multifaceted Pre-natal Intervention}} on {{Human Capital Accumulation}} in {{Early Life}}},
  author = {Carneiro, Pedro and Kraftman, Lucy and Rasul, Imran and Mason, Giacomo and Scott, Molly and Moore, Lucie},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {75},
  abstract = {We study a large-scale and long-term randomized control trial to evaluate an intervention targeting early life nutrition and well-being for households in extreme poverty in Northern Nigeria. The intervention provides: (i) information to parents on practices related to pregnancy and infant feeding; (ii) high-valued unconditional cash transfers to mothers, each month from pregnancy until the child turns two. The intervention leads to large and sustained improvements in children's anthropometric and health outcomes, including an 8\% reduction in stunting four years post-intervention. These impacts are partly driven by informationrelated channels (such as improved knowledge, practices and health behaviors of mothers towards new borns). However, the certain and substantial {\ddag}ow of cash transfers is also key. They induce positive labor supply responses among women, and enables them to undertake productive investments in livestock. These provide protein rich diets for children, and generate higher earnings streams for households long after the cash transfers expire. The results show the sustainability and cost-e¤ectiveness of multifaceted pre-natal interventions even in the most challenging and food insecure economic environments. JEL Classi{\dots}cation I15, O15.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I4WX687A/Carneiro et al. - The Impacts of a Multifaceted Pre-natal Interventi.pdf}
}

@article{carneiroImpactsMultifacetedPrenatal2021,
  title = {The {{Impacts}} of a {{Multifaceted Prenatal Intervention}} on {{Human Capital Accumulation}} in {{Early Life}}},
  author = {Carneiro, Pedro and Kraftman, Lucy and Mason, Giacomo and Moore, Lucie and Rasul, Imran and Scott, Molly},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {111},
  number = {8},
  pages = {2506--2549},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20191726},
  urldate = {2022-09-13},
  abstract = {We evaluate an intervention targeting early life nutrition and well-being for households in extreme poverty in Northern Nigeria. The intervention leads to large and sustained improvements in children's anthropometric and health outcomes, including an 8 percent reduction in stunting 4 years, post-intervention. These impacts are partly driven by information-related channels. However, the certain and substantial flow of cash transfers is also key. They induce positive labor supply responses among women, and enables them to undertake productive investments in livestock. These provide protein rich diets for children, and generate higher household earnings streams long after the cash transfers expire. (JEL I12, I32, I38, J13, J16, J22, O12)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M6RAXJAK/Carneiro et al. - 2021 - The Impacts of a Multifaceted Prenatal Interventio.pdf}
}

@article{carneiroMATERNALEDUCATIONHOME2013,
  title = {{{MATERNAL EDUCATION}}, {{HOME ENVIRONMENTS}}, {{AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS}}},
  author = {Carneiro, Pedro and Meghir, Costas and Parey, Matthias},
  year = {2013},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {123--160},
  issn = {15424766},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1542-4774.2012.01096.x},
  urldate = {2020-11-24},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A69ZFZEB/Carneiro et al. - 2013 - MATERNAL EDUCATION, HOME ENVIRONMENTS, AND THE DEV.pdf}
}

@article{carneyEffectSocialMedia,
  title = {The {{Effect}} of {{Social Media}} on {{Voters}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from an {{Indian Election}}},
  author = {Carney, Kevin},
  pages = {43},
  abstract = {This paper uses a field experiment to study the effect of social media on voters in a large election in Tamil Nadu, India. I randomly invited subjects to join chat groups organized by political parties on WhatsApp, India's most-used social media platform. Unlike Facebook and Twitter, WhatsApp groups are relatively small and users' feeds are neither curated by algorithms nor moderated by the platform. I find that joining a group increases political knowledge, improving subjects' ability to distinguish true from false news. Moreover, the groups have a small but significant average effect on political preferences, pushing subjects toward the party affiliated with the WhatsApp group they joined. This effect is driven by moderates who were indifferent between parties at the baseline. To disentangle the effect of direct party messaging from the effect of messaging between voters, I designed a second treatment arm that exposed subjects to the posts of party officials but not the posts and replies of other group members. This reveals that the horizontal exchange between individuals is key. The treatment effects of party messaging alone are smaller than those of the full groups. I provide evidence on possible mechanisms underlying this difference: participants assigned to full groups both receive more messages, and pay more attention to each message they receive.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G9TRI7D8/Carney - The Eﬀect of Social Media on Voters Experimental .pdf}
}

@article{carpenterTransgenderStatusGender2020,
  title = {Transgender {{Status}}, {{Gender Identity}}, and {{Socioeconomic Outcomes}} in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Carpenter, Christopher S. and Eppink, Samuel T. and Gonzales, Gilbert},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {ILR Review},
  volume = {73},
  number = {3},
  pages = {573--599},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc},
  issn = {0019-7939},
  doi = {10.1177/0019793920902776},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {This article provides the first large-scale evidence on transgender status, gender identity, and socioeconomic outcomes in the United States, using representative data from 35 states in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), which asked identical questions about transgender status and gender identity during at least one year from 2014 to 2017. More than 2,100 respondents, aged 18 to 64 years, identified as transgender. Individuals who identify as transgender are significantly less likely to be college educated and less likely to identify as heterosexual than are individuals who do not identify as transgender. Controlling for these and other observed characteristics, transgender individuals have significantly lower employment rates, lower household incomes, higher poverty rates, and worse self-rated health compared to otherwise similar men who are not transgender.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EV2W8DS5/Carpenter et al. - 2020 - Transgender Status, Gender Identity, and Socioecon.pdf}
}

@article{Carrillo2017a,
  title = {Early {{Rainfall Shocks}} and {{Later-Life Outcomes}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Colombia}}},
  author = {Carrillo, Bladimir},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {The World Bank Economic Review},
  keywords = {colombia,drought,early life health,heavy precipitation}
}

@article{carrilloEarlyRainfallShocks2020,
  title = {Early {{Rainfall Shocks}} and {{Later-Life Outcomes}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Colombia}}},
  shorttitle = {Early {{Rainfall Shocks}} and {{Later-Life Outcomes}}},
  author = {Carrillo, Bladimir},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The World Bank Economic Review},
  volume = {34},
  number = {1},
  pages = {179--209},
  issn = {0258-6770, 1564-698X},
  doi = {10.1093/wber/lhy014},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This paper provides estimates of the long-term impacts of prenatal exposure to rainfall shocks using Colombian data. I find that individuals prenatally exposed to excessive precipitation have fewer years of schooling, display increased rates of illiteracy, have smaller cohort size, are less likely to work in the market, and are more likely to report serious mental and physical illness. These effects are generally larger for males, especially when considering health outcomes. This paper then uses geographical disaggregations of weather and agricultural cultivation to examine the extent to which agricultural income shocks may be driving the relationship between early rainfall conditions and later-life outcomes. The patterns I find are generally consistent with this hypothesis.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PLNHUQW9/Carrillo - 2020 - Early Rainfall Shocks and Later-Life Outcomes Evi.pdf}
}

@article{carrPrejudicedBehaviorPrejudice2012,
  title = {``{{Prejudiced}}'' {{Behavior Without Prejudice}}? {{Beliefs About}} the {{Malleability}} of {{Prejudice Affect Interracial Interactions}}},
  shorttitle = {``{{Prejudiced}}'' {{Behavior Without Prejudice}}?},
  author = {Carr, Priyanka B. and Dweck, Carol S. and Pauker, Kristin},
  year = {2012},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of personality and social psychology},
  volume = {103},
  number = {3},
  pages = {452--471},
  issn = {0022-3514},
  doi = {10.1037/a0028849},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {Prejudiced behavior is typically seen as emanating from prejudiced attitudes. Eight studies showed that majority-group members' beliefs about prejudice can create seemingly ``prejudiced'' behaviors above and beyond prejudice measured explicitly (Study 1b) and implicitly (Study 2). Those who believed prejudice was relatively fixed, rather than malleable, were less interested in interracial interactions (Studies 1a--d), race- or diversity-related activities (Study 1a), and activities to reduce their prejudice (Study 3). They were also more uncomfortable in interracial, but not same-race, interactions (Study 2). Study 4 manipulated beliefs about prejudice and found that a fixed belief, by heightening concerns about revealing prejudice to oneself and others, depressed interest in interracial interactions. Further, though those taught a fixed belief were more anxious and unfriendly in an interaction with a Black compared to White individual, those taught a malleable belief were not (Study 5). Implications for reducing prejudice and improving intergroup relations are discussed.},
  pmcid = {PMC3756230},
  pmid = {22708626},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UNZ9T3PE/Carr et al. - 2012 - “Prejudiced” Behavior Without Prejudice Beliefs A.pdf}
}

@article{Carter2014,
  title = {Subsidies and the {{Persistence}} of {{Technology Adoption}}: {{Field Experimental Evidence}} from {{Mozambique}}},
  author = {Carter, Michael R and Laajaj, Rachid and Yang, Dean},
  year = {2014},
  number = {June},
  keywords = {agriculture,fertilizer,mozam-,subsidies,technology adoption}
}

@article{carterMultischoolStudyEngland2024,
  title = {A Multi-School Study in {{England}}, to Assess Problematic Smartphone Usage and Anxiety and Depression},
  author = {Carter, Ben and Payne, Mollie and Rees, Philippa and Sohn, Sei Yon and Brown, June and Kalk, Nicola J.},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Acta Paediatrica},
  volume = {113},
  number = {10},
  pages = {2240--2248},
  issn = {1651-2227},
  doi = {10.1111/apa.17317},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  abstract = {Aim To assess the association between problematic smartphone usage and anxiety and depression in adolescents. Methods A cross-sectional study in five schools in the UK were included. The primary outcome was moderate anxiety (GAD-7 {$\geq$}10) symptoms and secondary outcomes were moderate depression symptoms (PHQ-9 {$\geq$}10) and insomnia. Problematic smartphone usage was assessed using screentime and the Smartphone Addiction Scale. A multi-level logistic regression was fitted and adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) with 95\% confidence intervals (95\% CI) reported. A mediation analysis was conducted. Results Of the five included schools, 657 adolescents aged 16--18 years were enrolled. The median age was 17.5 years (17--18 [IQR]) and 508 (77.3\%) were female. Of these 188 (28.6\%) exhibited moderate anxiety and 226 (34.4\%) moderate depression symptoms. Almost two thirds (421, 64.1\%) have tried to cut down their smartphone use and 81 (12.5\%) wanted help to reduce use. Problematic smartphone use was associated with increased anxiety (aOR = 2.03, 95\% CI 1.28--3.23); depression (aOR = 2.96, 95\% CI 1.80--4.86); and insomnia (aOR = 1.64, 95\% CI 1.08--2.50). Screentime was not associated with anxiety ({$\beta$} = 0.99, 95\% CI 0.91--1.08); or depression ({$\beta$} = 0.98, 95\% CI 0.89--1.07). Problematic smartphone use had a significant direct, indirect and total effect on both anxiety and depression. Conclusion Problematic smartphone usage was associated with anxiety and depression, independent of screentime. Interventions are needed to reduce problematic use.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2024 The Author(s). Acta Paediatrica published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd on behalf of Foundation Acta Paediatrica.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adolescents,anxiety,depression,problematic smartphone usage,screentime},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DJDZVEYQ/Carter et al. - 2024 - A multi-school study in England, to assess problematic smartphone usage and anxiety and depression.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RMRDZT2Q/apa.html}
}

@article{Casaburi2018,
  title = {Time versus State in Insurance: {{Experimental}} Evidence from Contract Farming in {{Kenya}}},
  author = {Casaburi, Lorenzo and Willis, Jack},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {108},
  number = {12},
  pages = {3778--3813},
  issn = {19447981},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20171526},
  abstract = {The gains from insurance arise from the transfer of income across states. Yet, by requiring that the premium be paid up front, standard insurance products also transfer income across time. We show that this intertemporal transfer can help explain low insurance demand, especially among the poor, and in a randomized control trial in Kenya we test a crop insurance product which removes it. The product is interlinked with a contract farming scheme: as with other inputs, the buyer of the crop offers the insurance and deducts the premium from farmer revenues at harvest time. The take-up rate for pay- at-harvest insurance is 72 percent, compared to 5 percent for the standard pay-up-front contract, and the difference is largest among poorer farmers. Additional experiments and outcomes provide evidence on the role of liquidity constraints, present bias, and counterparty risk, and find that enabling farmers to commit to pay the premium just 1 month later increases demand by 21 percentage points.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HQNTSING/Casaburi and Willis - 2018 - Time versus State in Insurance Experimental Evide.pdf}
}

@article{casaburiTimeVsState2016,
  title = {Time vs. {{State}} in {{Insurance}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Contract Farming}} in {{Kenya}}},
  shorttitle = {Time vs. {{State}} in {{Insurance}}},
  author = {Casaburi, Lorenzo and Willis, Jack},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2922028},
  urldate = {2020-03-12},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/B85AIAVM/Casaburi and Willis - 2016 - Time vs. State in Insurance Experimental Evidence.pdf}
}

@article{Case2005,
  title = {Sex {{Differences}} in {{Morbidity}} and {{Mortality}}},
  author = {Case, Anne and Paxson, Christina H.},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {Demography},
  volume = {42},
  number = {2},
  pages = {189--214},
  issn = {1533-7790},
  doi = {10.1353/dem.2005.0011},
  abstract = {Women have worse self-rated health and more hospitalization episodes than men from early adolescence to late middle age, but are less likely to die at each age. We use 14 years of data from the U.S. National Health Interview Survey to examine this paradox. Our results indicate that the difference in self-assessed health between women and men can be entirely explained by differences in the distribution of the chronic conditions theyface. This is not true, however for hospital episodes and mortality. Men with several smoking-related conditions-including cardiovascular disease and certain lung disorders-are more likely to experience hospital episodes and to die than women who suffer from the same chronic conditions, implying that men may experience more-severe forms of these conditions. While some of the difference in mortality can be explained by differences in the distribution of chronic conditions, an equally large share can be attributed to the larger adverse effects of these conditions on male mortality. The greater effects of smoking-related conditions on men's health may be due to their higher rates of smoking throughout their lives.},
  pmid = {15986983}
}

@article{Caselli2016,
  title = {Accounting for {{Cross-Country Income Differences}}},
  author = {Caselli, Francesco},
  year = {2004},
  journal = {Accounting for Cross-Country Income Differences},
  number = {November 2003},
  doi = {10.1596/26105},
  abstract = {applicability for this approach.}
}

@article{caselliAccountingCrossCountryIncome,
  title = {Accounting for {{Cross-Country Income Differences}}},
  author = {Caselli, Francesco},
  pages = {71},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/V2X2J99R/Caselli - Accounting for Cross-Country Income Diﬀerences.pdf}
}

@article{caseyExperimentCandidateSelection2021,
  title = {An {{Experiment}} in {{Candidate Selection}}},
  author = {Casey, Katherine and Kamara, Abou Bakarr and Meriggi, Niccol{\'o} F.},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {111},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1575--1612},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20200125},
  urldate = {2023-12-08},
  abstract = {Are ordinary citizens or political party leaders better positioned to select candidates? While the American primary system lets citizens choose, most democracies rely instead on party officials to appoint or nominate candidates. The consequences of these distinct design choices are unclear: while officials are often better informed about candidate qualifications, they may value traits, like party loyalty or willingness to pay for the nomination, at odds with identifying the best performer. We partnered with both major political parties in Sierra Leone to experimentally vary how much say voters have in selecting Parliamentary candidates. Estimates suggest that more democratic procedures increase the likelihood that parties select voters' most preferred candidates and favor candidates with stronger records of public goods provision.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Institutional Arrangements,Political Processes: Rent-seeking Lobbying Elections Legislatures and Voting Behavior Public Goods Formal and Informal Sectors,Shadow Economy},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8HHXR74Q/Casey et al. - 2021 - An Experiment in Candidate Selection.pdf}
}

@misc{caseySkillVoiceLocal2018,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {Skill versus {{Voice}} in {{Local Development}}},
  author = {Casey, Katherine and Glennerster, Rachel and Miguel, Edward and Voors, Maarten},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {25022},
  eprint = {25022},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w25022},
  urldate = {2023-12-08},
  abstract = {Where the state is weak, traditional authorities control the local provision of public goods. These leaders come from an older, less educated generation and often rule in an authoritarian and exclusionary fashion. This means the skills of community members may not be leveraged in policy making. We experimentally evaluate two solutions to this problem in Sierra Leone: one encourages delegation to higher skill individuals and a second fosters broader inclusion in decision-making. In a real-world infrastructure grants competition, a public nudge to delegate lead to better outcomes than the default of chiefly control, whereas attempts to boost participation were largely ineffective.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BZHLAZ9M/Casey et al. - 2018 - Skill versus Voice in Local Development.pdf}
}

@misc{CashNutritionChild,
  title = {On Cash, Nutrition, and Child Development},
  journal = {World Bank Blogs},
  urldate = {2024-04-10},
  howpublished = {https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/impactevaluations/on-cash--nutrition--and-child-development},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9FINX4G5/on-cash--nutrition--and-child-development.html}
}

@article{casonMisconceptionsGameForm2014,
  title = {Misconceptions and {{Game Form Recognition}}: {{Challenges}} to {{Theories}} of {{Revealed Preference}} and {{Framing}}},
  shorttitle = {Misconceptions and {{Game Form Recognition}}},
  author = {Cason, Timothy N. and Plott, Charles R.},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {122},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1235--1270},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/677254},
  urldate = {2021-02-23},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7YNMJWD9/Cason and Plott - 2014 - Misconceptions and Game Form Recognition Challeng.pdf}
}

@article{casoriaPerceivedSocialNorm2021,
  title = {Perceived Social Norm and Behavior Quickly Adjusted to Legal Changes during the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic},
  author = {Casoria, Fortuna and Galeotti, Fabio and Villeval, Marie Claire},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Behavior \& Organization},
  volume = {190},
  pages = {54--65},
  issn = {01672681},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jebo.2021.07.030},
  urldate = {2021-08-13},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I6NKLU2Y/Casoria et al. - 2021 - Perceived social norm and behavior quickly adjuste.pdf}
}

@article{cassanIdentitiesPublicPolicies2021,
  title = {Identities and Public Policies: {{Unexpected}} Effects of Political Reservations for Women in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Identities and Public Policies},
  author = {Cassan, Guilhem and Vandewalle, Lore},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {World Development},
  volume = {143},
  pages = {105408},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105408},
  urldate = {2023-12-06},
  abstract = {Identity is an important determinant of economic behavior. While the existing literature focuses on one identity dimension at a time, we show that the multiplicity of identity dimensions matters for economic behavior and that neglecting it may lead policymakers to overlook important, unexpected effects of economic policies. We exploit the randomized nature of political reservations for women in India to show that a policy designed along one identity dimension (gender) alters the distribution of the benefits of this policy along another one (caste). We propose differences in gender norms across caste groups as a mechanism.},
  keywords = {Affirmative action,Gender,Identity economics,Intersectionality,Quotas,Social norms},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MDSJA84Z/Cassan and Vandewalle - 2021 - Identities and public policies Unexpected effects.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/63PQHA9M/S0305750X21000206.html}
}

@article{cassiani-mirandaValidityPatientHealth2021,
  title = {{Validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression screening in adult primary care users in Bucaramanga, Colombia}},
  author = {{Cassiani-Miranda}, Carlos Arturo and {Cuadros-Cruz}, Angy Karina and {Torres-Pinz{\'o}n}, Harold and Scoppetta, Orlando and {Pinz{\'o}n-Tarrazona}, Jhon Henrry and {L{\'o}pez-Fuentes}, Wendy Yulieth and Paez, Andrea and {Cabanzo-Arenas}, Diego Fernando and {Ribero-Marulanda}, Sergio and {Llanes-Amaya}, Elkin Ren{\'e}},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Revista Colombiana De Psiquiatria (English Ed.)},
  volume = {50},
  number = {1},
  pages = {11--21},
  issn = {2530-3120},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rcp.2019.09.001},
  abstract = {The patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is one of the most widely used self-report instruments in primary care. There is no criterion validity of the PHQ-9 in Colombia. The objective was to validate the PHQ-9 as a screening tool in primary care. A cross-sectional, scale criterion validity study was performed using as reference criterion the mini neuropsychiatric interview (MINI) in male and female adult users of primary care centres. We calculated the internal consistency and convergent and criterion validity of the PHQ-9 by analysing the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and the area under the curve (AUC). We analysed 243 participants; 184 (75.7\%) were female. The average age was 34.05 (median of 31 and SD = 12.47). Cronbach's {$\alpha$} was 0.80 and McDonald's {$\omega$} was 0.81. Spearman's Rho was 0.64 for HADS-D (P {$<$}0.010) and 0.70 for PHQ-2 (P~{$<$}0.010). The AUC was 0.92 (95\% CI 0.880-0.963). The optimal cut-off point of PHQ-9 was {$\geq$}7: sensitivity of 90.38 (95\% CI: 81.41-99.36); specificity of 81.68 (95\%~CI: 75.93-87.42); PPV 57.32 (95\% CI: 46.00-68.63); NPV 96.89 (95\% CI: 93.90-99.88); Youden index 0.72 (95\% CI: 0.62-0.82); LR+ 4.93 (95\% CI: 3.61-6.74); LR- 0.12 (95\% CI: 0.005-0.270). In sum, the Colombian version of PHQ-9 is a valid and reliable instrument for depression screening in primary care in Bucaramanga, with a cut-off point {$\geq$}7.},
  langid = {eng, spa},
  pmid = {33648690},
  keywords = {Atencion primaria de salud,Colombia,Cribado,Depresion,Depression,PHQ-9,Primary healthcare,Reproducibilidad de los resultados,Reproducibility of results,Screening}
}

@techreport{cassidyPowerProtectHousehold2018,
  title = {The Power to Protect: Household Bargaining and Female Condom Use},
  shorttitle = {The Power to Protect},
  author = {Cassidy, Rachel},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  institution = {CSAE},
  doi = {10.1920/wp.ifs.2018.0818},
  urldate = {2020-03-17},
  abstract = {Use of technologies such as condoms must be agreed upon by both partners. In contexts where women have low bargaining power, many women may struggle to convince their partners to adopt. Introducing a version of the technology that is second-best from a social planner's perspective, but more acceptable to men, may therefore improve adoption and welfare. We evaluate a field experiment introducing female condoms in the slums of Maputo, Mozambique. Female condoms offer marginally lower protection and higher unit cost than male condoms --- which are already widely available --- but lower discomfort and stigma to men. As predicted by our model, we find strongest adoption among women with low household bargaining power. The main margin of adoption is therefore from women previously having unprotected sex, rather than women substituting away from male condoms. We also observe an increase in the number of sex acts. A cost-benefit analysis shows how free provision of female condoms could be cost-effective. The findings highlight how policy should take into account the distribution of the costs and benefits of technology adoption, and of bargaining power, within the household.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZSQRV5XW/Cassidy - 2018 - The power to protect household bargaining and fem.pdf}
}

@article{castelIllusionsCompetenceOverestimation2007,
  title = {Illusions of Competence and Overestimation of Associative Memory for Identical Items: {{Evidence}} from Judgments of Learning},
  shorttitle = {Illusions of Competence and Overestimation of Associative Memory for Identical Items},
  author = {Castel, Alan D. and McCabe, David P. and Roediger, Henry L.},
  year = {2007},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin \& Review},
  volume = {14},
  number = {1},
  pages = {107--111},
  issn = {1069-9384, 1531-5320},
  doi = {10.3758/BF03194036},
  urldate = {2021-04-20},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9WKLP35V/Castel et al. - 2007 - Illusions of competence and overestimation of asso.pdf}
}

@article{casteloBlockingMobileInternet2025,
  title = {Blocking Mobile Internet on Smartphones Improves Sustained Attention, Mental Health, and Subjective Well-Being},
  author = {Castelo, Noah and Kushlev, Kostadin and Ward, Adrian F and Esterman, Michael and Reiner, Peter B},
  year = {2025},
  month = feb,
  journal = {PNAS Nexus},
  volume = {4},
  number = {2},
  pages = {pgaf017},
  issn = {2752-6542},
  doi = {10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf017},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  abstract = {Smartphones enable people to access the online world from anywhere at any time. Despite the benefits of this technology, there is growing concern that smartphone use could adversely impact cognitive functioning and mental health. Correlational and anecdotal evidence suggests that these concerns may be well-founded, but causal evidence remains scarce. We conducted a month-long randomized controlled trial to investigate how removing constant access to the internet through smartphones might impact psychological functioning. We used a mobile phone application to block all mobile internet access from participants' smartphones for 2 weeks and objectively track compliance. This intervention specifically targeted the feature that makes smartphones ``smart'' (mobile internet) while allowing participants to maintain mobile connection (through texts and calls) and nonmobile access to the internet (e.g. through desktop computers). The intervention improved mental health, subjective well-being, and objectively measured ability to sustain attention; 91\% of participants improved on at least one of these outcomes. Mediation analyses suggest that these improvements can be partially explained by the intervention's impact on how people spent their time; when people did not have access to mobile internet, they spent more time socializing in person, exercising, and being in nature. These results provide causal evidence that blocking mobile internet can improve important psychological outcomes, and suggest that maintaining the status quo of constant connection to the internet may be detrimental to time use, cognitive functioning, and well-being.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VYKC3IE3/Castelo et al. - 2025 - Blocking mobile internet on smartphones improves sustained attention, mental health, and subjective.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JWI9DQQH/8016017.html}
}

@article{Castilla2013,
  title = {Is Ignorance Bliss? The Effect of Asymmetric Information between Spouses on Intra-Household Allocations},
  author = {Castilla, Carolina and Walker, Thomas},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {103},
  number = {3},
  pages = {263--268},
  issn = {00028282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.103.3.263},
  abstract = {We conducted a field experiment in Southern Ghana to test the effect of asymmetric information on intrahousehold allocation. A lottery was conducted, where prizes were distributed in public and in private. The results indicate that asymmetric information over windfalls has a differential effect on observable and concealable expenses, consistent with hiding. Husbands' public windfalls increase investment in assets and social capital, while there is no such effect when wives win. Private windfalls of both spouses are committed to cash (wives) or in-kind gifts (husband) which are either difficult to monitor or to reverse if discovered by the other spouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/78Q7WB8M/Castilla and Walker - 2013 - Is Ignorance Bliss The Effect of Asymmetric Infor.pdf}
}

@article{castroBreakingSilenceGroup2022,
  title = {Breaking the {{Silence}} - {{Group Discussions}}, {{Social Pressure}}, and the {{Adoption}} of {{Health Technologies}}},
  author = {Castro, Silvia and Mang, Clarissa},
  year = {2022},
  month = apr,
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4081416},
  urldate = {2023-09-12},
  abstract = {Social pressure and stigma can hinder the adoption of available technologies, especially in the context of sensitive health issues. We run a field experiment on the take-up of menstrual products in Bangladesh and test a discussion-based intervention. We vary participation in group discussions designed to break the silence around menstruation, where participants share their personal experiences. We find positive effects on the willingness to pay for a known menstrual product (sanitary pads) and on the adoption of a new technology (anti-bacterial menstrual underwear). Our results show changes in restrictive social norms around purchasing the products and lower perceived stigma around menstruation in general.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adverse health behavior,group discussions,menstrual health management,menstrual hygiene,Social norms,social pressure,stigma,technology adoption},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/63Y5RE4S/Castro and Mang - 2022 - Breaking the Silence - Group Discussions, Social P.pdf}
}

@article{cattellScreeTestNumber1966,
  title = {The {{Scree Test For The Number Of Factors}}},
  author = {Cattell, Raymond B.},
  year = {1966},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Multivariate Behavioral Research},
  volume = {1},
  number = {2},
  pages = {245--276},
  issn = {0027-3171, 1532-7906},
  doi = {10.1207/s15327906mbr0102_10},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FA9ZFK2C/Cattell - 1966 - The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors.pdf}
}

@misc{CenterOpenScience,
  title = {Center for {{Open Science Proposal}}},
  journal = {Google Docs},
  urldate = {2024-08-30},
  abstract = {COS / Instagram Data Proposal RfP Preproposal requirement - ``A one page description of the research question and approach'' ``What is the research question and how does it fit with the research topic eligibility requirements?'' ``What is the research design?'' When describing the design, researchers ...},
  howpublished = {https://docs.google.com/document/d/11L\_WoW7zjSeFVDWq\_HIm8AMKRFQOKUTs9\_LvRNLT4yY/edit?usp=drive\_fs\&rswr=true\&usp=embed\_facebook},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MP9SL7LA/edit.html}
}

@article{centolaExperimentalEvidenceTipping2018,
  title = {Experimental Evidence for Tipping Points in Social Convention},
  author = {Centola, Damon and Becker, Joshua and Brackbill, Devon and Baronchelli, Andrea},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {360},
  number = {6393},
  pages = {1116--1119},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.aas8827},
  urldate = {2021-11-18},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3KCL2M6Z/supp_mat.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DHKL238M/Centola et al. - 2018 - Experimental evidence for tipping points in social.pdf}
}

@article{centolaSpreadBehaviorOnline2010,
  title = {The {{Spread}} of {{Behavior}} in an {{Online Social Network Experiment}}},
  author = {Centola, D.},
  year = {2010},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {329},
  number = {5996},
  pages = {1194--1197},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1185231},
  urldate = {2020-11-13},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/55K7NHI6/Centola.SOM.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X4TEDZD6/Alroy - 2010 - The Shifting Balance of Diversity Among Major Mari.pdf}
}

@article{cervellatiDiseaseDevelopmentRole2011,
  title = {Disease and Development: {{The}} Role of Life Expectancy Reconsidered},
  shorttitle = {Disease and Development},
  author = {Cervellati, Matteo and Sunde, Uwe},
  year = {2011},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Economics Letters},
  volume = {113},
  number = {3},
  pages = {269--272},
  issn = {01651765},
  doi = {10.1016/j.econlet.2011.08.008},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This note estimates the causal effect of life expectancy on per capita income and tests the hypothesis of a non-monotonic effect using finite mixture models. The results confirm the hypothesis and qualify recent evidence for a negative effect by Acemoglu and Johnson (2007).},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BQNETWUL/Cervellati and Sunde - 2011 - Disease and development The role of life expectan.pdf}
}

@article{chaisemartinFuzzyDifferencesinDifferences,
  title = {Fuzzy {{Differences-in-Differences}}},
  author = {Chaisemartin, C De},
  journal = {REVIEW OF ECONOMIC STUDIES},
  pages = {30},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{chaisemartinFuzzyDifferencesinDifferences2017,
  title = {Fuzzy {{Differences-in-Differences}}},
  author = {Chaisemartin, C De},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  pages = {30},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RG93KWNL/Chaisemartin - 2017 - Fuzzy Differences-in-Differences.pdf}
}

@book{chakrabortiHateCrimeImpact2009,
  title = {Hate Crime: Impact, Causes and Responses},
  shorttitle = {Hate Crime},
  author = {Chakraborti, Neil and Garland, Jon},
  year = {2009},
  publisher = {SAGE},
  address = {London ; Thousand Oaks, Calif},
  isbn = {978-1-4129-4567-7 978-1-4129-4568-4},
  lccn = {HV6773.5 .C53 2009},
  keywords = {Government policy,Hate crimes},
  annotation = {OCLC: ocn317749702}
}

@article{Chakraborty2019,
  title = {School Feeding and Learning Achievement: {{Evidence}} from {{India}}'s Midday Meal Program},
  author = {Chakraborty, Tanika and Jayaraman, Rajshri},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {139},
  number = {January 2018},
  pages = {249--265},
  publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.10.011},
  abstract = {We study the effect of the world's largest school feeding program on children's learning outcomes. Staggered implementation across different states of a 2001 Indian Supreme Court Directive mandating the introduction of free school lunches in public primary schools generates plausibly exogenous variation in program exposure across different birth cohorts. We exploit this to estimate the effect of program exposure on math and reading test scores of primary school-aged children. We find that prolonged exposure to midday meals has a robust positive effect on learning achievement. We further investigate various channels that may account for this improvement including complementary schooling inputs, heterogeneous responses by socio-economic status, and intra-household redistribution.},
  keywords = {Learning,Midday meal,Primary school education,School feeding},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/V9KCI58V/Chakraborty and Jayaraman - 2019 - School feeding and learning achievement Evidence .pdf}
}

@article{chakrapaniBarriersFreeAntiretroviral2011,
  title = {Barriers to Free Antiretroviral Treatment Access among Kothi-Identified Men Who Have Sex with Men and Aravanis (Transgender Women) in {{Chennai}}, {{India}}},
  author = {Chakrapani, Venkatesan and Newman, Peter A. and Shunmugam, Murali and Dubrow, Robert},
  year = {2011},
  month = dec,
  journal = {AIDS Care},
  volume = {23},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1687--1694},
  issn = {0954-0121, 1360-0451},
  doi = {10.1080/09540121.2011.582076},
  urldate = {2021-08-12},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/T7JFQ3KT/Chakrapani et al. - 2011 - Barriers to free antiretroviral treatment access a.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{chakrapaniHijrasSexWork2004,
  title = {Hijras in Sex Work Face Discrimination in the {{Indian}} Health-Care System.},
  author = {Chakrapani, Venkatesan and Babu, P. and Ebenezer, T.},
  year = {2004},
  month = jun,
  urldate = {2023-05-18},
  abstract = {The Hijras in India are born as biological males who reject their `masculine' identity in due course to become identified either as women or not-men or in-between men and women or neither men nor women. In current terminology they could be considered to be male-to-female transgenders/transsexuals. In India Hijras have existed as communities for centuries. They are given different names in different languages. In the Tamil language which is spoken in South India they are called Aravanis or Alis.1 Though they are `tolerated' by Indian society they are not `accepted' and are discriminated against in various settings. In this article the authors discuss the discrimination faced by Aravanis involved in sex work by the public health system in the state of Tamil Nadu India. Those males who identify themselves closely with women often leave their birth families at a very young age and join the Hijra communities. They are doubly stigmatised and looked down upon by society. First because of their transgender status -- their cross-dressing or feminine appearance -- which is often ridiculed. Second because of their presumed occupation (sex work). It is true that lack of education lack of other job opportunities and lack of economic/emotional support from their families compel many Hijras to enter into sex work for survival or sometimes to pay for sex change operations. Because of this the Indian public considers all Hijras as sex workers even though not all of them are. As a result of this misconception Hijras have to face discrimination and physical and sexual violence. Since the arrival of HIV/AIDS in India they have also been blamed for spreading the disease. Being known to be HIV positive further increases the discrimination faced by Hijra communities; HIV-positive Hijras then have to face a triple stigma. (excerpt)},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/56HX2MGH/Chakrapani et al. - 2004 - Hijras in sex work face discrimination in the Indi.pdf}
}

@article{chakrapaniStructuralViolenceKothiidentified2007,
  title = {Structural Violence against {{Kothi-identified}} Men Who Have Sex with Men in {{Chennai}}, {{India}}: A Qualitative Investigation},
  author = {Chakrapani, Venkatesan and Newman, Peter A and Shunmugam, Murali and McLuckie, Alan and Melwin, Fredrick},
  year = {2007},
  pages = {19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3V8FV6SU/Chakrapani et al. - STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE AGAINST KOTHI–IDENTIFIED MEN W.pdf}
}

@techreport{challenMetaanalysisSARSCoV2Serial2020,
  type = {Preprint},
  title = {Meta-Analysis of the {{SARS-CoV-2}} Serial Interval and the Impact of Parameter Uncertainty on the {{COVID-19}} Reproduction Number},
  author = {Challen, Robert and {Brooks-Pollock}, Ellen and {Tsaneva-Atanasova}, Krasimira and Danon, Leon},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  institution = {Epidemiology},
  doi = {10.1101/2020.11.17.20231548},
  urldate = {2021-03-30},
  abstract = {The serial interval of an infectious disease, commonly interpreted as the time between onset of symptoms in sequentially infected individuals within a chain of transmission, is a key epidemiological quantity involved in estimating the reproduction number. The serial interval is closely related to other key quantities, including the incubation period, the generation interval (the time between sequential infections) and time delays between infection and the observations associated with monitoring an outbreak such as confirmed cases, hospital admissions and deaths. Estimates of these quantities are often based on small data sets from early contact tracing and are subject to considerable uncertainty, which is especially true for early COVID19 data. In this paper we estimate these key quantities in the context of COVID-19 for the UK, including a meta-analysis of early estimates of the serial interval. We estimate distributions for the serial interval with a mean 5.6 (95\% CrI 5.1--6.2) and SD 4.2 (95\% CrI 3.9--4.6) days (empirical distribution), the generation interval with a mean 4.8 (95\% CrI 4.3--5.41) and SD 1.7 (95\% CrI 1.0--2.6) days (fitted gamma distribution), and the incubation period with a mean 5.5 (95\% CrI 5.1--5.8) and SD 4.9 (95\% CrI 4.5--5.3) days (fitted log normal distribution). We quantify the impact of the uncertainty surrounding the serial interval, generation interval, incubation period and time delays, on the subsequent estimation of the reproduction number, when pragmatic and more formal approaches are taken. These estimates place empirical bounds on the estimates of most relevant model parameters and are expected to contribute to modelling COVID-19 transmission.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2ZTZGL24/Challen et al. - 2020 - Meta-analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 serial interval an.pdf}
}

@article{chamleyNotesInformationCoordination,
  title = {Notes on {{Information}} and {{Coordination}}},
  author = {Chamley, Christophe},
  pages = {180},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ASUD3VWF/Chamley - Notes on Information and Coordination.pdf}
}

@article{chandaniCOVID19VaccinationHesitancy2021,
  title = {{{COVID-19}} Vaccination Hesitancy in {{India}}: {{State}} of the Nation and Priorities for Research},
  shorttitle = {{{COVID-19}} Vaccination Hesitancy in {{India}}},
  author = {Chandani, Sneha and Jani, Deepti and Sahu, Pratap Kumar and Kataria, Udichi and Suryawanshi, Shailendra and Khubchandani, Jagdish and Thorat, Sanket and Chitlange, Sohan and Sharma, Dharmendra},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Brain, Behavior, \& Immunity - Health},
  volume = {18},
  pages = {100375},
  issn = {26663546},
  doi = {10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100375},
  urldate = {2022-02-03},
  abstract = {Background: Few COVID-19 vaccines were anticipated in India in early 2021. However, little was known about COVID-19 vaccination acceptance among the public. We conducted a nationwide study to understand the public's perception about COVID-19 vaccines in December 2020. Method: An online survey was deployed using a multi-item validated questionnaire via social media websites and networking platforms for adults in India. We asked participants about vaccination willingness, concerns about vaccination, and their sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Nationwide, 1638 participants from 27 states/union territories took the survey where the majority of the participant were males (55\%), 18--30 years old (52\%), urban dwellers (69\%), college-educated (81\%), without a history of COVID-19 infection (92\%). More than a fifth were either unaware of the vaccines (20.63\%) or were not sure if they will get the vaccine (27\%), and 10\% refused to obtain the vaccine. Almost 70\% of the population had concerns regarding the vaccines. Statistically significant differences (p{$<$}0.01) in awareness about vaccine and acceptability were observed based on age, educational qualifications, and employment status. Conclusion: While the majority of Indians would accept the vaccine, given the large population of India, even a small proportion of hesitant individuals would translate to millions of unvaccinated individuals. Strategic measures and policy decisions to enhance the rate of COVID-19 vaccination should be continuously planned and implemented in India.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EX7JXUQQ/Chandani et al. - 2021 - COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in India State of .pdf}
}

@article{chanDiscriminationDoctorsField,
  title = {Discrimination {{Against Doctors}}: {{A Field Experiment}}},
  author = {Chan, Alex},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6WFASGSW/Chan - Discrimination Against Doctors A Field Experiment.pdf}
}

@article{Chandrasekhar2018,
  title = {Signaling, {{Shame}}, and {{Silence}} in {{Social Learning}}},
  author = {Chandrasekhar, Arun G. and Golub, Benjamin and Yang, He},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3261632},
  abstract = {1. Microeconomics - General - Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact 2. Microeconomics - General - Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles 3. Microeconomics - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty 4. Microeconomics - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - Search \&bull; Learning \&bull; Information and Knowledge \&bull; Communication \&bull; Belief \&bull; Unawareness 5. Microeconomics - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty - Network Formation and Analysis: Theory 6. Microeconomics - Micro-Based Behavioral Economics - Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making 7. Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - Economic Development 8. Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - Economic Development - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development 9. Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - Economic Development - Formal and Informal Sectors \&bull; Shadow Economy \&bull; Institutional Arrangements 10. Other Special Topics - Cultural Economics \&bull; Economic Sociology \&bull; Economic Anthropology - Economic Sociology \&bull; Economic Anthropology \&bull; Language \&bull; Social and Economic Stratification},
  keywords = {Development Economics,Economics of Education,Lab},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6NUSYI7T/Chandrasekhar et al. - Signaling, Shame, and Silence in Social Learning.pdf}
}

@article{chandrasekharInteractingRegionalPolicies2020,
  title = {Interacting {{Regional Policies}} in {{Containing}} a {{Disease}}},
  author = {Chandrasekhar, Arun G. and {Goldsmith-Pinkham}, Paul and Jackson, Matthew O. and Thau, Samuel},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {arXiv:2008.10745 [physics, q-fin]},
  eprint = {2008.10745},
  primaryclass = {physics, q-fin},
  urldate = {2020-10-12},
  abstract = {Regional quarantine policies, in which a portion of a population surrounding infections are locked down, are an important tool to contain disease. However, jurisdictional governments -- such as cities, counties, states, and countries -- act with minimal coordination across borders. We show that a regional quarantine policy's effectiveness depends upon whether (i) the network of interactions satisfies a balanced-growth condition, (ii) infections have a short delay in detection, and (iii) the government has control over and knowledge of the necessary parts of the network (no leakage of behaviors). As these conditions generally fail to be satisfied, especially when interactions cross borders, we show that substantial improvements are possible if governments are proactive: triggering quarantines in reaction to neighbors' infection rates, in some cases even before infections are detected internally. We also show that even a few lax governments -- those that wait for nontrivial internal infection rates before quarantining --impose substantial costs on the whole system. Our results illustrate the importance of understanding contagion across policy borders and offer a starting point in designing proactive policies for decentralized jurisdictions.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economics - General Economics,Physics - Physics and Society},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6TV6IX2J/Chandrasekhar et al. - 2020 - Interacting Regional Policies in Containing a Dise.pdf}
}

@article{chandrasekharSignallingShameSilence,
  title = {Signalling, Shame and Silence in Social Learning},
  author = {Chandrasekhar, Arun and Golub, Benjamin and Yang, He},
  pages = {29},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NGT35GJX/Chandrasekhar et al. - Signalling, shame and silence in social learning.pdf}
}

@article{chandrasekharTestingModelsSocial2020,
  title = {Testing {{Models}} of {{Social Learning}} on {{Networks}}: {{Evidence From Two Experiments}}},
  shorttitle = {Testing {{Models}} of {{Social Learning}} on {{Networks}}},
  author = {Chandrasekhar, Arun G. and Larreguy, Horacio and Xandri, Juan Pablo},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {88},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--32},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ECTA14407},
  urldate = {2021-05-10},
  abstract = {We theoretically and empirically study an incomplete information model of social learning. Agents initially guess the binary state of the world after observing a private signal. In subsequent rounds, agents observe their network neighbors' previous guesses before guessing again. Agents are drawn from a mixture of learning types---Bayesian, who face incomplete information about others' types, and DeGroot, who average their neighbors' previous period guesses and follow the majority. We study (1) learning features of both types of agents in our incomplete information model; (2) what network structures lead to failures of asymptotic learning; (3) whether realistic networks exhibit such structures. We conducted lab experiments with 665 subjects in Indian villages and 350 students from ITAM in Mexico. We perform a reduced-form analysis and then structurally estimate the mixing parameter, finding the share of Bayesian agents to be 10\% and 50\% in the Indian-villager and Mexican-student samples, respectively.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GHZTN47F/Chandrasekhar et al. - 2020 - Testing Models of Social Learning on Networks Evi.pdf}
}

@article{chandrasekharTestingModelsSocial2020a,
  title = {Testing {{Models}} of {{Social Learning}} on {{Networks}}: {{Evidence From Two Experiments}}},
  shorttitle = {Testing {{Models}} of {{Social Learning}} on {{Networks}}},
  author = {Chandrasekhar, Arun G. and Larreguy, Horacio and Xandri, Juan Pablo},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {88},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--32},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ECTA14407},
  urldate = {2021-11-17},
  abstract = {We theoretically and empirically study an incomplete information model of social learning. Agents initially guess the binary state of the world after observing a private signal. In subsequent rounds, agents observe their network neighbors' previous guesses before guessing again. Agents are drawn from a mixture of learning types---Bayesian, who face incomplete information about others' types, and DeGroot, who average their neighbors' previous period guesses and follow the majority. We study (1) learning features of both types of agents in our incomplete information model; (2) what network structures lead to failures of asymptotic learning; (3) whether realistic networks exhibit such structures. We conducted lab experiments with 665 subjects in Indian villages and 350 students from ITAM in Mexico. We perform a reduced-form analysis and then structurally estimate the mixing parameter, finding the share of Bayesian agents to be 10\% and 50\% in the Indian-villager and Mexican-student samples, respectively.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/U7C7SJXK/Chandrasekhar et al. - 2020 - Testing Models of Social Learning on Networks Evi.pdf}
}

@article{charlesPrejudiceWagesEmpirical2008,
  title = {Prejudice and {{Wages}}: {{An Empirical Assessment}} of {{Becker}}'s {{The Economics}} of {{Discrimination}}},
  shorttitle = {Prejudice and {{Wages}}},
  author = {Charles, Kerwin~Kofi and Guryan, Jonathan},
  year = {2008},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {116},
  number = {5},
  pages = {773--809},
  publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
  issn = {0022-3808},
  doi = {10.1086/593073},
  urldate = {2023-10-15},
  abstract = {We test the predictions from Becker's (1957) seminal work on employer prejudice and find that relative black wages (a) vary negatively with the prejudice of the ``marginal'' white in a state, (b) vary negatively with the prejudice in the lower tail of the prejudice distribution but are unaffected by the prejudice of the most prejudiced persons in a state, and (c) vary negatively with the fraction of a state that is black. Our estimates suggest that one-quarter of the racial wage gap is due to prejudice, with nontrivial consequences for black lifetime earnings.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R8JNWZGL/Charles and Guryan - 2008 - Prejudice and Wages An Empirical Assessment of Be.pdf}
}

@article{charlesPrejudiceWagesEmpirical2008a,
  title = {Prejudice and {{Wages}}: {{An Empirical Assessment}} of {{Becker}}'s {{The Economics}} of {{Discrimination}}},
  shorttitle = {Prejudice and {{Wages}}},
  author = {Charles, Kerwin~Kofi and Guryan, Jonathan},
  year = {2008},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {116},
  number = {5},
  pages = {773--809},
  publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
  issn = {0022-3808},
  doi = {10.1086/593073},
  urldate = {2024-08-27},
  abstract = {We test the predictions from Becker's (1957) seminal work on employer prejudice and find that relative black wages (a) vary negatively with the prejudice of the ``marginal'' white in a state, (b) vary negatively with the prejudice in the lower tail of the prejudice distribution but are unaffected by the prejudice of the most prejudiced persons in a state, and (c) vary negatively with the fraction of a state that is black. Our estimates suggest that one-quarter of the racial wage gap is due to prejudice, with nontrivial consequences for black lifetime earnings.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SMJH9QR9/Charles and Guryan - 2008 - Prejudice and Wages An Empirical Assessment of Be.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VIXQ4MWZ/593073.pdf}
}

@article{charnessGenerationNextExperimentation,
  title = {Generation {{Next}}: {{Experimentation}} with {{AI}}},
  author = {Charness, Gary and Jabarian, Brian and List, John A},
  abstract = {We investigate the potential for Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance scientific practice within experimentation by identifying key areas, directions, and implications. First, we discuss how these models can improve experimental design, including improving the elicitation wording, coding experiments, and producing documentation. Second, we discuss the implementation of experiments using LLMs, focusing on enhancing causal inference by creating consistent experiences, improving comprehension of instructions, and monitoring participant engagement in real time. Third, we highlight how LLMs can help analyze experimental data, including preprocessing, data cleaning, and other analytical tasks while helping reviewers and replicators investigate studies. Each of these tasks improves the probability of reporting accurate findings.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MFZY6PQT/w31679.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SMN26GWI/Charness et al. - Generation Next Experimentation with AI.pdf}
}

@article{chaseHandwashingBehaviorChange2012,
  title = {Handwashing {{Behavior Change}} at {{Scale}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Evaluation}} in {{Vietnam}}},
  shorttitle = {Handwashing {{Behavior Change}} at {{Scale}}},
  author = {Chase, Claire and Do, Quy-Toan},
  year = {2012},
  month = sep,
  series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}},
  doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-6207},
  urldate = {2023-11-22},
  keywords = {BEHAVIOR CHANGE,HANDWASHING,HYGIENE,RANDOMIZED EVALUATION},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZHHGDC52/Chase and Do - 2012 - Handwashing Behavior Change at Scale Evidence fro.pdf}
}

@article{chassangSelectiveTrialsPrincipalAgent2012,
  title = {Selective {{Trials}}: {{A Principal-Agent Approach}} to {{Randomized Controlled Experiments}}},
  shorttitle = {Selective {{Trials}}},
  author = {Chassang, Sylvain and {Padr{\'o} i Miquel}, Gerard and Snowberg, Erik},
  year = {2012},
  month = jun,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {102},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1279--1309},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.102.4.1279},
  urldate = {2021-02-23},
  abstract = {We study the design of randomized controlled experiments when outcomes are significantly affected by experimental subjects' unobserved effort expenditure. While standard randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are internally consistent, the unobservability of effort compromises external validity. We approach trial design as a principal-agent problem and show that natural extensions of RCTs---which we call selective trials---can help improve external validity. In particular, selective trials can disentangle the effects of treatment, effort, and the interaction of treatment and effort. Moreover, they can help identify when treatment effects are affected by erroneous beliefs and inappropriate effort expenditure.(JEL C90, D82)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/K3VAUV7V/Chassang et al. - 2012 - Selective Trials A Principal-Agent Approach to Ra.pdf}
}

@misc{ChatGPT,
  title = {{{ChatGPT}}},
  urldate = {2024-01-04},
  abstract = {A conversational AI system that listens, learns, and challenges},
  howpublished = {https://chat.openai.com},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RJ84DWDS/chat.openai.com.html}
}

@misc{ChatGPTa,
  title = {{{ChatGPT}}},
  urldate = {2024-01-05},
  abstract = {A conversational AI system that listens, learns, and challenges},
  howpublished = {https://chat.openai.com},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H8MEIW5U/chat.openai.com.html}
}

@article{Chatterjee2018,
  title = {Market {{Power}} and {{Spatial Competition}} in {{Rural India}}},
  author = {Chatterjee, Shoumitro},
  year = {2018},
  number = {January},
  abstract = {In this paper, I argue that market power of intermediaries plays an important role in contributing to low incomes of farmers in India. I study the role of spatial competition between intermediaries in determining the prices that farmers receive in India by focusing on a law that restricts farmers to selling their goods to intermediaries in their own state. I show that the discon-tinuities in market power generated by the law translate into discontinuities in prices. Increasing spatial competition by one standard deviation causes prices received by farmers to increase by 6.4\%. To shed light on spatial and aggregate implications, I propose and estimate a quantitative spatial model of bargaining and trade. Using this structural model, I estimate that the removal of the interstate trade restriction in India would increase competition between intermediaries substantially, thereby increasing the prices farmers receive and their output. Estimates suggest that average farmer prices and output would increase by at least 11\% and 7\% respectively. The value of the national crop output would therefore increase by at least 18\%.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M5TWNFDP/Chatterjee - Market Power and Spatial Competition in Rural Indi.pdf}
}

@article{chauvetMigrantsHomeTown2015,
  title = {Migrants' {{Home Town Associations}} and {{Local Development}} in {{Mali}}: {{Migrants}}' {{HTAs}} and Local Development in {{Mali}}},
  shorttitle = {Migrants' {{Home Town Associations}} and {{Local Development}} in {{Mali}}},
  author = {Chauvet, Lisa and Gubert, Flore and Mercier, Marion and {Mespl{\'e}-Somps}, Sandrine},
  year = {2015},
  month = apr,
  journal = {The Scandinavian Journal of Economics},
  volume = {117},
  number = {2},
  pages = {686--722},
  issn = {03470520},
  doi = {10.1111/sjoe.12100},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {We explore the impact of migrants' Home Town Associations (HTAs) on the provision of public goods in Mali. We combine an original dataset on all the HTAs created by Malian migrants in France from 1981 with census data on public goods in all Malian villages since 1976, and we run double-difference estimations to compare villages with and without an HTA, before and after the creation of the HTAs. We find robust evidence that the provision of schools, health centers, and, to a lesser extent, water amenities has increased significantly faster in villages targeted by an HTA between 1987 and 2009 than in control villages.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Home Town Associations,Mali,Migration,Public goods},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7QJUYMHF/Chauvet et al. - 2015 - Migrants' Home Town Associations and Local Develop.pdf}
}

@article{chauxClassroomsPeaceViolent2017,
  title = {Classrooms in {{Peace Within Violent Contexts}}: {{Field Evaluation}} of {{Aulas}} En {{Paz}} in {{Colombia}}},
  shorttitle = {Classrooms in {{Peace Within Violent Contexts}}},
  author = {Chaux, Enrique and Barrera, Madeleine and Molano, Andr{\'e}s and Vel{\'a}squez, Ana Mar{\'i}a and Castellanos, Melisa and Chaparro, Maria Paula and Bustamante, Andrea},
  year = {2017},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Prevention Science: The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research},
  volume = {18},
  number = {7},
  pages = {828--838},
  issn = {1573-6695},
  doi = {10.1007/s11121-017-0754-8},
  abstract = {Classrooms in Peace (Aulas en Paz) is an elementary school-based multicomponent program for prevention of aggression and promotion of peaceful relationships. Inspired by international programs and socio-emotional research, it includes (1) a classroom universal curriculum, (2) parent workshops and home visits to parents of the 10\% most aggressive children, and (3) extracurricular peer groups of two aggressive and four prosocial children. Activities seek to promote socio-emotional competencies such as empathy, anger management, creative generation of alternatives, and assertiveness. A 2-year quasi-experimental evaluation was conducted with 1154 students from 55 classrooms of seven public schools located in neighborhoods with the presence of youth gangs, drug cartels, and high levels of community violence in two Colombian cities. Despite several implementation (e.g., about half of the activities were not implemented) and evaluation (e.g., randomization problems, large number of missing data, and changes between treatment and control groups) challenges, positive results were found in prosocial behavior and in reduction of aggressive behavior, according to teacher reports, and in assertiveness and reduction of verbal victimization, according to student reports. Furthermore, implementation cost (25 US dollars per student per year) was very low compared to other programs in developed countries. This study shows that the Classrooms in Peace program has an important potential to generate positive results and highlights the challenges of implementing and evaluating prevention programs in highly violent environments.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {28188476},
  keywords = {Aggression,Bullying,Child,Citizenship competencies,Colombia,Evaluation Studies as Topic,Female,Humans,Male,Peer Group,Schools,Socio-emotional competencies,Violence}
}

@article{Chen2010,
  title = {The Developing World Is Poorer than We Thought, but No Less Successful in the Fight against Poverty},
  author = {Chen, Shaohua and Ravallion, Martin},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {125},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1577--1625},
  issn = {00335533},
  doi = {10.1162/qjec.2010.125.4.1577},
  abstract = {A new data set on national poverty lines is combined with new price data and almost 700 household surveys to estimate absolute poverty measures for the developing world. We find that 25\% of the population lived in poverty in 2005, as judged by what "poverty" typically means in the world's poorest countries. This is higher than past estimates. Substantial overall progress is still indicated-the corresponding poverty rate was 52\% in 1981-but progress was very uneven across regions. The trends over time and regional profile are robust to various changes in methodology, though precise counts are more sensitive. {\copyright} 2010 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.},
  isbn = {9780191721335},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QWYLU9EF/Chen and Ravallion - THE DEVELOPING WORLD IS POORER THAN WE THOUGHT, BU.pdf}
}

@article{Chen2018,
  title = {Career Concerns and Multitasking Local Bureaucrats: {{Evidence}} of a Target-Based Performance Evaluation System in {{China}}},
  author = {Chen, Yvonne Jie and Li, Pei and Lu, Yi},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {133},
  number = {January},
  pages = {84--101},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.02.001},
  abstract = {This paper examines whether a target-based performance evaluation system can properly motivate local bureaucrats to implement an environmental regulation policy at the cost of slow economic growth. In late 2005, the Chinese central government made cutting sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions the main performance evaluation criterion for prefectural city mayors and Party secretaries. Using a difference-in-differences framework, we find that the performance evaluation system caused a significant decrease in SO2 emissions, as well as in the GDP growth rate. Our mechanism analyses further corroborate that local bureaucrats in Two Control Zone cities were willing to trade off GDP growth to achieve the more stringent emissions reductions goal. Our findings contribute to the understanding of multitasking agency problems for government agents.},
  keywords = {Air pollution,China,Economic growth,Multitasking agency problem,Target-based performance evaluation},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/V5WJBFWZ/Chen et al. - 2018 - Career concerns and multitasking local bureaucrats.pdf}
}

@article{chenConstructionMorals2014,
  title = {The Construction of Morals},
  author = {Chen, Daniel L. and Yeh, Susan},
  year = {2014},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Behavior \& Organization},
  volume = {104},
  pages = {84--105},
  issn = {01672681},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jebo.2013.10.013},
  urldate = {2021-12-08},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4QTQX6US/Chen and Yeh - 2014 - The construction of morals.pdf}
}

@misc{chenSelfPlayFineTuningConverts2024,
  title = {Self-{{Play Fine-Tuning Converts Weak Language Models}} to {{Strong Language Models}}},
  author = {Chen, Zixiang and Deng, Yihe and Yuan, Huizhuo and Ji, Kaixuan and Gu, Quanquan},
  year = {2024},
  month = jan,
  number = {arXiv:2401.01335},
  eprint = {2401.01335},
  primaryclass = {cs, stat},
  publisher = {arXiv},
  doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2401.01335},
  urldate = {2024-01-05},
  abstract = {Harnessing the power of human-annotated data through Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) is pivotal for advancing Large Language Models (LLMs). In this paper, we delve into the prospect of growing a strong LLM out of a weak one without the need for acquiring additional human-annotated data. We propose a new fine-tuning method called Self-Play fIne-tuNing (SPIN), which starts from a supervised fine-tuned model. At the heart of SPIN lies a self-play mechanism, where the LLM refines its capability by playing against instances of itself. More specifically, the LLM generates its own training data from its previous iterations, refining its policy by discerning these self-generated responses from those obtained from human-annotated data. Our method progressively elevates the LLM from a nascent model to a formidable one, unlocking the full potential of human-annotated demonstration data for SFT. Theoretically, we prove that the global optimum to the training objective function of our method is achieved only when the LLM policy aligns with the target data distribution. Empirically, we evaluate our method on several benchmark datasets including the HuggingFace Open LLM Leaderboard, MT-Bench, and datasets from Big-Bench. Our results show that SPIN can significantly improve the LLM's performance across a variety of benchmarks and even outperform models trained through direct preference optimization (DPO) supplemented with extra GPT-4 preference data. This sheds light on the promise of self-play, enabling the achievement of human-level performance in LLMs without the need for expert opponents.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence,Computer Science - Computation and Language,Computer Science - Machine Learning,Statistics - Machine Learning},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/J8BUVWZ9/Chen et al. - 2024 - Self-Play Fine-Tuning Converts Weak Language Model.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Q7D2965A/2401.html}
}

@misc{chernozhukovGenericMachineLearning2018,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {Generic {{Machine Learning Inference}} on {{Heterogeneous Treatment Effects}} in {{Randomized Experiments}}, with an {{Application}} to {{Immunization}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Chernozhukov, Victor and Demirer, Mert and Duflo, Esther and {Fern{\'a}ndez-Val}, Iv{\'a}n},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {24678},
  eprint = {24678},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w24678},
  urldate = {2024-03-13},
  abstract = {We propose strategies to estimate and make inference on key features of heterogeneous effects in randomized experiments. These key features include best linear predictors of the effects using machine learning proxies, average effects sorted by impact groups, and average characteristics of most and least impacted units. The approach is valid in high dimensional settings, where the effects are proxied (but not necessarily consistently estimated) by predictive and causal machine learning methods. We post-process these proxies into estimates of the key features. Our approach is generic, it can be used in conjunction with penalized methods, neural networks, random forests, boosted trees, and ensemble methods, both predictive and causal. Estimation and inference are based on repeated data splitting to avoid overfitting and achieve validity. We use quantile aggregation of the results across many potential splits, in particular taking medians of p-values and medians and other quantiles of confidence intervals. We show that quantile aggregation lowers estimation risks over a single split procedure, and establish its principal inferential properties. Finally, our analysis reveals ways to build provably better machine learning proxies through causal learning: we can use the objective functions that we develop to construct the best linear predictors of the effects, to obtain better machine learning proxies in the initial step. We illustrate the use of both inferential tools and causal learners with a randomized field experiment that evaluates a combination of nudges to stimulate demand for immunization in India.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JG6GY7NH/Chernozhukov et al. - 2018 - Generic Machine Learning Inference on Heterogeneou.pdf}
}

@article{Chetty2009,
  title = {Sufficient {{Statistics}} for {{Welfare Analysis}}: {{A Bridge Between Structural}} and {{Reduced-Form Methods}}},
  author = {Chetty, Raj},
  year = {2009},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {451--488},
  issn = {1941-1383},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.economics.050708.142910},
  keywords = {program evaluation,public economics,taxation,treatment effects},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HPD34X8H/Chetty - 2009 - Sufficient Statistics for Welfare Analysis A Brid.pdf}
}

@article{Chetty2009a,
  title = {Salience and Taxation: {{Theory}} and Evidence},
  author = {Chetty, Raj and Looney, Adam and Kroft, Kory},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {99},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1145--1177},
  issn = {00028282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.99.4.1145},
  abstract = {Using two strategies, we show that consumers underreact to taxes that are not salient. First, using a field experiment in a grocery store, we find that posting tax-inclusive price tags reduces demand by 8 percent. Second, increases in taxes included in posted prices reduce alcohol consumption more than increases in taxes applied at the register. We develop a theoretical framework for applied welfare analysis that accommodates salience effects and other optimization failures. The simple formulas we derive imply that the economic incidence of a tax depends on its statutory incidence, and that even policies that induce no change in behavior can create efficiency losses. (JEL C93, D12, H25, H71).},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I6VGJG8G/Chetty et al. - 2009 - Salience and Taxation Theory and Evidence.pdf}
}

@article{chettyNewMethodEstimating2006,
  title = {A {{New Method}} of {{Estimating Risk Aversion}}},
  author = {Chetty, Raj},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {THE AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {96},
  number = {5},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZZSI3DYJ/Chetty - 2006 - A New Method of Estimating Risk Aversion.pdf}
}

@article{chewSelectiveMemoryMotivated2012,
  title = {Selective {{Memory}} and {{Motivated Delusion}}: {{Theory}} and {{Experiment}}},
  shorttitle = {Selective {{Memory}} and {{Motivated Delusion}}},
  author = {Chew, Soo Hong and Huang, Wei and Zhao, Xiaojian},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2127795},
  urldate = {2021-02-01},
  abstract = {Building on the works of Carrillo and Mariotti (2000) and Benabou and Tirole (2002), we formulate an intra-person, multiple-self model of how motivated memory including amnesia and delusion may relate to the individual's degree of present bias. We posit the notion of (non-)conscious choice in which the individual habituates into being forgetful or delusional to enhance the motivation for one's future selves. In equilibrium, the model endogenizes the individual's state of motivated memory and particularly delusion resulting from a high level of present bias. We test our model in a controlled incentivized experiment using the Ravens IQ test and find overall support for its implications except for the significant incidence of positive confabulation. This leads us to extend our basic model to capture this possibility as an equilibrium outcome.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8BMLVGRU/Chew et al. - 2012 - Selective Memory and Motivated Delusion Theory an.pdf}
}

@article{chiapporiStaticIntertemporalHousehold2017,
  title = {Static and {{Intertemporal Household Decisions}}},
  author = {Chiappori, Pierre-Andre and Mazzocco, Maurizio},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  volume = {55},
  number = {3},
  pages = {985--1045},
  issn = {0022-0515},
  doi = {10.1257/jel.20150715},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DCM8E8S4/Chiappori and Mazzocco - 2017 - Static and Intertemporal Household Decisions.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ELVFTMVF/Chiappori and Mazzocco - 2017 - Static and Intertemporal Household Decisions.pdf}
}

@article{chiltonExperimentallyTestingEffectiveness2017,
  title = {Experimentally {{Testing}} the {{Effectiveness}} of {{Human Rights Treaties}}},
  author = {Chilton, Adam S},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {23},
  abstract = {International human rights law is a field concerned with causality. While scholars in other fields argue about how laws can be changed to maximize their effectiveness, scholars of international human rights law still regularly debate whether the major international agreements have had any effect on state behavior. Part of the reason that this threshold question is still contested is that there are a number of barriers to causal inference that make answering it with observational data incredibly difficult. Given these obstacles to using observational data, and the importance of the topic, scholars have begun to use experimental methods to study the effects of commitments to human rights agreements. This Essay discusses the motivations behind the limited experimental work on human rights, the mechanisms that are being tested, and the findings of this emerging literature.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VJT2MGH9/Chilton - 2017 - Experimentally Testing the Effectiveness of Human .pdf}
}

@article{chingwete2014support,
  title = {Support for {{African}} Women's Equality Rises},
  author = {Chingwete, Anyway and Richmond, Samantha and Alpin, Carmen},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Afrobarometer Policy Paper \#8}
}

@article{chirgwinInterventionsPromotingUptake2021,
  title = {Interventions Promoting Uptake of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene ({{WASH}}) Technologies in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: {{An}} Evidence and Gap Map of Effectiveness Studies},
  shorttitle = {Interventions Promoting Uptake of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene ({{WASH}}) Technologies in Low- and Middle-Income Countries},
  author = {Chirgwin, Hannah and Cairncross, Sandy and Zehra, Dua and Sharma Waddington, Hugh},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Campbell Systematic Reviews},
  volume = {17},
  number = {4},
  pages = {e1194},
  issn = {1891-1803},
  doi = {10.1002/cl2.1194},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Lack of access to and use of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) cause 1.6 million deaths every year, of which 1.2 million are due to gastrointestinal illnesses like diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections like pneumonia. Poor WASH access and use also diminish nutrition and educational attainment, and cause danger and stress for vulnerable populations, especially for women and girls. The hardest hit regions are sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 calls for the end of open defecation, and universal access to safely managed water and sanitation facilities, and basic hand hygiene, by 2030. WASH access and use also underpin progress in other areas such as SDG1 poverty targets, SDG3 health and SDG4 education targets. Meeting the SDG equity agenda to "leave none behind" will require WASH providers prioritise the hardest to reach including those living remotely and people who are disadvantaged. OBJECTIVES: Decision makers need access to high-quality evidence on what works in WASH promotion in different contexts, and for different groups of people, to reach the most disadvantaged populations and thereby achieve universal targets. The WASH evidence map is envisioned as a tool for commissioners and researchers to identify existing studies to fill synthesis gaps, as well as helping to prioritise new studies where there are gaps in knowledge. It also supports policymakers and practitioners to navigate the evidence base, including presenting critically appraised findings from existing systematic reviews. METHODS: This evidence map presents impact evaluations and systematic reviews from the WASH sector, organised according to the types of intervention mechanisms, WASH technologies promoted, and outcomes measured. It is based on a framework of intervention mechanisms (e.g., behaviour change triggering or microloans) and outcomes along the causal pathway, specifically behavioural outcomes (e.g., handwashing and food hygiene practices), ill-health outcomes (e.g., diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality), nutrition and socioeconomic outcomes (e.g., school absenteeism and household income). The map also provides filters to examine the evidence for a particular WASH technology (e.g., latrines), place of use (e.g., home, school or health facility), location (e.g., global region, country, rural and urban) and group (e.g., people living with disability). Systematic searches for published and unpublished literature and trial registries were conducted of studies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Searches were conducted in March 2018, and searches for completed trials were done in May 2020. Coding of information for the map was done by two authors working independently. Impact evaluations were critically appraised according to methods of conduct and reporting. Systematic reviews were critically appraised using a new approach to assess theory-based, mixed-methods evidence synthesis. RESULTS: There has been an enormous growth in impact evaluations and systematic reviews of WASH interventions since the International Year of Sanitation, 2008. There are now at least 367 completed or ongoing rigorous impact evaluations in LMICs, nearly three-quarters of which have been conducted since 2008, plus 43 systematic reviews. Studies have been done in 83 LMICs, with a high concentration in Bangladesh, India, and Kenya. WASH sector programming has increasingly shifted in focus from what technology to supply (e.g., a handwashing station or child's potty), to the best way in which to do so to promote demand. Research also covers a broader set of intervention mechanisms. For example, there has been increased interest in behaviour change communication using psychosocial "triggering", such as social marketing and community-led total sanitation. These studies report primarily on behavioural outcomes. With the advent of large-scale funding, in particular by the Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation, there has been a substantial increase in the number of studies on sanitation technologies, particularly latrines. Sustaining behaviour is fundamental for sustaining health and other quality of life improvements. However, few studies have been done of intervention mechanisms for, or measuring outcomes on sustained adoption of latrines to stop open defaecation. There has also been some increase in the number of studies looking at outcomes and interventions that disproportionately affect women and girls, who quite literally carry most of the burden of poor water and sanitation access. However, most studies do not report sex disaggregated outcomes, let alone integrate gender analysis into their framework. Other vulnerable populations are even less addressed; no studies eligible for inclusion in the map were done of interventions targeting, or reporting on outcomes for, people living with disabilities. We were only able to find a single controlled evaluation of WASH interventions in a health care facility, in spite of the importance of WASH in health facilities in global policy debates. The quality of impact evaluations has improved, such as the use of controlled designs as standard, attention to addressing reporting biases, and adequate cluster sample size. However, there remain important concerns about quality of reporting. The quality and usefulness of systematic reviews for policy is also improving, which draw clearer distinctions between intervention mechanisms and synthesise the evidence on outcomes along the causal pathway. Adopting mixed-methods approaches also provides information for programmes on barriers and enablers affecting implementation. CONCLUSION: Ensuring everyone has access to appropriate water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities is one of the most fundamental of challenges for poverty elimination. Researchers and funders need to consider carefully where there is the need for new primary evidence, and new syntheses of that evidence. This study suggests the following priority areas:Impact evaluations incorporating understudied outcomes, such as sustainability and slippage, of WASH provision in understudied places of use, such as health care facilities, and of interventions targeting, or presenting disaggregated data for, vulnerable populations, particularly over the life-course and for people living with a disability;Improved reporting in impact evaluations, including presentation of participant flow diagrams; andSynthesis studies and updates in areas with sufficient existing and planned impact evaluations, such as for diarrhoea mortality, ARIs, WASH in schools and decentralisation. These studies will preferably be conducted as mixed-methods systematic reviews that are able to answer questions about programme targeting, implementation, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, and compare alternative intervention mechanisms to achieve and sustain outcomes in particular contexts, preferably using network meta-analysis.},
  langid = {english},
  pmcid = {PMC8988822},
  pmid = {36951806},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3U6TVUUG/Campbell Systematic Reviews - 2021 - Chirgwin - Interventions promoting uptake of water  sanitation and hygiene  WASH .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BQN38XWK/Chirgwin et al. - 2021 - Interventions promoting uptake of water, sanitatio.pdf}
}

@article{chmielewskiMTurkCrisisShifts2020,
  title = {An {{MTurk Crisis}}? {{Shifts}} in {{Data Quality}} and the {{Impact}} on {{Study Results}}},
  shorttitle = {An {{MTurk Crisis}}?},
  author = {Chmielewski, Michael and Kucker, Sarah C.},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {Social Psychological and Personality Science},
  volume = {11},
  number = {4},
  pages = {464--473},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc},
  issn = {1948-5506},
  doi = {10.1177/1948550619875149},
  urldate = {2025-01-24},
  abstract = {Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is arguably one of the most important research tools of the past decade. The ability to rapidly collect large amounts of high-quality human subjects data has advanced multiple fields, including personality and social psychology. Beginning in summer 2018, concerns arose regarding MTurk data quality leading to questions about the utility of MTurk for psychological research. We present empirical evidence of a substantial decrease in data quality using a four-wave naturalistic experimental design: pre-, during, and post-summer 2018. During and to some extent post-summer 2018, we find significant increases in participants failing response validity indicators, decreases in reliability and validity of a widely used personality measure, and failures to replicate well-established findings. However, these detrimental effects can be mitigated by using response validity indicators and screening the data. We discuss implications and offer suggestions to ensure data quality.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/INA5BM5U/Chmielewski and Kucker - 2020 - An MTurk Crisis Shifts in Data Quality and the Im.pdf}
}

@article{choumert-nkoloUsingParadataCollect2019,
  title = {Using Paradata to Collect Better Survey Data: {{Evidence}} from a Household Survey in {{Tanzania}}},
  shorttitle = {Using Paradata to Collect Better Survey Data},
  author = {Choumert-Nkolo, Johanna and Cust, Henry and Taylor, Callum},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  journal = {Review of Development Economics},
  volume = {23},
  number = {2},
  pages = {598--618},
  issn = {1363-6669, 1467-9361},
  doi = {10.1111/rode.12583},
  urldate = {2021-05-05},
  abstract = {Data are a key component in the design, implementation, and evaluation of economic and social policies. Monitoring data quality is an essential part of any serious, large-\-scale data collection process. The purpose of this article is to show how paradata should be used before, during, and after data collection to monitor and improve data quality. To do this we use timestamps, global positioning system (GPS) coordinates, and other paradata collected from an 800-\-household survey conducted in Tanzania in 2016. We demonstrate how key paradata can be used during each phase of a research project to identify and prevent issues in the data and the methods used to collect it. Our results corroborate the importance of collecting and analyzing paradata to monitor fieldwork and ensuring data quality for micro data collection in developing countries. Based on these findings we also make recommendations as to how researchers can make better use of paradata in the future to manage and improve data quality. We argue for an expansion in the understanding and use of varied paradata among researchers, and a greater focus on its use for improving data quality.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/D6JQJGP4/Choumert‐Nkolo et al. - 2019 - Using paradata to collect better survey data Evid.pdf}
}

@article{choumert-nkoloUsingParadataCollect2019a,
  title = {Using Paradata to Collect Better Survey Data: {{Evidence}} from a Household Survey in {{Tanzania}}},
  shorttitle = {Using Paradata to Collect Better Survey Data},
  author = {Choumert-Nkolo, Johanna and Cust, Henry and Taylor, Callum},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  journal = {Review of Development Economics},
  volume = {23},
  number = {2},
  pages = {598--618},
  issn = {1363-6669, 1467-9361},
  doi = {10.1111/rode.12583},
  urldate = {2021-05-05},
  abstract = {Data are a key component in the design, implementation, and evaluation of economic and social policies. Monitoring data quality is an essential part of any serious, large-\-scale data collection process. The purpose of this article is to show how paradata should be used before, during, and after data collection to monitor and improve data quality. To do this we use timestamps, global positioning system (GPS) coordinates, and other paradata collected from an 800-\-household survey conducted in Tanzania in 2016. We demonstrate how key paradata can be used during each phase of a research project to identify and prevent issues in the data and the methods used to collect it. Our results corroborate the importance of collecting and analyzing paradata to monitor fieldwork and ensuring data quality for micro data collection in developing countries. Based on these findings we also make recommendations as to how researchers can make better use of paradata in the future to manage and improve data quality. We argue for an expansion in the understanding and use of varied paradata among researchers, and a greater focus on its use for improving data quality.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VYL6C3UE/Choumert‐Nkolo et al. - 2019 - Using paradata to collect better survey data Evid.pdf}
}

@article{christakisHowEarlyMedia2018,
  title = {How Early Media Exposure May Affect Cognitive Function: {{A}} Review of Results from Observations in Humans and Experiments in Mice},
  shorttitle = {How Early Media Exposure May Affect Cognitive Function},
  author = {Christakis, Dimitri A. and Ramirez, Julian S. Benedikt and Ferguson, Susan M. and Ravinder, Shilpa and Ramirez, Jan-Marino},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {115},
  number = {40},
  pages = {9851--9858},
  publisher = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1711548115},
  urldate = {2024-11-12},
  abstract = {Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is now among the most commonly diagnosed chronic psychological dysfunctions of childhood. By varying estimates, it has increased by 30\% in the past 20 years. Environmental factors that might explain this increase have been explored. One such factor may be audiovisual media exposure during early childhood. Observational studies in humans have linked exposure to fast-paced television in the first 3 years of life with subsequent attentional deficits in later childhood. Although longitudinal and well controlled, the observational nature of these studies precludes definitive conclusions regarding a causal relationship. As experimental studies in humans are neither ethical nor practical, mouse models of excessive sensory stimulation (ESS) during childhood, akin to the enrichment studies that have previously shown benefits of stimulation in rodents, have been developed. Experimental studies using this model have corroborated that ESS leads to cognitive and behavioral deficits, some of which may be potentially detrimental. Given the ubiquity of media during childhood, these findings in humansand rodents perhaps have important implications for public health.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8W3RXMUX/Christakis et al. - 2018 - How early media exposure may affect cognitive func.pdf}
}

@article{christensenDamagesDistortionsDiscrimination2023,
  title = {The {{Damages}} and {{Distortions}} from {{Discrimination}} in the {{Rental Housing Market}}*},
  author = {Christensen, Peter and Timmins, Christopher},
  year = {2023},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {138},
  number = {4},
  pages = {2505--2557},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjad029},
  urldate = {2023-10-15},
  abstract = {By constraining an individual's choice during a search, housing discrimination distorts sorting decisions away from true preferences and results in a ceteris paribus reduction in welfare. This study combines a large-scale field experiment with a residential sorting model to derive utility-theoretic measures of renter welfare loss associated with the constraints imposed by discrimination in the rental housing market. Results from experiments conducted in five cities show that key neighborhood amenities are associated with higher levels of discrimination. Counterfactual simulations based on the sorting model suggest that discrimination imposes damages equivalent to 4.4\% and 3.5\% of the annual incomes for African American and Hispanic/Latinx renters, respectively. Damages are increasing in income for African American renters, such that effects become stronger for economically mobile households. Renters of color must make substantial investments in additional search to mitigate the costs of these constraints. We find that a naive model ignoring discrimination constraints yields biased estimates of willingness to pay for key neighborhood amenities.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IURJRCM4/Christensen and Timmins - 2023 - The Damages and Distortions from Discrimination in.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/73KJJT3T/7199171.html}
}

@article{Christian2018,
  title = {Income {{Shocks}} and {{Suicides}}: {{Causal Evidence From Indonesia}}},
  author = {Christian, Cornelius and Hensel, Lukas and Roth, Christopher},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  volume = {101},
  number = {5},
  pages = {905--920},
  issn = {0034-6535},
  doi = {10.1162/rest_a_00777},
  abstract = {We examine how income shocks affect the suicide rate in Indonesia. We use a difference-in-differences approach, exploiting the cash transfer's nationwide rollout, and corroborate the findings using a randomized experiment. Our estimates show that the cash transfers reduce the yearly suicide rate by 0.36 per 100,000 people, corresponding to an 18\% decrease. Moreover, a different type of income shock, variability in agricultural productivity, also affects the suicide rate. The cash transfer program reduces the causal impact of the agricultural productivity shocks, suggesting an important role for policy interventions. Finally, we provide evidence for depression as a psychological mechanism.},
  keywords = {c21,cash transfer,d12,economic shocks,i38,jel classification,mental health,suicides},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UQ4GZIZ9/Christian et al. - 2019 - Income Shocks and Suicides Causal Evidence From I.pdf}
}

@article{Christopher1994,
  title = {Risk and {{Insurance}} in a {{Rural Credit Market}}: {{An Empirical Investigation}} in {{Northern Nigeria}}},
  author = {Christopher, Udry},
  year = {1994},
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  pages = {251--269}
}

@article{chuangSexLiesMeasurement2021,
  title = {Sex, Lies, and Measurement: {{Consistency}} Tests for Indirect Response Survey Methods},
  shorttitle = {Sex, Lies, and Measurement},
  author = {Chuang, Erica and Dupas, Pascaline and Huillery, Elise and Seban, Juliette},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {148},
  pages = {102582},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102582},
  urldate = {2021-12-28},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/982KCGFZ/Chuang et al. - 2021 - Sex, lies, and measurement Consistency tests for .pdf}
}

@article{chuangStabilityExperimentalSurvey2015,
  title = {Stability of Experimental and Survey Measures of Risk, Time, and Social Preferences: {{A}} Review and Some New Results},
  shorttitle = {Stability of Experimental and Survey Measures of Risk, Time, and Social Preferences},
  author = {Chuang, Yating and Schechter, Laura},
  year = {2015},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {117},
  pages = {151--170},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.07.008},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Underlying preferences are often considered to be persistent, and are important inputs into economic models. We first conduct an extensive review of the disparate literature studying the stability of preferences measured in experiments. Then, we test the stability of individuals' choices in panel data from rural Paraguay over almost a decade. Answers to social preference survey questions are quite stable. Experimental measures of risk, time, and social preferences do not exhibit much stability. Correlations between experimental measures of risk aversion are a more precisely estimated zero, whereas correlations for time and social preferences are larger and noisier. We also find no systematic evidence that real world shocks influence play in games. We suggest that in a developing country context researchers should explore designing simpler experiments and including survey questions in addition to experiments to measure preferences.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Risk preferences,Social preferences,Stability of preferences,Time preferences},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4IRZECS5/Chuang and Schechter - 2015 - Stability of experimental and survey measures of r.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JX4ZG947/Chuang and Schechter - 2015 - Stability of experimental and survey measures of r.pdf}
}

@article{chunTaxonomyExternalInternal2011,
  title = {A {{Taxonomy}} of {{External}} and {{Internal Attention}}},
  author = {Chun, Marvin M. and Golomb, Julie D. and {Turk-Browne}, Nicholas B.},
  year = {2011},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
  volume = {62},
  number = {Volume 62, 2011},
  pages = {73--101},
  publisher = {Annual Reviews},
  issn = {0066-4308, 1545-2085},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100427},
  urldate = {2025-03-30},
  abstract = {Attention is a core property of all perceptual and cognitive operations. Given limited capacity to process competing options, attentional mechanisms select, modulate, and sustain focus on information most relevant for behavior. A significant problem, however, is that attention is so ubiquitous that it is unwieldy to study. We propose a taxonomy based on the types of information that attention operates over---the targets of attention. At the broadest level, the taxonomy distinguishes between external attention and internal attention. External attention refers to the selection and modulation of sensory information. External attention selects locations in space, points in time, or modality-specific input. Such perceptual attention can also select features defined across any of these dimensions, or object representations that integrate over space, time, and modality. Internal attention refers to the selection, modulation, and maintenance of internally generated information, such as task rules, responses, long-term memory, or working memory. Working memory, in particular, lies closest to the intersection between external and internal attention. The taxonomy provides an organizing framework that recasts classic debates, raises new issues, and frames understanding of neural mechanisms.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4QV92IIE/Chun et al. - 2011 - A Taxonomy of External and Internal Attention.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WQKSVH3G/annurev.psych.093008.html}
}

@book{cialdiniInfluencePsychologyPersuasion2009,
  title = {Influence: {{The Psychology}} of {{Persuasion}}},
  shorttitle = {Influence},
  author = {Cialdini, Robert B.},
  year = {2009},
  month = jun,
  publisher = {Harper Collins},
  abstract = {The foundational and wildly popular go-to resource for influence and persuasion---a renowned international bestseller, with over 5 million copies sold---now revised adding: new research, new insights, new examples, and online applications.In the new edition of this highly acclaimed~bestseller, Robert Cialdini---New York Times~bestselling author of~Pre-Suasion~and the seminal expert in the fields of influence and persuasion---explains the psychology of why people say yes and how to apply these insights ethically in business and everyday settings. Using memorable stories and relatable examples, Cialdini makes this crucially important subject surprisingly easy. With Cialdini as a guide, you don't have to be a scientist to learn how to use this science.You'll learn Cialdini's Universal Principles of Influence, including new research and new uses so you can become an even more skilled persuader---and just as importantly, you'll learn how to defend yourself against unethical influence attempts. You may think you know these principles, but without understanding their intricacies, you may be ceding their power to someone else.Cialdini's Principles of Persuasion:ReciprocationCommitment and ConsistencySocial Proof~Liking~AuthorityScarcityUnity, the newest principle for this editionUnderstanding and applying the principles ethically is cost-free and deceptively easy. Backed by Dr. Cialdini's 35 years of evidence-based, peer-reviewed scientific research---including a three-year field study on what leads people to change---Influence~is a comprehensive guide to using these principles to move others in your direction.},
  googlebooks = {5dfv0HJ1TEoC},
  isbn = {978-0-06-189987-4},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Business & Economics / Consumer Behavior,Business & Economics / Marketing / General,Business & Economics / Motivational,Self-Help / Personal Growth / Success}
}

@article{ciccaroneRationaleIngroupFavoritism2020,
  title = {The Rationale of In-Group Favoritism: {{An}} Experimental Test of Three Explanations},
  shorttitle = {The Rationale of In-Group Favoritism},
  author = {Ciccarone, Giuseppe and Di Bartolomeo, Giovanni and Papa, Stefano},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Games and Economic Behavior},
  volume = {124},
  pages = {554--568},
  issn = {08998256},
  doi = {10.1016/j.geb.2020.09.007},
  urldate = {2021-05-24},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/244Y4PUS/Ciccarone et al. - 2020 - The rationale of in-group favoritism An experimen.pdf}
}

@article{Cilliers2018,
  title = {Pay for Locally Monitored Performance? {{A}} Welfare Analysis for Teacher Attendance in {{Ugandan}} Primary Schools},
  author = {Cilliers, Jacobus and Kasirye, Ibrahim and Leaver, Clare and Serneels, Pieter and Zeitlin, Andrew},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {167},
  pages = {69--90},
  publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
  issn = {00472727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.04.010},
  abstract = {To achieve the twin objectives of incentivizing agent performance and providing information for planning purposes, public sector organizations often rely on reports by local monitors that are costly to verify. Received wisdom has it that attaching financial incentives to these reports will result in collusion, and undermine both objectives. Simple bargaining logic, however, suggests the reverse: pay for locally monitored performance could incentivize desired behavior and improve information. To investigate this issue, we conducted a randomized controlled trial in Ugandan primary schools that explored how incentives for teachers could be designed when based on local monitoring by head teachers. Our experiment randomly varied whether head teachers' reports of teacher attendance were tied to teacher bonus payments or not. We find that local monitoring on its own is ineffective at improving teacher attendance. However, combining local monitoring with financial incentives leads to both an increase in teacher attendance (by 8 percentage points) and an improvement in the quality of information. We also observe substantial gains in pupil attainment, driven primarily by a reduction in dropouts. By placing a financial value on these enrollment gains, we demonstrate that pay for locally monitored performance passes both welfare and fiscal sustainability tests.},
  keywords = {Campbell's law,Education,Field experiment,Monitoring,Performance pay,Uganda,Welfare},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9DSYSB6F/Cilliers et al. - 2018 - Pay for locally monitored performance A welfare a.pdf}
}

@book{Cirera2017a,
  title = {The {{Innovation Paradox}}},
  author = {Cirera, Xavier and Maloney, William F.},
  year = {2017},
  isbn = {978-1-4648-1160-9}
}

@article{cireraInnovationParadoxDevelopingCountry,
  title = {The {{Innovation Paradox}}: {{Developing-Country Capabilities}} and the {{Unrealized Promise}} of {{Technological Catch-Up}}},
  author = {Cirera, Xavier and Maloney, William F},
  pages = {217},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TZXGZ7Q2/Cirera and Maloney - The Innovation Paradox Developing-Country Capabil.pdf}
}

@article{clarkConstructingValidityBasic1995,
  title = {Constructing Validity: {{Basic}} Issues in Objective Scale Development.},
  shorttitle = {Constructing Validity},
  author = {Clark, Lee Anna and Watson, David},
  year = {1995},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Psychological Assessment},
  volume = {7},
  number = {3},
  pages = {309--319},
  issn = {1939-134X, 1040-3590},
  doi = {10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309},
  urldate = {2023-01-31},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{clemenconStochasticSIRModel2008,
  title = {A Stochastic {{SIR}} Model with Contact-Tracing: Large Population Limits and Statistical Inference},
  shorttitle = {A Stochastic {{SIR}} Model with Contact-Tracing},
  author = {Cl{\'e}men{\c c}on, St{\'e}phan and Chi Tran, Viet and {de Arazoza}, Hector},
  year = {2008},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Biological Dynamics},
  volume = {2},
  number = {4},
  pages = {392--414},
  issn = {1751-3758, 1751-3766},
  doi = {10.1080/17513750801993266},
  urldate = {2020-07-15},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6WR52MKQ/Clémençon et al. - 2008 - A stochastic SIR model with contact-tracing large.pdf}
}

@article{clemensEconomicsEmigrationTrillionDollar2011,
  title = {Economics and {{Emigration}}: {{Trillion-Dollar Bills}} on the {{Sidewalk}}?},
  shorttitle = {Economics and {{Emigration}}},
  author = {Clemens, Michael A},
  year = {2011},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume = {25},
  number = {3},
  pages = {83--106},
  issn = {0895-3309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.25.3.83},
  urldate = {2020-03-17},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/565VB2L8/Clemens - 2011 - Economics and Emigration Trillion-Dollar Bills on.pdf}
}

@article{cliffordCheatingPoliticalKnowledge2016,
  title = {Cheating on {{Political Knowledge Questions}} in {{Online Surveys}}: {{An Assessment}} of the {{Problem}} and {{Solutions}}},
  shorttitle = {Cheating on {{Political Knowledge Questions}} in {{Online Surveys}}},
  author = {Clifford, Scott and Jerit, Jennifer},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
  volume = {80},
  number = {4},
  pages = {858--887},
  issn = {0033-362X, 1537-5331},
  doi = {10.1093/poq/nfw030},
  urldate = {2021-05-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MWUSR66M/Clifford and Jerit - 2016 - Cheating on Political Knowledge Questions in Onlin.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NY9FDS8L/Clifford and Jerit - 2016 - Cheating on Political Knowledge Questions in Onlin.pdf}
}

@article{cliffordIncreasingPrecisionAltering2021,
  title = {Increasing {{Precision}} without {{Altering Treatment Effects}}: {{Repeated Measures Designs}} in {{Survey Experiments}}},
  shorttitle = {Increasing {{Precision}} without {{Altering Treatment Effects}}},
  author = {Clifford, Scott and Sheagley, Geoffrey and Piston, Spencer},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  volume = {115},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1048--1065},
  issn = {0003-0554, 1537-5943},
  doi = {10.1017/S0003055421000241},
  urldate = {2021-10-04},
  abstract = {The use of survey experiments has surged in political science. The most common design is the between-subjects design in which the outcome is only measured posttreatment. This design relies heavily on recruiting a large number of subjects to precisely estimate treatment effects. Alternative designs that involve repeated measurements of the dependent variable promise greater precision, but they are rarely used out of fears that these designs will yield different results than a standard design (e.g., due to consistency pressures). Across six studies, we assess this conventional wisdom by testing experimental designs against each other. Contrary to common fears, repeated measures designs tend to yield the same results as more common designs while substantially increasing precision. These designs also offer new insights into treatment effect size and heterogeneity. We conclude by encouraging researchers to adopt repeated measures designs and providing guidelines for when and how to use them.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/P2BDTWPZ/Clifford et al. - 2021 - Increasing Precision without Altering Treatment Ef.pdf}
}

@misc{cnnIndianMobKills,
  title = {Indian Mob Kills Transgender Woman over Fake {{WhatsApp}} Rumors},
  author = {CNN, Manveena Suri},
  journal = {CNN},
  urldate = {2022-01-05},
  abstract = {A transgender woman was killed and three others seriously injured when they were attacked by a mob of angry locals acting on rumors that the women were child traffickers in the Indian city of Hyderabad.},
  howpublished = {https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/28/asia/india-transgender-whatsapp-mob-intl/index.html},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/U62L4LT7/index.html}
}

@article{coatePolicyPersistence1999,
  title = {Policy {{Persistence}}},
  author = {Coate, Stephen and Morris, Stephen},
  year = {1999},
  month = dec,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {89},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1327--1336},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.89.5.1327},
  urldate = {2020-05-19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GJW25YKQ/Coate and Morris - 1999 - Policy Persistence.pdf}
}

@article{coffeyMeasurementPopulationMental2021,
  title = {Measurement of Population Mental Health: Evidence from a Mobile Phone Survey in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Measurement of Population Mental Health},
  author = {Coffey, Diane and Hathi, Payal and Khalid, Nazar and Thorat, Amit},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Health Policy and Planning},
  volume = {36},
  number = {5},
  pages = {606--619},
  issn = {1460-2237},
  doi = {10.1093/heapol/czab023},
  urldate = {2021-10-08},
  abstract = {Abstract             In high-income countries, population health surveys often measure mental health. This is less common in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including in India, where mental health is under-researched relative to its disease burden. The objective of this study is to assess the performance of two questionnaires for measuring population mental health in a mobile phone survey. We adapt the Kessler-6 screening questionnaire and the World Health Organization's Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) for a mobile phone survey in the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand and Maharashtra. The questionnaires differ in the symptoms they measure and in the number of response options offered. Questionnaires are randomly assigned to respondents. We consider a questionnaire to perform well if it identifies geographic and demographic disparities in mental health that are consistent with the literature and does not suffer from selective non-response. Both questionnaires measured less mental distress in Maharashtra than in Bihar and Jharkhand, which is consistent with Maharashtra's higher human development indicators. The adapted SRQ, but not the adapted Kessler-6, identified women as having worse mental health than men in all three states. Conclusions about population mental health based on the adapted Kessler-6 are likely to be influenced by low response rates (about 82\% across the three samples). Respondents were different from non-respondents: non-respondents were less educated and more likely to be female. The SRQ's higher response rate (about 94\% across the three states) may reflect the fact that it was developed for use in LMICs and that it focuses on physical, rather than emotional, symptoms, which may be less stigmatized.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DB8AQMJK/Coffey et al. - 2021 - Measurement of population mental health evidence .pdf}
}

@article{Cogneau2016,
  title = {The Economic History of {{Africa}}: {{Renaissance}} or False Dawn?},
  author = {Cogneau, Denis},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Annales},
  volume = {71},
  number = {4},
  pages = {539--556},
  issn = {03952649},
  doi = {10.1017/S2398568218000110},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AVUS7H4A/Cogneau - 2016 - The Economic History of Africa Renaissance or Fal.pdf}
}

@article{cogneauBordersThatDivide2014,
  title = {Borders {{That Divide}}: {{Education}} and {{Religion}} in {{Ghana}} and {{Togo Since Colonial Times}}},
  shorttitle = {Borders {{That Divide}}},
  author = {Cogneau, Denis and Moradi, Alexander},
  year = {2014},
  month = sep,
  journal = {The Journal of Economic History},
  volume = {74},
  number = {3},
  pages = {694--729},
  issn = {0022-0507, 1471-6372},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022050714000576},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {The partition of German Togoland after World War I provides a natural experiment to test the impact of British and French colonization. Using data of recruits to the Ghanaian colonial army 1908--1955, we find that literacy and religious affiliation diverge at the border between the parts of Togoland under British and French control as early as in the 1920s. We partly attribute this to policies towards missionary schools. The divergence is only visible in the South where educational and evangelization efforts were strong. Contemporary survey data show that border effects that began in colonial times still persist today.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5X36D7XL/Cogneau and Moradi - 2014 - Borders That Divide Education and Religion in Gha.pdf}
}

@article{cogneauCapitalExitDeveloping,
  title = {Capital Exit from Developing Countries},
  author = {Cogneau, Denis and Rouanet, L{\'e}a},
  pages = {30},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/USIGYC47/Cogneau and Rouanet - Capital exit from developing countries.pdf}
}

@article{Cohen2015,
  title = {Price Subsidies, Diagnostic Tests, and Targeting of Malaria Treatment: {{Evidence}} from a Randomized Controlled Trial},
  author = {Cohen, Jessica and Dupas, Pascaline and Schaner, Simone},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {105},
  number = {2},
  pages = {609--645},
  issn = {00028282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20130267},
  abstract = {Abstract In response to widespread resistance to older anti-malarials, the global health community is planning to make new, more effective malaria treatments called Artemisinin Combination Therapies (ACTs) available at heavily subsidized rates throughout Africa. ...},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H3E7WGPH/Cohen et al. - 2015 - Price Subsidies, Diagnostic Tests, and Targeting o.pdf}
}

@article{cohenFreeDistributionCostSharing2010,
  title = {Free {{Distribution}} or {{Cost-Sharing}}? {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Malaria Prevention Experiment}} {\textsuperscript{*}}},
  shorttitle = {Free {{Distribution}} or {{Cost-Sharing}}?},
  author = {Cohen, Jessica and Dupas, Pascaline},
  year = {2010},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {125},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--45},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1162/qjec.2010.125.1.1},
  urldate = {2021-01-06},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H3TGDFLA/Cohen and Dupas - 2010 - Free Distribution or Cost-Sharing Evidence from a.pdf}
}

@article{cohenMeasuringTimePreferences2020,
  title = {Measuring {{Time Preferences}}},
  author = {Cohen, Jonathan and Ericson, Keith Marzilli and Laibson, David and White, John Myles},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  volume = {58},
  number = {2},
  pages = {299--347},
  issn = {0022-0515},
  doi = {10.1257/jel.20191074},
  urldate = {2020-06-08},
  abstract = {We review research that measures time preferences---i.e., preferences over intertemporal trade---offs. We distinguish between studies using financial flows, which we call ``money earlier or later'' (MEL) decisions, and studies that use time-dated consumption/effort. Under different structural models, we show how to translate what MEL experiments directly measure (required rates of return for financial flows) into a discount function over utils. We summarize empirical regularities found in MEL studies and the predictive power of those studies. We explain why MEL choices are driven in part by some factors that are distinct from underlying time preferences. (JEL C61, D15)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BUP82TJY/Cohen et al. - 2020 - Measuring Time Preferences.pdf}
}

@article{cole1996accelerated,
  title = {Accelerated Course of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Gay Men Who Conceal Their Homosexual Identity},
  author = {Cole, Steve W and Kemeny, Margaret E and Taylor, Shelley E and Visscher, Barbara R and Fahey, John L},
  year = {1996},
  journal = {Psychosomatic Medicine},
  volume = {58},
  number = {3},
  pages = {219--231},
  publisher = {LWW}
}

@article{coleFieldComparisonsIncentivecompatible2020,
  title = {Field Comparisons of Incentive-Compatible Preference Elicitation Techniques},
  author = {Cole, Shawn and Fernando, A Nilesh and Stein, Daniel and Tobacman, Jeremy},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Behavior \& Organization},
  volume = {172},
  pages = {33--56},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M3VC6X2I/Cole et al. - Field Comparisons of Incentive-Compatible Preferen.pdf}
}

@article{collierAfricanAgriculture50Years2014,
  title = {African {{Agriculture}} in {{50Years}}: {{Smallholders}} in a {{Rapidly Changing World}}?},
  shorttitle = {African {{Agriculture}} in {{50Years}}},
  author = {Collier, Paul and Dercon, Stefan},
  year = {2014},
  month = nov,
  journal = {World Development},
  volume = {63},
  pages = {92--101},
  issn = {0305750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.001},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {For economic development to succeed in Africa in the next 50 years, African agriculture will have to change beyond recognition. Production will have to have increased massively, but also labor productivity, requiring a vast reduction in the proportion of the population engaged in agriculture and a large move out of rural areas. The paper questions how this can be squared with a continuing commitment to smallholder agriculture as the main route for growth in African agriculture and for poverty reduction. We question the evidence base for an exclusive focus on smallholders, and argue for a much more open-minded approach to different modes of production. To allow alternative modes and scale of production to emerge, new institutional and policy frameworks are required. A rush to establish ``mega-farms'' with government discretionary allocation of vast tracts of land is unlikely to be the answer. Allowing a more dynamic agriculture to develop will require clear institutional frameworks, and not just a narrow focus on smallholders.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Africa,Agriculture,Commercial agriculture,Smallholders},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TZMTBW2P/Collier and Dercon - 2014 - African Agriculture in 50Years Smallholders in a .pdf}
}

@article{Colmer2015,
  title = {Weather , {{Labour Reallocation}}, and {{Industrial Production}}: {{Evidence}} from {{India}}},
  author = {Colmer, Jonathan},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Working Paper},
  abstract = {To what degree can agricultural workers in developing countries manage transitory labour demand shocks by moving across sectors? Combining worker-level, firm-level and district-level data with high-resolution meteorological data I examine the effects of the weather on economic activity within local labour markets in India. I estimate that increases in temperature are associated with a reduction in agricultural production, but that prices do not respond consistent with a ``law of one price''. Consequently, I find that workers are able to manage reductions in agricultural labour demand by moving into the manufacturing sector. These results indicate that the ability of other sectors to absorb workers is one of the main ways that workers are able to manage agricultural productivity shocks, highlighting the importance of market integration and diversification. Having established this I examine the effects of labour reallocation on economic outcomes in the formal manufacturing sector. I find that workers move into casual manufacturing activities, with a corresponding decrease in the average wage of casual workers, suggesting that workers face little impediment in the movement across sectors within casual tasks. In addition this reallocation results in an increase in manufacturing productivity, the average wage of permanent manufacturing workers, and an increase in the number of items that the firm produces -- a restructuring of production. Consequently, the reallocation of labour across sectors could significantly attenuate the aggregate consequences of weather shocks in developing countries},
  keywords = {India,Job Market,Labour Reallocation,Manufacturing,Weather}
}

@article{colmerWeatherLaborReallocation,
  title = {Weather, {{Labor Reallocation}}, and {{Industrial Production}}: {{Evidence}} from {{India}}.},
  author = {Colmer, Jonathan},
  pages = {93},
  abstract = {Temperature-driven reductions in the demand for agricultural labor are associated with increases in the share of workers engaged in manufacturing, suggesting that the ability of non-agricultural sectors to absorb workers may play a key role in attenuating the economic consequences of weather-driven changes in agricultural productivity. Exploiting firm-level variation in the propensity to absorb these workers, I find that this reallocation is associated with relative expansions in manufacturing activity in flexible labor market environments. Counterfactual estimates suggest that in the absence of labor reallocation the aggregate consequences of temperature increases would be up to 40\% higher.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/T7FJ278Q/Colmer - Weather, Labor Reallocation, and Industrial Produc.pdf}
}

@article{Colonnelli2017,
  title = {Patronage in the {{Allocation}} of {{Public Sector Jobs}}},
  author = {Colonnelli, Emanuele and Prem, Mounu},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  volume = {49},
  number = {1},
  pages = {229--255},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2942495}
}

@misc{CombatingHIVStigma,
  title = {Combating {{HIV}} Stigma in Health Care Settings: What Works? {\textbar} {{SpringerLink}}},
  urldate = {2022-02-04},
  howpublished = {https://link-springer-com.libproxy.mit.edu/article/10.1186/1758-2652-12-15},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C6H2V4QW/1758-2652-12-15.html}
}

@techreport{combsAnonymousCrossPartyConversations2022,
  type = {Preprint},
  title = {Anonymous {{Cross-Party Conversations Can Decrease Political Polarization}}: {{A Field Experiment}} on a {{Mobile Chat Platform}}},
  shorttitle = {Anonymous {{Cross-Party Conversations Can Decrease Political Polarization}}},
  author = {Combs, Aidan and Tierney, Graham and Guay, Brian and Merhout, Friedolin and Bail, Christopher A. and Hillygus, D. Sunshine and Volfovsky, Alexander},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  institution = {SocArXiv},
  doi = {10.31235/osf.io/cwgu5},
  urldate = {2022-09-27},
  abstract = {There is widespread concern that social media is driving political polarization. However, there is also increasing evidence that conversation between people with opposing political views---which social media can enable---may decrease animus between them. Do anonymous online conversations between people of different parties exacerbate or mitigate partisan polarization? We created a mobile chat platform to study the impact of such discussions. Our study recruited Republicans and Democrats in the United States to complete a survey about their political views. We later randomized them into treatment conditions where they were offered financial incentives to use our platform to discuss a contentious policy issue with an opposing partisan. We find that people who engage in anonymous cross-party conversations about political topics exhibit substantial decreases in polarization compared to a placebo group that was asked to write an essay using the same conversation prompts. These depolarizing effects were particularly strong among Republicans and correlated with the civility of dialogue between study participants. Our findings demonstrate the potential for well-designed social media platforms to mitigate political polarization and underscore the need for a flexible platform for scientific research on social media.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z6CKKR27/Combs et al. - 2022 - Anonymous Cross-Party Conversations Can Decrease P.pdf}
}

@article{cominExplorationTechnologyDiffusion2010,
  title = {An {{Exploration}} of {{Technology Diffusion}}},
  author = {Comin, Diego and Hobijn, Bart},
  year = {2010},
  month = dec,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {100},
  number = {5},
  pages = {2031--2059},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.100.5.2031},
  urldate = {2022-01-20},
  abstract = {We develop a model that, at the aggregate level, is similar to the one-sector neoclassical growth model; at the disaggregate level, it has implications for the path of observable measures of technology adoption. We estimate it using data on the diffusion of 15 technologies in 166 countries over the last two centuries. Our results reveal that, on average, countries have adopted technologies 45 years after their invention. There is substantial variation across technologies and countries. Newer technologies have been adopted faster than old ones. The cross-country variation in the adoption of technologies accounts for at least 25 percent of per capita income differences. (JEL O33, O41, O47)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TYLYW2Z4/Comin and Hobijn - 2010 - An Exploration of Technology Diffusion.pdf}
}

@article{cominIfTechnologyHas2018,
  title = {If {{Technology Has Arrived Everywhere}}, {{Why Has Income Diverged}}?},
  author = {Comin, Diego and Mestieri, Mart{\'i}},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  pages = {137--178},
  issn = {1945-7707, 1945-7715},
  doi = {10.1257/mac.20150175},
  urldate = {2022-01-20},
  abstract = {We study the cross-country evolution of technology diffusion over the last two centuries. We document that adoption lags between poor and rich countries have converged, while the intensity of use of adopted technologies of poor countries relative to rich countries has diverged. The evolution of aggregate productivity implied by these trends in technology diffusion resembles the actual evolution of the world income distribution in the last two centuries. Cross-country differences in adoption lags account for a significant part of the cross-country income divergence in the nineteenth century. The divergence in intensity of use accounts for the divergence during the twentieth century. (JEL N10, N70, O14, O33, O41, O47)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8J5FUM7R/Comin and Mestieri - 2018 - If Technology Has Arrived Everywhere, Why Has Inco.pdf}
}

@article{CommonCause2018,
  type = {Technical {{Report}}},
  title = {Status of Policing in India Report 2018: A Study of Performance and Perceptions},
  author = {{Common Cause} and {CSDS}},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  number = {1},
  publisher = {{Common Cause and Lokniti-CSDS}},
  address = {New Delhi, India},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AX9DWDSE/Report Police Survey.pdf}
}

@article{conleyLearningNewTechnology2010,
  title = {Learning about a {{New Technology}}: {{Pineapple}} in {{Ghana}}},
  shorttitle = {Learning about a {{New Technology}}},
  author = {Conley, Timothy G and Udry, Christopher R},
  year = {2010},
  month = mar,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {100},
  number = {1},
  pages = {35--69},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.100.1.35},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/N7BUPT8H/Conley and Udry - 2010 - Learning about a New Technology Pineapple in Ghan.pdf}
}

@article{conleyPlausiblyExogenous2012,
  title = {Plausibly {{Exogenous}}},
  author = {Conley, Timothy G. and Hansen, Christian B. and Rossi, Peter E.},
  year = {2012},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
  volume = {94},
  number = {1},
  pages = {260--272},
  issn = {0034-6535, 1530-9142},
  doi = {10.1162/REST_a_00139},
  urldate = {2021-11-09},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IUJ8MIXZ/conley2012.pdf}
}

@article{conlonLearningHousehold2021,
  title = {Learning in the {{Household}}},
  author = {Conlon, John J and Mani, Malavika and Rao, Gautam and Ridley, Matthew and Schilbach, Frank},
  year = {2021},
  pages = {70},
  abstract = {We study social learning between spouses using an experiment in Chennai, India. We vary whether individuals discover information themselves or must instead learn what their spouse discovered via a discussion. Women treat their `own' and their husband's information the same. In sharp contrast, men's beliefs respond less than half as much to information that was discovered by their wife. This is not due to a lack of communication: husbands put less weight on their wife's signals even when perfectly informed of them. In a second experiment, when paired with mixed- and same-gender strangers, both men and women heavily discount their teammate's information relative to their own. We conclude that people have a tendency to underweight others' information relative to their own. The marital context creates a countervailing force for women, resulting in a gender difference in learning (only) in the household.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PIZ6KKFU/Conlon et al. - Learning in the Household.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y4XF54MM/Conlon et al. -- Failing to Learn from Others (wit.pdf}
}

@misc{conlonNotLearningOthers2022,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {Not {{Learning}} from {{Others}}},
  author = {Conlon, John J. and Mani, Malavika and Rao, Gautam and Ridley, Matthew W. and Schilbach, Frank},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {30378},
  eprint = {30378},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w30378},
  urldate = {2023-06-06},
  abstract = {We provide evidence of a powerful barrier to social learning: people are much less sensitive to information others discover compared to equally-relevant information they discover themselves. In a series of incentivized lab experiments, we ask participants to guess the color composition of balls in an urn after drawing balls with replacement. Participants' guesses are substantially less sensitive to draws made by another player compared to draws made themselves. This result holds when others' signals must be learned through discussion, when they are perfectly communicated by the experimenter, and even when participants see their teammate drawing balls from the urn with their own eyes. We find a crucial role for taking some action to generate one's `own' information, and rule out distrust, confusion, errors in probabilistic thinking, up-front inattention and imperfect recall as channels.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5N7ZWLHY/Conlon et al. - 2022 - Not Learning from Others.pdf}
}

@article{Conti2016,
  title = {The {{Effects}} of {{Two Influential Early Childhood Interventions}} on {{Health}} and {{Healthy Behaviour}}},
  author = {Conti, Gabriella and Heckman, James J. and Pinto, Rodrigo},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Economic Journal},
  volume = {126},
  number = {596},
  pages = {F28-F65},
  issn = {14680297},
  doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12420},
  abstract = {This article examines the long-term impacts on health and healthy behaviour of two of the oldest and most widely cited US early childhood interventions evaluated by the method of randomisation with long-term follow-up: the Perry Preschool Project (PPP) and the Carolina Abecedarian Project (ABC). There are pronounced gender effects strongly favouring boys, although there are also effects for girls. Dynamic mediation analyses show a significant role played by improved childhood traits, above and beyond the effects of experimentally enhanced adult socioeconomic status. These results show the potential of early life interventions for promoting health.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CT24TCDD/Conti et al. - 2016 - The Effects of Two Influential Early Childhood Int.pdf}
}

@incollection{corboChapter44Structural1995,
  title = {Chapter 44 {{Structural}} Adjustment, Stabilization and Policy Reform: {{Domestic}} and International Finance},
  shorttitle = {Chapter 44 {{Structural}} Adjustment, Stabilization and Policy Reform},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Development Economics}}},
  author = {Corbo, Vittorio and Fischer, Stanley},
  year = {1995},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {2845--2924},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/S1573-4471(95)30021-X},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  isbn = {978-0-444-82302-1},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E7GCKG8F/Corbo and Fischer - 1995 - Chapter 44 Structural adjustment, stabilization an.pdf}
}

@article{corderoDendriticDevelopmentNeocortex1993,
  title = {Dendritic Development in Neocortex of Infants with Early Postnatal Life Undernutrition},
  author = {Cordero, M. E. and D'Acu{\~n}a, E. and Benveniste, S. and Prado, R. and Nu{\~n}ez, J. A. and Colombo, M.},
  year = {1993},
  journal = {Pediatric Neurology},
  volume = {9},
  number = {6},
  pages = {457--464},
  issn = {0887-8994},
  doi = {10.1016/0887-8994(93)90025-8},
  abstract = {The structure of large pyramidal cells from layer V of the motor cortex of undernourished and well-nourished infants was studied to determine the effects of postnatal nutrition on cortical dendritic development. In undernourished infants, the arborization and span of the basilar dendrites were decreased in comparison to controls. These findings indicated that undernutrition experienced during the first months of postnatal life could affect the growth of pyramidal cells, especially the formation of basilar dendrites.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {7605554},
  keywords = {Bronchopneumonia,Cell Size,Dendrites,Female,Humans,Infant,Infant Newborn,Male,Motor Cortex,Protein-Energy Malnutrition,Pyramidal Cells,Reference Values},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YNYZFNNG/Cordero et al. - 1993 - Dendritic development in neocortex of infants with.pdf}
}

@article{cordobaRiskAversionValue2016,
  title = {Risk {{Aversion}} and the {{Value}} of {{Life}}},
  author = {C{\'o}Rdoba, Juan Carlos and Ripoll, Marla},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  pages = {rdw053},
  issn = {0034-6527, 1467-937X},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdw053},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {We show that state non-separable preferences {\`a} la Epstein-Zin-Weil (EZW) provide a tractable and {\ddag}exible framework to study the economics of health and longevity. This utility representation: (i) admits a preference for timing of resolution of uncertainty regarding mortality risks; (ii) links the marginal valuation of survival to the level of survival; (iii) can preserve homotheticity even for low degrees of intertemporal substitution without generating implausible predictions regarding the value of life; and (iv) adds needed {\ddag}exibility to account for the empirical evidence on the value of life. We illustrate the implications of EZW preferences for the economic value of observed di¤erences in life expectancy across countries and over time, and for the value of life over the life cycle.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {AIDS,Epstein-Zin-Weil preferences,Life expectancy,Value of statistical life,Welfare},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VRTXX5WP/CóRdoba and Ripoll - 2016 - Risk Aversion and the Value of Life.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/W5CVM6MB/CóRdoba and Ripoll - 2016 - Risk Aversion and the Value of Life.pdf}
}

@article{cornoInteractionStereotypesPerformance2022,
  title = {Interaction, {{Stereotypes}}, and {{Performance}}: {{Evidence}} from {{South Africa}}},
  shorttitle = {Interaction, {{Stereotypes}}, and {{Performance}}},
  author = {Corno, Lucia and La Ferrara, Eliana and Burns, Justine},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {112},
  number = {12},
  pages = {3848--3875},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20181805},
  urldate = {2023-10-13},
  abstract = {We exploit a policy designed to randomly allocate roommates in a large South African university to investigate whether interracial interaction affects stereotypes, attitudes and performance. Using implicit association tests, we find that living with a roommate of a different race reduces White students' negative stereotypes towards Black students and increases interracial friendships. Interaction also affects academic outcomes: Black students improve their GPA, pass more exams and have lower dropout rates. This effect is not driven by roommate's ability.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Micro-Based Behavioral Economics: Role and Effects of Psychological Emotional Social and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making Higher Education,Non-labor Discrimination Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development,Research Institutions Economics of Minorities Races Indigenous Peoples and Immigrants},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3H5U7NJF/Corno et al. - 2022 - Interaction, Stereotypes, and Performance Evidenc.pdf}
}

@article{cornoLearningNotHealthSeeking2014,
  title = {Learning (or {{Not}}) in {{Health-Seeking Behavior}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Rural Tanzania}}},
  shorttitle = {Learning (or {{Not}}) in {{Health-Seeking Behavior}}},
  author = {Corno, Lucia},
  year = {2014},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Economic Development and Cultural Change},
  volume = {63},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27--72},
  issn = {0013-0079, 1539-2988},
  doi = {10.1086/677724},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LWXI97X9/Corno - 2014 - Learning (or Not) in Health-Seeking Behavior Evid.pdf}
}

@techreport{Cosconati2013,
  title = {Optimal {{Parenting Styles}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Dynamic Model}} with {{Multiple Equilibria}}},
  author = {Cosconati, Marco},
  year = {2013},
  abstract = {There is little consensus among social science researchers about the effectiveness of alternative parenting strategies in producing desirable child outcomes. Some argue that parents should set strict limits on the activities of their adolescent children, while others believe that adolescents should be given relatively wide discretion. In this paper, I develop and estimate a model of parent-child interaction in order to better understand the relationship between parenting styles and the development of human capital in children. Using data from the NLSY97, the estimates of the model indicate that the best parenting style depends on the stock of adolescent human capital. Setting strict rules increases the study time of children with low skills, but is detrimental for adult human of the more knowledgeable teenagers.},
  keywords = {advise,am grateful to kenneth,and incomplete - please,child development,discussions with melissa tartari,do not cite or,encouragement,flavio cunha and jim,for their guidance and,human capital,i,i also thank,i benefited from useful,parenting style,petra todd for precious,quote,time use,wolpin and antonio merlo},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GDFWPJNG/Cosconati - Optimal Parenting Styles Evidence From a Dynamic .pdf}
}

@article{cosconatiOptimalParentingStyles2012,
  title = {- {{Optimal Parenting Styles}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Dynamic Game}} with {{Multiple Equilibria}}},
  author = {Cosconati, Marco},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {105},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3MQEGGDS/Cosconati - 2012 - - Optimal Parenting Styles Evidence from a Dynami.pdf}
}

@article{Costa2015,
  title = {Hysteresis and the {{Welfare Effect}} of {{Corrective Policies}}: {{Theory}} and {{Evidence}} from an {{Energy-Saving Program}}},
  author = {Costa, Francisco and Gerard, Fran{\c c}ois},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Ssrn},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2666704},
  abstract = {A growing body of evidence documents that policies can affect household behaviors persistently, even if they are no longer in place. This paper studies the importance of such "hysteresis" -- the failure of an effect to reverse itself as its underlying cause is reversed -- for the welfare evaluation of corrective policies. First, we introduce hysteresis into the textbook framework used to derive canonical sufficient statistics formulas for the welfare effect of corrective policies. We then derive new formulas allowing for hysteresis. We show that, under certain conditions, the persistent effect of a short-run (i.e., temporary) policy becomes a new key statistic for evaluating the welfare effect of such a policy, and also of a long-run (i.e., permanent) version of a similar policy. Second, we estimate the persistent effect of a short-run policy, for which we argue that these conditions are met, in a policy-relevant context: residential electricity use in a developing country setting. We estimate that about half of the dramatic short-run reductions in residential electricity use induced by a 9-month-long policy that was imposed on millions of Brazilian households in 2001 persisted for at least 12 years after the policy ended. Finally, we combine our estimates with our framework to illustrate the implications that hysteresis can have for the welfare evaluation of corrective policies.},
  keywords = {D62,H23,Q50},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AFK5BTT7/Costa and Gerard - HYSTERESIS AND THE WELFARE EFFECT OF CORRECTIVE PO.pdf}
}

@incollection{cowenSocialDiscountRate1992,
  title = {Against the {{Social Discount Rate}}},
  booktitle = {Philosophy, {{Politics}}, and {{Society}}: {{Volume}} 6, {{Justice Between Age Groups}} and {{Generations}}},
  author = {Cowen, Tyler and Parfit, Derek},
  editor = {Laslett, Peter and Fishkin, James S.},
  year = {1992},
  month = jun,
  eprint = {10.2307/j.ctt211qw3x},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  publisher = {Yale University Press},
  doi = {10.2307/j.ctt211qw3x},
  urldate = {2020-06-12},
  isbn = {978-0-300-23896-9 978-0-300-05073-8},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6U57ZL7R/Laslett and Fishkin - 1992 - Philosophy, Politics, and Society Volume 6, Justi.pdf}
}

@article{COWLESFOUNDATIONRESEARCH1965,
  title = {{{COWLES FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS AT YALE UNIVERSITY}}.: {{Box}} 2125, {{Yale Station New Haven}}, {{Connecticut}}},
  shorttitle = {{{COWLES FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS AT YALE UNIVERSITY}}.},
  year = {1965},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Metroeconomica},
  volume = {17},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {83--83},
  issn = {0026-1386, 1467-999X},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-999X.1965.tb00328.x},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {We examine the channels through which a randomized early childhood intervention in Colombia led to significant gains in cognitive and socioemotional skills among a sample of disadvantaged children. We estimate production functions for cognitive and socio-emotional skills as a function of maternal skills and child's past skills, as well as material and time investments that are treated as endogenous. The effects of the program can be fully explained by increases in parental investments, which have strong effects on outcomes and are complementary to both maternal skills and child's past skills.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4FVSZRVU/1965 - COWLES FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS AT YAL.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8S8RPHG4/1965 - COWLES FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS AT YAL.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AB46NPP6/1965 - COWLES FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS AT YAL.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AFINWMWF/1965 - COWLES FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS AT YAL.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PTYRUU2P/1965 - COWLES FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS AT YAL.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/V9BPPUJL/1965 - COWLES FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS AT YAL.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WBYHXE97/1965 - COWLES FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS AT YAL.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YW6ZNE4M/1965 - COWLES FOUNDATION FOR RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS AT YAL.pdf}
}

@article{crandallSocialNormsExpression2002,
  title = {Social Norms and the Expression and Suppression of Prejudice: The Struggle for Internalization},
  shorttitle = {Social Norms and the Expression and Suppression of Prejudice},
  author = {Crandall, Christian S. and Eshleman, Amy and O'Brien, Laurie},
  year = {2002},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {82},
  number = {3},
  pages = {359--378},
  issn = {0022-3514},
  abstract = {The authors studied social norms and prejudice using M. Sherif and C. W. Sherif's (1953) group norm theory of attitudes. In 7 studies (N = 1,504), social norms were measured and manipulated to examine their effects on prejudice; both normatively proscribed and normatively prescribed forms of prejudice were included. The public expression of prejudice toward 105 social groups was very highly correlated with social approval of that expression. Participants closely adhere to social norms when expressing prejudice, evaluating scenarios of discrimination, and reacting to hostile jokes. The authors reconceptualized the source of motivation to suppress prejudice in terms of identifying with new reference groups and adapting oneself to fit new norms. Suppression scales seem to measure patterns of concern about group norms rather than personal commitments to reducing prejudice; high suppressors are strong norm followers. Compared with low suppressors, high suppressors follow normative rules more closely and are more strongly influenced by shifts in local social norms. There is much value in continuing the study of normative influence and self-adaptation to social norms, particularly in terms of the group norm theory of attitudes.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {11902622},
  keywords = {Analysis of Variance,Female,Humans,Male,Prejudice,Psychological Theory,Reproducibility of Results,Social Conformity,Surveys and Questionnaires,United States}
}

@article{crandallSocialNormsExpression2002a,
  title = {Social Norms and the Expression and Suppression of Prejudice: {{The}} Struggle for Internalization.},
  shorttitle = {Social Norms and the Expression and Suppression of Prejudice},
  author = {Crandall, Christian S. and Eshleman, Amy and O'Brien, Laurie},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {82},
  number = {3},
  pages = {359--378},
  issn = {1939-1315, 0022-3514},
  doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.82.3.359},
  urldate = {2023-07-06},
  abstract = {The authors studied social norms and prejudice using M. Sherif and C. W. Sherif's (1953) group norm theory of attitudes. In 7 studies (N = 1,504), social norms were measured and manipulated to examine their effects on prejudice; both normatively proscribed and normatively prescribed forms of prejudice were included. The public expression of prejudice toward 105 social groups was very highly correlated with social approval of that expression. Participants closely adhere to social norms when expressing prejudice, evaluating scenarios of discrimination, and reacting to hostile jokes. The authors reconceptualized the source of motivation to suppress prejudice in terms of identifying with new reference groups and adapting oneself to fit new norms. Suppression scales seem to measure patterns of concern about group norms rather than personal commitments to reducing prejudice; high suppressors are strong norm followers. Compared with low suppressors, high suppressors follow normative rules more closely and are more strongly influenced by shifts in local social norms. There is much value in continuing the study of normative influence and self-adaptation to social norms, particularly in terms of the group norm theory of attitudes.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{crescenziLearningAgreeLarge2022,
  title = {Learning to Agree over Large State Spaces},
  author = {Crescenzi, Michele},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {Journal of Mathematical Economics},
  volume = {100},
  pages = {102654},
  issn = {03044068},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jmateco.2022.102654},
  urldate = {2023-02-07},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/28HFZBWR/Crescenzi - 2022 - Learning to agree over large state spaces.pdf}
}

@article{crookstonImpactEarlyConcurrent2011,
  title = {Impact of Early and Concurrent Stunting on Cognition: {{Impact}} of Stunting on Cognition},
  shorttitle = {Impact of Early and Concurrent Stunting on Cognition},
  author = {Crookston, Benjamin T. and Dearden, Kirk A. and Alder, Stephen C. and Porucznik, Christina A. and Stanford, Joseph B. and Merrill, Ray M. and Dickerson, Ty T. and Penny, Mary E.},
  year = {2011},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Maternal \& Child Nutrition},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  pages = {397--409},
  issn = {17408695},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1740-8709.2010.00255.x},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Undernutrition is associated with poor cognitive development, late entry into school, decreased years of schooling, reduced productivity and smaller adult stature. We use longitudinal data from 1674 Peruvian children participating in the Young Lives study to assess the relative impact of early stunting (stunted at 6--18 months of age) and concurrent stunting (stunted at 4.5--6 years of age) on cognitive ability. Anthropometric data were longitudinally collected for children at 6--18 months of age and 4.5--6 years of age at which time verbal and quantitative ability were also assessed.We estimate that an increase in concurrent height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) by one standard deviation was associated with an increase in a child's score on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) by 2.35 points [confidence interval (CI): 1.55--3.15] and a 0.16 point increase on the cognitive development assessment (CDA) (CI: 0.05--0.27). Furthermore, we report that the estimate for concurrent HAZ and PPVT is significantly higher than the estimate for early stunting and PPVT. We found no significant difference between early and concurrent estimates for HAZ and CDA. Children from older mothers, children whose mothers had higher education levels, children living in urban areas, children who attended pre-school, children with fewer siblings and children from wealthier backgrounds scored higher on both assessments. Cognitive skills of children entering school were associated with early stunting but the strongest association was found with concurrent stunting suggesting that interventions preventing linear growth faltering should not only focus on the under 2s but include children up to 5 years of age.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Chronic undernutrition,Cognitive development,Peru,Pre-school children,Stunting},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9HKMSBZ5/Crookston et al. - 2011 - Impact of early and concurrent stunting on cogniti.pdf}
}

@misc{crostaUnconditionalCashTransfers2024,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {Unconditional {{Cash Transfers}}: {{A Bayesian Meta-Analysis}} of {{Randomized Evaluations}} in {{Low}} and {{Middle Income Countries}}},
  shorttitle = {Unconditional {{Cash Transfers}}},
  author = {Crosta, Tommaso and Karlan, Dean and Ong, Finley and R{\"u}schenp{\"o}hler, Julius and Udry, Christopher R.},
  year = {2024},
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {32779},
  eprint = {32779},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w32779},
  urldate = {2024-08-06},
  abstract = {We use Bayesian meta-analysis methods to estimate the impact of unconditional cash transfers (UCTs) on twelve primary outcomes from 114 studies of 72 UCT programs in middle and low income countries. Cash transfers generate strong and positive average treatment effects on ten of thirteen outcomes: monthly household total and food consumption, monthly income, labor supply, school enrollment, food security, psychological well-being, total assets, financial assets, and children height-for-age. The three remaining outcomes have prediction intervals mostly positive, but that include zero: number of hours worked, children weight-for-age, and stunting. We draw six conclusions: First, consistent with several models of capital market failures, households consume more of streams and invest more of lump sums, however once stream programs end the impacts mirror those of lump sum, indicating some propensity to save a portion of stream transfers. Second, long-run treatment effects remain broadly strong, with some evidence of lump sums modestly dissipating impact while ongoing streams augmenting impact. Third, returns are linear or slightly negative with respect to grant amount, thus we do not find evidence for threshold-based poverty traps within the observed range of transfers and with this study-level analytical method. Fourth, effects on consumption and income are greater for UCTs targeted to women. Fifth, programs employing light-touch framing related to child welfare or food security have weakly stronger impacts. Sixth, positive impacts on labor supply and income suggest no evidence of ``dependency'' theories that cash transfers demotivate income-generating activity on average.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SY3I4KRC/Crosta et al. - 2024 - Unconditional Cash Transfers A Bayesian Meta-Anal.pdf}
}

@article{crowne1960marlowe,
  title = {Marlowe-{{Crowne}} Social Desirability Scale},
  author = {Crowne, Douglas P and Marlowe, David},
  year = {1960},
  journal = {Journal of Consulting Psychology}
}

@article{cuiInfluenceNonhomogeneousMixing2019,
  title = {Influence of Non-Homogeneous Mixing on Final Epidemic Size in a Meta-Population Model},
  author = {Cui, Jingan and Zhang, Yanan and Feng, Zhilan},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of Biological Dynamics},
  volume = {13},
  number = {sup1},
  pages = {31--46},
  issn = {1751-3758, 1751-3766},
  doi = {10.1080/17513758.2018.1484186},
  urldate = {2020-07-14},
  abstract = {In meta-population models for infectious diseases, the basic reproduction number R0 can be as much as 70\% larger in the case of preferential mixing than that in homogeneous mixing [J.W. Glasser, Z. Feng, S.B. Omer, P.J. Smith, and L.E. Rodewald, The effect of heterogeneity in uptake of the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine on the potential for outbreaks of measles: A modelling study, Lancet ID 16 (2016), pp. 599--605. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00004-9]. This suggests that realistic mixing can be an important factor to consider in order for the models to provide a reliable assessment of intervention strategies. The influence of mixing is more significant when the population is highly heterogeneous. In this paper, another quantity, the final epidemic size (F) of an outbreak, is considered to examine the influence of mixing and population heterogeneity. Final size relation is derived for a meta-population model accounting for a general mixing. The results show that F can be influenced by the pattern of mixing in a significant way. Another interesting finding is that, heterogeneity in various sub-population characteristics may have the opposite effect on R0 and F .},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VHK9RRS6/Cui et al. - 2019 - Influence of non-homogeneous mixing on final epide.pdf}
}

@article{cumminsUseMisuseChild,
  title = {On the {{Use}} and {{Misuse}} of {{Child Height-for-Age Z-score}} in the {{Demographic}} and {{Health Surveys}}},
  author = {Cummins, Joseph R},
  pages = {50},
  abstract = {This paper addresses the problem of model misspecification bias when estimating cohort-level determinants of child height-for-age zscore (HAZ) using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). I show that the combination of DHS survey design and the biological realities of child health in developing countries create an artifact that can strongly bias regression estimates when identification relies on seasonal, annual or spatio-temporal variation associated with a subject's birth cohort. I formalize the econometric problem and show that flexible specifications of the HAZ-age profile can greatly mitigate the bias. When regression models can exploit within-cohort variation in the covariate of interest, appropriate fixed-effects models can effectively purge the bias. I also provide Monte Carlo evidence that DHS recommended inference strategies produce standard errors that are too small when estimating birth cohort determinants of HAZ.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5HJYU462/Cummins - On the Use and Misuse of Child Height-for-Age Z-sc.pdf}
}

@incollection{Cunha2006,
  title = {Interpreting the {{Evidence}} on {{Life Cycle Skill Formation}}},
  booktitle = {Handbook of the {{Economics}} of {{Education}}},
  author = {Cunha, Flavio and Heckman, James J. and Lochner, Lance and Masterov, Dimitriy V.},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {697--812},
  issn = {15740692},
  doi = {10.1016/S1574-0692(06)01012-9},
  abstract = {This paper presents economic models of child development that capture the essence of recent findings from the empirical literature on skill formation. The goal of this essay is to provide a theoretical framework for interpreting the evidence from a vast empirical literature, for guiding the next generation of empirical studies, and for formulating policy. Central to our analysis is the concept that childhood has more than one stage. We formalize the concepts of self-productivity and complementarity of human capital investments and use them to explain the evidence on skill formation. Together, they explain why skill begets skill through a multiplier process. Skill formation is a life cycle process. It starts in the womb and goes on throughout life. Families play a role in this process that is far more important than the role of schools. There are multiple skills and multiple abilities that are important for adult success. Abilities are both inherited and created, and the traditional debate about nature versus nurture is scientifically obsolete. Human capital investment exhibits both self-productivity and complementarity. Skill attainment at one stage of the life cycle raises skill attainment at later stages of the life cycle (self-productivity). Early investment facilitates the productivity of later investment (complementarity). Early investments are not productive if they are not followed up by later investments (another aspect of complementarity). This complementarity explains why there is no equity-efficiency trade-off for early investment. The returns to investing early in the life cycle are high. Remediation of inadequate early investments is difficult and very costly as a consequence of both self-productivity and complementarity. {\copyright} 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  isbn = {978-0-444-51399-1},
  keywords = {education,educational finance,government policy,skill formation}
}

@incollection{cunhaChapter12Interpreting2006,
  title = {Chapter 12 {{Interpreting}} the {{Evidence}} on {{Life Cycle Skill Formation}}},
  booktitle = {Handbook of the {{Economics}} of {{Education}}},
  author = {Cunha, Flavio and Heckman, James J. and Lochner, Lance and Masterov, Dimitriy V.},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {697--812},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/S1574-0692(06)01012-9},
  urldate = {2020-03-12},
  abstract = {This paper presents economic models of child development that capture the essence of recent findings from the empirical literature on skill formation. The goal of this essay is to provide a theoretical framework for interpreting the evidence from a vast empirical literature, for guiding the next generation of empirical studies, and for formulating policy. Central to our analysis is the concept that childhood has more than one stage. We formalize the concepts of self-productivity and complementarity of human capital investments and use them to explain the evidence on skill formation. Together, they explain why skill begets skill through a multiplier process. Skill formation is a life cycle process. It starts in the womb and goes on throughout life. Families play a role in this process that is far more important than the role of schools. There are multiple skills and multiple abilities that are important for adult success. Abilities are both inherited and created, and the traditional debate about nature versus nurture is scientifically obsolete. Human capital investment exhibits both self-productivity and complementarity. Skill attainment at one stage of the life cycle raises skill attainment at later stages of the life cycle (self-productivity). Early investment facilitates the productivity of later investment (complementarity). Early investments are not productive if they are not followed up by later investments (another aspect of complementarity). This complementarity explains why there is no equity-efficiency trade-off for early investment. The returns to investing early in the life cycle are high. Remediation of inadequate early investments is difficult and very costly as a consequence of both self-productivity and complementarity.},
  isbn = {978-0-444-51399-1},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/79NJ8B7B/Cunha et al. - 2006 - Chapter 12 Interpreting the Evidence on Life Cycle.pdf}
}

@article{cunhaEconomicsPsychologyInequality2009,
  title = {The {{Economics}} and {{Psychology}} of {{Inequality}} and {{Human DEvelopment}}},
  author = {Cunha, Flavio and Heckman, James J.},
  year = {2009},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2-3},
  pages = {320--364},
  issn = {1542-4766, 1542-4774},
  doi = {10.1162/JEEA.2009.7.2-3.320},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TZ2KQIIB/Cunha and Heckman - 2009 - The Economics and Psychology of Inequality and Hum.pdf}
}

@techreport{cunhaElicitingMaternalExpectations2013,
  title = {Eliciting {{Maternal Expectations}} about the {{Technology}} of {{Cognitive Skill Formation}}},
  author = {Cunha, Fl{\'a}vio and Elo, Irma and Culhane, Jennifer},
  year = {2013},
  month = jun,
  number = {w19144},
  pages = {w19144},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w19144},
  urldate = {2020-12-04},
  abstract = {In this paper, we formulate a model of early childhood development in which mothers have subjective expectations about the technology of skill formation. The model is useful for understanding how maternal knowledge about child development affects the maternal choices of investments in the human capital of children. Unfortunately, the model is not identified from data that are usually available to econometricians. To solve this problem, we conduct a study where mothers were interviewed to elicit maternal expectations about the technology of skill formation. We interviewed a sample of socioeconomically disadvantaged AfricanAmerican women. We find that the median subjective expectation about the elasticity of child development with respect to investments is between 4\% and 19\%. In comparison, when we estimate the technology of skill formation from the CNLSY/79 data, we find that the elasticity is between 18\% and 26\%. We use the model and our unique data to answer a simple but important question: What would happen to investments and child development if we implemented a policy that moved expectations from the median to the objective estimates that we obtain from the CNLSY/79 data? According to our estimates, maternal investments would go up by between 4\% and 24\% and the stocks of cognitive skills at age 24 months would subsequently increase between 1\% and 5\%. Needless to say, the impacts of such a policy would be even higher for mothers whose expectations were below the median.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3QN6KVG6/Cunha et al. - 2013 - Eliciting Maternal Expectations about the Technolo.pdf}
}

@article{cunhaEstimatingTechnologyCognitive2010,
  title = {Estimating the {{Technology}} of {{Cognitive}} and {{Noncognitive Skill Formation}}},
  author = {Cunha, Fl{\'a}vio and Heckman, James J and Schennach, Susanne},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {78},
  number = {3},
  pages = {883--931},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ECTA6551},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This paper formulates and estimates multistage production functions for children's cognitive and noncognitive skills. Skills are determined by parental environments and investments at different stages of childhood. We estimate the elasticity of substitution between investments in one period and stocks of skills in that period to assess the benefits of early investment in children compared to later remediation. We establish nonparametric identification of a general class of production technologies based on nonlinear factor models with endogenous inputs. A by-product of our approach is a framework for evaluating childhood and schooling interventions that does not rely on arbitrarily scaled test scores as outputs and recognizes the differential effects of the same bundle of skills in different tasks. Using the estimated technology, we determine optimal targeting of interventions to children with different parental and personal birth endowments. Substitutability decreases in later stages of the life cycle in the production of cognitive skills. It is roughly constant across stages of the life cycle in the production of noncognitive skills. This finding has important implications for the design of policies that target the disadvantaged. For most configurations of disadvantage it is optimal to invest relatively more in the early stages of childhood than in later stages.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bladder drainage,Diabetes mellitus,Enteric drainage,Immunosuppression,Pancreas transplantation,Portal drainage},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/38VAT96A/2010 - Estimating the Technology of Cognitive and Noncogn.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C2SMGRI3/2010 - Estimating the Technology of Cognitive and Noncogn.pdf}
}

@article{cunhaFormulatingIdentifyingEstimating2008,
  title = {Formulating, {{Identifying}} and {{Estimating}} the {{Technology}} of {{Cognitive}} and {{Noncognitive Skill Formation}}},
  author = {Cunha, Flavio and Heckman, James J.},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {Journal of Human Resources},
  volume = {43},
  number = {4},
  pages = {738--782},
  issn = {0022-166X, 1548-8004},
  doi = {10.3368/jhr.43.4.738},
  urldate = {2020-03-11},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IH24HMJB/Cunha and Heckman - Formulating, Identifying and Estimating the Techno.pdf}
}

@article{cunhaTechnologySkillFormation2007,
  title = {The {{Technology}} of {{Skill Formation}}},
  author = {Cunha, Flavio and Heckman, James},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {97},
  number = {2},
  pages = {25},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SYEYMXK8/Cunha and Heckman - 2007 - The Technology of Skill Formation.pdf}
}

@article{cunninghamImplicitPreferencesInferred2015,
  title = {Implicit Preferences Inferred from Choice},
  author = {Cunningham, Tom and {de Quidt}, Jonathan},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Available at SSRN 2709914}
}

@misc{cunninghamSelectionObservablesCovariatespecific2024,
  type = {Substack Newsletter},
  title = {Selection on Observables, Covariate-Specific Trends and Conditional Parallel Trends with Difference-in-Differences: {{Pedro}}'s {{Checklist}}, {{Step}} 4(d)},
  shorttitle = {Selection on Observables, Covariate-Specific Trends and Conditional Parallel Trends with Difference-in-Differences},
  author = {{cunningham}, scott},
  year = {2024},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Scott's Substack},
  urldate = {2024-07-27},
  abstract = {When everyone was first hearing about the ``standard'' twoway fixed effects specification being biased in differential timing scenarios, it was not uncommon to hear or read authors say something to the effect that since they didn't have differential timing, they were going to use twoway fixed effects, and then commence to include a variety of covariates.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/235YQ33Z/selection-on-observables-covariate.html}
}

@article{curranMethodsDetectionCarelessly2016,
  title = {Methods for the Detection of Carelessly Invalid Responses in Survey Data},
  author = {Curran, Paul G.},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
  volume = {66},
  pages = {4--19},
  issn = {00221031},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jesp.2015.07.006},
  urldate = {2021-05-05},
  abstract = {Self-report data collections, particularly through online measures, are ubiquitous in both experimental and nonexperimental psychology. Invalid data can be present in such data collections for a number of reasons. One reason is careless or insufficient effort (C/IE) responding. The past decade has seen a rise in research on techniques to detect and remove these data before normal analysis (Huang, Curran, Keeney, Poposki, \& DeShon, 2012; Johnson, 2005; Meade \& Craig, 2012). The rigorous use of these techniques is valuable tool for the removal of error that can impact survey results (Huang, Liu, \& Bowling, 2015). This research has encompassed a number of sub-fields of psychology, and this paper aims to integrate different perspectives into a review and assessment of current techniques, an introduction of new techniques, and a generation of recommendations for practical use. Concerns about C/IE responding are a factor any time self-report data are collected, and all such researchers should be well-versed on methods to detect this pattern of response.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QWIU8V4R/Curran - 2016 - Methods for the detection of carelessly invalid re.pdf}
}

@article{Currie1995,
  title = {Does {{Head Start Make}} a {{Difference}}?},
  author = {Currie, Janet and Thomas, Duncan},
  year = {1995},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  doi = {10.3386/w4406}
}

@article{currieAddressingAntibioticAbuse2014,
  title = {Addressing Antibiotic Abuse in {{China}}: {{An}} Experimental Audit Study},
  shorttitle = {Addressing Antibiotic Abuse in {{China}}},
  author = {Currie, Janet and Lin, Wanchuan and Meng, Juanjuan},
  year = {2014},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  series = {Land and {{Property Rights}}},
  volume = {110},
  pages = {39--51},
  issn = {0304-3878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.05.006},
  urldate = {2024-11-08},
  abstract = {China has high rates of antibiotic abuse and antibiotic resistance but the causes are still a matter for debate. Strong physician financial incentives to prescribe are likely to be an important cause. However, patient demand (or physician beliefs about patient demand) is often cited and may also play a role. We use an audit study to examine the effect of removing financial incentives, and to try to separate out the effects of patient demand. We implement a number of different experimental treatments designed to try to rule out other possible explanations for our findings. Together, our results suggest that financial incentives are the main driver of antibiotic abuse in China, at least in the young and healthy population we draw on in our study.},
  keywords = {Antibiotic abuse,Audit study,China},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SBGK3JXW/Currie et al. - 2014 - Addressing antibiotic abuse in China An experimen.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8DC73CBH/S0304387814000704.html}
}

@techreport{currieDoesHeadStart1993,
  title = {Does {{Head Start Make}} a {{Difference}}?},
  author = {Currie, Janet and Thomas, Duncan},
  year = {1993},
  month = jul,
  number = {w4406},
  pages = {w4406},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w4406},
  urldate = {2020-03-12},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PYZITJY7/Currie and Thomas - 1993 - Does Head Start Make a Difference.pdf}
}

@article{currieEarlyLifeHealthAdult2013,
  title = {Early-{{Life Health}} and {{Adult Circumstance}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
  author = {Currie, Janet and Vogl, Tom},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--36},
  issn = {1941-1383, 1941-1391},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-economics-081412-103704},
  urldate = {2020-04-20},
  abstract = {A growing literature documents the links between long-term outcomes and health in the fetal period, infancy, and early childhood. Much of this literature focuses on rich countries, but researchers are increasingly taking advantage of new sources of data and identification to study the long reach of childhood health in developing countries. Health in early life may be a more significant determinant of adult outcomes in these countries because health insults are more frequent, the capacity to remediate is more limited, and multiple shocks may interact. However, the underlying relationships may also be more difficult to measure, given significant mortality selection. We survey recent evidence on the adult correlates of early-life health and the long-term effects of shocks resulting from disease, famine, malnutrition, pollution, and war.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZHDSHGJ2/Currie and Vogl - 2013 - Early-Life Health and Adult Circumstance in Develo.pdf}
}

@article{custLocalEconomicImpacts2015,
  title = {The {{Local Economic Impacts}} of {{Natural Resource Extraction}}},
  author = {Cust, James and Poelhekke, Steven},
  year = {2015},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Annual Review of Resource Economics},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {251--268},
  issn = {1941-1340, 1941-1359},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-resource-100814-125106},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Whether it is fair to characterize natural resource wealth as a curse is still debated. Most of the evidence derives from cross-country analyses, providing cases both for and against a potential resource curse. Scholars are increasingly turning to within-country evidence to deepen our understanding of the potential drivers, and outcomes, of resource wealth effects. Moving away from cross-country studies offers new perspectives on the resource curse debate, and can help overcome concerns regarding endogeneity. Therefore, scholars are leveraging datasets which provide greater disaggregation of economic responses and exogenous identification of impacts.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BGMQTEQC/Cust and Poelhekke - 2015 - The Local Economic Impacts of Natural Resource Ext.pdf}
}

@article{custOxCarreResearchPaper2015,
  title = {{{OxCarre Research Paper}} 156 {{The Local Economic Impacts}} of {{Natural Resource Extraction Extraction}}},
  author = {Cust, James and Poelhekke, Steven and Poelhekke, Steven},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {44},
  number = {0}
}

@article{custSpatialEctsResource,
  title = {The {{Spatial E}} Ects of {{Resource Extraction}}: {{Mining In Indonesia}}},
  author = {Cust, James},
  pages = {25},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4WV3Q2LL/Cust - The Spatial Eects of Resource Extraction Mining .pdf}
}

@article{cvitanicHonestyChoiceMatching2019,
  title = {Honesty via {{Choice-Matching}}},
  author = {Cvitani{\'c}, Jak{\v s}a and Prelec, Dra{\v z}en and Riley, Blake and Tereick, Benjamin},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  journal = {American Economic Review: Insights},
  volume = {1},
  number = {2},
  pages = {179--192},
  issn = {2640-205X, 2640-2068},
  doi = {10.1257/aeri.20180227},
  urldate = {2021-04-23},
  abstract = {We introduce choice-matching, a class of mechanisms for eliciting honest responses to a multiple choice question (MCQ), as might appear in a market research study, opinion poll, or economics experiment. Under choice-matching, respondents are compensated through an auxiliary task, e.g., a personal consumption choice or a forecast. Their compensation depends both on their performance on the auxiliary task, and on the performance of those respondents who matched their response to the MCQ. We give conditions for such mechanisms to be strictly truth-inducing, focusing on a special case in which the auxiliary task is to predict the answers of other respondents. (JEL C78, C83, D81, D82, D83)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZHK6JTN8/Cvitanić et al. - 2019 - Honesty via Choice-Matching.pdf}
}

@article{czuraMenstrualHealthWorker2019,
  title = {Menstrual {{Health}}, {{Worker Productivity}} and {{Well-being}} among {{Female Bangladeshi Garment Workers}}},
  author = {Czura, Kristina and Menzel, Andreas and Miotto, Martina},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3519895},
  urldate = {2020-11-16},
  abstract = {We conducted a randomised controlled trial (RCT) on a sample of 1,000 female garment workers in three factories in Bangladesh, offering access to free sanitary pads at work to 500 of the workers. We cross-randomised participation in information sessions for hygienic menstrual health care implemented by an experienced local NGO, and we vary the salience of commonly perceived taboos in the pad collection process. We find effects of the free pads and information sessions on self-reported pad use, but not of the taboo variations. We find effects on absenteeism and adherence to traditional restrictive and health-adverse taboos surrounding menstruation, but not on worker turnover or self-reported well-being at work.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GQ7RJLVJ/Czura et al. - 2019 - Menstrual Health, Worker Productivity and Well-bei.pdf}
}

@article{dahlinWhoAreJoneses2014,
  title = {Who Are the {{Joneses}}?},
  author = {Dahlin, Maria Bjjrnsdotter and Kapteyn, Arie and Tassot, Caroline},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2450266},
  urldate = {2020-04-27},
  abstract = {A burgeoning literature investigates the extent to which self-reported well-being (or happiness) or satisfaction with income is negatively related to the income of others. In many of the empirical studies, the assumption is that the incomes that matter are those of other individuals or households in the same geographical area.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A6A7TC2H/Dahlin et al. - 2014 - Who are the Joneses.pdf}
}

@article{Daidone2019,
  title = {The {{Household}} and {{Individual-Level Productive Impacts}} of {{Cash Transfer Programs}} in {{Sub-Saharan Africa}}},
  author = {Daidone, Silvio and Davis, Benjamin and Handa, Sudhanshu and Winters, Paul},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {American Journal of Agricultural Economics},
  volume = {101},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1401--1431},
  issn = {14678276},
  doi = {10.1093/ajae/aay113},
  keywords = {Cash transfers,impact evaluation,labor supply,livelihoods,productive impacts,risk management,sub-Saharan Africa},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F2CZEQE9/Daidone et al. - 2019 - The Household and Individual‐Level Productive Impa.pdf}
}

@article{DalBo2018,
  title = {Progress and {{Perspectives}} in the {{Study}} of {{Political Selection}}},
  author = {Dal B{\'o}, Ernesto and Finan, Frederico},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {541--575},
  issn = {1941-1383},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-economics-080217-053221},
  abstract = {We provide a model of self-selection by candidates in a probabilistic voting environment to shed light on the forces shaping the quality of politicians from both the supply and demand sides of politics. The model highlights the idea that the patterns of selection and the comparative statics of politician quality depend critically on how the costs of running for office vary for candidates with different qualities. The model offers predictions on how the quality of the political class will vary with key parameters pertaining to both the supply and demand for candidates. We use the model to frame a review of the empirical literature on political selection that has emerged over the past two decades. We contrast areas where significant progress has been made with others where important theoretical predictions remain untested or existing evidence does not allow a consensus, highlighting areas for future research.},
  keywords = {political competition,political selection,quality,reward to politics,valence},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CSA6JAUW/Bo and Finan - 2018 - Progress and Perspectives in the Study of Politica.pdf}
}

@article{DalBo2018a,
  title = {Government {{Decentralization Under Changing State Capacity}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Paraguay}}},
  author = {Dal Bo, Ernesto and Finan, Frederico and Li, Nicholas and Schechter, Laura},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3219383},
  abstract = {Standard models of hierarchy assume that agents and middle managers are better informed than principals about how to implement a particular task. We estimate the value of the informational advantage held by supervisors (middle managers) when ministerial leadership (the principal) introduced a new monitoring technology aimed at improving the performance of agricultural extension agents (AEAs) in rural Paraguay. Our approach employs a novel experimental design that, before randomization of treatment, elicited from supervisors which AEAs they believed should be prioritized for treatment. We find that supervisors did have valuable information-they prioritized AEAs who would be more responsive to the monitoring treatment. We develop a model of monitoring under different allocation rules and rollout scales (i.e., the share of AEAs to receive treatment). We semi-parametrically estimate marginal treatment effects (MTEs) to demonstrate that the value of information and the benefits to decentralizing treatment decisions depend crucially on the sophistication of the principal and on the scale of rollout.},
  keywords = {bureaucracy,decentralization,delegation,marginal treatment,monitoring}
}

@article{dalboCorruptionInefficiencyTheory2007,
  title = {Corruption and Inefficiency: {{Theory}} and Evidence from Electric Utilities},
  shorttitle = {Corruption and Inefficiency},
  author = {Dal B{\'o}, Ernesto and Rossi, Mart{\'i}n A.},
  year = {2007},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {91},
  number = {5-6},
  pages = {939--962},
  issn = {00472727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2006.11.005},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {We investigate the determinants of the efficiency of firms with a focus on the role of corruption. We construct a simple theoretical model where corruption increases the factor requirements of firms because it diverts managerial effort away from factor coordination. We then exploit a unique dataset comprising firm-level information on 80 electricity distribution firms from 13 Latin American countries for the years 1994 to 2001. As predicted by the model, we find that more corruption in the country is strongly associated with more inefficient firms, in the sense that they employ more inputs to produce a given level of output. The economic magnitude of the effects is large. The results hold both in models with country and firm fixed effects. The results survive several robustness checks, including different measures of output and efficiency, and instrumenting for corruption. Other elements associated with inefficiency are public ownership, inflation, and lack of law and order, but corruption appears to play a separate and more robust role.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Corruption,Efficiency,Electricity,Public vs. private,Regulatory capture},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TKRN6XYR/Dal Bó and Rossi - 2007 - Corruption and inefficiency Theory and evidence f.pdf}
}

@article{dalboGovernmentDecentralizationChanging2018,
  title = {Government {{Decentralization Under Changing State Capacity}}: {{Experimental Evidence From Paraguay}}},
  author = {Dal B{\'o}, Ernesto and Finan, Frederico and Li, Nicholas Y and Schechter, Laura},
  year = {2018},
  pages = {66},
  abstract = {Standard models of hierarchy assume that agents and middle managers are better informed than principals about how to implement a particular task. We estimate the value of the informational advantage held by supervisors -- middle managers -- when ministerial leadership -- the principal --introduced a new monitoring technology aimed at improving the performance of agricultural extension agents (AEAs) in rural Paraguay. Our approach employs a novel experimental design that elicited treatment-priority rankings from supervisors before randomization of treatment. We find that supervisors did have valuable information---they prioritized AEAs who would be more responsive to the monitoring treatment. We develop a model of monitoring under different allocation rules and roll-out scales (i.e., the share of AEAs to receive treatment). We semiparametrically estimate marginal treatment effects (MTEs) to demonstrate that the value of information and the benefits to decentralizing treatment decisions depend crucially on the sophistication of the principal and on the scale of roll-out.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/86BVNJP8/Bó et al. - Government Decentralization Under Changing State C.pdf}
}

@misc{dalboRightThingEffects2009,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {``{{Do}} the {{Right Thing}}:'' {{The Effects}} of {{Moral Suasion}} on {{Cooperation}}},
  shorttitle = {``{{Do}} the {{Right Thing}}},
  author = {Dal B{\'o}, Ernesto and Dal B{\'o}, Pedro},
  year = {2009},
  month = dec,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {15559},
  eprint = {15559},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w15559},
  urldate = {2022-12-31},
  abstract = {The use of moral appeals to affect the behavior of others is pervasive (from the pulpit to ethics classes) but little is known about the effects of moral suasion on behavior. In a series of experiments we study whether moral suasion affects behavior in voluntary contribution games and mechanisms by which behavior is altered. We find that observing a message with a moral standard according to the golden rule or, alternatively, utilitarian philosophy, results in a significant but transitory increase in contributions above the levels observed for subjects that did not receive a message or received a message that advised them to contribute without a moral rationale. When players have the option of punishing each other after the contribution stage the effect of the moral messages on contributions becomes persistent: punishments and moral messages interact to sustain cooperation. We investigate the mechanism through which moral suasion operates and find it to involve both expectation- and preference-shifting effects. These results suggest that the use of moral appeals can be an effective way of promoting cooperation.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AKD22B4U/Dal Bó and Dal Bó - 2009 - “Do the Right Thing” The Effects of Moral Suasion.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SXRDWE3M/Dal Bó and Dal Bó - 2014 - “Do the right thing” The effects of moral suasion.pdf}
}

@article{dalboRightThingEffects2014,
  title = {``{{Do}} the Right Thing:'' {{The}} Effects of Moral Suasion on Cooperation},
  shorttitle = {``{{Do}} the Right Thing},
  author = {Dal B{\'o}, Ernesto and Dal B{\'o}, Pedro},
  year = {2014},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {117},
  pages = {28--38},
  issn = {00472727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.05.002},
  urldate = {2021-05-17},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DIEDCJZC/Dal Bó and Dal Bó - 2014 - “Do the right thing” The effects of moral suasion.pdf}
}

@article{dalboRightThingEffects2014a,
  title = {``{{Do}} the Right Thing:'' {{The}} Effects of Moral Suasion on Cooperation},
  shorttitle = {``{{Do}} the Right Thing},
  author = {Dal B{\'o}, Ernesto and Dal B{\'o}, Pedro},
  year = {2014},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {117},
  pages = {28--38},
  issn = {0047-2727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.05.002},
  urldate = {2022-12-31},
  abstract = {The use of moral appeals to affect the behavior of others is pervasive (from the pulpit to ethics classes) but little is known about the effects of moral suasion on behavior. In a series of experiments we study whether moral suasion affects behavior in voluntary contribution games and the mechanisms by which behavior is altered. We find that observing a message with a moral standard according to the golden rule or, alternatively, utilitarian philosophy, results in a significant but transitory increase in contributions above the levels observed for subjects that did not receive a message or received a message that advised them to contribute without a moral rationale. When players have the option of punishing each other after the contribution stage, the effect of the moral messages on contributions becomes persistent: punishments and moral messages interact to sustain cooperation. We also investigate the mechanisms through which moral suasion operates and find that it affects both expectations and preferences.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cooperation,Ethics,Moral suasion,Morality,Public goods},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZN2JVTQC/S0047272714001091.html}
}

@article{Dalton2016,
  title = {Poverty and {{Aspirations Failure}}},
  author = {Dalton, Patricio S. and Ghosal, Sayantan and Mani, Anandi},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Economic Journal},
  volume = {126},
  number = {590},
  pages = {165--188},
  issn = {14680297},
  doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12210},
  abstract = {We develop a theoretical framework to study the psychology of poverty and 'aspirations failure', defined as the failure to aspire to one's own potential. In our framework, rich and the poor persons share the same preferences and same behavioural bias in setting aspirations. We show that poverty can exacerbate the effects of this behavioural bias leading to aspirations failure and hence, a behavioural poverty trap. Aspirations failure is a consequence of poverty, rather than a cause. We specify the conditions under which raising aspirations alone is sufficient to help escape from a poverty trap, even without relaxing material constraints.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QDIKSX6D/Dalton et al. - 2016 - Poverty and Aspirations Failure.pdf}
}

@article{dammertEffectsPublicPolicy2018,
  title = {Effects of Public Policy on Child Labor: {{Current}} Knowledge, Gaps, and Implications for Program Design},
  shorttitle = {Effects of Public Policy on Child Labor},
  author = {Dammert, Ana C. and {de Hoop}, Jacobus and Mvukiyehe, Eric and Rosati, Furio C.},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {World Development},
  volume = {110},
  pages = {104--123},
  issn = {0305-750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.001},
  urldate = {2024-11-01},
  abstract = {Household decisions about child labor are influenced by income, uncertainty, and relative returns to work and education. The complexity of the phenomenon implies that a large set of policy instruments can be used to address child labor or can affect child labor. This review of 33 impact evaluations provides a comprehensive look at pathways through which social protection (credit and microfinance, cash transfers, vouchers, food programs), and labor programs affect child labor. Despite the complexity of integrating findings across different child labor definitions, implementation contexts, and policy instruments, some patterns emerge. For example, programs that address child labor by reducing the vulnerability of the household produce the desired effect. Transfers reduced child labor in most cases. Similarly, programs that help the household cope with exposure to risk, for example, health insurance, reduce household reliance on child labor. On the other hand, policies aimed at increasing adult household members' participation in the labor market or entrepreneurial activities, can generate demand for adolescent and child work. Of course, such programs are an important component of anti-poverty strategies, but they could be modified and integrated with additional interventions to ensure that they do not produce adverse effects on child labor. While progress has been made over the past decade, there is still much to learn about the effects of public policy on the labor participation of many children in developing countries.},
  keywords = {Child labor,Education,Human capital,International labor standards,Public policy},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EV7GS6S2/Dammert et al. - 2018 - Effects of public policy on child labor Current k.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9SY2K2WN/S0305750X18301499.html}
}

@article{danaExploitingMoralWiggle2007,
  title = {Exploiting Moral Wiggle Room: Experiments Demonstrating an Illusory Preference for Fairness},
  shorttitle = {Exploiting Moral Wiggle Room},
  author = {Dana, Jason and Weber, Roberto A. and Kuang, Jason Xi},
  year = {2007},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Economic Theory},
  volume = {33},
  number = {1},
  pages = {67--80},
  issn = {0938-2259, 1432-0479},
  doi = {10.1007/s00199-006-0153-z},
  urldate = {2022-01-03},
  abstract = {This paper explores whether generosity in experiments is truly evidence of concern for desirable social outcomes. We conduct an experiment using a binary version of the dictator game. We introduce several treatments in which subjects are able to leave the relationship between their actions and resulting outcomes uncertain, either to themselves or to another subject influenced by those actions, thus giving subjects the moral ``wiggle room'' to behave self-interestedly. We find significantly less generous behavior in these manipulations, relative to a baseline in which the relationship between actions and outcomes is transparent. We conclude that many subjects behave fairly in the baseline case mainly because they intrinsically dislike appearing unfair, either to themselves or others.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/P2J4Y8KZ/Dana et al. - 2007 - Exploiting moral wiggle room experiments demonstr.pdf}
}

@article{danaWhatYouDon2006,
  title = {What You Don't Know Won't Hurt Me: {{Costly}} (but Quiet) Exit in Dictator Games},
  shorttitle = {What You Don't Know Won't Hurt Me},
  author = {Dana, Jason and Cain, Daylian M. and Dawes, Robyn M.},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes},
  volume = {100},
  number = {2},
  pages = {193--201},
  publisher = {Elsevier Science},
  address = {Netherlands},
  issn = {1095-9920},
  doi = {10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.10.001},
  abstract = {We used simple economic games to examine pro-social behavior and the lengths that people will take to avoid engaging in it. Over two studies, we found that about one-third of participants were willing to "exit" a \$10 dictator game and take \$9 instead. The exit option left the receiver nothing, but also ensured that the receiver never knew that a dictator game was to be played. Because most social utility models are defined over monetary outcomes, they cannot explain choosing the (\$9, \$0) exit outcome over the dominating \$10 dictator game, since the game includes outcomes of (\$10, \$0) and (\$9, \$1). We also studied exiting using a "private" dictator game. In the private game, the receiver never knew about the game or from where any money was received. Gifts in this game were added innocuously to a payment for a separate task. Almost no dictators exited from the private game, indicating that receivers' beliefs are the key factor in the decision to exit. When, as in the private game, the receivers' beliefs and expectations cannot be manipulated by exit, exit is seldom taken. We conclude that giving often reflects a desire not to violate others' expectations rather than a concern for others' welfare per se. We discuss the implications of our results for understanding ethical decisions and for testing and modeling social preferences. An adequate specification of social preferences should include "psychological" payoffs that directly incorporate beliefs about actions into the utility function. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Economics,Games,Prosocial Behavior},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LH29DEMD/2006-07449-004.html}
}

@article{dangDoesCOVID19Pandemic2020,
  title = {Does the {{COVID-19 Pandemic Disproportionately Affect}} the {{Poor}}? {{Evidence}} from a {{Six-Country Survey}}},
  author = {Dang, Hai-Anh H and Huynh, Toan L D and Nguyen, Manh-Hung},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {42},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y29PKZLF/Dang et al. - 2020 - Does the COVID-19 Pandemic Disproportionately Affe.pdf}
}

@article{danielsUseStandardisedPatients2019,
  title = {Use of Standardised Patients to Assess Gender Differences in Quality of Tuberculosis Care in Urban {{India}}: A Two-City, Cross-Sectional Study},
  shorttitle = {Use of Standardised Patients to Assess Gender Differences in Quality of Tuberculosis Care in Urban {{India}}},
  author = {Daniels, Benjamin and Kwan, Ada and Satyanarayana, Srinath and Subbaraman, Ramnath and Das, Ranendra K. and Das, Veena and Das, Jishnu and Pai, Madhukar},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  journal = {The Lancet Global Health},
  volume = {7},
  number = {5},
  pages = {e633-e643},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  issn = {2214-109X},
  doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30031-2},
  urldate = {2024-11-04},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {30928341},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3LY4CFL2/Daniels et al. - 2019 - Use of standardised patients to assess gender diff.pdf}
}

@article{Dartanto2019,
  title = {Intragenerational {{Economic Mobility}} in {{Indonesia}}: {{A Transition}} from {{Poverty}} to {{Middle Class}} during 1993-2014},
  author = {Dartanto, Teguh and Moeis, Faizal Rahmanto and Otsubo, Shigeru},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies},
  volume = {0},
  number = {0},
  pages = {1--57},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  issn = {0007-4918},
  doi = {10.1080/00074918.2019.1657795},
  abstract = {AbstractEconomic mobility, especially through an expansion of the middle class, will dominate the future of Indonesia's development agenda. Observing five waves of the Indonesian Family Life Survey...},
  keywords = {economic mobility,intrageneration,middle class,poverty dynamics,transient poverty},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/T429ZUGK/Dartanto et al. - 2019 - Intragenerational Economic Mobility in Indonesia .pdf}
}

@article{Das2007a,
  title = {Mental Health and Poverty in Developing Countries: {{Revisiting}} the Relationship},
  author = {Das, Jishnu and Do, Quy Toan and Friedman, Jed and McKenzie, David and Scott, Kinnon},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {Social Science and Medicine},
  volume = {65},
  number = {3},
  pages = {467--480},
  issn = {02779536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.02.037},
  abstract = {The relationship between poverty and mental health has received considerable attention in the recent literature. However, the associations presented in existing studies typically rely on limited samples of individuals and on proxy indicators for poverty such as education, the lack of tap water, or being unemployed. We revisit the relationship between poverty and mental health using data from nationally representative household surveys in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Indonesia and Mexico, along with special surveys from India and Tonga. As in previous studies, we find that individuals who are older, female, widowed, and in poor health are more likely to report worse mental health outcomes. Individuals living with others with poor mental health are significantly more likely to report worse mental health themselves. The size of the coefficients and their significance are comparable across the five countries. In contrast to previous studies, the relationship between higher education and better mental health is weak or non-existent. Furthermore, there is no consistent association between consumption poverty and mental health - in two countries mental health measures are marginally worse for the poor; in two countries there is no association; and in one country mental health measures are better for the poor compared to the non-poor. Moreover, the sizes of the coefficients for both education and consumption poverty are small compared to other factors considered here. While the lack of an association between consumption poverty and mental health implies that poor mental health is not a "disease of affluence", neither is it a disease of poverty. Changes in life circumstances brought on, for instance, by illness may have a greater impact on mental health than levels of poverty. Effective public health policy for mental health should focus on protecting individuals and households from adverse events and on targeted interventions following such adverse changes. {\copyright} 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  keywords = {Comparative,Developing countries,Household concordance,Mental health,Poverty,Socioeconomic gradients},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/W7G729I2/Das et al. - 2007 - Mental health and poverty in developing countries.pdf}
}

@article{Das2009,
  title = {Mental Health Patterns and Consequences: {{Results}} from Survey Data in Five Developing Countries},
  author = {Das, Jishnu and Do, Quy Toan and Friedman, Jed and McKenzie, David},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {World Bank Economic Review},
  volume = {23},
  number = {1},
  pages = {31--55},
  issn = {02586770},
  doi = {10.1093/wber/lhn010},
  abstract = {The social and economic consequences of poor mental health in the developing world are presumed to be significant, yet remain underresearched. This study uses data from nationally representative surveys in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Indonesia, and Mexico and from special surveys in India and Tonga to show similar patterns of association between mental health and socioeconomic characteristics. Individuals who are older, female, widowed, and report poor physical health are more likely to report worse mental health. Individuals living with others with poor mental health are also significantly more likely to report worse mental health themselves. In contrast, there is little observed relation between mental health and consumption poverty or education, two common measures of socioeconomic status. Indeed, the results here suggest instead that economic and multidimensional shocks, such as illness or crisis, can have a greater impact on mental health than poverty. This may have important implications for social protection policy. Also significant, the associations between poor mental health and lower labor force participation (especially for women) and more frequent visits to health centers suggest that poor mental health can have economic consequences for households and the health system. Mental health modules could usefully be added to multipurpose household surveys in developing countries. Finally, measures of mental health appear distinct from general subjective measures of welfare such as happiness. {\copyright} The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/the world bank. All rights reserved.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UC2FY39T/Das et al. - 2009 - Mental Health Patterns and Consequences Results f.pdf}
}

@article{Das2013,
  title = {School {{Inputs}}, {{Household Substitution}}, and {{Test Scores}}},
  author = {Das, Jishnu and Dercon, Stefan and Habyarimana, James and Krishnan, Pramila and Muralidharan, Karthik and Sundararaman, Venkatesh},
  year = {2013},
  month = jan,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {29--57},
  issn = {1945-7782},
  doi = {10.1257/app.5.2.29},
  abstract = {Empirical studies of the relationship between school inputs and test scores typically do not account for household responses to changes in school inputs. Evidence from India and Zambia shows that student test scores are higher when schools receive unanticipated grants, but there is no impact of grants that are anticipated. We show that the most likely mechanism for this result is that households offset their own spending in response to anticipated grants. Our results confirm the importance of optimal household responses and suggest caution when interpreting estimates of school inputs on learning outcomes as parameters of an education production function. (JEL D12, H52, I21, O15)},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/69DS8SJT/Das et al. - 2013 - School Inputs, Household Substitution, and Test Sc.pdf}
}

@article{Das2014,
  title = {Quality of {{Primary Care}} in {{Low-Income Countries}}: {{Facts}} and {{Economics}}},
  author = {Das, Jishnu and Hammer, Jeffrey},
  year = {2014},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {525--553},
  issn = {1941-1383},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-economics-080213-041350},
  abstract = {New research on the quality of care in public and private primary care facilities has significantly enriched our understanding of how health care is delivered in low- and middle-income countries. First, this article summarizes recent advances in the measurement of quality, distinguishing between measurements of provider knowledge and provider effort. Second, it looks at the determinants of practice quality variation in low-income settings, highlighting the limited role of structural constraints such as infrastructure, the supply of materials including drugs, and provider training - the mainstay of much of global health policy today. In contrast, practice quality variation is clearly linked to provider effort, an aspect of provider behavior that can be altered through a variety of means. Third, it provides a broad economic framework to interpret the findings. We look for evidence of specific market failures in the provision of primary care and emphasize that the key difficulty is (and always was) the transaction-specific nature of medical advice. Providers can do too much or too little (or both), and the extent of either depends on the specific patient and the specific disease. We document specific ways in which it is difficult for both consumers and governments to monitor every transaction to detect potentially errant behavior.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z3RPSP76/Das and Hammer - 2014 - Quality of Primary Care in Low-Income Countries F.pdf}
}

@article{dasImpactTrainingInformal2016,
  title = {The Impact of Training Informal Health Care Providers in {{India}}: {{A}} Randomized Controlled Trial},
  shorttitle = {The Impact of Training Informal Health Care Providers in {{India}}},
  author = {Das, Jishnu and Chowdhury, Abhijit and Hussam, Reshmaan and Banerjee, Abhijit V.},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
  volume = {354},
  number = {6308},
  pages = {aaf7384},
  issn = {1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.aaf7384},
  abstract = {Health care providers without formal medical qualifications provide more than 70\% of all primary care in rural India. Training these informal providers may be one way to improve the quality of care where few alternatives exist. We report on a randomized controlled trial assessing a program that provided 72 sessions of training over 9 months to 152 informal providers (out of 304). Using standardized patients ("mystery clients"), we assessed clinical practice for three different conditions to which both providers and trainers were blinded during the intervention, representative of the range of conditions that these providers normally diagnose and treat. Training increased correct case management by 7.9 percentage points (14.2\%) but did not affect the use of unnecessary medicines and antibiotics. At a program cost of \$175 per trainee, our results suggest that multitopic medical training offers an effective short-run strategy to improve health care.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {27846471},
  keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents,Chest Pain,Child,Diarrhea,Drug Prescriptions,Drug Utilization,Health Personnel,Humans,India,Inservice Training,Patient Care,Primary Health Care,Quality Improvement,Respiratory Distress Syndrome,Rural Population,Unnecessary Procedures},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R7G5I82K/Das et al. - 2016 - The impact of training informal health care provid.pdf}
}

@article{daskalovaDiscriminationSocialIdentity2018,
  title = {Discrimination, Social Identity, and Coordination: {{An}} Experiment},
  shorttitle = {Discrimination, Social Identity, and Coordination},
  author = {Daskalova, Vessela},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Games and Economic Behavior},
  volume = {107},
  pages = {238--252},
  issn = {0899-8256},
  doi = {10.1016/j.geb.2017.10.007},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {This paper presents an experiment investigating whether decision makers discriminate between members of their own group and members of another group. I focus on two aspects of this question: First, I compare behavior in individual and in joint decisions; Second, I test whether the identity of the co-decision maker matters in joint decisions. Substantial own group favoritism occurs in joint decisions in spite of there being no such favoritism in individual decisions. Decision makers strongly favor own group candidates when deciding with someone from their own group, but not when deciding with someone from the other group. The study suggests that higher-order beliefs about co-decision maker behavior may be a factor behind discrimination in collective settings and that diversity in committees might be helpful in counteracting own group favoritism.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Collective decisions,Coordination,Discrimination,Experimental evidence,Favoritism,Social identity},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AT3GDMSN/Daskalova - 2018 - Discrimination, social identity, and coordination.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LL3JHPTX/S0899825617301793.html}
}

@article{dasMoneyNothingDire2007,
  title = {Money for Nothing: {{The}} Dire Straits of Medical Practice in {{Delhi}}, {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Money for Nothing},
  author = {Das, Jishnu and Hammer, Jeffrey},
  year = {2007},
  month = may,
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {83},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--36},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.05.004},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {The quality of medical care received by patients varies for two reasons: differences in doctors' competence or differences in doctors' practice. Using medical vignettes, we evaluated competence for a sample of doctors in Delhi. One month later, we observed the same doctors in their practice. We find three patterns in the data. First, doctors do less than what they know they should do. Second, the more competent the doctor, the greater the effort exerted. Third, competence and practice diverge in different ways in the public and private sectors. Urban India pays a lot of ``Money for Nothing'': in the private sector there is a lot of expenditure on unnecessary drugs. In the public sector, education subsidies and salary payments translate into little (and in small clinics, very little) effort and care. Provider training has a small impact on the actual quality of advice; under the circumstances, awareness campaigns to create a more informed clientele may be the best option.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Incentives,Private sector,Quality of medical care,vignettes},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GPP45JHA/Das and Hammer - 2007 - Money for nothing The dire straits of medical pra.pdf}
}

@article{dasQualityAccountabilityHealth2016,
  title = {Quality and {{Accountability}} in {{Health Care Delivery}}: {{Audit-Study Evidence}} from {{Primary Care}} in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Quality and {{Accountability}} in {{Health Care Delivery}}},
  author = {Das, Jishnu and Holla, Alaka and Mohpal, Aakash and Muralidharan, Karthik},
  year = {2016},
  month = dec,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {106},
  number = {12},
  pages = {3765--3799},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20151138},
  urldate = {2024-10-28},
  abstract = {We present unique audit-study evidence on health care quality in rural India, and find that most private providers lacked medical qualifications, but completed more checklist items than public providers and recommended correct treatments equally often. Among doctors with public and private practices, all quality metrics were higher in their private clinics. Market prices are positively correlated with checklist completion and correct treatment, but also with unnecessary treatments. However, public sector salaries are uncorrelated with quality. A simple model helps interpret our findings: Where public-sector effort is low, the benefits of higher diagnostic effort among private providers may outweigh costs of potential overtreatment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Human Development,Income Distribution,Migration,Public Health Economic Development: Human Resources,Publicly Provided Private Goods Analysis of Health Care Markets Health: Government Policy,Regulation},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GKA7UYRD/2729.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SUKTH9UJ/Das et al. - 2016 - Quality and Accountability in Health Care Delivery.pdf}
}

@article{dasQualityMedicalAdvice,
  title = {The {{Quality}} of {{Medical Advice}} in {{Low-Income Countries}}},
  author = {Das, Jishnu and Hammer, Jeffrey and Leonard, Kenneth},
  pages = {22},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PUS8552G/Das et al. - The Quality of Medical Advice in Low-Income Countr.pdf}
}

@article{dasUrbanRuralIndia2012,
  title = {In Urban and Rural {{India}}, a Standardized Patient Study Showed Low Levels of Provider Training and Huge Quality Gaps},
  author = {Das, Jishnu and Holla, Alaka and Das, Veena and Mohanan, Manoj and Tabak, Diana and Chan, Brian},
  year = {2012},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Health Affairs (Project Hope)},
  volume = {31},
  number = {12},
  pages = {2774--2784},
  issn = {2694-233X},
  doi = {10.1377/hlthaff.2011.1356},
  abstract = {This article reports on the quality of care delivered by private and public providers of primary health care services in rural and urban India. To measure quality, the study used standardized patients recruited from the local community and trained to present consistent cases of illness to providers. We found low overall levels of medical training among health care providers; in rural Madhya Pradesh, for example, 67 percent of health care providers who were sampled reported no medical qualifications at all. What's more, we found only small differences between trained and untrained doctors in such areas as adherence to clinical checklists. Correct diagnoses were rare, incorrect treatments were widely prescribed, and adherence to clinical checklists was higher in private than in public clinics. Our results suggest an urgent need to measure the quality of health care services systematically and to improve the quality of medical education and continuing education programs, among other policy changes.},
  langid = {english},
  pmcid = {PMC3730274},
  pmid = {23213162},
  keywords = {Attitude of Health Personnel,Clinical Competence,Education Medical Graduate,Female,Humans,India,Male,Needs Assessment,Practice Patterns Physicians',Primary Health Care,Private Practice,Quality of Health Care,Rural Health Services,Urban Health Services},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/S5SETK74/Das et al. - 2012 - In urban and rural India, a standardized patient s.pdf}
}

@misc{davern_general_2024,
  title = {General Social Survey 1972-2022},
  author = {Davern, Michael and Bautista, Rene and Freese, Jeremy and Herd, Pamela and Morgan, Stephen L.},
  year = {2024},
  howpublished = {Machine-readable data file}
}

@article{David2019,
  title = {The Sources of Capital Misallocation},
  author = {David, Joel M. and Venkateswaran, Venky},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {109},
  number = {7},
  pages = {2531--2567},
  issn = {19447981},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20180336},
  abstract = {We develop a methodology to disentangle sources of capital "misallocation," i.e., dispersion in value-added/capital. It measures the contributions of technological/informational frictions and a rich class of firm-specific factors. An application to Chinese manufacturing frms reveals that adjustment costs and uncertainty, while significant, explain only a modest fraction of the dispersion, which stems largely from other factors: a component correlated with productivity and a fixed effect. Adjustment costs are more salient for large US firms, though other factors still account for the bulk of the dispersion. Technological/markup heterogeneity explains a limited fraction in China, but a potentially large share in the United States.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HDH3I92F/David and Venkateswaran - 2019 - The Sources of Capital Misallocation.pdf}
}

@article{davisDecisionProcesses12person1975,
  title = {The Decision Processes of 6- and 12-Person Mock Juries Assigned Unanimous and Two-Thirds Majority Rules},
  author = {Davis, James H. and Kerr, Norbert L. and Atkin, Robert S. and Holt, Robert and Meek, David},
  year = {1975},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {32},
  pages = {1--14},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address = {US},
  issn = {1939-1315},
  doi = {10.1037/h0076849},
  abstract = {720 college students served on 6- or 12-member "juries" that listened to a simulated trial of a rape case, deliberated, and then rendered verdicts according to the unanimity or two-thirds majority social decision rule assigned. Although neither assigned rule nor jury size had a significant effect upon the verdict distribution, average deliberation time and the number of polls were both significantly influenced. Individuals gave a significantly higher proportion of guilty verdicts than did juries. A two-thirds majority social decision scheme model best predicted overall verdict distributions, while a number of other social process models could be confidently rejected. Several other findings are discussed along with the argument for the need for both theoretical and empirical research on juries. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Adjudication,Legal Processes},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TXISAWUS/Davis et al. - 1975 - The decision processes of 6- and 12-person mock ju.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2VHVAVU3/doiLanding.html}
}

@article{davisGroupDecisionSocial1973,
  title = {Group Decision and Social Interaction: {{A}} Theory of Social Decision Schemes.},
  shorttitle = {Group Decision and Social Interaction},
  author = {Davis, James H.},
  year = {1973},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Psychological Review},
  volume = {80},
  number = {2},
  pages = {97--125},
  issn = {1939-1471, 0033-295X},
  doi = {10.1037/h0033951},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {This paper proposes a general theory (social decision scheme theory) for many kinds of group decision making and illustrates some special case models with a variety of data from several experimental situations. While focusing upon the traditional issue of individual-gr oup differences, the theory is aimed at accounting for the distribution of group decisions by using formal hypotheses about the effects of social interaction when the inputs to discussion are individual member preferences. The basic assumptions underlying the model are similar in several respects to proposals by Restle and Davis (1962) and Steiner (1966) in group problem-solving research, and the model itself represents the general case of earlier theoretical notions by Smoke and Zajonc (1962), Davis, Hoppe and Hornseth (1968), and Zajonc, Wolosin and Wolosin (1972) in group decision making. In addition, several nonintuitive consequences of group decision making, assuming some form of the model, are discussed. Small groups are widely used as decision- may have minimal acquaintance with each making instruments, or as information- other prior to group activity. processing devices to provide more sophis- In practice, of course, decision-making ticated input to an individual decision groups may have many purposes other than maker. Some groups are institutionalized rendering an optimal decision --- collecting (juries, corporate boards, departmental information, obtaining commitment of executive committees, congressional com- members in order to better implement the mittees, etc.) in that formal provision is decision, representing decision preferences made for their existence and perhaps con- of segments of a population not present, and tinuation. Other groups are ad hoc (study so on. One important theme that runs panels, academic conferences, etc.) in that through the use of groups for decisions is their existence is temporary and members that such a process recognizes diversity among the persons involved with regard},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CS7IFV74/Davis - 1973 - Group decision and social interaction A theory of.pdf}
}

@article{davisVictimConsequencesSentence1977,
  title = {Victim Consequences, Sentence Severity, and Decision Processes in Mock Juries},
  author = {Davis, James H. and Kerr, Norbert L. and Stasser, Garold and Meek, David and Holt, Robert},
  year = {1977},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Organizational Behavior and Human Performance},
  volume = {18},
  number = {2},
  pages = {346--365},
  issn = {0030-5073},
  doi = {10.1016/0030-5073(77)90035-6},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {Six-person juries and parallel individuals watched a mock trial (prerecorded on video tape) under conditions where the victim of an alleged rape had purportedly suffered either mild or severe consequences, and the defendant could receive either a moderate or harsh sentence if convicted. The primary finding was that a version of a majority (2/3) social decision scheme model accurately predicted verdict distributions similar to previous research (Davis, Kerr, Atkin, Holt \& Meek, 1975) that had used a case more heavily slanted than the present one toward not guilty. However, the particular version (subscheme for addressing nonmajorities) differed from earlier findings. Neither victim consequences nor sentence severity significantly influenced the over-all proportion of guilty verdicts, but interacted to significantly influence mean deliberation time. When victim consequences and potential sentence did not ``fit'', longer average deliberation times resulted.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EISUGWVI/Davis et al. - 1977 - Victim consequences, sentence severity, and decisi.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/45MENCSJ/0030507377900356.html}
}

@techreport{de2022implicit,
  title = {Implicit Preferences},
  author = {{de Quidt}, Jonathan and Cunningham, Tom},
  year = {2022},
  institution = {CEPR Discussion Papers},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GGFG9PTW/Cunningham and de Quidt - 2015 - Implicit preferences inferred from choice.pdf}
}

@article{deanAttendingKindergartenImproves2020,
  title = {Attending Kindergarten Improves Cognitive Development in {{India}}, but All Kindergartens Are Not Equal},
  author = {Dean, Joshua T and Jayachandran, Seema},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {64},
  abstract = {Early childhood is a critical period for child development, and several studies find high returns to formal early schooling (e.g., pre-K) in developed countries. However, there is limited evidence on whether formal pre-primary schooling is an effective model in developing countries. We study the impacts of attending kindergarten on child development in Karnataka, India, through a randomized evaluation. We partnered with a private kindergarten provider to offer two-year scholarships to children in low-income families. Children who attend the partner kindergarten due to the scholarship experience a 0.8 standard deviation gain in cognitive development. Some children induced to attend the partner kindergarten would not have attended kindergarten, while others would have attended a different kindergarten. We use machine learning techniques to predict each child's counterfactual activity and then estimate separate treatment effects for each type of switcher. We find that the short-run effect on cognition is driven mostly by children who would have otherwise not attended kindergarten. About 40\% of the effect on cognitive development persists through first grade, with more persistence for higher-order thinking skills. In contrast, we find no effects on socioemotional development, which could be due to most children interacting with other children in daycare centers even if they do not attend kindergarten.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PMKL7RVX/Dean and Jayachandran - Attending kindergarten improves cognitive developm.pdf}
}

@article{deanPovertyCognitiveFunction,
  title = {Poverty and {{Cognitive Function}}},
  author = {Dean, Emma Boswell and Schilbach, Frank and Schofield, Heather},
  pages = {62},
  abstract = {This paper is a primer for economists interested in the relationship between poverty and cognitive function. We begin by discussing a set of underlying aspects of cognitive function relevant to economic decision-making -- attention, inhibitory control, memory, and higherorder cognitive functions -- including descriptions of validated tasks to measure each of these areas. Next, we review literature that investigates channels through which poverty might impact cognitive function and economic behavior, by discussing already existing knowledge as well as less well-researched areas that warrant further exploration. We then highlight ways in which the different aspects of cognitive function may impact economic outcomes, discussing both theoretical models and empirical evidence. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of open research questions and directions for future research.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/96BDPYXV/Dean et al. - Poverty and Cognitive Function.pdf}
}

@book{deaton2015great,
  title = {The {{Great Escape}}: {{Health}}, {{Wealth}}, and the {{Origins}} of {{Inequality}}},
  author = {Deaton, A},
  year = {2015},
  publisher = {Princeton University Press},
  isbn = {978-0-691-16562-2}
}

@article{Deaton2018,
  title = {Understanding and Misunderstanding Randomized Controlled Trials},
  author = {Deaton, Angus and Cartwright, Nancy},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Social Science and Medicine},
  volume = {210},
  pages = {2--21},
  publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
  issn = {18735347},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.12.005},
  abstract = {Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) are increasingly popular in the social sciences, not only in medicine. We argue that the lay public, and sometimes researchers, put too much trust in RCTs over other methods of investigation. Contrary to frequent claims in the applied literature, randomization does not equalize everything other than the treatment in the treatment and control groups, it does not automatically deliver a precise estimate of the average treatment effect (ATE), and it does not relieve us of the need to think about (observed or unobserved) covariates. Finding out whether an estimate was generated by chance is more difficult than commonly believed. At best, an RCT yields an unbiased estimate, but this property is of limited practical value. Even then, estimates apply only to the sample selected for the trial, often no more than a convenience sample, and justification is required to extend the results to other groups, including any population to which the trial sample belongs, or to any individual, including an individual in the trial. Demanding `external validity' is unhelpful because it expects too much of an RCT while undervaluing its potential contribution. RCTs do indeed require minimal assumptions and can operate with little prior knowledge. This is an advantage when persuading distrustful audiences, but it is a disadvantage for cumulative scientific progress, where prior knowledge should be built upon, not discarded. RCTs can play a role in building scientific knowledge and useful predictions but they can only do so as part of a cumulative program, combining with other methods, including conceptual and theoretical development, to discover not `what works' but `why things work'.},
  keywords = {Balance,Bias,Economic development,External validity,Health,Precision,RCTs,Transportation of results},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H2SR4PBL/Deaton and Cartwright - 2018 - Understanding and misunderstanding randomized cont.pdf}
}

@book{deatonAnalysisHouseholdSurveys1997,
  title = {The Analysis of Household Surveys: {{A}} Microeconometric Approach to Development Policy},
  shorttitle = {The Analysis of Household Surveys},
  author = {Deaton, Angus},
  year = {1997},
  month = jul,
  publisher = {The World Bank},
  doi = {10.1596/0-8018-5254-4},
  urldate = {2020-03-12},
  isbn = {978-0-8018-5254-1},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QLY6GUPK/Deaton - 1997 - The analysis of household surveys A microeconomet.pdf}
}

@book{DeatonAngusS.1997,
  title = {The {{Analysis}} of {{Household Surveys}}: {{Micro Econometric Analysis}} for {{Development Policy}}},
  author = {{Deaton Angus S.}},
  year = {1997},
  isbn = {978-1-4648-1331-3}
}

@article{deatonPolicyImplicationsGradient2002,
  title = {Policy {{Implications Of The Gradient Of Health And Wealth}}},
  author = {Deaton, Angus},
  year = {2002},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Health Affairs},
  volume = {21},
  number = {2},
  pages = {13--30},
  issn = {0278-2715, 1544-5208},
  doi = {10.1377/hlthaff.21.2.13},
  urldate = {2021-09-01},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{decaboEffectsIntermittentFasting2019,
  title = {Effects of {{Intermittent Fasting}} on {{Health}}, {{Aging}}, and {{Disease}}},
  author = {{de Cabo}, Rafael and Mattson, Mark P.},
  editor = {Longo, Dan L.},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {New England Journal of Medicine},
  volume = {381},
  number = {26},
  pages = {2541--2551},
  issn = {0028-4793, 1533-4406},
  doi = {10.1056/NEJMra1905136},
  urldate = {2021-11-14},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4ZZXY4X3/de Cabo and Mattson - 2019 - Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Health, Aging, .pdf}
}

@misc{DecadePOCSODevelopments,
  title = {A {{Decade}} of {{POCSO}}: {{Developments}}, {{Challenges}} and {{Insights}} from {{Judicial Data}}},
  shorttitle = {A {{Decade}} of {{POCSO}}},
  journal = {Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy},
  urldate = {2024-12-01},
  abstract = {On November 14, 2022, the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act completes a decade of being on the statute books in India. When enacted, the POCSO Act marked the culmination of years of campaigning for a dedicated domestic legislation on child sexual abuse.~ 10 years is a reasonable time period to analyse how [{\dots}]},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BXJNWDWD/POCSO_final_draft_DIGITAL.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H485V3ET/a-decade-of-pocso-developments-challenges-and-insights-from-judicial-data.html}
}

@article{dechaisemartinCredibleAnswersHard2024,
  title = {Credible {{Answers}} to {{Hard Questions}}: {{Differences-in-Differences}} for {{Natural Experiments}}},
  author = {{de Chaisemartin}, Cl{\'e}ment and D'Haultf{\oe}uille, Xavier},
  year = {2024},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SDKB9C2B/de Chaisemartin and D’Haultfœuille - Credible Answers to Hard Questions Differences-in.pdf}
}

@article{dechaisemartinDifferenceinDifferencesEstimatorsIntertemporal2020,
  title = {Difference-in-{{Differences Estimators}} of {{Intertemporal Treatment Effects}}},
  author = {{de Chaisemartin}, Cl{\'e}ment and {d'Haultfoeuille}, Xavier},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3731856},
  urldate = {2021-02-18},
  abstract = {We consider the estimation of the effect of a policy or treatment, using panel data where different groups of units are exposed to the treatment at different times. We focus on parameters aggregating instantaneous and dynamic treatment effects, as a way to evaluate the welfare effects of the policies that occurred over the duration of the panel. We show that under common trends conditions, these parameters can be unbiasedly estimated by weighted sums of differences-in-differences, provided that at least one group is always untreated, and another group is always treated. Our estimators are valid if the treatment effect is heterogeneous, contrary to the commonly-used event-study regression. We also propose estimators of a dynamic linear model, with group-specific but time-invariant effects of the current and lagged treatments, which may be used to evaluate ex-ante the effect of future policies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H6X6D48D/de Chaisemartin and d'Haultfoeuille - 2020 - Difference-in-Differences Estimators of Intertempo.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z5BILGXA/pres2.pdf}
}

@article{dechaisemartinFuzzyDifferencesinDifferences2018,
  title = {Fuzzy {{Differences-in-Differences}}},
  author = {{de Chaisemartin}, C and D'Haultf{\oe}uille, Xavier},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {85},
  number = {2},
  pages = {999--1028},
  issn = {0034-6527, 1467-937X},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdx049},
  urldate = {2021-02-18},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PNUD9AV6/de Chaisemartin and D’HaultfŒuille - 2018 - Fuzzy Differences-in-Differences.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SYS9PH6Z/Chaisemartin - Fuzzy Diﬀerences-in-Diﬀerences.pdf}
}

@techreport{dechaisemartinTwowayFixedEffects2019,
  title = {Two-Way {{Fixed Effects Estimators}} with {{Heterogeneous Treatment Effects}}},
  author = {{de Chaisemartin}, Cl{\'e}ment and D'Haultfoeuille, Xavier},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  number = {w25904},
  pages = {w25904},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w25904},
  urldate = {2020-04-09},
  abstract = {Linear regressions with period and group fixed effects are widely used to estimate treatment effects. We show that they estimate weighted sums of the average treatment effects (ATE) in each group and period, with weights that may be negative. Due to the negative weights, the linear regression coefficient may for instance be negative while all the ATEs are positive. We propose another estimator that solves this issue. In the two applications we revisit, it is significantly different from the linear regression estimator.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{dechaisemartinTwowayFixedEffects2020,
  title = {Two-Way {{Fixed Effects Regressions}} with {{Several Treatments}}},
  author = {{de Chaisemartin}, Cl{\'e}ment and {d'Haultfoeuille}, Xavier},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3751060},
  urldate = {2021-02-18},
  abstract = {We study linear regressions with period and group fixed effects, with several treatment variables. We show that under a parallel trends assumption, the coefficient of each treatment identifies the sum of two terms. The first term is a weighted sum of the average effect of that treatment in each group and period, with weights that may be negative. The second term is a weighted sum of the average effect of the other treatments in each group and period, with weights that may again be negative. Accordingly, the treatment coefficients in those regressions are not robust to heterogeneous effects across groups and over time, and may also be contaminated by the effect of other treatments. We propose an alternative estimator that does not suffer from those issues.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LR7DQXPI/de Chaisemartin and d'Haultfoeuille - 2020 - Two-way Fixed Effects Regressions with Several Tre.pdf}
}

@article{dechaisemartinTwoWayFixedEffects2020,
  title = {Two-{{Way Fixed Effects Estimators}} with {{Heterogeneous Treatment Effects}}},
  author = {{de Chaisemartin}, Cl{\'e}ment and D'Haultf{\oe}uille, Xavier},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {110},
  number = {9},
  pages = {2964--2996},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20181169},
  urldate = {2021-02-18},
  abstract = {Linear regressions with period and group fixed effects are widely used to estimate treatment effects. We show that they estimate weighted sums of the average treatment effects (ATE ) in each group and period, with weights that may be negative. Due to the negative weights, the linear regression coefficient may for instance be negative while all the ATEs are positive. We propose another estimator that solves this issue. In the two applications we revisit, it is significantly different from the linear regression estimator. (JEL C21, C23, D72, J31, J51, L82)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BKKT22JL/de Chaisemartin and D'Haultfoeuille - 2019 - Two-way Fixed Effects Estimators with Heterogeneou.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F6SCRWTK/de Chaisemartin and D’Haultfœuille - 2020 - Two-Way Fixed Effects Estimators with Heterogeneou.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/P4PW2SIL/SlidesTwo-wayFE.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/W6VQD47A/two_way_FE_webappendix.pdf}
}

@article{dechaisemartinTwoWayFixedEffects2021,
  title = {Two-{{Way Fixed Effects}} and {{Differences-in-Differences}} with {{Heterogeneous Treatment Effects}}: {{A Survey}}},
  shorttitle = {Two-{{Way Fixed Effects}} and {{Differences-in-Differences}} with {{Heterogeneous Treatment Effects}}},
  author = {{de Chaisemartin}, Cl{\'e}ment and {d'Haultfoeuille}, Xavier},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3980758},
  urldate = {2021-12-19},
  abstract = {Linear regressions with period and group fixed effects are widely used to estimate policies' effects: 26 of the 100 most cited papers published by the American Economic Review from 2015 to 2019 estimate such regressions. It has recently been show that those regressions may produce misleading estimates, if the policy's effect is heterogeneous between groups or over time, as is often the case. This survey reviews a fast-growing literature that documents this issue, and that proposes alternative estimators robust to heterogeneous effects.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PRZ55CAH/de Chaisemartin and d'Haultfoeuille - 2021 - Two-Way Fixed Effects and Differences-in-Differenc.pdf}
}

@article{dechaisemartinTwowayFixedEffects2023,
  title = {Two-Way Fixed Effects and Differences-in-Differences Estimators with Several Treatments},
  author = {{de Chaisemartin}, Cl{\'e}ment and D'Haultf{\oe}uille, Xavier},
  year = {2023},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
  volume = {236},
  number = {2},
  pages = {105480},
  issn = {0304-4076},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.105480},
  urldate = {2023-12-10},
  abstract = {We study two-way-fixed-effects regressions (TWFE) with several treatment variables. Under a parallel trends assumption, we show that the coefficient on each treatment identifies a weighted sum of that treatment's effect, with possibly negative weights, plus a weighted sum of the effects of the other treatments. Thus, those estimators are not robust to heterogeneous effects and may be contaminated by other treatments' effects. We further show that omitting a treatment from the regression can actually reduce the estimator's bias, unlike what would happen under constant treatment effects. We propose an alternative difference-in-differences estimator, robust to heterogeneous effects and immune to the contamination problem. In the application we consider, the TWFE regression identifies a highly non-convex combination of effects, with large contamination weights, and one of its coefficients significantly differs from our heterogeneity-robust estimator.},
  keywords = {Differences-in-differences,Heterogeneous treatment effects,Multiple treatments,Two-way-fixed-effects regressions},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WUH46CT2/de Chaisemartin and D’Haultfœuille - 2023 - Two-way fixed effects and differences-in-differenc.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4GBQ6IMG/S0304407623001963.html}
}

@misc{deciccaEconomicsTobaccoRegulation2020,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {The {{Economics}} of {{Tobacco Regulation}}: {{A Comprehensive Review}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Economics}} of {{Tobacco Regulation}}},
  author = {DeCicca, Philip and Kenkel, Donald S. and Lovenheim, Michael F.},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {26923},
  eprint = {26923},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w26923},
  urldate = {2023-08-29},
  abstract = {Tobacco regulation has been a major component of health policy in the developed world since the UK's Royal College of Physicians' and the U.S. Surgeon General's reports in the 1960s. Such regulation, which has intensified in the past two decades, includes cigarette taxation, place-based smoking bans in areas ranging from bars and restaurants to workplaces, and regulations designed to make tobacco products less desirable. More recently, the availability of alternative products, most notably e-cigarettes, has increased dramatically, and these products are just starting to be regulated. Despite an extensive body of research on tobacco regulations, there remains substantial debate regarding their effectiveness, and ultimately, their impact on economic welfare. We provide the first comprehensive review of the state of research in the economics of tobacco regulation in two decades.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E8BVDAQ9/DeCicca et al. - 2020 - The Economics of Tobacco Regulation A Comprehensi.pdf}
}

@article{decosterIncomeGradientMortality,
  title = {The {{Income Gradient}} in {{Mortality}} during the {{Covid-19 Crisis}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Belgium}}},
  author = {Decoster, Andre and Leuven, {\relax KU} and Minten, Thomas and Spinnewijn, Johannes},
  pages = {29},
  abstract = {We use population-wide data from linked administrative registers to study the distributional pattern of mortality before and during the Covid-19 pandemic in Belgium. Excess mortality is only found among those aged 65 and over. For this group, we find a significant negative income gradient in excess mortality, with excess deaths in the bottom income decile more than twice as high as in the top income decile for both men and women. However, given the high inequality in mortality in normal times, the income gradient in all-cause mortality is only marginally steeper during the peak of the health crisis when expressed in relative terms. Leveraging our individual-level data, we gauge the robustness of our results for other socioeconomic factors and find that conclusions about the income gradient in excess mortality based on aggregate data can be misguided.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R2GSNINN/Decoster et al. - The Income Gradient in Mortality during the Covid-.pdf}
}

@article{decosterIncomeGradientMortalitya,
  title = {The {{Income Gradient}} in {{Mortality}} during the {{Covid-19 Crisis}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Belgium}}},
  author = {Decoster, Andre and Minten, Thomas and Spinnewijn, Johannes},
  pages = {29},
  abstract = {We use population-wide data from linked administrative registers to study the distributional pattern of mortality before and during the Covid-19 pandemic in Belgium. Excess mortality is only found among those aged 65 and over. For this group, we find a significant negative income gradient in excess mortality, with excess deaths in the bottom income decile more than twice as high as in the top income decile for both men and women. However, given the high inequality in mortality in normal times, the income gradient in all-cause mortality is only marginally steeper during the peak of the health crisis when expressed in relative terms. Leveraging our individual-level data, we gauge the robustness of our results for other socioeconomic factors and find that conclusions about the income gradient in excess mortality based on aggregate data can be misguided.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EQSSDASW/Decoster et al. - The Income Gradient in Mortality during the Covid-.pdf}
}

@book{dedattaPrinciplesPracticesRice1981,
  title = {Principles and Practices of Rice Production},
  author = {De Datta, Surajit K.},
  year = {1981},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address = {New York},
  isbn = {978-0-471-08074-9},
  lccn = {SB191.R5 D38},
  keywords = {Rice}
}

@book{deereImplementationGameTRIPS2009,
  title = {The Implementation Game: The {{TRIPS}} Agreement and the Global Politics of Intellectual Property Reform in Developing Countries},
  shorttitle = {The Implementation Game},
  author = {Deere, Carolyn},
  year = {2009},
  publisher = {New York : Oxford University Press},
  address = {Oxford},
  isbn = {978-0-19-955061-6},
  langid = {english},
  lccn = {K1401.A41994 D44 2009},
  keywords = {Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights,Compliance,Developing countries,Flexibilities,Foreign trade regulation,Implementation,Intellectual property,Intellectual property (International law),International political economy,Law,Multinational companies,Power,Trips,World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO),World Trade Organization (WTO)},
  annotation = {OCLC: ocn232536776},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JJLGSPMY/Deere - 2009 - The implementation game the TRIPS agreement and t.pdf}
}

@article{deiningerNewWaysLooking1998,
  title = {New Ways of Looking at Old Issues: Inequality and Growth},
  shorttitle = {New Ways of Looking at Old Issues},
  author = {Deininger, Klaus and Squire, Lyn},
  year = {1998},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {57},
  number = {2},
  pages = {259--287},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/S0304-3878(98)00099-6},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {The paper uses new cross-country data on income and asset {\v Z}land. distribution to show that {\v Z}i. there is a strong negative relationship between initial inequality in the asset distribution and long-term growth; {\v Z}ii. inequality reduces income growth for the poor, but not for the rich; and {\v Z}iii. available longitudinal data provide little support for the Kuznets hypothesis. Policies that increase aggregate investment and facilitate acquisition of assets by the poor might thus be doubly beneficial for growth and poverty reduction. q 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Assets,Distribution,Growth,Income,Inequality,Kuznets,Land,Poverty},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TWT9LCGP/Deininger and Squire - 1998 - New ways of looking at old issues inequality and .pdf}
}

@book{DeJanvry2017,
  title = {Field {{Experiments}} in {{Developing Country Agriculture}}},
  author = {De Janvry, Alain and Sadoulet, Elisabeth and Suri, T.},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Handbook of Economic Field Experiments},
  volume = {2},
  publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
  issn = {2214-658X},
  doi = {10.1016/bs.hefe.2016.08.002},
  abstract = {Abstract This chapter provides a review of the role of field experiments (FEs) in answering research questions in agriculture that ultimately let us better understand how policy can improve productivity and farmer welfare in developing economies. We first review recent FEs in agriculture, highlighting the contributions they have already made to this area of research. We then outline areas where experiments can further fill existing gaps in our knowledge on agriculture and how future experiments can address the specific complexities in agriculture.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5DBGZAWQ/de Janvry et al. - 2017 - Field Experiments in Developing Country Agricultur.pdf}
}

@techreport{DeJanvry2019,
  title = {Transforming Developing Country Agriculture: {{Removing}} Adoption Constraints and Promoting Inclusive Value Chain Development},
  author = {De Janvry, Alain and Sadoulet, Elisabeth},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {World Development},
  abstract = {For most poor countries of today, investing in agriculture and the associated sectoral linkages is widely recognized as the most promising strategy for sustained growth and poverty reduction. Yet, in these countries, investment in agriculture has generally been insufficient relative to international norms and recommendations. Smallholder farmers that typically constitute the bulk of the farm population have lagged behind in modernizing. Current wisdom with cases of successful modernization is that it requires asset building, productivity growth in staple foods (Green Revolution), agricultural transformation (diversification of farming systems toward high value crops), and rural transformation (value addition through rural non-farm activities linked to agriculture). Modernization has too often been hampered by extensive market and government failures. We outline a theory of change where the removal of market and government failures to achieve modernization can be achieved through two contrasted and complementary approaches. One is ``constraint removal'', where development agents (governments, international and bilateral development agencies, non-governmental organizations, donors) facilitate removing the major constraints to technology adoption: liquidity, risk, information, and access to markets. The other is ``inclusive value chain development'', where agents in value chains (entrepreneurs, coordinating agencies, producer organizations) create incentives for smallholders to modernize through contracting and vertical coordination. We review the extensive literature that has explored ways of inducing modernization through these two approaches, noting a number of success stories, and propose a research agenda to further explore and enhance their potential.}
}

@article{dejanvryDelinkingLandRights2015,
  title = {Delinking {{Land Rights}} from {{Land Use}}: {{Certification}} and {{Migration}} in {{Mexico}}},
  shorttitle = {Delinking {{Land Rights}} from {{Land Use}}},
  author = {{de Janvry}, Alain and Emerick, Kyle and {Gonzalez-Navarro}, Marco and Sadoulet, Elisabeth},
  year = {2015},
  month = oct,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {105},
  number = {10},
  pages = {3125--3149},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20130853},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L6ID3BSH/de Janvry et al. - 2015 - Delinking Land Rights from Land Use Certification.pdf}
}

@article{DeKadt2018,
  title = {Agents of the Regime? {{Traditional}} Leaders and Electoral Politics in {{South Africa}}},
  author = {De Kadt, Daniel and Larreguy, Horacio A.},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Politics},
  volume = {80},
  number = {2},
  pages = {382--399},
  issn = {14682508},
  doi = {10.1086/694540},
  abstract = {Traditional leaders are often given subnational authority in developing democracies. Although ubiquitous, the electoral consequences of their power have received little attention, often due to empirical challenges. We argue that traditional leaders, whose power and resources largely depend on the state, have incentives to support incumbent political parties who can guarantee their survival and provide them with rents. We study this quid pro quo in the former Bantustans of South Africa, showing that an alignment between the incumbent African National Congress and chiefs maps to increased electoral support for the party. Our results suggest that chiefs boost African National Congress vote share by between 6.6 and 8.2 percentage points in the Bantustans, translating into a change in the national vote of between 2 and 2.5 percentage points. Our empirical strategy rules out that our results are driven by differences in ethnicity, race, or economic circumstances, which commonly confound the presence of traditional authorities.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UDZUTYCF/de Kadt and Larreguy - 2018 - Agents of the Regime Traditional Leaders and Elec.pdf}
}

@article{delabriereRolesDestinationGender2002,
  title = {The Roles of Destination, Gender, and Household Composition in Explaining Remittances: An Analysis for the {{Dominican Sierra}}},
  shorttitle = {The Roles of Destination, Gender, and Household Composition in Explaining Remittances},
  author = {{de la Bri{\`e}re}, B{\'e}n{\'e}dicte and Sadoulet, Elisabeth and {de Janvry}, Alain and Lambert, Sylvie},
  year = {2002},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {68},
  number = {2},
  pages = {309--328},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/S0304-3878(02)00015-9},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Two non-exclusive hypotheses about what motivates remittances sent by Dominican migrants to their rural parents in the Sierra are tested: (a) an insurance contract taken by parents with their migrant children and (b) an investment by migrants in potential bequests. Results show that the relative importance of these two motives to remit is affected by destination (US vs. cities in the Dominican Republic), gender, and household composition. The insurance function is mainly fulfilled by female migrants to the US. Only when a male is the sole migrant in his household does he play the role of insurer. Investment, by contrast, is pursued by both males and females, but only among those migrating to the US. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Inheritance,Insurance,Migration,Remittances},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AGF7IKQC/de la Brière et al. - 2002 - The roles of destination, gender, and household co.pdf}
}

@article{delavandeElicitingProbabilisticExpectations2011,
  title = {Eliciting Probabilistic Expectations with Visual Aids in Developing Countries: How Sensitive Are Answers to Variations in Elicitation Design?},
  shorttitle = {Eliciting Probabilistic Expectations with Visual Aids in Developing Countries},
  author = {Delavande, Adeline and Gin{\'e}, Xavier and McKenzie, David},
  year = {2011},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Applied Econometrics},
  volume = {26},
  number = {3},
  pages = {479--497},
  issn = {08837252},
  doi = {10.1002/jae.1233},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Eliciting subjective probability distributions in developing countries is often based on visual aids such as beans to represent probabilities and intervals on a sheet of paper to represent the support. We conduct an experiment in India which tests the sensitivity of elicited expectations to variations in three facets of the elicitation methodology: the number of beans, the design of the support (predetermined or self-anchored), and the ordering of questions. Our results show remarkable robustness to variations in elicitation design. Nevertheless, the added precision offered by using more beans and a larger number of intervals with a predetermined support improves accuracy. Copyright  2011 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WCBUZIT4/Delavande et al. - 2011 - Eliciting probabilistic expectations with visual a.pdf}
}

@article{delavandeMeasuringSubjectiveExpectations2011,
  title = {Measuring Subjective Expectations in Developing Countries: {{A}} Critical Review and New Evidence},
  shorttitle = {Measuring Subjective Expectations in Developing Countries},
  author = {Delavande, Adeline and Gin{\'e}, Xavier and McKenzie, David},
  year = {2011},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {94},
  number = {2},
  pages = {151--163},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.01.008},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {The majority of economic decisions are forward-looking and thus involve expectations of future outcomes. Understanding the expectations that individuals have is thus of crucial importance to designing and evaluating policies in health, education, finance, migration, social protection, and many other areas. However, the majority of developing country surveys are static in nature and many do not elicit subjective expectations of individuals. Possible reasons given for not collecting this information include fears that poor, illiterate individuals do not understand probability concepts, that it takes far too much time to ask such questions, or that the answers add little value. This paper provides a critical review and new analysis of subjective expectations data from developing countries and refutes each of these concerns. We find that people in developing countries can generally understand and answer probabilistic questions, such questions are not prohibitive in time to ask, and the expectations are useful predictors of future behavior and economic decisions. The paper discusses the different methods used for eliciting such information, the key methodological issues involved, and the open research questions. The available evidence suggests that collecting expectations data is both feasible and valuable, suggesting that it should be incorporated into more developing country surveys.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Development,Subjective expectations,Survey methodology},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R4TJFDHY/Delavande et al. - 2011 - Measuring subjective expectations in developing co.pdf}
}

@article{delavandeMeasuringSubjectiveExpectations2011a,
  title = {Measuring Subjective Expectations in Developing Countries: {{A}} Critical Review and New Evidence},
  shorttitle = {Measuring Subjective Expectations in Developing Countries},
  author = {Delavande, Adeline and Gin{\'e}, Xavier and McKenzie, David},
  year = {2011},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {94},
  number = {2},
  pages = {151--163},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.01.008},
  urldate = {2021-02-24},
  abstract = {The majority of economic decisions are forward-looking and thus involve expectations of future outcomes. Understanding the expectations that individuals have is thus of crucial importance to designing and evaluating policies in health, education, finance, migration, social protection, and many other areas. However, the majority of developing country surveys are static in nature and many do not elicit subjective expectations of individuals. Possible reasons given for not collecting this information include fears that poor, illiterate individuals do not understand probability concepts, that it takes far too much time to ask such questions, or that the answers add little value. This paper provides a critical review and new analysis of subjective expectations data from developing countries and refutes each of these concerns. We find that people in developing countries can generally understand and answer probabilistic questions, such questions are not prohibitive in time to ask, and the expectations are useful predictors of future behavior and economic decisions. The paper discusses the different methods used for eliciting such information, the key methodological issues involved, and the open research questions. The available evidence suggests that collecting expectations data is both feasible and valuable, suggesting that it should be incorporated into more developing country surveys.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TV32U4EV/Delavande et al. - 2011 - Measuring subjective expectations in developing co.pdf}
}

@article{delavandeSubjectiveExpectationsContext2009,
  title = {Subjective Expectations in the Context of {{HIV}}/{{AIDS}} in {{Malawi}}},
  author = {Delavande, Adeline and Kohler, Hans-Peter},
  year = {2009},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Demographic Research},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {817--875},
  issn = {1435-9871},
  doi = {10.4054/DemRes.2009.20.31},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Background 819 3 Data and context 822 4 Interactive elicitation of probabilistic expectations 825 5 Response patterns 830 5.1 Item non-response 830 5.2 Focal answers 833 5.3 Consistency of subjective expectations with probability theory 833 5.4 Tendencies to be optimistic or pessimistic 834 5.5 Comparison with verbal scale 835 5.6 Measurement error 835 6 Expectations about common events 838 6.1 Going to the market 838 6.2 Food shortage and financial assistance 839 6.3 Infant mortality 844 7 HIV/AIDS-related expectations 845 7.1 Expectations about own HIV infection 845 7.2 Expectations about HIV prevention strategies: Condom use with spouse and other partners 851 7.2.1 Condom use with spouse 851 7.2.2 Condom use with a partner other than the spouse 853 8 Mortality 854 9 Conclusions},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AXIPE4WH/Delavande and Kohler - 2009 - Subjective expectations in the context of HIVAIDS.pdf}
}

@article{DelBoca2014,
  title = {Household {{Choices}} and {{Child Development}}},
  author = {Del Boca, Daniela and Flinn, Christopher and Wiswall, Matthew},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {81},
  number = {1},
  pages = {137--185},
  issn = {0034-6527},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdt026},
  abstract = {The growth in labour market participation among women with young children has raised concerns about its implications for child cognitive development.We estimate a model of the cognitive development process of children nested within an otherwise standard model of household behaviour. The household makes labour supply decisions and provides time andmoney inputs into the child quality production process during the development period. Our empirical results indicate that both parents' time inputs are important for the cognitive development of their children, particularly when the child is young. Money expenditures are less productive in terms of producing child quality. Comparative statics exercises demonstrate that cash transfers to households with children have small impacts on child quality due to the relatively low impact of money investments on child outcomes and the fact that a significant fraction of the transfer is spent on other household consumption and the leisure of the parents. TS - CrossRef},
  keywords = {Child development,Household labour supply,Time allocation},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z47D6YL5/Del Boca et al. - 2014 - Household Choices and Child Development.pdf}
}

@article{DelBoca2017,
  title = {Parental and Child Time Investments and the Cognitive Development of Adolescents},
  author = {Del Boca, Daniela and Monfardini, Chiara and Nicoletti, Cheti},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Journal of Labor Economics},
  volume = {35},
  number = {2},
  pages = {565--608},
  issn = {0734306X},
  doi = {10.1086/689479},
  abstract = {While a large literature has focused on the impact of parental investments on child cognitive development, very little is known about the role of the child's own investments alongside that of the parents. By using the Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we model the cognitive production function for adolescents using an augmented value-added model and adopt an estimation method that takes account of unobserved child characteristics. We find that a child's own investments made during adolescence matter more than the mother's. Our empirical results appear to be robust to several sensitivity checks.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3SYNHKQ8/Del Boca et al. - 2017 - Parental and Child Time Investments and the Cognit.pdf}
}

@article{Dell2014,
  title = {What Do We Learn from the Weather? {{The}} New Climate-Economy Literature},
  author = {Dell, Melissa and Jones, Benjamin F. and Olken, Benjamin A.},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  volume = {52},
  number = {3},
  pages = {740--798},
  issn = {00220515},
  doi = {10.1257/jel.52.3.740},
  abstract = {A rapidly growing body of research applies panel methods to examine how temperature, precipitation, and windstorms influence economic outcomes. These studies focus on changes in weather realizations over time within a given spatial area and demonstrate impacts on agricultural output, industrial output, labor productivity, energy demand, health, conflict, and economic growth, among other outcomes. By harnessing exogenous variation over time within a given spatial unit, these studies help credibly identify (i) the breadth of channels linking weather and the economy, (ii) heterogeneous treatment effects across different types of locations, and (iii) nonlinear effects of weather variables. This paper reviews the new literature with two purposes. First, we summarize recent work, providing a guide to its methodologies, datasets, and findings. Second, we consider applications of the new literature, including insights for the "damage function" within models that seek to assess the potential economic effects of future climate change.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MLB774LD/130823a_online_appendix.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YBX3AUE4/Dell et al. - 2014 - What Do We Learn from the Weather The New Climate.pdf}
}

@article{Dell2018,
  title = {The {{Historical State}}, {{Local Collective Action}}, and {{Economic Development}} in {{Vietnam}}},
  author = {Dell, Melissa and Lane, Nathan and Querubin, Pablo},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {86},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2083--2121},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ecta15122},
  abstract = {{\copyright} 2016 IEEE. Two methods are presented to improve word confidence scores for Line-Level Query-by-String Lexicon-Free Keyword Spotting (KWS) in handwritten text images. The first one approaches true relevance probabilities by means of computations directly carried out on character lattices obtained from the lines images considered. The second method uses the same character lattices, but it obtains relevance scores by first computing frame-level character sequence scores which resemble the word posteriorgrams used in previous approaches for lexicon-based KWS. The first method results from a formal probabilistic derivation, which allow us to better understand and further develop the underlying ideas. The second one is less formal but, according with experiments presented in the paper, it obtains almost identical results with much lower computational cost. Moreover, in contrast with the first method, the second one allows to directly obtain accurate bounding boxes for the spotted words.},
  keywords = {advanced research,and huyen cao for,berkeley,central european university,collective action,columbia university,cuny,duke economics,duke po-,economic development,governance,lent research assistance,minh tuan nguyen,nhung le,providing excel-,thao ngo,the canadian institute for,to seminar participants at,we are also grateful,we thank minh trinh},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ASMMJ44X/Dell et al. - The Historical State, Local Collective Action, and.pdf}
}

@article{dellavignaBottlenecksEvidenceAdoption2023,
  title = {Bottlenecks for {{Evidence Adoption}}},
  author = {DellaVigna, Stefano and Kim, Woojin and Linos, Elizabeth},
  year = {2023},
  abstract = {Governments increasingly use RCTs to test innovations before scale up. Yet, we know little about whether and how they incorporate the results of the experiments into policy-making. We follow up with 67 U.S. city departments which collectively ran 73 RCTs in collaboration with a national Nudge Unit. Compared to most contexts, the barriers to adoption are low. Yet, city departments adopt a nudge treatment in follow-on communication in 27\% of cases. As potential determinants of adoption we consider (i) the strength of the evidence, as determined by the RCT itself, (ii) features of the organization, such as ``organizational capacity'' of the city and whether the city staff member working on the RCT has been retained, and (iii) the experimental design, such as whether the RCT was implemented as part of pre-existing communication. We find (i) a limited impact of strength of the evidence and (ii) some impact of city features, especially the retention of the original staff member. By far, the largest predictor of adoption is (iii) whether the communication was pre-existing, as opposed to a new communication. We consider two main interpretations of this finding: organizational inertia, in that changes to pre-existing communications are more naturally folded into year-to-year city processes, and costs, since new communications may require additional funding. We find the same pattern for electronic communications, with zero marginal costs, supporting the organizational inertia explanation. The pattern of results differs from the predictions of both experts and practitioners, who over-estimate the extent of evidence-based adoption. Our results underline the importance of considering the barriers to evidence adoption, beginning at the stage of experimental design and continuing after the RCT completion.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A355IMF2/DellaVigna et al. - Bottlenecks for Evidence Adoption.pdf}
}

@article{dellavignaEstimatingSocialPreferences2022,
  title = {Estimating {{Social Preferences}} and {{Gift Exchange}} at {{Work}}},
  author = {DellaVigna, Stefano and List, John A. and Malmendier, Ulrike and Rao, Gautam},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {112},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1038--1074},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20190920},
  urldate = {2025-01-24},
  abstract = {We design three field experiments to estimate how workers' social preferences toward their employer motivates their work effort. We vary the pay rates offered to workers, the return to the employer, and employer generosity demonstrated via unexpected gifts. Workers exert effort even without private incentives, but their effort is insensitive to the return to the employer. This is consistent with "warm glow" but not pure altruism. The gifts have no effect on productivity, but engender extra work. This difference is explained partly by the finding that extra work is much more responsive to incentives than is productivity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Field Experiments Human Capital,Job Satisfaction,Labor Productivity Safety,Occupational Choice,Payment Methods Personnel Economics: Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects,Related Public Policy Compensation Packages,Skills},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3EIKD38X/DellaVigna et al. - 2022 - Estimating Social Preferences and Gift Exchange at.pdf}
}

@article{dellavignaFOXNEWSEFFECT,
  title = {{{THE FOX NEWS EFFECT}}: {{MEDIA BIAS AND VOTING}}},
  author = {Dellavigna, Stefano and Kaplan, Ethan},
  journal = {QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS},
  pages = {48},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IKVXWSZJ/Dellavigna and Kaplan - THE FOX NEWS EFFECT MEDIA BIAS AND VOTING.pdf}
}

@article{dellavignaFoxNewsEffect2007,
  title = {The {{Fox News Effect}}: {{Media Bias}} and {{Voting}}*},
  shorttitle = {The {{Fox News Effect}}},
  author = {DellaVigna, Stefano and Kaplan, Ethan},
  year = {2007},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {122},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1187--1234},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1162/qjec.122.3.1187},
  urldate = {2025-03-03},
  abstract = {Does media bias affect voting? We analyze the entry of Fox News in cable markets and its impact on voting. Between October 1996 and November 2000, the conservative Fox News Channel was introduced in the cable programming of 20 percent of U. S. towns. Fox News availability in 2000 appears to be largely idiosyncratic, conditional on a set of controls. Using a data set of voting data for 9,256 towns, we investigate if Republicans gained vote share in towns where Fox News entered the cable market by the year 2000. We find a significant effect of the introduction of Fox News on the vote share in Presidential elections between 1996 and 2000. Republicans gained 0.4 to 0.7 percentage points in the towns that broadcast Fox News. Fox News also affected voter turnout and the Republican vote share in the Senate. Our estimates imply that Fox News convinced 3 to 28 percent of its viewers to vote Republican, depending on the audience measure. The Fox News effect could be a temporary learning effect for rational voters, or a permanent effect for nonrational voters subject to persuasion.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WU5JHFJS/DellaVigna and Kaplan - 2007 - The Fox News Effect Media Bias and Voting.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/D87G5SQ5/1879517.html}
}

@article{dellavignaPersuasionEmpiricalEvidence2010,
  title = {Persuasion: {{Empirical Evidence}}},
  shorttitle = {Persuasion},
  author = {DellaVigna, Stefano and Gentzkow, Matthew},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {643--669},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.economics.102308.124309},
  urldate = {2023-11-27},
  abstract = {We provide a selective survey of empirical evidence on the effects as well as the drivers of persuasive communication. We consider persuasion directed at consumers, voters, donors, and investors. We organize our review around four questions. First, to what extent does persuasion affect the behavior of each of these groups? Second, what models best capture the response to persuasive communication? Third, what are persuaders' incentives, and what limits their ability to distort communications? Finally, what evidence exists on the way persuasion affects equilibrium outcomes in economics and politics?},
  keywords = {beliefs,communication},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NX366FGS/annurev.economics.102308.124309.pdf}
}

@techreport{dellavignaPolicyDiffusionPolarization2022,
  title = {Policy {{Diffusion}} and {{Polarization}} across {{U}}.{{S}}. {{States}}},
  author = {DellaVigna, Stefano and Kim, Woojin},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  number = {w30142},
  pages = {w30142},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w30142},
  urldate = {2022-10-06},
  abstract = {Economists have studied the impact of numerous state laws, from welfare rules to voting ID requirements. Yet for all this policy evaluation, what do we know about policy diffusion---how these policies spread from state to state? We present a series of facts based on a data set of over 700 U.S. state policies spanning the past 7 decades. First, considering the introduction of new laws, state capacity seems to have a small role, in that larger and richer states are only slightly more likely to innovate policy. Second, the diffusion of policies from 1950 to 2000 is best predicted by proximity: a state is more likely to adopt a policy if nearby states have already done so. Third, instead since 2000, political alignment outperforms geographic proximity in predicting diffusion. Fourth, the diffusion of COVID state policies, as opposed to vaccination mandates since the 1970s, follows similar patterns of political polarization. Models of learning and correlated preferences could account for these patterns, including the decreased role of geography over time, if ideas spread more easily and preference correlation has become more political than geographical. We document, however, a role for party control: similarity in state party control predicts policy adoption in the last two decades, even controlling for voter political preferences. We conclude that party polarization has emerged as a key factor recently for policy adoption. Finally, building on these results, we broadly classify the patterns of policy diffusion in a set of difference-in-differences papers.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7YNXMKYX/DellaVigna and Kim - 2022 - Policy Diffusion and Polarization across U.S. Stat.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9K7GRFRW/w30142.pdf}
}

@article{dellavignaRCTsScaleComprehensive,
  title = {{{RCTs}} to {{Scale}}: {{Comprehensive Evidence}} from {{Two Nudge Units}}},
  author = {DellaVigna, Stefano and Linos, Elizabeth},
  pages = {65},
  abstract = {Nudge interventions -- behaviorally-motivated design changes with no financial incentives -- have quickly expanded from academic studies to larger implementations in so-called Nudge Units in governments. This provides a unique opportunity to compare interventions in research studies, versus at scale. In this paper, we assemble a unique data set including all trials run by two of the largest Nudge Units in the United States, including 126 RCTs covering over 23 million individuals. We compare these trials to a separate sample of nudge trials published in academic journals from two recent meta-analyses. In papers published in academic journals, the average impact of a nudge is very large -- an 8.7 percentage point take-up increase over the control. In the Nudge Unit trials, the average impact is still sizable and highly statistically significant, but smaller at 1.4 percentage points. We show that a large share of the gap is accounted for by publication bias, exacerbated by low statistical power, in the sample of published papers; in contrast, the Nudge Unit studies are well-powered, a hallmark of ``at scale'' interventions. Accounting for publication bias, and some differences in characteristics, reconciles the two estimates. We also compare these results to the predictions of academics and practitioners. Most forecasters overestimate the impact for the Nudge Unit interventions, though nudge practitioners are almost perfectly calibrated.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KLA7WPKU/DellaVigna and Linos - RCTs to Scale Comprehensive Evidence from Two Nud.pdf}
}

@article{dellavignaRCTsScaleComprehensive2022,
  title = {{{RCTs}} to {{Scale}}: {{Comprehensive Evidence From Two Nudge Units}}},
  shorttitle = {{{RCTs}} to {{Scale}}},
  author = {DellaVigna, Stefano and Linos, Elizabeth},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {90},
  number = {1},
  pages = {81--116},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ECTA18709},
  urldate = {2022-10-06},
  abstract = {Nudge interventions have quickly expanded from academic studies to larger implementation in so-called Nudge Units in governments. This provides an opportunity to compare interventions in research studies, versus at scale. We assemble a unique data set of 126 RCTs covering 23 million individuals, including all trials run by two of the largest Nudge Units in the United States. We compare these trials to a sample of nudge trials in academic journals from two recent meta-analyses. In the Academic Journals papers, the average impact of a nudge is very large---an 8.7 percentage point take-up effect, which is a 33.4\% increase over the average control. In the Nudge Units sample, the average impact is still sizable and highly statistically significant, but smaller at 1.4 percentage points, an 8.0\% increase. We document three dimensions which can account for the difference between these two estimates: (i) statistical power of the trials; (ii) characteristics of the interventions, such as topic area and behavioral channel; and (iii) selective publication. A meta-analysis model incorporating these dimensions indicates that selective publication in the Academic Journals sample, exacerbated by low statistical power, explains about 70 percent of the difference in effect sizes between the two samples. Different nudge characteristics account for most of the residual difference.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F4HQEA8V/DellaVigna and Linos - 2022 - RCTs to Scale Comprehensive Evidence From Two Nud.pdf}
}

@incollection{dellavignaStructuralBehavioralEconomics2018,
  title = {Structural {{Behavioral Economics}}},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Behavioral Economics}}: {{Applications}} and {{Foundations}} 1},
  author = {DellaVigna, Stefano},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {613--723},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/bs.hesbe.2018.07.005},
  urldate = {2023-06-02},
  isbn = {978-0-444-63374-3},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UFCYYMBF/DellaVigna - 2018 - Structural Behavioral Economics.pdf}
}

@article{dellavignaTestingAltruismSocial2012,
  title = {Testing for {{Altruism}} and {{Social Pressure}} in {{Charitable Giving}}},
  author = {DellaVigna, S. and List, J. A. and Malmendier, U.},
  year = {2012},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {127},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--56},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjr050},
  urldate = {2021-02-08},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/547MNZUM/DellaVigna et al. - 2012 - Testing for Altruism and Social Pressure in Charit.pdf}
}

@article{dellavignaVotingTellOthers2017,
  title = {Voting to {{Tell Others}}},
  author = {DellaVigna, Stefano and List, John A and Chicago, U and Malmendier, Ulrike},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {51},
  abstract = {Why do people vote? We design a field experiment to estimate a model of voting `because others will ask'. The expectation of being asked motivates turnout if individuals derive pride from telling others that they voted, or feel shame from admitting that they did not vote, provided that lying is costly. In a door-to-door survey about election turnout, we experimentally vary (i) the informational content and use of a flyer pre-announcing the survey, (ii) the duration and payment for the survey, and (iii) the incentives to lie about past voting. The experimental results indicate significant social image concerns. For the 2010 Congressional election, we estimate a value of voting `to tell others' of about \$15, contributing 2 percentage points to turnout. Lastly, we evaluate a get-out-the-vote intervention in which we tell potential voters that we will ask if they voted.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LC45Y95Q/DellaVigna et al. - Voting to Tell Others.pdf}
}

@article{delucaEthnicFavoritismAxiom2018,
  title = {Ethnic Favoritism: {{An}} Axiom of Politics?},
  shorttitle = {Ethnic Favoritism},
  author = {De Luca, Giacomo and Hodler, Roland and Raschky, Paul A. and Valsecchi, Michele},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {132},
  pages = {115--129},
  issn = {0304-3878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2017.12.006},
  urldate = {2023-07-06},
  abstract = {We study ethnic favoritism in a global sample and rely on nighttime light intensity to capture a broad range of preferential policies targeted towards the political leaders' ethnic homelands. We construct two panel data sets with several thousand ethnographic regions from around 140 multi-ethnic countries and annual observations from 1992 to 2013. We find robust evidence for ethnic favoritism: nighttime light becomes 7\%--10\% more intense in the political leaders' ethnic homelands. We document that ethnic favoritism is a global phenomenon not restricted to Africa, poor countries, or autocracies. We also provide evidence that ethnic favoritism is partly motivated by electoral concerns and more prevalent in the presence of ethnic parties.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Elections,Ethnic favoritism,Ethnic parties,Institutions,Political leaders},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7M4Z5WXX/j.jdeveco.2017.12.006.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/N4B69JGS/De Luca et al. - 2018 - Ethnic favoritism An axiom of politics.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DWFK5N5G/S0304387817301190.html}
}

@article{DeMel2009,
  title = {Returns to {{Capital}} in {{Microenterprises}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Field Experiment}}},
  author = {{de Mel}, Suresh and McKenzie, David and Woodruff, Christopher},
  year = {2008},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {123},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1329--1372},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1162/qjec.2008.123.4.1329},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2NE72KSJ/Mel et al. - Vol. CXXIII November 2008 Issue 4.pdf}
}

@article{demelDemandConsequencesFormalization2013,
  title = {The {{Demand}} for, and {{Consequences}} of, {{Formalization}} among {{Informal Firms}} in {{Sri Lanka}}},
  author = {{de Mel}, Suresh and McKenzie, David and Woodruff, Christopher},
  year = {2013},
  month = jan,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {122--150},
  issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790},
  doi = {10.1257/app.5.2.122},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WWRRJYW9/de Mel et al. - 2013 - The Demand for, and Consequences of, Formalization.pdf}
}

@article{Deming2009,
  title = {Early Childhood Intervention and Life-Cycle Skill Development: {{Evidence}} from Head Start},
  author = {Deming, David},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {1},
  number = {3},
  pages = {111--34},
  issn = {19457782},
  doi = {10.1257/app.1.3.111},
  abstract = {This paper provides new evidence on the long-term benefits of Head Start using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. I compare siblings who differ in their participation in the program, controlling for a variety of pre-treatment covariates. I estimate that Head Start participants gain 0.23 standard deviations on a summary index of young adult outcomes. This closes one-third of the gap between children with median and bottom quartile family income, and is about 80 percent as large as model programs such as Perry Preschool. The long-term impact for disadvantaged children is large despite "fadeout" of test score gains.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/66EXY546/Deming - 2009 - Early Childhood Intervention and Life-Cycle Skill .pdf}
}

@article{deoniEarlyNutritionInfluences2018,
  title = {Early Nutrition Influences Developmental Myelination and Cognition in Infants and Young Children},
  author = {Deoni, Sean and Dean, Douglas and Joelson, Sarah and O'Regan, Jonathan and Schneider, Nora},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  journal = {NeuroImage},
  volume = {178},
  pages = {649--659},
  issn = {1053-8119},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.056},
  urldate = {2022-11-15},
  abstract = {Throughout early neurodevelopment, myelination helps provide the foundation for brain connectivity and supports the emergence of cognitive and behavioral functioning. Early life nutrition is an important and modifiable factor that can shape myelination and, consequently, cognitive outcomes. Differences in the nutritional composition between human breast and formula milk may help explain the functional and cognitive disparity often observed between exclusively breast versus formula-fed children. However, past cognitive and brain imaging studies comparing breast and formula feeding are often: cross-sectional; performed in older children and adolescents relying on parental recall of infant feeding; and generally treat formula-fed children as a single group despite the variability between formula compositions. Here we address some of these weakness by examining longitudinal trajectories of brain and neurocognitive development in children who were exclusively breastfed versus formula-fed for at least 3 months. We further examine development between children who received different formula compositions. Results reveal significantly improved overall myelination in breastfed children accompanied by increased general, verbal, and non-verbal cognitive abilities compared to children who were exclusively formula-fed. These differences were found to persist into childhood even with groups matched for important socioeconomic and demographic factors. We also find significant developmental differences depending on formula composition received and that, in particular, long-chain fatty acids, iron, choline, sphingomyelin and folic acid are significantly associated with early myelination trajectories. These results add to the consensus that prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding plays an important role in early neurodevelopment and childhood cognitive outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Brain MRI,Cognitive development,Infant brain development,Myelination},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2IKSNCS9/Deoni et al. - 2018 - Early nutrition influences developmental myelinati.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DDIGIDFP/S1053811917310807.html}
}

@techreport{dequidtDepressionEconomists2016,
  title = {Depression for {{Economists}}},
  author = {{de Quidt}, Jonathan and Haushofer, Johannes},
  year = {2016},
  month = dec,
  number = {w22973},
  pages = {w22973},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w22973},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent mental illnesses worldwide. Existing evidence suggests that it has both economic causes and consequences, such as unemployment. However, depression has not received significant attention in the economics literature. In this paper, we present a simple model which predicts the core symptoms of depression from economic primitives, i.e. beliefs. Specifically, we show that when exogenous shocks cause an agent to have pessimistic beliefs about the returns to her effort, this agent will exhibit depressive symptoms such undereating or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, and a decrease in labor supply. When these effects are strong enough, they can generate a poverty trap. We present descriptive evidence that illustrates the predicted relationships.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GRRL49PU/de Quidt and Haushofer - 2016 - Depression for Economists.pdf}
}

@article{dequidtDepressionLensEconomics,
  title = {Depression through the {{Lens}} of {{Economics}}: {{A Research Agenda}}},
  author = {{de Quidt}, Jonathan and Haushofer, Johannes},
  pages = {34},
  abstract = {Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent mental illnesses worldwide. Existing evidence suggests that it has both economic causes and consequences, such as unemployment. However, depression has not received significant attention in the economics literature, and existing work is almost entirely empirical. We see great potential for traditional, theoretical economic analysis to both develop new insights about depression, and to form new connections to other areas of economics. In this paper, we begin with an overview of the canonical symptoms of depression, identifying a set of key facts that lend themselves well to economic analysis. We illustrate these facts with descriptive analysis of data from Indonesia. We then discuss what we see as fruitful avenues for new theoretical work, building on those facts.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BPG2DMDE/de Quidt and Haushofer - Depression through the Lens of Economics A Resear.pdf}
}

@article{dequidtMeasuringBoundingExperimenter2018,
  title = {Measuring and {{Bounding Experimenter Demand}}},
  author = {{de Quidt}, Jonathan and Haushofer, Johannes and Roth, Christopher},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {108},
  number = {11},
  pages = {3266--3302},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20171330},
  urldate = {2021-04-30},
  abstract = {We propose a technique for assessing robustness to demand effects of findings from experiments and surveys. The core idea is that by deliberately inducing demand in a structured way we can bound its influence. We present a model in which participants respond to their beliefs about the researcher's objectives. Bounds are obtained by manipulating those beliefs with ``demand treatments.'' We apply the method to 11 classic tasks, and estimate bounds averaging 0.13 standard deviations, suggesting that typical demand effects are probably modest. We also show how to compute demand-robust treatment effects and how to structurally estimate the model. (JEL C83, C90, D83, D91)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JFZPHGY5/10569.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SYLH4RKE/de Quidt et al. - 2018 - Measuring and Bounding Experimenter Demand.pdf}
}

@article{DeRaedt2010,
  title = {Understanding Vulnerability for Depression from a Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective: {{A}} Reappraisal of Attentional Factors and a New Conceptual Framework},
  author = {De Raedt, Rudi and Koster, Ernst H.W.},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {50--70},
  issn = {15307026},
  doi = {10.3758/CABN.10.1.50},
  abstract = {We propose a framework to understand increases in vulnerability for depression after recurrent episodes that links attention processes and schema activation to negative mood states, by integrating cognitive and neurobiological findings. Depression is characterized by a mood-congruent attentional bias at later stages of information processing. The basic idea of our framework is that decreased activity in prefrontal areas, mediated by the serotonin metabolism which the H PA axis controls, is associated with an impaired attenuation of subcortical regions, resulting in prolonged activation of the amygdala in response to stressors in the environment. Reduced prefrontal control in interaction with depressogenic schemas leads to impaired ability to exert attentional inhibitory control over negative elaborative processes such as rumination, leading in turn to sustained negative affect. These elaborative processes are triggered by the activation of negative schemas after confrontation with stressors. In our framework, attentional impairments are postulated as a crucial process in explaining the increasing vulnerability after depressive episodes, linking cognitive and biological vulnerability factors. We review the empirical data on the biological factors associated with the attentional impairments and detail how they are associated with rumination and mood regulation. The aim of our framework is to stimulate translational research. {\copyright} 2010 The Psychonomic Society, Inc.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HRU7IJVM/De Raedt and Koster - 2010 - Understanding vulnerability for depression from a .pdf}
}

@misc{derconstefanDevelopmentEconomicGrowth,
  title = {Development through {{Economic Growth}}},
  author = {{Dercon, Stefan}},
  journal = {Open Philanthropy},
  urldate = {2024-04-29},
  abstract = {Open Philanthropy commissioned a report from~Stefan Dercon on economic growth as the main driver of poverty reduction. In the report, Dercon highlights a set of overlooked policies that can help boost economic growth in developing countries, as well as key reasons why these policies aren't always pursued. Abstract Starting from the premise that growth is [{\dots}]},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZUEZHS9N/Development through Economic Growth.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MWVQVD9Z/development-through-economic-growth.html}
}

@article{DeRochambeau2017,
  title = {Monitoring and {{Intrinsic Motivation}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Liberia}}'s {{Trucking Firms}}},
  author = {De Rochambeau, Golvine},
  year = {2017},
  abstract = {Severe information asymmetries are thought to make contracting particularly difficult within (and across) firms in developing countries. Standard principal-agent theory predicts that a new monitoring technology provided at zero cost should be widely adopted and un-ambiguously raise workers' effort.}
}

@article{derochambeauMonitoringIntrinsicMotivation,
  title = {Monitoring and {{Intrinsic Motivation}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Liberia}}'s {{Trucking Firms}}},
  author = {{de Rochambeau}, Golvine},
  pages = {56},
  abstract = {Severe information asymmetries are thought to make contracting particularly difficult within (and across) firms in developing countries. Standard principal-agent theory predicts that a new monitoring technology provided at zero cost should be widely adopted and unambiguously raise workers' effort. I test this classical prediction using a field experiment with trucking companies in Liberia. The treatment offered to install GPS tracking devices on randomly selected trucks at no cost. Treatment-on-the-treated estimates reveal that the tracking devices increased monitored drivers' average speeds by 58 percent, without leading to higher accident rates or maintenance costs. Despite this, managers declined to install the devices on 35 percent of the trucks selected for treatment. Using a model of intrinsic motivation, I show that it may be optimal not to monitor workers who are intrinsically motivated to work hard. While monitoring technologies increase agents' extrinsic incentives to provide effort, they also do not allow worker to show that he or she does not need these incentives to work hard, which can crowd out effort. I provide three pieces of evidence in support of this explanation. First, Liberian trucking company managers choose to install tracking devices only on the trucks of drivers who perform less well at baseline. Second, the treatment effect on speed for monitored drivers is greater the lower the performance of the driver at baseline. Finally, I show that for drivers who performed well at baseline, the treatment has a negative effect on the relation between the manager and the driver, and on the driver's propensity to follow the rules of the business. Overall, this paper demonstrates that, while new monitoring technologies can dramatically raise some workers' productivity in settings where employment contracts are difficult to enforce, their use may lower the productivity of some workers - those who are intrinsically motivated to work hard.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L55LULJJ/de Rochambeau - Monitoring and Intrinsic Motivation Evidence from.pdf}
}

@article{deschenesClimateChangeBirth2009,
  title = {Climate {{Change}} and {{Birth Weight}}},
  author = {Desch{\^e}nes, Olivier and Greenstone, Michael and Guryan, Jonathan},
  year = {2009},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {99},
  number = {2},
  pages = {211--217},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.99.2.211},
  urldate = {2021-01-07},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YVGBXVLY/Deschênes et al. - 2009 - Climate Change and Birth Weight.pdf}
}

@article{deschenesClimateChangeMortality2011,
  title = {Climate {{Change}}, {{Mortality}}, and {{Adaptation}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Annual Fluctuations}} in {{Weather}} in the {{US}}},
  shorttitle = {Climate {{Change}}, {{Mortality}}, and {{Adaptation}}},
  author = {Desch{\^e}nes, Olivier and Greenstone, Michael},
  year = {2011},
  month = oct,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {3},
  number = {4},
  pages = {152--185},
  issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790},
  doi = {10.1257/app.3.4.152},
  urldate = {2021-01-07},
  abstract = {Using random year-to-year variation in temperature, we document the relationship between daily temperatures and annual mortality rates and daily temperatures and annual residential energy consumption. Both relationships exhibit nonlinearities, with significant increases at the extremes of the temperature distribution. The application of these results to ``business as usual'' climate predictions indicates that by the end of the century climate change will lead to increases of 3 percent in the age-adjusted mortality rate and 11 percent in annual residential energy consumption. These estimates likely overstate the long-run costs, because climate change will unfold gradually allowing individuals to engage in a wider set of adaptations. (JEL I12, Q41, Q54)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WMZBCRI6/Deschênes and Greenstone - 2011 - Climate Change, Mortality, and Adaptation Evidenc.pdf}
}

@article{Deserranno2019,
  title = {Financial Incentives as Signals: {{Experimental}} Evidence from the Recruitment of Village Promoters in {{Uganda}}},
  author = {Deserranno, Erika},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {277--317},
  issn = {19457790},
  doi = {10.1257/app.20170670},
  abstract = {I study the role of financial incentives as signals of job characteristics when these are unknown to potential applicants. To this end, I create experimental variation in expected earnings and use that to estimate the effect of financial incentives on candidates' perception of a brand-new health-promoter position in Uganda and on the resulting size and composition of the applicant pool. I find that more lucrative positions are perceived as entailing a lower positive externality for the community and discourage agents with strong pro-social preferences from applying. While higher financial incentives attract more applicants and increase the probability of filling a vacancy, the signal they convey reduces the ability to recruit the most socially motivated agents, who are found to stay longer on the job and to perform better.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QD6DGETE/Deserranno - Financial Incentives as Signals Experimental Evid.pdf}
}

@article{DeSilva2017,
  title = {Population Control Policies and Fertility Convergence},
  author = {De Silva, Tiloka and Tenreyro, Silvana},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume = {31},
  number = {4},
  pages = {205--228},
  issn = {08953309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.31.4.205},
  abstract = {The characteristic cell loss in layer III of the medial entorhinal area (MEA-III) in human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy is reproduced in the rat kainate model of the disease. To understand how this cell loss affects the functional properties of the MEA, we investigated whether projections from the presubiculum (prS), providing a main input to the MEA-III, are altered in this epileptic rat model. Injections of an anterograde tracer in the prS revealed bilateral projection fibers mainly to the MEA-III in both control and chronic epileptic rats. We further examined the prS-MEA circuitry using a 16-channel electrode probe covering the MEA in anesthetized control and chronic epileptic rats. With a second 16-channel probe, we recorded signals in the hippocampus. Current source density analysis indicated that, after prS double-pulse stimulation, afterdischarges in the form of oscillations (20-45 Hz) occurred that were confined to the superficial layers of the MEA in all epileptic rats displaying MEA-III neuronal loss. Slower oscillations (theta range) were occasionally observed in the deep MEA layers and the dentate gyrus. This kind of oscillation was never observed in control rats. We conclude that dynamical changes occur in an extensive network within the temporal lobe in epileptic rats, manifested as different kinds of oscillations, the characteristics of which depend on local properties of particular subareas. These findings emphasize the significance of the entorhinal cortex in temporal lobe epilepsy and suggest that the superficial cell layers could play an important role in distributing oscillatory activity.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UM6IK6ZT/de Silva and Tenreyro - 2017 - Population Control Policies and Fertility Converge.pdf}
}

@article{devineLongtermReductionImplicit2012,
  title = {Long-Term Reduction in Implicit Race Bias: {{A}} Prejudice Habit-Breaking Intervention},
  shorttitle = {Long-Term Reduction in Implicit Race Bias},
  author = {Devine, Patricia and Forscher, Patrick S. and Austin, Anthony J. and Cox, William T.L.},
  year = {2012},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
  volume = {48},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1267--1278},
  issn = {00221031},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jesp.2012.06.003},
  urldate = {2023-07-25},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RVDJD9GH/Devine et al. - 2012 - Long-term reduction in implicit race bias A preju.pdf}
}

@article{devineRoleDiscrepancyAssociatedAffect1993,
  title = {The {{Role}} of {{Discrepancy-Associated Affect}} in {{Prejudice Reduction}}},
  author = {Devine, Patricia and Monteith, Margo},
  year = {1993},
  month = dec,
  issn = {9780080885797},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-0-08-088579-7.50018-1},
  abstract = {develop and present evidence to support the argument that the self-generated affect that follows from violations of nonprejudiced values plays an important role in the future control and regulation of stereotype-based responses / to delineate this role of affect in people's prejudice reduction efforts, we review our theoretical and empirical efforts over the past several years / integrate and synthesize our theoretical and empirical efforts by presenting a model of the prejudice reduction process that applies to the struggles people face once they have defined prejudice as personally unacceptable / this model highlights why the joint consideration of cognitive and affective factors is important for understanding processes underlying prejudice reduction (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DCUDMMHK/Devine and Monteith - 1993 - The Role of Discrepancy-Associated Affect in Preju.pdf}
}

@article{devineStereotypesPrejudiceTheir1989,
  title = {Stereotypes and Prejudice: {{Their}} Automatic and Controlled Components.},
  shorttitle = {Stereotypes and Prejudice},
  author = {Devine, Patricia},
  year = {1989},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {56},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5--18},
  issn = {1939-1315, 0022-3514},
  doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5},
  urldate = {2023-07-25},
  abstract = {University of Wisconsin--Madis on Three studies tested basic assumptions derived from a theoretical model based on the dissociation ofantomatic and controlled processes involved in prejudice. Study I supported the model's assumption that high- and low-prejudice persons are equally knowledgeable of the cultural stereotype. The model suggests that the stereotype is automatically activated in the presence of a member (or some symbolic equivalent) of the stereotyped group and that Iow-prejudiee responses require controlled inhibition of the automatically activated stereotype. Study 2, which examined the effects of automarie stereotype activation on the evaluation of ambiguous stereotype-relevant behaviors performed by a race-unspecified person, suggested that when subjects' ability to consciously monitor stereotype activation is precluded, both high- and low-prejudice subjects produce stereotype-congruent evaluations of ambiguous behaviors. Study 3 examined high- and low-prejudice subjects' responses in a consciously directed thought-listing task. Consistent with the model, only low-prejudice subjects inhibited the automatically activated stereotype-congruent thoughts and replaced them with thoughts reflecting equality and negations of the stereotype. The relation between stereotypes and prejudice and implications for prejudice reduction are discussed.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{deweerdtWhatCanWe2020,
  title = {What {{Can We Learn}} from {{Experimenting}} with {{Survey Methods}}?},
  author = {De Weerdt, Joachim and Gibson, John and Beegle, Kathleen},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Annual Review of Resource Economics},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {431--447},
  issn = {1941-1340, 1941-1359},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-resource-103019-105958},
  urldate = {2021-04-30},
  abstract = {This review covers a nascent literature that experiments with survey design to measure whether the way in which we collect socio-economic data in developing countries influences the data and affects the results of subsequent analyses. We start by showing that survey methods matter and the size of the survey design effects can be nothing short of staggering, affecting basic stylized facts of development (such as country rankings by poverty levels) and conclusions drawn from econometric analyses (such as what the returns to education are or whether small farm plots are more productive than large ones). We describe some of the emerging best practices for conducting survey experiments, including benchmarking against the truth, delving into the error-generating mechanisms, and documenting the costs of different survey approaches.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8KWF5QXD/De Weerdt et al. - 2020 - What Can We Learn from Experimenting with Survey M.pdf}
}

@article{dharmapalaCONDORCETJURYTHEOREM,
  title = {{{THE CONDORCET JURY THEOREM AND THE EXPRESSIVE FUNCTION OF THE LAW}}: {{A THEORY OF INFORMATIVE LAW}}},
  author = {Dharmapala, Dhammika and McAdams, Richard H},
  pages = {32},
  abstract = {Legal theorists often claim that law can influence behavior `expressively,' by the message tha t it embodies, rather than through enforcement of the sanctions that it imposes. This paper identifies and analyzes one possible mechanism by which legislation can generate compliance, even in the absence of a deterrent effect. Under certain circumstances, legislation may reflect the legislature's superior aggregation of information; this can cause individuals to update their beliefs about underlying features of the world, and thereby change their behavior. The main example used in the paper is a ban on pub lic smoking, which may cause individuals to update their beliefs about the health dangers of second-hand smoke. Even if the legislature has no special expertise on such an issue, the Condorcet Jury Theorem implies that, given certain assumptions, legislation may aggregate information in a way that provides information superior to that held by any individual citizen. The paper introduces this idea using a basic model in which legislators receive a private signal about the issue and vote sincerely. Then, the complications posed by strategic voting, coordination, position-taking preferences, interest group lobbying, and institutional features of legislative organization are analyzed. We conclude that there exists significant scope for legislation to influence behavior and behavioral norms by conveying information from legislatures to citizens.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MMTF8NJR/Dharmapala and McAdams - THE CONDORCET JURY THEOREM AND THE EXPRESSIVE FUNC.pdf}
}

@article{dharReshapingAdolescentsGender2022a,
  title = {Reshaping {{Adolescents}}' {{Gender Attitudes}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{School-Based Experiment}} in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Reshaping {{Adolescents}}' {{Gender Attitudes}}},
  author = {Dhar, Diva and Jain, Tarun and Jayachandran, Seema},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {112},
  number = {3},
  pages = {899--927},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20201112},
  urldate = {2024-01-29},
  abstract = {This paper evaluates an intervention in India that engaged adolescent girls and boys in classroom discussions about gender equality for two years, aiming to reduce their support for societal norms that restrict women's and girls' opportunities. Using a randomized controlled trial, we find that the program made attitudes more supportive of gender equality by 0.18 standard deviations, or, equivalently, converted 16 percent of regressive attitudes. When we resurveyed study participants two years after the intervention had ended, the effects had persisted. The program also led to more gender-equal self-reported behavior, and we find weak evidence that it affected two revealed-preference measures. (JEL D63, D91, I21, J13, J16, 012)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7LNPFW7A/Dhar et al. - Reshaping Adolescents’ Gender Attitudes Evidence .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M6X3IX36/Dhar et al. - 2022 - Reshaping Adolescents' Gender Attitudes Evidence .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QTC39VP6/16254.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VSFVC8VA/aer.20201112.pdf}
}

@article{diekmannConstructionNextgenerationMatrices2010,
  title = {The Construction of Next-Generation Matrices for Compartmental Epidemic Models},
  author = {Diekmann, O. and Heesterbeek, J. A. P. and Roberts, M. G.},
  year = {2010},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of The Royal Society Interface},
  volume = {7},
  number = {47},
  pages = {873--885},
  issn = {1742-5689, 1742-5662},
  doi = {10.1098/rsif.2009.0386},
  urldate = {2020-07-08},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XNNH66KA/Diekmann et al. - 2010 - The construction of next-generation matrices for c.pdf}
}

@article{dienerIndependencePositiveNegative,
  title = {The {{Independence}} of {{Positive}} and {{Negative Affect}}},
  author = {Diener, Ed and Emmons, Robert A},
  pages = {13},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YMPVF89F/Diener and Emmons - The Independence of Positive and Negative Affect.pdf}
}

@article{dietrichExpectedValueNormative2019,
  title = {Expected {{Value}} under {{Normative Uncertainty}}},
  author = {Dietrich, Franz and Jabarian, Brian},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3466833},
  urldate = {2020-03-17},
  abstract = {Maximising expected value is the classic doctrine in choice theory under empirical uncertainty, and a prominent proposal in the emerging philosophical literature on normative uncertainty, i.e., uncertainty about the standard of evaluation. But how should Expectationalism be stated in general, when we can face both uncertainties simultaneously, as is common in life? Surprisingly, di¤erent possibilities arise, ranging from Ex-Ante to Ex-Post Expectationalism, with several hybrid versions. The di¤erence lies in the perspective from which expectations are taken, or equivalently the amount of uncertainty packed into the prospect evaluated. Expectationalism thus faces the classic dilemma between ex-ante and ex-post approaches, familiar elsewhere in ethics and aggregation theory under uncertainty. We analyse the spectrum of expectational theories, showing that they reach diverging evaluations, use di¤erent modes of reasoning, take di¤erent attitudes to normative risk as well as empirical risk, but converge under an interesting (necessary and su¢ cient) condition.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I9LAX9VU/Dietrich and Jabarian - 2019 - Expected Value under Normative Uncertainty.pdf}
}

@article{dietzWhyEconomicAnalysis2008,
  title = {Why {{Economic Analysis Supports Strong Action}} on {{Climate Change}}: {{A Response}} to the {{Stern Review}}'s {{Critics}}},
  shorttitle = {Why {{Economic Analysis Supports Strong Action}} on {{Climate Change}}},
  author = {Dietz, S. and Stern, N.},
  year = {2008},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Review of Environmental Economics and Policy},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {94--113},
  issn = {1750-6816, 1750-6824},
  doi = {10.1093/reep/ren001},
  urldate = {2020-03-17},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/S669JC5I/Dietz and Stern - 2008 - Why Economic Analysis Supports Strong Action on Cl.pdf}
}

@article{dimitrovaMonsoonWeatherEarly2020,
  title = {Monsoon Weather and Early Childhood Health in {{India}}},
  author = {Dimitrova, Anna and Bora, Jayanta Kumar},
  editor = {Navaneetham, Kannan},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {15},
  number = {4},
  pages = {e0231479},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0231479},
  urldate = {2020-05-07},
  abstract = {Background India is expected to experience an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events in the coming decades, which poses serious risks to human health and wellbeing in the country.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FM4HJ9G4/Dimitrova and Bora - 2020 - Monsoon weather and early childhood health in Indi.pdf}
}

@article{dinarte-diazPreventingViolenceMost2024,
  title = {Preventing {{Violence}} in the {{Most Violent Contexts}}: {{Behavioral}} and {{Neurophysiological Evidence}} from {{El Salvador}}},
  shorttitle = {Preventing {{Violence}} in the {{Most Violent Contexts}}},
  author = {{Dinarte-Diaz}, Lelys and {Egana-delSol}, Pablo},
  year = {2024},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  volume = {22},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1367--1406},
  issn = {1542-4766},
  doi = {10.1093/jeea/jvad068},
  urldate = {2024-10-24},
  abstract = {Violence and delinquency levels in Central America are among the highest in the world and constrain human capital acquisition. We designed and conducted a randomized experiment in El Salvador to measure the impacts of an after-school program aimed at reducing school violence. The program combines a behavioral intervention with extracurricular activities for 10--16 year old students. We find the program reduced the participants' violent behavior both inside and outside of school and indirectly improved their attendance, attitudes toward school and learning, and academic outcomes. Using state-of-the-art technology, we measured participant brain activity and show that the intervention fosters emotion regulation, enabling treated adolescents to remain calmer when faced with external stimuli.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XBG26CFP/Dinarte-Diaz and Egana-delSol - 2024 - Preventing Violence in the Most Violent Contexts .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5DR5FSGU/7420182.html}
}

@article{Dinarte2018,
  title = {Preventing {{Violence}} in the {{Most Violent Contexts}}. {{Behavioral}} and {{Neurophysiological Evidence}}},
  author = {Dinarte, Lelys and {Egana del Sol}, Pablo},
  year = {2018},
  number = {May},
  abstract = {This paper provides experimental evidence of the overall impact of an after-school program on students' violence, misbehaviors and academic outcomes, and of how changes on participants' emotional resilience from the intervention is a plausible mechanism explaining the results. Participants are between 10-16 years old and enrolled in public schools in El Salvador. Using administrative and self-reported data, we find that the program reduced bad behavior reports by 0.17 standard deviations (sd), school absenteeism by 23\%, and increased school grades by 0.11-0.13 sd. Then, by implementing a lab-in-the-field setting, we use electroencephalograms to collect physiological recordings to measure students' emotional regulation and stress. We find evidence that the program's effects on behavior and academic performance can be driven by positive effects on emotional regulation: participants' reaction towards stimuli reduces by 0.36 sd and their belief that one's life can be controlled increases by 0.25 sd. Finally, we find positive spillover effects for non-enrolled children exposed to treated students. Together, these results suggest that the program have significant impacts on behavioral and psychological well-being of at-risk youth.}
}

@book{dinartediazPreventingViolenceMost2019,
  title = {Preventing {{Violence}} in the {{Most Violent Contexts}}: {{Behavioral}} and {{Neurophysiological Evidence}}},
  shorttitle = {Preventing {{Violence}} in the {{Most Violent Contexts}}},
  author = {Dinarte Diaz, Lelys Ileana and {Egana-delSol}, Pablo},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}},
  publisher = {The World Bank},
  doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-8862},
  urldate = {2020-03-12},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9YIXMC7J/Dinarte Diaz and Egana-delSol - 2019 - Preventing Violence in the Most Violent Contexts .pdf}
}

@article{Dincecco2017,
  title = {State {{Capacity}} and {{Economic Development}}: {{A Network Approach}}},
  author = {Acemoglu, Daron and {Garc{\'i}a-Jimeno}, Camilo and Robinson, James A.},
  year = {2015},
  month = aug,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {105},
  number = {8},
  pages = {2364--2409},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20140044},
  abstract = {State capacity - the government's ability to accomplish its intended policy goals - plays an important role in market-oriented economic development today. Yet state capacity improvements are often difficult to achieve. This Element analyzes the historical origins of state capacity. It evaluates long-run state development in Western Europe - the birthplace of both the modern state and modern economic growth - with a focus on three key inflection points: the rise of the city-state, the nation-state, and the welfare state. This Element develops a conceptual framework regarding the basic political conditions that enable the state to take effective policy actions. This framework highlights the government's challenge to exert proper authority over both its citizenry and itself. It concludes by analyzing the European state development process relative to other world regions. This analysis characterizes the basic historical features that helped make Western Europe different. By taking a long-run approach, it provides a new perspective on the deep-rooted relationship between state capacity and economic development.},
  isbn = {9781108539913},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A8DTEBFR/Acemoglu et al. - 2015 - State Capacity and Economic Development A Network}
}

@article{dinkelmanEffectsRuralElectrification2011,
  title = {The {{Effects}} of {{Rural Electrification}} on {{Employment}}: {{New Evidence}} from {{South Africa}}},
  author = {Dinkelman, Taryn},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {The American Economic Review},
  volume = {101},
  number = {7},
  eprint = {41408731},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {3078--3108},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JVLNX9VM/Dinkelman - 2011 - The Effects of Rural Electrification on Employment.pdf}
}

@misc{DiscussionEffectsRacial,
  title = {Discussion {{Effects}} on {{Racial Attitudes}} {\textbar} {{Semantic Scholar}}},
  urldate = {2023-05-31},
  howpublished = {https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Discussion-Effects-on-Racial-Attitudes-Myers-Bishop/39a5bcec2956a46c02c0f340b3c78a4bd76f5412},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5NY46835/39a5bcec2956a46c02c0f340b3c78a4bd76f5412.html}
}

@misc{DiscussionEffectsRaciala,
  title = {Discussion {{Effects}} on {{Racial Attitudes}} {\textbar} {{Science}}},
  urldate = {2023-05-31},
  howpublished = {https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.169.3947.778},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KSV7YADY/science.169.3947.html}
}

@article{dixitThirdGenderThird2023,
  title = {The {{Third Gender}} in a {{Third World Country}}: {{Major Concerns}} and the ``{{AIIMS Initiative}}''},
  shorttitle = {The {{Third Gender}} in a {{Third World Country}}},
  author = {Dixit, Vivek and Garg, Bhavuk and Mehta, Nishank and Kaur, Harleen and Malhotra, Rajesh},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Human Rights and Social Work},
  pages = {1--6},
  issn = {2365-1792},
  doi = {10.1007/s41134-023-00238-3},
  urldate = {2023-10-26},
  abstract = {With a population dividend of around 1.3 billion, India is the largest democracy in the world that encompasses ``unity in diversity''. The kaleidoscope of the~socio-cultural fabric comprises the transgender population~too, which has a historical context dating back millennia and also plays a vital role as~described in Hindu scriptures. The Indian transgender person`s community shows a variety of gender identities and sexual orientations, which is unlikely from the West, forming a culturally unique gender group. In India, transgender persons were recognised as the `third gender' in 2014. The third gender population of India is marginalised to a great extent in every sector. Often, transgender persons have been the subjects of sociology, psychology, and health issues. There was a dearth of data regarding their major health problems including bone health, which has not been reported in India and elsewhere before this study.~Through a prospective cross-sectional study design, we aimed to determine the current health status of transgender persons with a special emphasis on bone health. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis.~The preliminary results of the study show poor bone health in the transgender population of India. The majority of transgender persons have low bone mineral density (BMD) at a much young~age, even before the achievement of their peak bone mass.~The health status of the transgender population in~India is~poor overall. Transgender persons have many impediments to optimal healthcare that requires holistic care.~This study presents the current health challenges of the transgender population with a special emphasis on their bone health status as `AIIMS initiative'. This~study also shows transgender persons human rights needs to be explicitly discussed. The stakeholders of social policies require an urgent attention to unfold the major concerns encompassing transgender persons.},
  pmcid = {PMC10148579},
  pmid = {37360666},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KIKM4UW5/Dixit et al. - 2023 - The Third Gender in a Third World Country Major C.pdf}
}

@article{Dizon-Ross2017,
  title = {Governance and the Effectiveness of Public Health Subsidies: {{Evidence}} from {{Ghana}}, {{Kenya}} and {{Uganda}}},
  author = {{Dizon-Ross}, Rebecca and Dupas, Pascaline and Robinson, Jonathan},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {156},
  pages = {150--169},
  publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
  issn = {00472727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2017.09.005},
  abstract = {Distributing subsidized health products through existing health infrastructure could substantially and cost-effectively improve health in sub-Saharan Africa. There is, however, widespread concern that poor governance -- in particular, limited health worker accountability -- seriously undermines the effectiveness of subsidy programs. We audit targeted bed net distribution programs to quantify the extent of agency problems. We find that around 80\% of the eligible receive the subsidy as intended, and up to 15\% of subsidies are leaked to ineligible people. Supplementing the program with simple financial or monitoring incentives for health workers does not improve performance further and is thus not cost-effective in this context.},
  keywords = {Extortion,Leakage,Motivation,Shirking},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9XEJGSYT/Dizon-Ross et al. - 2017 - Governance and the effectiveness of public health .pdf}
}

@article{Dizon-Ross2019,
  ids = {dizon-rossParentsBeliefsTheir},
  title = {Parents' {{Beliefs}} about {{Their Children}}'s {{Academic Ability}}: {{Implications}} for {{Educational Investments}}},
  author = {{Dizon-Ross}, Rebecca},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {109},
  number = {8},
  pages = {2728--2765},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20171172},
  abstract = {Information about children's school performance appears to be readily available. Do frictions prevent parents, particularly low-income parents, from acting on this information when making decisions? I conduct a field experiment in Malawi to test this. I find that parents' baseline beliefs about their children's academic performance are inaccurate. Providing parents with clear and digestible academic performance information causes them to update their beliefs and correspondingly adjust their investments: they increase the school enrollment of their higher-performing children, decrease the enrollment of their lower-performing children, and choose educational inputs that are more closely matched to their children's academic level. These effects demonstrate the presence of important frictions preventing the use of available information, with heterogeneity analysis suggesting the frictions are worse among the poor.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BHXGP5JD/Dizon-Ross - Parents’ Beliefs About Their Children’s Academic A.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MY2294SA/Dizon-Ross - 2019 - Parents’ Beliefs about Their Children’s Academic A.pdf}
}

@article{djankovNewComparativeEconomics2003,
  title = {The New Comparative Economics},
  author = {Djankov, Simeon and Glaeser, Edward and La Porta, Rafael and {Lopez-de-Silanes}, Florencio and Shleifer, Andrei},
  year = {2003},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Comparative Economics},
  volume = {31},
  number = {4},
  pages = {595--619},
  issn = {01475967},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jce.2003.08.005},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HA2R994U/Djankov et al. - 2003 - The new comparative economics.pdf}
}

@article{Do2018,
  title = {Can Environmental Policy Reduce Infant Mortality? {{Evidence}} from the {{Ganga Pollution Cases}}},
  author = {Do, Quy Toan and Joshi, Shareen and Stolper, Samuel},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {133},
  number = {September 2016},
  pages = {306--325},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.03.001},
  abstract = {In many developing countries, environmental quality remains low and policies to improve it have been inconsistently effective. We conduct a case study of environmental policy in India, focusing on unprecedented Supreme Court rulings that targeted industrial pollution in the Ganga River. In a difference-in-differences framework, we find that the rulings precipitated reductions in river pollution and one-month infant mortality, both of which persist for more than a decade. We then estimate a pollution-mortality dose-response function across twenty-nine rivers in the Ganga Basin, instrumenting for pollution with its upstream counterpart. The estimation reveals a significant external health burden of river pollution, not just in the district of measurement, but also on downstream communities. It further provides suggestive evidence that reducing pollution was an important driver behind declines in infant mortality observed after the rulings.},
  keywords = {Development,Environmental policy,Infant mortality,Pollution},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TRLCLZD3/Do et al. - 2018 - Can environmental policy reduce infant mortality .pdf}
}

@article{Doepke2014,
  title = {Parenting with {{Style}}: {{Altruism}} and {{Paternalism}} in {{Intergenerational Preference Transmission}}},
  author = {Doepke, Matthias and Zilibotti, Fabrizio},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Ssrn},
  volume = {85},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1331--1371},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2464142},
  abstract = {We develop a theory of intergenerational transmission of preferences that rationalizes the choice between alternative parenting styles (as set out in Baumrind 1967). Parents maximize an objective function that combines Beckerian altruism and paternalism towards children. They can affect their children's choices via two channels: either by influencing children's preferences or by imposing direct restrictions on their choice sets. Different parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive) emerge as equilibrium outcomes, and are affected both by parental preferences and by the socioeconomic environment. Parenting style, in turn, feeds back into the children's welfare and economic success. The theory is consistent with the decline of authoritarian parenting observed in industrialized countries, and with the greater prevalence of more permissive parenting in countries characterized by low inequality.},
  isbn = {1-58113-022-8},
  keywords = {Altruism,D10,Entrepreneurship,Innovation,Intergenerational Preference Transmission,J10,O10,O40,Paternalism}
}

@article{doepkeParentingStyleAltruism2017,
  title = {Parenting {{With Style}}: {{Altruism}} and {{Paternalism}} in {{Intergenerational Preference Transmission}}},
  shorttitle = {Parenting {{With Style}}},
  author = {Doepke, Matthias and Zilibotti, Fabrizio},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {85},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1331--1371},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ECTA14634},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {We develop a theory of parent-child relations that rationalizes the choice between alternative parenting styles (as set out in Baumrind (1967)). Parents maximize an objective function that combines Beckerian altruism and paternalism towards children. They can affect their children's choices via two channels: either by influencing children's preferences or by imposing direct restrictions on their choice sets. Different parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive) emerge as equilibrium outcomes and are affected both by parental preferences and by the socioeconomic environment. Parenting style, in turn, feeds back into the children's welfare and economic success. The theory is consistent with the decline of authoritarian parenting observed in industrialized countries and with the greater prevalence of more permissive parenting in countries characterized by low inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KBZTLZAT/Doepke and Zilibotti - 2017 - Parenting With Style Altruism and Paternalism in .pdf}
}

@article{dohmenRelationshipCognitiveAbility2018,
  title = {On the {{Relationship}} between {{Cognitive Ability}} and {{Risk Preference}}},
  author = {Dohmen, Thomas and Falk, Armin and Huffman, David and Sunde, Uwe},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume = {32},
  number = {2},
  pages = {115--134},
  issn = {0895-3309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.32.2.115},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RTP5DFTJ/Dohmen et al. - 2018 - On the Relationship between Cognitive Ability and .pdf}
}

@article{dolanBLINDSPOTGIRLS2014,
  title = {A {{BLIND SPOT IN GIRLS}}' {{EDUCATION}}: {{MENARCHE AND ITS WEBS OF EXCLUSION IN GHANA}}: {{Menarche}} and Its {{Webs}} of {{Exclusion}} in {{Ghana}}},
  shorttitle = {A {{BLIND SPOT IN GIRLS}}' {{EDUCATION}}},
  author = {Dolan, Catherine S. and Ryus, Caitlin R. and Dopson, Sue and Montgomery, Paul and Scott, Linda},
  year = {2014},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Journal of International Development},
  volume = {26},
  number = {5},
  pages = {643--657},
  issn = {09541748},
  doi = {10.1002/jid.2917},
  urldate = {2020-12-17},
  abstract = {Despite notable progress in girls' education over the last decade, gender-based differences continue to shape educational outcomes. One of the most overlooked of these differences is the process of maturation itself, including menstruation. This paper presents the findings of a study that assessed the impact of sanitary care on the school attendance of post-pubertal girls, as well as the implications of menarche for their well-being. The study found that the provision of adequate sanitary care represents a relatively unrecognized but potentially fruitful tool in strategies that aim to improve girls' educational outcomes, one that warrants policy consideration among development planners. Copyright {\copyright} 2013 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LKSBHUPJ/Dolan et al. - 2014 - A BLIND SPOT IN GIRLS' EDUCATION MENARCHE AND ITS.pdf}
}

@article{Donaldson2018,
  title = {Railroads of the {{Raj}}: {{Estimating}} the Impact of Transportation Infrastructure},
  author = {Donaldson, Dave},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {108},
  number = {4-5},
  pages = {899--934},
  issn = {00028282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20101199},
  abstract = {How large are the benefits of transportation infrastructure projects, and what explains these benefits? To shed new light on these questions, I collect archival data from colonial India and use it to estimate the impact of India's vast railroad network. Guided by six predictions from a general equilibrium trade model, I find that railroads: (1) decreased trade costs and interregional price gaps; (2) increased interregional and international trade; (3) eliminated the responsiveness of local prices to local productivity shocks (but increased the transmission of these shocks between regions); (4) increased the level of real income (but harmed neighboring regions without railroad access); (5) decreased the volatility of real income; and (6), a sufficient statistic for the effect of railroads on welfare in the model accounts for virtually all of the observed reduced-form impact of railroads on real income. I find similar results from an instrumental variable specification, no spurious effects from over 40,000 km of lines that were approved but never built, and tight bounds on the estimated impact of railroads. These results suggest that transportation infrastructure projects can improve welfare significantly, and do so because they allow regions to exploit gains from trade.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AB3ZY7F4/Donaldson - 2018 - Railroads of the Raj Estimating the Impact of Tra.pdf}
}

@article{doorslaerExplainingDifferencesIncomerelated2004,
  title = {Explaining the Differences in Income-Related Health Inequalities across {{European}} Countries},
  author = {van Doorslaer, Eddy and Koolman, Xander},
  year = {2004},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Health Economics},
  volume = {13},
  number = {7},
  pages = {609--628},
  issn = {1057-9230, 1099-1050},
  doi = {10.1002/hec.918},
  urldate = {2021-09-01},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{dottoriSIRModelDynamical2015,
  title = {{{SIR}} Model on a Dynamical Network and the Endemic State of an Infectious Disease},
  author = {Dottori, M. and Fabricius, G.},
  year = {2015},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
  volume = {434},
  pages = {25--35},
  issn = {03784371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2015.04.007},
  urldate = {2020-08-03},
  abstract = {In this work we performed a numerical study of an epidemic model that mimics the endemic state of whooping cough in the pre-vaccine era. We considered a stochastic SIR model on dynamical networks that involve local and global contacts among individuals and analysed the influence of the network properties on the characterization of the quasistationary state. We computed probability density functions (PDF) for infected fraction of individuals and found that they are well fitted by gamma functions, excepted the tails of the distributions that are q-exponentials. We also computed the fluctuation power spectra of infective time series for different networks. We found that network effects can be partially absorbed by rescaling the rate of infective contacts of the model. An explicit relation between the effective transmission rate of the disease and the correlation of susceptible individuals with their infective nearest neighbours was obtained. This relation quantifies the known screening of infective individuals observed in these networks. We finally discuss the goodness and limitations of the SIR model with homogeneous mixing and parameters taken from epidemiological data to describe the dynamic behaviour observed in the networks studied.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZE3R7GSB/Dottori and Fabricius - 2015 - SIR model on a dynamical network and the endemic s.pdf}
}

@article{downeyImplicationsRejectionSensitivity,
  title = {Implications of {{Rejection Sensitivity}} for {{Intimate Relationships}}},
  author = {Downey, Geraldine and Feldman, Scott I},
  pages = {17},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2DZXYLFA/Downey and Feldman - Implications of Rejection Sensitivity for Intimate.pdf}
}

@book{dreyfussBalancingWealthHealth2014,
  title = {Balancing Wealth and Health: The Battle over Intellectual Property and Access to Medicines in {{Latin America}}},
  shorttitle = {Balancing Wealth and Health},
  editor = {Dreyfuss, Rochelle Cooper and Rodr{\'i}guez Garavito, C{\'e}sar A.},
  year = {2014},
  series = {Law and Global Governance Series},
  edition = {First edition},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  address = {Oxford, United Kingdom},
  isbn = {978-0-19-967674-3},
  langid = {english},
  lccn = {KG413.D78 B35 2014},
  keywords = {Conflict of laws,Drug accessibility,Drugs,Health Services Accessibility,Intellectual property,Lateinamerika,Latin America,Law and legislation,legislation & jurisprudence,Legislation Drug,Medizin,Patentrecht,Patents,Patents as Topic,Pharmaceutical Preparations,supply & distribution,Urheberrecht},
  annotation = {OCLC: ocn862091555},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X3UI8U5M/Dreyfuss and Rodríguez Garavito - 2014 - Balancing wealth and health the battle over intel.pdf}
}

@article{droitcour2004item,
  title = {The Item Count Technique as a Method of Indirect Questioning: {{A}} Review of Its Development and a Case Study Application},
  author = {Droitcour, Judith and Caspar, Rachel A and Hubbard, Michael L and Parsley, Teresa L and Visscher, Wendy and Ezzati, Trena M},
  year = {2004},
  journal = {Measurement errors in surveys},
  pages = {185--210},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{druckmanFrameworkStudyPersuasion2022,
  title = {A {{Framework}} for the {{Study}} of {{Persuasion}}},
  author = {Druckman, James N.},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
  volume = {25},
  number = {Volume 25, 2022},
  pages = {65--88},
  publisher = {Annual Reviews},
  issn = {1094-2939, 1545-1577},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-110428},
  urldate = {2024-07-16},
  abstract = {Persuasion is a vital part of politics---who wins elections and policy disputes often depends on which side can persuade more people. Given this centrality, the study of persuasion has a long history with an enormous number of theories and empirical inquiries. However, the literature is fragmented, with few generalizable findings. I unify previously disparate dimensions of this topic by presenting a framework focusing on actors (speakers and receivers), treatments (topics, content, media), outcomes (attitudes, behaviors, emotions, identities), and settings (competition, space, time, process, culture). This Generalizing Persuasion (GP) Framework organizes distinct findings and offers researchers a structure in which to situate their work. I conclude with a discussion of the normative implications of persuasion.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5PK4XJE6/Druckman - 2022 - A Framework for the Study of Persuasion.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9UHQ3FE7/annurev-polisci-051120-110428.html}
}

@article{drydakisSexualOrientationEarnings2022,
  title = {Sexual Orientation and Earnings: A Meta-Analysis 2012--2020},
  shorttitle = {Sexual Orientation and Earnings},
  author = {Drydakis, Nick},
  year = {2022},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Population Economics},
  volume = {35},
  number = {2},
  pages = {409--440},
  issn = {0933-1433, 1432-1475},
  doi = {10.1007/s00148-021-00862-1},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {This meta-analysis utilizes 24 papers published between 2012 and 2020 that focus on earnings differences by sexual orientation. The papers cover the period between 1991 and 2018, and countries in Europe, North America, and Australia. The meta-analysis indicates that gay men earned less than heterosexual men. Lesbian women earned more than heterosexual women, while bisexual men earned less than heterosexual men. Bisexual women earned less than heterosexual women. According to the meta-analysis, in data sets after 2010, gay men and bisexual men and women continue to experience earnings penalties, while lesbian women continue to experience earnings premiums. The persistence of earnings penalties for gay men and bisexual men and women in the face of anti-discrimination policies represents a cause for concern and indicates the need for comprehensive legislation and workplace guidelines to guarantee that people receive fair pay and not experience any form of workplace inequality simply because of their sexual orientation.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PA6RUYTK/Drydakis - 2022 - Sexual orientation and earnings a meta-analysis 2.pdf}
}

@misc{dubeCognitiveViewPolicing2023,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {A {{Cognitive View}} of {{Policing}}},
  author = {Dube, Oeindrila and MacArthur, Sandy Jo and Shah, Anuj K.},
  year = {2023},
  month = sep,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {31651},
  eprint = {31651},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w31651},
  urldate = {2024-08-09},
  abstract = {What causes adverse policing outcomes, such as excessive uses of force and unnecessary arrests? Prevailing explanations focus on problematic officers or deficient regulations and oversight. Here, we introduce a new, overlooked perspective. We suggest that the cognitive demands inherent in policing can undermine officer decision-making. Unless officers are prepared for these demands, they may jump to conclusions too quickly without fully considering alternative ways of seeing a situation. This can lead to adverse policing outcomes. To test this perspective, we created a new training that teaches officers to more deliberately consider different ways of interpreting the situations they encounter. We evaluated this training using a randomized controlled trial with 2,070 officers from the Chicago Police Department. In a series of lab assessments, we find that treated officers were significantly more likely to consider a wider range of evidence and develop more explanations for subjects' actions. Critically, we also find that training affected officer performance in the field, leading to reductions in uses of force, discretionary arrests, and arrests of Black civilians. Meanwhile, officer activity levels remained unchanged, and trained officers were less likely to be injured on duty. Our results highlight the value of considering the cognitive aspects of policing and demonstrate the power of using behaviorally informed approaches to improve officer decision-making and policing outcomes.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8V3VL5QP/Dube et al. - 2023 - A Cognitive View of Policing.pdf}
}

@article{dubeCommodityPriceShocks2013,
  title = {Commodity {{Price Shocks}} and {{Civil Conflict}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Colombia}}},
  shorttitle = {Commodity {{Price Shocks}} and {{Civil Conflict}}},
  author = {Dube, O. and Vargas, J. F.},
  year = {2013},
  month = oct,
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {80},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1384--1421},
  issn = {0034-6527, 1467-937X},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdt009},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {How do income shocks affect armed conflict? Theory suggests two opposite effects. If labour is used to appropriate resources violently, higher wages may lower conflict by reducing labour supplied to appropriation. This is the opportunity cost effect. Alternatively, a rise in contestable income may increase violence by raising gains from appropriation. This is the rapacity effect. Our article exploits exogenous price shocks in international commodity markets and a rich dataset on civil war in Colombia to assess how different income shocks affect conflict. We examine changes in the price of agricultural goods (which are labour intensive) as well as natural resources (which are not). We focus on Colombia's two largest exports, coffee and oil. We find that a sharp fall in coffee prices during the 1990s lowered wages and increased violence differentially in municipalities cultivating more coffee. This is consistent with the coffee shock inducing an opportunity cost effect. In contrast, a rise in oil prices increased both municipal revenue and violence differentially in the oil region. This is consistent with the oil shock inducing a rapacity effect. We also show that this pattern holds in six other agricultural and natural resource sectors, providing evidence that price shocks affect conflict in different directions depending on the type of the commodity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Commodity prices,Conflict,Income shocks,Natural resources},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RJQ35P3C/Dube and Vargas - 2013 - Commodity Price Shocks and Civil Conflict Evidenc.pdf}
}

@article{duffySocialConformityEvolving2021,
  title = {Social Conformity under Evolving Private Preferences},
  author = {Duffy, John and Lafky, Jonathan},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Games and Economic Behavior},
  volume = {128},
  pages = {104--124},
  issn = {08998256},
  doi = {10.1016/j.geb.2021.04.005},
  urldate = {2022-02-20},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UZB3BKZ4/Duffy and Lafky - 2021 - Social conformity under evolving private preferenc.pdf}
}

@article{Duflo2003,
  title = {Grandmothers and {{Granddaughters}}: {{Old-Age Pensions}} and {{Intrahousehold Allocation}} in {{South Africa}}},
  author = {Duflo, E.},
  year = {2003},
  journal = {The World Bank Economic Review},
  volume = {17},
  number = {{$>$}1},
  pages = {1--25},
  issn = {0258-6770},
  doi = {10.1093/wber/lhg013},
  abstract = {This paper studies whether the impact of a cash transfer on child nutritional status is affected by the gender of its recipient.  In the early 1990's, the benefits and coverage of the South African social pension program were expanded for the Black population.  In 1993, the benefits were about twice the median income per capita in rural areas.  Over a quarter of Black South African children under age five live with a pension recipient.  My estimates suggest that pensions received by women had a large impact on the anthropometric status of girls (it improved their weight given height by 1.19 standard deviations, and their height given age by 1.16 standard deviations), but little effect on that of boys.  In contrast, I found no similar effect for pensions received by men.  This suggests that the household does not function as a unitary entity, and that the efficiency of public transfer programs may depend on the gender of the recipient.  intra-household allocation.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7BF8TUHN/Duflo - 2003 - Grandmothers and Granddaughters Old-Age Pensions .pdf}
}

@article{Duflo2012,
  title = {Incentives Work: {{Getting}} Teachers to Come to School},
  author = {Duflo, Esther and Hanna, Rema and Ryan, Stephen P.},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {102},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1241--1278},
  issn = {00028282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.102.4.1241},
  abstract = {We use a randomized experiment and a structural model to test whether monitoring and financial incentives can reduce teacher absence and increase learning in India. In treatment schools, teachers' attendance was monitored daily using cameras, and their salaries were made a nonlinear function of attendance. Teacher absenteeism in the treatment group fell by 21 percentage points relative to the control group, and the children's test scores increased by 0.17 standard deviations. We estimate a structural dynamic labor supply model and find that teachers respond strongly to financial incentives. Our model is used to compute cost-minimizing compensation policies.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6N4H6TPW/Duflo et al. - 2012 - Incentives Work Getting Teachers to Come to Schoo.pdf}
}

@article{Duflo2018,
  title = {The {{Value}} of {{Regulatory Discretion}}: {{Estimates From Environmental Inspections}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Duflo, Esther and Greenstone, Michael and Pande, Rohini and Ryan, Nicholas},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {86},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2123--2160},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ecta12876},
  abstract = {Many developing countries have high pollution despite strict environmental standards, suggesting gaps in regulatory enforcement. In collaboration with the Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB), in India, we increased the rate of inspection for a random group of polluting industrial plants and required the added inspections be assigned randomly. Plants in the treatment group were twice as likely to be inspected and to be cited for violations. Yet, treatment plants were no more likely to be penalized and only slightly increased environmental compliance. We show that the weak treatment effects are not due to a lack of sanctions: penalties are often applied for extreme violators. The regulator also follows-up on control and treatment inspections in the same way. We hypothesize that the results are due to the randomized inspections being less well targeted than inspections in the status quo. To investigate, we set out a structural model of environmental regulation where the regulator targets inspections, based on a signal of pollution, to maximize plant abatement. Using the experimental variation in inspections to identify key parameters, we find that the regulator aggressively targets its discretionary inspections at plants it believes are most polluting. As a result the average regulator-chosen inspection induces three times more abatement than an inspection added at random. Counterfactual simulations show that monitoring technology that improved regulatory information about emissions would greatly increase abatement.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5G5IE5KA/Duﬂo et al. - The Value of Regulatory Discretion Estimates from.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/V4FBN57Y/Duflo et al. - 2018 - The Value of Regulatory Discretion Estimates From.pdf}
}

@incollection{dufloChapter61Using2007,
  title = {Chapter 61 {{Using Randomization}} in {{Development Economics Research}}: {{A Toolkit}}},
  shorttitle = {Chapter 61 {{Using Randomization}} in {{Development Economics Research}}},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Development Economics}}},
  author = {Duflo, Esther and Glennerster, Rachel and Kremer, Michael},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {3895--3962},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/S1573-4471(07)04061-2},
  urldate = {2021-01-13},
  isbn = {978-0-444-53100-1},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/59FT77M7/Duflo et al. - 2007 - Chapter 61 Using Randomization in Development Econ.pdf}
}

@article{dufloHIVPreventionYouth2019,
  title = {{{HIV}} Prevention among Youth: {{A}} Randomized Controlled Trial of Voluntary Counseling and Testing for {{HIV}} and Male Condom Distribution in Rural {{Kenya}}},
  shorttitle = {{{HIV}} Prevention among Youth},
  author = {Duflo, Esther and Dupas, Pascaline and Ginn, Thomas and Barasa, Grace Makana and Baraza, Moses and Pouliquen, Victor and Sharma, Vandana},
  editor = {Price, Matt A.},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {14},
  number = {7},
  pages = {e0219535},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0219535},
  urldate = {2020-03-17},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8HV39VQ8/Duflo et al. - 2019 - HIV prevention among youth A randomized controlle.pdf}
}

@article{dufloImpactSecondarySchool,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Secondary School Subsidies}} on {{Career Trajectories}} in a {{Dual Labor Market}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Ghana}}},
  author = {Duflo, Esther and Dupas, Pascaline and Kremer, Michael},
  abstract = {In 2008, we randomly assigned secondary school scholarships among 2,064 youths in Ghana. This paper exploits fifteen years of follow-up data to examine the impact of access to free secondary education on career trajectories over the first part of the life cycle. Winning a scholarship increases the probability of secondary school graduation from 45\% (in the control group) to 73\% (in the treatment group), and leads to an increase in knowledge and skills. However, the entry of secondary school graduates (with or without scholarship) in the labor market is very gradual, as many attempt, over many years, to qualify for tertiary programs that are gateways for government jobs. By 2023, 12\% of females and 15\% of males in the control group have completed a tertiary program. The scholarship increases this share by 11 percentage points for females, but not at all for males. We do not observe significant labor market impacts for men at any point. In contrast, earnings gains of around 24\% arise in 2020 and grow to 30\% in 2023 for female scholarship recipients, who are 6.7 percentage points (100\%) more likely than non-recipients to have a government job by then. We use a simple Harris-Todaro style model of a dual labor market with credit constraints to (a) explain the gendered impacts and (b) discuss the impact that generalized free secondary education would be expected to have in general equilibrium, under different regimes of hiring in the government sector.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G9YFHZMT/Duﬂo et al. - The Impact of Secondary School Subsidies on Career.pdf}
}

@article{dufloImpactSecondarySchoola,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Secondary School Subsidies}} on {{Career Trajectories}} in a {{Dual Labor Market}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Ghana}}},
  author = {Duflo, Esther and Dupas, Pascaline and Kremer, Michael},
  abstract = {In 2008, we randomly assigned secondary school scholarships among 2,064 youths in Ghana. This paper exploits fifteen years of follow-up data to examine the impact of access to free secondary education on career trajectories over the first part of the life cycle. Winning a scholarship increases the probability of secondary school graduation from 45\% (in the control group) to 73\% (in the treatment group), and leads to an increase in knowledge and skills. However, the entry of secondary school graduates (with or without scholarship) in the labor market is very gradual, as many attempt, over many years, to qualify for tertiary programs that are gateways for government jobs. By 2023, 12\% of females and 15\% of males in the control group have completed a tertiary program. The scholarship increases this share by 11 percentage points for females, but not at all for males. We do not observe significant labor market impacts for men at any point. In contrast, earnings gains of around 24\% arise in 2020 and grow to 30\% in 2023 for female scholarship recipients, who are 6.7 percentage points (100\%) more likely than non-recipients to have a government job by then. We use a simple Harris-Todaro style model of a dual labor market with credit constraints to (a) explain the gendered impacts and (b) discuss the impact that generalized free secondary education would be expected to have in general equilibrium, under different regimes of hiring in the government sector.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/T9FPRM2J/Duﬂo et al. - The Impact of Secondary School Subsidies on Career.pdf}
}

@article{dufloSchoolingLaborMarket2001,
  title = {Schooling and {{Labor Market Consequences}} of {{School Construction}} in {{Indonesia}}: {{Evidence}} from an {{Unusual Policy Experiment}}},
  author = {Duflo, Esther},
  year = {2001},
  journal = {THE AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {91},
  number = {4},
  pages = {19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CBSRSYYG/Duflo - 2001 - Schooling and Labor Market Consequences of School .pdf}
}

@article{Dufuo2013,
  title = {Inequality and {{Growth}} : {{What Can}} the {{Data Say}} ?},
  author = {Duflo, Esther and {Banerjee}},
  year = {2003},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  pages = {267--299},
  doi = {10.1023/A:1026205114860}
}

@article{dullCanWhiteGuilt2021,
  title = {Can {{White Guilt Motivate Action}}? {{The Role}} of {{Civic Beliefs}}},
  shorttitle = {Can {{White Guilt Motivate Action}}?},
  author = {Dull, Brandon D. and Hoyt, Lindsay Till and Grzanka, Patrick R. and Zeiders, Katharine H.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Youth and Adolescence},
  volume = {50},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1081--1097},
  issn = {1573-6601},
  doi = {10.1007/s10964-021-01401-7},
  urldate = {2023-09-11},
  abstract = {Limited research has investigated factors that shape White youth's civic action aimed at social change. Investigating the relation between Whiteness and civic action is an essential step toward identifying and cultivating environments that encourage White youth to use their racial privilege to combat inequality through civic engagement. To address this gap in the literature, across two distinct samples, this study investigates the role of White guilt in motivating civic action and the moderating role of civic beliefs. Participants included all young adults who self-identified as White from two online survey studies (Study 1, N\,=\,219 college students, 71.9\% Women, 28.1\% Men, mean age\,=\,19.6; Study 2, N\,=\,185, 50\% current college students, 54.6\% Women, 45.4\% Men, mean age\,=\,23.9). In Study 1, White guilt related to more civic action. In the context of high social responsibility, White guilt related to more civic action; in the context of low social responsibility, White guilt corresponded with less civic action. In Study 2, White guilt also related to more civic action, and civic efficacy emerged as a potential moderator. Collectively, these results highlight the potential for White guilt to be turned into meaningful civic action, particularly when coupled with civic beliefs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Civic beliefs,Civic engagement,Social justice,White guilt,White racial identity}
}

@article{Dulleck2005,
  title = {On {{Doctors}}, {{Mechanics}}, and {{Computer Specialists}}: {{The Economics}} of {{Credence Goods}}},
  author = {Dulleck, Uwe and Kerschbamer, Rudolf},
  year = {2006},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  volume = {44},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5--42},
  issn = {0022-0515},
  doi = {10.1257/002205106776162717},
  abstract = {With credence goods consumers cannot judge the quality they receive compared to the quality they need. The needed quality can only be observed by an expert seller who may exploit the information asymmetry by cheating. In recent years various contributions have analyzed the credence goods problem under a wide variety of assumptions yielding equilibria exhibiting various degrees of inefficiencies and fraud. The variety of results has fostered the impression that the equilibrium behavior of experts and consumers in the credence goods market sensitively depends on the details of the models. More disturbingly, apparently similar models often lead to contradicting results. The present paper shows that the results for the majority of the specific models can be reproduced in a very simple unifying framework. Our model is constructed so that an efficient solution is reached if a small number of critical assumptions is satisfied, and virtually all existing results on inefficiencies in the credence good market are obtained by relaxing one of these conditions. Thus, our simple unifying model not only permits a clearer discrimination between situations in which market institutions solve the fraudulent expert problem without any cost and those where they do not; it also helps to identify the forces driving the various inefficiency results in the literature. Existing results are generalized, some previous interpretations of the forces leading to the striking differences in outcomes are questioned, and a new source for inefficiencies is identified.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7U3ARDDT/Dulleck and Kerschbamer - 2006 - On Doctors, Mechanics, and Computer Specialists T.pdf}
}

@article{Dunbar2013,
  title = {Children's Resources in Collective Households: {{Identification}}, Estimation, and an Application to Child Poverty in {{Malawi}}},
  author = {Dunbar, Geoffrey R. and Lewbel, Arthur and Pendakur, Krishna},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {103},
  number = {1},
  pages = {438--471},
  issn = {00028282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.103.1.438},
  abstract = {The share of household resources devoted to children is hard to identify because consumption is measured at the household level and goods can be shared. Using semiparametric restrictions on individual preferences within a collective model, we identify how total household resources are divided up among household members by observing how each family member's expenditures on a single private good like clothing vary with income and family size. Using data from Malawi we show how resources devoted to wives and children vary by family size and structure, and we find that standard poverty indices understate the incidence of child poverty. Copyright {\copyright} 2013 by the American Economic Association.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JJYJN6QU/Dunbar et al. - 2013 - Children's Resources in Collective Households Ide.pdf}
}

@article{Duncan1994,
  title = {Economic {{Deprivation}} and {{Early Childhood Development}}},
  author = {Duncan, Greg J and {Brooks-Gunn}, Jeanne and Klebanov, Pamela Kato},
  year = {1994},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Child Development},
  volume = {65},
  number = {2},
  pages = {296--318},
  issn = {0009-3920},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00752.x},
  isbn = {0009392019416}
}

@article{duncanEconomicDeprivationEarly1994,
  title = {Economic {{Deprivation}} and {{Early Childhood Development}}},
  author = {Duncan, Greg J. and {Brooks-Gunn}, Jeanne and Klebanov, Pamela Kato},
  year = {1994},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Child Development},
  volume = {65},
  number = {2},
  eprint = {1131385},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {296},
  issn = {00093920},
  doi = {10.2307/1131385},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LJ9WMUPJ/Duncan et al. - 1994 - Economic Deprivation and Early Childhood Developme.pdf}
}

@article{dunlosky2013works,
  title = {What Works, What Doesn't},
  author = {Dunlosky, John and Rawson, Katherine A and Marsh, Elizabeth J and Nathan, Mitchell J and Willingham, Daniel T},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {scientific american mind},
  volume = {24},
  number = {4},
  pages = {46--53},
  publisher = {Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F4A7BKPW/Dunlosky-et-al-2013-What-Works-What-Doesnt.pdf}
}

@article{dunnIfMoneyDoesn2011,
  title = {If Money Doesn't Make You Happy, Then You Probably Aren't Spending It Right},
  author = {Dunn, Elizabeth W. and Gilbert, Daniel T. and Wilson, Timothy D.},
  year = {2011},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Consumer Psychology},
  volume = {21},
  number = {2},
  pages = {115--125},
  issn = {10577408},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jcps.2011.02.002},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {The relationship between money and happiness is surprisingly weak, which may stem in part from the way people spend it. Drawing on empirical research, we propose eight principles designed to help consumers get more happiness for their money. Specifically, we suggest that consumers should (1) buy more experiences and fewer material goods; (2) use their money to benefit others rather than themselves; (3) buy many small pleasures rather than fewer large ones; (4) eschew extended warranties and other forms of overpriced insurance; (5) delay consumption; (6) consider how peripheral features of their purchases may affect their day-to-day lives; (7) beware of comparison shopping; and (8) pay close attention to the happiness of others.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7NEWR65I/Dunn et al. - 2011 - If money doesn't make you happy, then you probably.pdf}
}

@article{dunnSomaticMarkerHypothesis2006,
  title = {The Somatic Marker Hypothesis: {{A}} Critical Evaluation},
  shorttitle = {The Somatic Marker Hypothesis},
  author = {Dunn, Barnaby D. and Dalgleish, Tim and Lawrence, Andrew D.},
  year = {2006},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Neuroscience \& Biobehavioral Reviews},
  series = {The {{Limbic Brain}}: {{Structure}} and {{Function}}},
  volume = {30},
  number = {2},
  pages = {239--271},
  issn = {0149-7634},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.07.001},
  urldate = {2024-07-08},
  abstract = {The somatic marker hypothesis (SMH; [Damasio, A. R., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., 1991. Somatic markers and the guidance of behaviour: theory and preliminary testing. In Levin, H.S., Eisenberg, H.M., Benton, A.L. (Eds.), Frontal Lobe Function and Dysfunction. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 217--229]) proposes that emotion-based biasing signals arising from the body are integrated in higher brain regions, in particular the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), to regulate decision-making in situations of complexity. Evidence for the SMH is largely based on performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT; [Bechara, A., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., Damasio, A.R., 1996. Failure to respond autonomically to anticipated future outcomes following damage to prefrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex 6 (2), 215--225]), linking anticipatory skin conductance responses (SCRs) to successful performance on a decision-making paradigm in healthy participants. These `marker' signals were absent in patients with VMPFC lesions and were associated with poorer IGT performance. The current article reviews the IGT findings, arguing that their interpretation is undermined by the cognitive penetrability of the reward/punishment schedule, ambiguity surrounding interpretation of the psychophysiological data, and a shortage of causal evidence linking peripheral feedback to IGT performance. Further, there are other well-specified and parsimonious explanations that can equally well account for the IGT data. Next, lesion, neuroimaging, and psychopharmacology data evaluating the proposed neural substrate underpinning the SMH are reviewed. Finally, conceptual reservations about the novelty, parsimony and specification of the SMH are raised. It is concluded that while presenting an elegant theory of how emotion influences decision-making, the SMH requires additional empirical support to remain tenable.},
  keywords = {Body,Decision-making,Emotion,Iowa gambling task,Ventromedial prefrontal cortex},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/47Z4GV22/Dunn et al. - 2006 - The somatic marker hypothesis A critical evaluati.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/B8XMDPYF/S0149763405001053.html}
}

@article{dunnSpendingMoneyOthers2008,
  title = {Spending {{Money}} on {{Others Promotes Happiness}}},
  author = {Dunn, E. W. and Aknin, L. B. and Norton, M. I.},
  year = {2008},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {319},
  number = {5870},
  pages = {1687--1688},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1150952},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2355MKRZ/Dunn et al. - 2008 - Spending Money on Others Promotes Happiness.pdf}
}

@article{Dupas2014,
  title = {Short-{{Run Subsidies}} and {{Long-Run Adoption}} of {{New Health Products}}: {{Evidence From}} a {{Field Experiment}}},
  author = {Dupas, Pascaline},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {82},
  number = {1},
  pages = {197--228},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ecta9508},
  abstract = {Short-run subsidies for health products are common in poor countries. How do they affect long-run adoption? A common fear among development practitioners is that one-off subsidies may negatively affect long-run adoption through reference-dependence: People might anchor around the subsidized price and be unwilling to pay more for the product later. But for experience goods, one-off subsidies could also boost long-run adoption through learning. This paper uses data from a two-stage randomized pricing experiment in Kenya to estimate the relative importance of these effects for a new, improved antimalarial bed net. Reduced form estimates show that a one-time subsidy has a positive impact on willingness to pay a year later inherit. To separately identify the learning and anchoring effects, we estimate a parsimonious experience-good model. Estimation results show a large, positive learning effect but no anchoring. We black then discuss the types of products and the contexts inherit for which these results may apply.},
  keywords = {Technology adoption experimentation social learn},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AYUZP25Q/2014 - Short-Run Subsidies and Long-Run Adoption of New H.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BATH7JZE/2014 - Short-Run Subsidies and Long-Run Adoption of New H.pdf}
}

@incollection{dupas2017impacts,
  title = {Impacts and Determinants of Health Levels in Low-Income Countries},
  booktitle = {Handbook of Economic Field Experiments},
  author = {Dupas, Pascaline and Miguel, Edward},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {3--93},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2LDWZNXN/Dupas and Miguel - Impacts and Determinants of Health Levels in Low-I.pdf}
}

@article{dupasCanBeneficiaryInformation2023,
  title = {Can Beneficiary Information Improve Hospital Accountability? {{Experimental}} Evidence from a Public Health Insurance Scheme in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Can Beneficiary Information Improve Hospital Accountability?},
  author = {Dupas, Pascaline and Jain, Radhika},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {220},
  pages = {104841},
  issn = {00472727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.104841},
  urldate = {2024-08-02},
  abstract = {We study the role of hospital compliance in the effectiveness of government health insurance in India. Using patient surveys, we document that participating hospitals charge unauthorized fees to poor patients eligible to receive free care. Average out-of-pocket payments (OOPP) for chronic kidney care patients are \$43 per month, or 25\% annual GDP per capita, and are high at both public and private hospitals. Awareness of program benefits is low despite patients having used insurance for several months. We conduct a randomized experiment to test whether phone-based information about program benefits can enable insurance beneficiaries to hold hospitals accountable and lower OOPP. The intervention effectively increases program awareness by 0.17 standard deviations but has no effect on OOPP overall. However, effects differ dramatically by hospital sector: patients at private hospital see no change in OOPP despite increased bargaining and search; monthly OOPP among patients visiting public hospitals, who are poorer and lower caste, drop by \$12 (35\%), because they are able to negotiate to get more of their benefits at the hospital instead of paying for them off-site. The findings suggest that patient-driven accountability can meaningfully improve public service delivery, even in the context of specialized tertiary care, but may not substitute for top-down monitoring of private agents.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WYIYTYUR/Dupas and Jain - 2023 - Can beneficiary information improve hospital accou.pdf}
}

@article{dupasExpandingAccessClean,
  title = {Expanding {{Access}} to {{Clean Water}} for the {{Rural Poor}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Malawi}}},
  author = {Dupas, Pascaline and Nhlema, Basimenye and Wagner, Zachary and Wolf, Aaron and Wroe, Emily},
  pages = {51},
  abstract = {Using data from an 18-month randomized trial in rural Malawi, we estimate large and sustained health impacts of a program that provides monthly coupons for free water treatment solution (diluted chlorine) to households with young children. Such a program is no less effective and considerably more cost-effective than asking Community Health Workers (CHWs) to distribute free chlorine to households. That's because only about 30\% of households use free chlorine, targeting through CHWs is worse than self-targeting, and water treatment promotion by CHWs does not increase adoption.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BXTXQNDA/Dupas et al. - Expanding Access to Clean Water for the Rural Poor.pdf}
}

@article{dupasHealthBehaviorDeveloping2011,
  title = {Health {{Behavior}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
  author = {Dupas, Pascaline},
  year = {2011},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {3},
  number = {1},
  pages = {425--449},
  issn = {1941-1383, 1941-1391},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-economics-111809-125029},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {The disease burden in low-income countries is extremely high. Malaria, respiratory infections, diarrhea, AIDS, and other diseases are estimated to kill more than 15 million people each year, most of them children. Yet the great majority of these diseases can be prevented or treated. This article reviews microeconomic studies of health-seeking behavior in low-income countries. Factors examined include information, peers, liquidity constraints, and nonrational preferences, such as present bias. I then discuss the implications for policy, including the scope for mandates, subsidies, and incentives.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TXZ3NR2A/Dupas - 2011 - Health Behavior in Developing Countries.pdf}
}

@article{dupasWomenLeftGender2024,
  title = {Women {{Left Behind}}: {{Gender Disparities}} in {{Utilization}} of {{Government Health Insurance}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Dupas, Pascaline and Jain, Radhika},
  year = {2024},
  abstract = {We document large gender disparities within a government program that entitles 46 million poor individuals to free hospital care. We show that care is not free in practice and higher costs are associated with larger disparities. Lowering care costs increases female utilization but does not reduce gender disparities because marginal beneficiaries are as likely to be male as infra-marginals. Long-term exposure to local female leaders reduces disparities by addressing factors lowering female care. In the presence of gender bias, subsidizing social services may fail to address gender inequalities without actions that specifically target females.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SSKIPNBR/Dupas and Jain - Women Left Behind Gender Disparities in Utilizati.pdf}
}

@article{Dupraz2019,
  title = {French and {{British}} Colonial Legacies in Education: {{Evidence}} from the Partition of {{Cameroon}}},
  author = {Dupraz, Yannick},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Journal of Economic History},
  volume = {79},
  number = {3},
  pages = {628--668},
  issn = {14716372},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022050719000299},
  abstract = {Cameroon was partitioned between France and the United Kingdom after WWI and then reunited after independence. I use this natural experiment to investigate colonial legacies in education, using a border discontinuity analysis of historical census microdata from 1976. I find that men born in the decades following partition had, all else equal, one more year of schooling if they were born in the British part. This positive British effect disappeared after 1950, as the French increased education expenditure, and because of favoritism in school supply towards the Francophone side after reunification. Using 2005 census microdata, I find that the British advantage resurfaced more recently: Cameroonians born after 1970 are more likely to finish high school, attend a university, and have a high-skilled occupation if they were born in the former British part. I explain this result by the legacy of high grade repetition rates in the French-speaking education system and their detrimental effect on dropout.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9K7BRZGL/Dupraz - 2019 - French and British Colonial Legacies in Education.pdf}
}

@article{duprazFrenchBritishColonial,
  title = {French and {{British Colonial Legacies}} in {{Education}}: {{A Natural Experiment}} in {{Cameroon}}},
  author = {Dupraz, Yannick},
  pages = {79},
  abstract = {Does colonial history matter for development? In Sub-Saharan Africa, economists have argued that the British colonial legacy was more growth-inducing than others, especially through its effect on education. This paper uses the division of German Kamerun between the British and the French after WWI as a natural experiment to identify the causal effect of colonizer identity on education. Using exhaustive geolocated census data, I estimate a border discontinuity for various cohorts over the 20th century: the British effect on education is positive for individuals of school age in the 1920s and 1930s; it quickly fades away in the late colonial period and eventually becomes negative, favoring the French side. In the most recent cohorts, I find no border discontinuity in primary education, but I do find a positive British effect in secondary school completion --- likely explained by a higher rate of grade repetition in the francophone system. I also find a strong, positive British effect on the percentage of Christians for all cohorts. I argue that my results are best explained by supply factors: before WWII, the British colonial government provided incentives for missions to supply formal education and allowed local governments to open public schools, but the British effect was quickly smoothed away by an increase in French education investments in the late colonial period. Though the divergence in human capital did not persist, its effect on religion was highly persistent.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {africa,border discontinuity,colonization,education,persistence},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EINP7HJF/Dupraz - French and British Colonial Legacies in Education.pdf}
}

@article{duquennoisFinancialConcernsSleeplessness2024,
  title = {Financial {{Concerns}} and {{Sleeplessness}}},
  author = {Duquennois, Claire and Jagnani, Maulik},
  year = {2024},
  abstract = {Do concerns about personal finances lower sleep quality and cognitive performance? Using a regression discontinuity research design, we find that eligible household heads surveyed just after the disbursement of an unconditional cash transfer in Indonesia report a 0.4 standard deviation (sd) improvement in sleep quality as compared to those surveyed just before the cash disbursement. Eligible household heads also perform better on cognitive indicators sensitive to sleep deprivation (memory and attention) but not on cognitive measures relatively unaffected by sleep deprivation (reasoning or problem-solving). The cash transfer appears to have alleviated financial concerns amongst household heads, who are responsible for satisfying the daily necessities of the household, improving their sleep quality. Immediately after disbursement, eligible households report increases in savings and decreases in outstanding loans. Eligible household heads also report feeling less worried, frustrated, and tired. These patterns are not observed for household heads ineligible for the cash transfer, which suggests that our results are not driven by seasonal confounders or aggregate shocks. These results are also not observed for other members of eligible households, who are not responsible for satisfying the households' financial needs. We also show that sleeping aids, nutrition, time in bed, labor supply, and halo reporting effects, are unlikely to explain our results.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/W7FHBXB5/Duquennois and Jagnani - Financial Concerns and Sleeplessness.pdf}
}

@article{duranteConjugateBayesProbit2019,
  title = {Conjugate {{Bayes}} for Probit Regression via Unified Skew-Normal Distributions},
  author = {Durante, Daniele},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Biometrika},
  volume = {106},
  number = {4},
  pages = {765--779},
  issn = {0006-3444},
  doi = {10.1093/biomet/asz034},
  urldate = {2023-08-03},
  abstract = {Regression models for dichotomous data are ubiquitous in statistics. Besides being useful for inference on binary responses, these methods serve as building blocks in more complex formulations, such as density regression, nonparametric classification and graphical models. Within the Bayesian framework, inference proceeds by updating the priors for the coefficients, typically taken to be Gaussians, with the likelihood induced by probit or logit regressions for the responses. In this updating, the apparent absence of a tractable posterior has motivated a variety of computational methods, including Markov chain Monte Carlo routines and algorithms that approximate the posterior. Despite being implemented routinely, Markov chain Monte Carlo strategies have mixing or time-inefficiency issues in large-\$p\$ and small-\$n\$ studies, whereas approximate routines fail to capture the skewness typically observed in the posterior. In this article it is proved that the posterior distribution for the probit coefficients has a unified skew-normal kernel under Gaussian priors. This result allows efficient Bayesian inference for a wide class of applications, especially in large-\$p\$ and small-to-moderate-\$n\$ settings where state-of-the-art computational methods face notable challenges. These advances are illustrated in a genetic study, and further motivate the development of a wider class of conjugate priors for probit models, along with methods for obtaining independent and identically distributed samples from the unified skew-normal posterior.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BFXWKLE9/Durante - 2019 - Conjugate Bayes for probit regression via unified .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L7M6U6Y9/5554418.html}
}

@article{Durlak2011,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Enhancing Students}}' {{Social}} and {{Emotional Learning}}: {{A Meta-Analysis}} of {{School-Based Universal Interventions}}},
  author = {Durlak, Joseph A. and Weissberg, Roger P. and Dymnicki, Allison B. and Taylor, Rebecca D. and Schellinger, Kriston B.},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {Child Development},
  volume = {82},
  number = {1},
  pages = {405--432},
  issn = {00093920},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x},
  abstract = {This article presents findings from a meta-analysis of 213 school-based, universal social and emotional learning (SEL) programs involving 270,034 kindergarten through high school students. Compared to controls, SEL participants demonstrated significantly improved social and emotional skills, attitudes, behavior, and academic performance that reflected an 11-percentile-point gain in achievement. School teaching staff successfully conducted SEL programs. The use of 4 recommended practices for developing skills and the presence of implementation problems moderated program outcomes. The findings add to the growing empirical evidence regarding the positive impact of SEL programs. Policy makers, educators, and the public can contribute to healthy development of children by supporting the incorporation of evidence-based SEL programming into standard educational practice. {\copyright} 2011 The Authors. Child Development {\copyright} 2011 Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.},
  pmid = {21291449},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UAZH8PUD/Durlak et al. - 2011 - The Impact of Enhancing Students’ Social and Emoti.pdf}
}

@misc{durlaufHowWorldBecame2024,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {How the {{World Became Rich}} by {{Mark Koyama}} and {{Jared Rubin}} and {{Slouching Towards Utopia}}, by {{J}}. {{Bradford DeLong}}: {{A Review Essay}}},
  shorttitle = {How the {{World Became Rich}} by {{Mark Koyama}} and {{Jared Rubin}} and {{Slouching Towards Utopia}}, by {{J}}. {{Bradford DeLong}}},
  author = {Durlauf, Steven N.},
  year = {2024},
  month = aug,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {32873},
  eprint = {32873},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w32873},
  urldate = {2024-09-05},
  abstract = {This essay provides a review of two important recent books on economic growth: How the World Became Rich by Mark Koyama and Jared Rubin and Slouching Towards Utopia, by J. Bradford DeLong. Each book is noteworthy for its erudition and breadth. I explore strengths and weaknesses of these books and make some proposals on new ways to conceptualize and study long run socioeconomic development. My discussion emphasizes the importance of contingency in determining long run inequalities across countries as well the potential for ideas from complexity theory to augment standard growth modelling.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ITZQKXRD/Durlauf - 2024 - How the World Became Rich by Mark Koyama and Jared.pdf}
}

@misc{durlaufHowWorldBecame2024a,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {How the {{World Became Rich}} by {{Mark Koyama}} and {{Jared Rubin}} and {{Slouching Towards Utopia}}, by {{J}}. {{Bradford DeLong}}: {{A Review Essay}}},
  shorttitle = {How the {{World Became Rich}} by {{Mark Koyama}} and {{Jared Rubin}} and {{Slouching Towards Utopia}}, by {{J}}. {{Bradford DeLong}}},
  author = {Durlauf, Steven N.},
  year = {2024},
  month = aug,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {32873},
  eprint = {32873},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w32873},
  urldate = {2024-09-27},
  abstract = {This essay provides a review of two important recent books on economic growth: How the World Became Rich by Mark Koyama and Jared Rubin and Slouching Towards Utopia, by J. Bradford DeLong. Each book is noteworthy for its erudition and breadth. I explore strengths and weaknesses of these books and make some proposals on new ways to conceptualize and study long run socioeconomic development. My discussion emphasizes the importance of contingency in determining long run inequalities across countries as well the potential for ideas from complexity theory to augment standard growth modelling.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6QLCRV86/Durlauf - 2024 - How the World Became Rich by Mark Koyama and Jared.pdf}
}

@article{durrheimHistoricalTrendsSouth2011,
  title = {Historical {{Trends}} in {{South African Race Attitudes}}},
  author = {Durrheim, Kevin and Tredoux, Colin and Foster, Don and Dixon, John},
  year = {2011},
  month = sep,
  journal = {South African Journal of Psychology},
  volume = {41},
  number = {3},
  pages = {263--278},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications},
  issn = {0081-2463},
  doi = {10.1177/008124631104100302},
  urldate = {2023-10-02},
  abstract = {This article presents an historical survey of intergroup attitudes in South Africa, tracing social distance scores back to 1934 and semantic differential scores back to 1975. We compare the attitudes of different race groups towards each other over time by standardizing the scores from different historical periods on a common metric. This enables us to pursue two lines of investigation: (1) to chart the effect that racial classification has had on ingroup bias patterns, and (2) to assess the impact of changing historical contexts on intergroup attitudes ? especially the threatening and competitive context of the post-1976 struggle for liberation and the post-1994 context of democracy and reconciliation. The data indicate that dramatic changes may be taking place, with white respondents showing declining levels of prejudice, the inversion of the historically asymmetric attitude ?colour bar?, and a slight, perhaps negative, change in attitudes of black African respondents toward other groups.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7ZJW3YTF/Durrheim et al. - 2011 - Historical Trends in South African Race Attitudes.pdf}
}

@article{Dustan2019,
  title = {Motivating {{Bureaucrats With Non-Monetary Incentives When State Capacity Is Weak}}: {{Evidence From Large-Scale Field Experiments}} in {{Peru}}},
  author = {Dustan, Andrew and Maldonado, Stanislao and {Hernandez-Agramonte}, Juan Manuel},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3307140},
  abstract = {We study how non-monetary incentives, motivated by recent advances in behavioral economics , affect civil servant performance in a context where state capacity is weak. We collaborated with a government agency in Peru to experimentally vary the content of text messages targeted to civil servants in charge of a school maintenance program. These messages incorporate behavioral insights in dimensions related to information provision, social norms, and weak forms of monitoring and auditing. We find that these messages are a very cost-effective strategy to enforce compliance with national policies among civil servants. We further study the role of social norms and the salience of social benefits in a follow-up experiment and explore the external validity of our original results by implementing a related experiment with civil servants from a different national program. The findings of these new experiments support our original results and provide additional insights regarding the context in which these incentives may work. Our results highlight the importance of carefully designed non-monetary incentives as a tool to improve civil servant performance when the state lacks institutional mechanisms to enforce compliance. * We thank}
}

@article{dustanMotivatingBureaucratsNonmonetary,
  title = {Motivating Bureaucrats with Non-Monetary Incentives When State Capacity Is Weak: {{Evidence}} from Large-Scale Field Experiments in {{Peru}}},
  author = {Dustan, Andrew and Maldonado, Stanislao and {Hernandez-Agramonte}, Juan Manuel},
  pages = {57},
  abstract = {We study how non-monetary incentives, motivated by recent advances in behavioral economics, affect civil servant performance when state capacity is weak. We experimentally vary the content of text messages targeted to civil servants in charge of a school maintenance program in Peru. These messages are found to be a cost-effective strategy to enforce compliance with national policies. We evaluate the external validity of our results using a related experiment with another national program. Our results highlight the promise of carefully designed non-monetary incentives as a tool to improve civil servant performance when the state lacks institutional mechanisms to enforce compliance.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LSYI9AIY/Dustan et al. - Motivating bureaucrats with non-monetary incentive.pdf}
}

@misc{DVN/26571_2014,
  title = {General {{Social Survey}}},
  author = {National Opinion Research Center},
  year = {2014},
  publisher = {Harvard Dataverse},
  doi = {10.7910/DVN/26571},
  version = {V1}
}

@incollection{EASTERLIN1974,
  title = {Does {{Economic Growth Improve}} the {{Human Lot}}? {{Some Empirical Evidence}}},
  booktitle = {Nations and {{Households}} in {{Economic Growth}}},
  author = {Easterlin, Richard A.},
  year = {1974},
  pages = {89--125},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-205050-3.50008-7}
}

@article{easterlyAidPoliciesGrowth2004,
  title = {Aid, {{Policies}}, and {{Growth}}: {{Comment}}},
  shorttitle = {Aid, {{Policies}}, and {{Growth}}},
  author = {Easterly, William and Levine, Ross and Roodman, David},
  year = {2004},
  month = may,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {94},
  number = {3},
  pages = {774--780},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/0002828041464560},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ACADVUCG/Easterly et al. - 2004 - Aid, Policies, and Growth Comment.pdf}
}

@misc{easterlyPowerExports2009,
  type = {{{SSRN Scholarly Paper}}},
  title = {The {{Power}} of {{Exports}}},
  author = {Easterly, William and Reshef, Ariell and Schwenkenberg, Julia M.},
  year = {2009},
  month = oct,
  number = {1492561},
  address = {Rochester, NY},
  urldate = {2022-12-05},
  abstract = {The authors systematically document remarkably high degrees of concentration in manufacturing exports for a sample of 151 countries over a range of 3,000 products. For every country manufacturing exports are dominated by a few"big hits"which account for most of the export value and where the"hit"includes both finding the right product and finding the right market. Higher export volumes are associated with higher degrees of concentration, after controlling for the number of destinations a country penetrates. This further highlights the importance of big hits. The distribution of exports closely follows a power law, especially in the upper tail. These findings do not support a"picking winners"policy for export development; the power law characterization implies that the chance of picking a winner diminishes exponentially with the degree of success. Moreover, given the size of the economy, developing countries are more exposed to demand shocks than rich ones, which further lowers the benefits from trying to pick winners.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Access to Markets,Airports and Air Services,Economic Theory & Research,Markets and Market Access,Tax Law},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C8643MH2/Easterly et al. - 2009 - The Power of Exports.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CJG8DDDJ/papers.html}
}

@article{Ebenstein2010,
  title = {The "Missing Girls" of {{China}} and the Unintended Consequences of the One Child Policy},
  author = {Ebenstein, Avraham},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Journal of Human Resources},
  volume = {45},
  number = {1},
  pages = {87--115},
  issn = {0022166X},
  doi = {10.3368/jhr.45.1.87},
  abstract = {High ratios of males to females in China have concerned researchers (Sen 1990, Yi et al. 1993) and the recent increase has alarmed policymakers worldwide. This paper presents an analysis of China's census data that indicates that the "missing girls" phenomenon is causally linked to enforcement of the One Child Policy. Fertility is lower and sex ratios are higher among those under stricter fertility control, and the overall increase in the sex ratio is driven by an increase in the prevalence of sex selection among first and second births. By exploiting regional and temporal variation in fines levied for unauthorized births, I find that higher fine regimes discourage fertility, but are associated with higher ratios of males to females. {\copyright} 2010 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System.}
}

@article{ebensteinMissingGirlsChina,
  title = {The ``{{Missing Girls}}'' of {{China}} and the {{Unintended Consequences}} of the {{One Child Policy}}},
  author = {Ebenstein, Avraham},
  pages = {29},
  abstract = {High ratios of males to females in China have concerned researchers (Sen 1990, Yi et al. 1993) and the recent increase has alarmed policymakers worldwide. This paper presents an analysis of China's census data that indicates that the ``missing girls'' phenomenon is causally linked to enforcement of the One Child Policy. Fertility is lower and sex ratios are higher among those under stricter fertility control, and the overall increase in the sex ratio is driven by an increase in the prevalence of sex selection among first and second births. By exploiting regional and temporal variation in fines levied for unauthorized births, I find that higher fine regimes discourage fertility, but are associated with higher ratios of males to females.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EQIA7XIB/Ebenstein - The “Missing Girls” of China and the Unintended Co.pdf}
}

@book{Economics2016,
  title = {The {{Economics}} of {{Poverty}}},
  author = {Ravallion, Martin},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  volume = {53},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  issn = {0009-4978},
  doi = {10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190212766.001.0001},
  abstract = {ABSTRACT Blank (2003) identifies six perspectives that economists and policymakers use to understand the causes of poverty. They include issues of economic underdevelopment, human capital, contradictions in capitalism, structural causes, characteristics of the poor, and the incentive effect of welfare programs. This analysis uses Blank's framework to identify major economic theories and related recent research (1990-2005) to explain poverty. While each of the six perspectives provides explanations about the nature of poverty, the strongest factor relates to race. The analysis concludes with implications for practice.},
  isbn = {978-0-19-021276-6},
  keywords = {BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Development / Economic Development,BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Labor,Equality,Poverty,Social policy,SOCIAL SCIENCE / Poverty & Homelessness},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JNXP9ES9/Ravallion - 2016 - The economics of poverty history, measurement, an.pdf}
}

@techreport{edmondsAdvancingAgencyAdolescent2020,
  title = {Advancing the {{Agency}} of {{Adolescent Girls}}},
  author = {Edmonds, Eric and Feigenberg, Benjamin and Leight, Jessica},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  number = {w27513},
  pages = {w27513},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w27513},
  urldate = {2021-01-27},
  abstract = {Can life skills be taught in early adolescence? Using a clustered randomized control trial, this study analyzes the impact of a school-based life skills intervention in grades six and seven within a sample of 2,459 girls in Rajasthan, India. Our evidence suggests that the intervention is successful in developing stronger life skills including increased agency, more equitable gender norms, and stronger socio-emotional support. Girls also drop out of school at a lower rate: we observe an approximately 25 percent decline in dropout that persists from seventh grade through the transition to high school.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3H668X5K/Edmonds et al. - 2020 - Advancing the Agency of Adolescent Girls.pdf}
}

@article{edwardsRiskBeingKilled2019,
  title = {Risk of Being Killed by Police Use of Force in the {{United States}} by Age, Race--Ethnicity, and Sex},
  author = {Edwards, Frank and Lee, Hedwig and Esposito, Michael},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {116},
  number = {34},
  pages = {16793--16798},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1821204116},
  urldate = {2021-11-11},
  abstract = {We use data on police-involved deaths to estimate how the risk of being killed by police use of force in the United States varies across social groups. We estimate the lifetime and age-specific risks of being killed by police by race and sex. We also provide estimates of the proportion of all deaths accounted for by police use of force. We find that African American men and women, American Indian/Alaska Native men and women, and Latino men face higher lifetime risk of being killed by police than do their white peers. We find that Latina women and Asian/Pacific Islander men and women face lower risk of being killed by police than do their white peers. Risk is highest for black men, who (at current levels of risk) face about a 1 in 1,000 chance of being killed by police over the life course. The average lifetime odds of being killed by police are about 1 in 2,000 for men and about 1 in 33,000 for women. Risk peaks between the ages of 20 y and 35 y for all groups. For young men of color, police use of force is among the leading causes of death.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/224HNUVF/Edwards et al. - 2019 - Risk of being killed by police use of force in the.pdf}
}

@techreport{EdySusanto2019,
  title = {Keepin' 'em {{Down}} on the {{Farm}}: {{Migration}} and {{Strategic Investment}} in {{Children}}'s {{Schooling}}},
  author = {Jensen, Robert and Miller, Nolan},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  volume = {53},
  number = {9},
  eprint = {1011.1669v3},
  pages = {1689--1699},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  issn = {1098-6596},
  doi = {10.3386/w23122},
  abstract = {In rural areas of most developing countries, intergenerational coresidence is both widespread and an important determinant of well-being for the elderly. Most parents want at least one adult child to remain at home (e.g., so they can work on the family farm or provide care and assistance around the house). However, children themselves may prefer to migrate when they grow up, and parents cannot directly prevent them from doing so. We present a model where parents may strategically limit investments in some children's education so that they will not find it optimal to migrate when they reach maturity, and will thus voluntarily choose to remain home. We provide evidence for the model's predictions using an intervention that provided recruiting services for the business process outsourcing industry in randomly selected rural Indian villages. Because awareness of these high-paying, high education, urban jobs was limited at baseline, the intervention increased the attractiveness of migration for educated children. Consistent with the model, in response to the treatment we find declines in school enrollment among children that parents reported wanting to remain home at baseline. Children that parents want to migrate have increased enrollment, and parents want more children to migrate.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  isbn = {9788578110796},
  pmid = {25246403},
  keywords = {icle},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5A7IDYRP/Jensen and Miller - 2017 - Keepin' 'em Down on the Farm Migration and Strate.pdf}
}

@misc{EffectDigitalMedia,
  title = {Effect of Digital Media Use in {{LMICs}}},
  journal = {Google Docs},
  urldate = {2024-08-20},
  abstract = {Effect of digital media use in LMICs  Motivation: very little evidence on effect of phone use in LMICs; there are many mechanisms that could function differently in lower income context, e.g.: Outside option could be different (more/less likely to engage in ``free play'' rather than watching TV) Kn...},
  howpublished = {https://docs.google.com/document/d/19YYRP-\_eBJeWWdYkbsuEhCGudgIF9RZHKy-Dx\_KhMsY/edit?usp=embed\_facebook},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/D54N7ZSW/edit.html}
}

@article{EffectsGroupCounseling2017,
  title = {Effects of {{Group Counseling Programs}}, {{Cognitive Behavioral Therapy}}, and {{Sports Intervention}} on {{Internet Addiction}} in {{East Asia}}: {{A Systematic Review}} and {{Meta-Analysis}}},
  shorttitle = {Effects of {{Group Counseling Programs}}, {{Cognitive Behavioral Therapy}}, and {{Sports Intervention}} on {{Internet Addiction}} in {{East Asia}}},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  volume = {14},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1470},
  publisher = {Int J Environ Res Public Health},
  issn = {1660-4601},
  doi = {10.3390/IJERPH14121470},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  abstract = {To evaluate the effects of group counseling programs, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and sports intervention on Internet addiction (IA), a systematic search in ten databases was performed to identify eligible studies without language restrictions up to January 2017. A meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA) was performed, respectively. A total of 58 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which included 2871 participants, were incorporated into our meta-analysis. The results showed that group counseling programs, CBT, and sports intervention could significantly reduce IA levels (group counseling program: standardized mean difference (SMD), -1.37; 95\% confidence interval (CI), -1.89 to -0.85; CBT: SMD, -1.88; 95\% CI, -2.53 to -1.23; sports intervention: SMD, -1.70; 95\% CI, -2.14 to -1.26). For group counseling programs, this treatment was more effective in four dimensions of IA, including time management, interpersonal and health issues, tolerance, and compulsive Internet use. For CBT, this treatment yielded a positive change in depression, anxiousness, aggressiveness, somatization, social insecurity, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism. For sports intervention, the significant effects were also observed in all dimensions of the IA scale. Each of group counseling programs, cognitive behavioral therapy, and sports intervention had a significant effect on IA and psychopathological symptoms. Sports intervention could improve withdrawal symptoms especially.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YG6G6LZ6/2017 - Effects of Group Counseling Programs, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Sports Intervention on Inter.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HY8AN4KP/effects-of-group-counseling-programs-cognitive-behavioral-xpjqizjvre.html}
}

@article{EfficacySafetyElectroconvulsive2003,
  title = {Efficacy and Safety of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Depressive Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Efficacy and Safety of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Depressive Disorders},
  year = {2003},
  month = mar,
  journal = {The Lancet},
  volume = {361},
  number = {9360},
  pages = {799--808},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  issn = {0140-6736, 1474-547X},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12705-5},
  urldate = {2025-03-16},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {12642045},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2WNPQNYT/2003 - Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive disorders a systematic review and me.pdf}
}

@article{eggerGeneralEquilibriumEffects2022,
  title = {General {{Equilibrium Effects}} of {{Cash Transfers}}: {{Experimental Evidence From Kenya}}},
  shorttitle = {General {{Equilibrium Effects}} of {{Cash Transfers}}},
  author = {Egger, Dennis and Haushofer, Johannes and Miguel, Edward and Niehaus, Paul and Walker, Michael},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {90},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2603--2643},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ECTA17945},
  urldate = {2024-07-16},
  abstract = {How large economic stimuli generate individual and aggregate responses is a central question in economics, but has not been studied experimentally. We provided one-time cash transfers of about USD 1000 to over 10,500 poor households across 653 randomized villages in rural Kenya. The implied fiscal shock was over 15 percent of local GDP. We find large impacts on consumption and assets for recipients. Importantly, we document large positive spillovers on non-recipient households and firms, and minimal price inflation. We estimate a local transfer multiplier of 2.5. We interpret welfare implications through the lens of a simple household optimization framework.},
  copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G4NTH842/ecta200500 (1).pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NS99RMHV/Egger et al. - 2022 - General Equilibrium Effects of Cash Transfers Exp.pdf}
}

@article{egorovDividedWeStay2021,
  title = {Divided We Stay Home: {{Social}} Distancing and Ethnic Diversity},
  shorttitle = {Divided We Stay Home},
  author = {Egorov, Georgy and Enikolopov, Ruben and Makarin, Alexey and Petrova, Maria},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {194},
  pages = {104328},
  issn = {0047-2727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104328},
  urldate = {2023-07-06},
  abstract = {Homogeneous societies usually provide more public goods. Voluntary social distancing in a pandemic is also a public good, but it has private benefits, too. Theoretically, we show that presence of population groups with different rationales for social distancing can lead to stricter observance of social distancing in more diverse societies. Empirically, we find that mobility reduction following the first local COVID-19 case was stronger in Russian cities with higher ethnic fractionalization and xenophobia. For identification, we predict the timing of the first case using historical patterns of internal migration. Using the United States data on mobility produces similar results.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Altruism,COVID-19,Diversity,Fractionalization,Pandemic,Quarantine,Russia,Self-isolation,Social distancing,Xenophobia},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F5ATEAZ9/Egorov et al. - 2021 - Divided we stay home Social distancing and ethnic.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AXMTS5HC/S0047272720301924.html}
}

@article{Ehrlich1990a,
  title = {\{\vphantom\}{{A}}\vphantom\{\} \{\vphantom\}{{M}}\vphantom\{\}odel of the \{\vphantom\}{{D}}\vphantom\{\}emand for \{\vphantom\}{{L}}\vphantom\{\}ongevity and the \{\vphantom\}{{V}}\vphantom\{\}alue of \{\vphantom\}{{L}}\vphantom\{\}ife \{\vphantom\}{{E}}\vphantom\{\}xtension},
  author = {Ehrlich, I and Chuma, H},
  year = {1990},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {Vol. 98},
  number = {4},
  pages = {761--782},
  doi = {10.2307/2937767},
  abstract = {We specify a demand function for longevity, or "quantity of life," along with corresponding demand functions for indicators of "qual- ity of life" and a value-of-health and life extension function. We show that the demand for health must be derived in conjunction with that for longevity and the related consumption plan, and that all choices depend on initial individual endowments and terminal conditions. Our comparative dynamics predictions indicate that optimal health and longevity are increasing functions of endowed wealth rather than, necessarily, current income; that improvements in opportunities to produce health can accentuate the differences between endowed health and attained longevity levels; and that the value individuals ascribe to their health may be increasing over a good portion of their life cycle. We use this model to analyze ob- served empirical variations in levels and trends of life expectancy and in exposure to health risks across different population groups. I.}
}

@article{ehrlichModelDemandLongevity1990,
  title = {A {{Model}} of the {{Demand}} for {{Longevity}} and the {{Value}} of {{Life Extension}}},
  author = {Ehrlich, Isaac and Chuma, Hiroyuki},
  year = {1990},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {98},
  number = {4},
  eprint = {2937767},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {761--782},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GZDSA6ZP/Ehrlich and Chuma - 1990 - A Model of the Demand for Longevity and the Value .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VB5P59QT/Ehrlich and Chuma - 1990 - A Model of the Demand for Longevity and the Value .pdf}
}

@article{eichengreenOriginalSinPain2002,
  title = {Original {{Sin}}: {{The Pain}}, the {{Mystery}}, and the {{Road}} to {{Redemption}}},
  author = {Eichengreen, Barry and Hausmann, Ricardo and Panizza, Ugo},
  year = {2002},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DCH3I2YF/Eichengreen et al. - Original Sin The Pain, the Mystery, and the Road .pdf}
}

@article{eichnerCaseIsolationContact2003,
  title = {Case {{Isolation}} and {{Contact Tracing Can Prevent}} the {{Spread}} of {{Smallpox}}},
  author = {Eichner, M.},
  year = {2003},
  month = jul,
  journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology},
  volume = {158},
  number = {2},
  pages = {118--128},
  issn = {0002-9262},
  doi = {10.1093/aje/kwg104},
  urldate = {2020-07-15},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MHHPECIS/Eichner - 2003 - Case Isolation and Contact Tracing Can Prevent the.pdf}
}

@article{eilGoodNewsBadNews2011,
  title = {The {{Good News-Bad News Effect}}: {{Asymmetric Processing}} of {{Objective Information}} about {{Yourself}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Good News-Bad News Effect}}},
  author = {Eil, David and Rao, Justin M},
  year = {2011},
  month = may,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Microeconomics},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2},
  pages = {114--138},
  issn = {1945-7669, 1945-7685},
  doi = {10.1257/mic.3.2.114},
  urldate = {2022-06-13},
  abstract = {We study processing and acquisition of objective information regarding qualities that people care about, intelligence and beauty. Subjects receiving negative feedback did not respect the strength of these signals, were far less predictable in their updating behavior and exhibited an aversion to new information. In response to good news, inference conformed more closely to Bayes' Rule, both in accuracy and precision. Signal direction did not affect updating or acquisition in our neutral control. Unlike past work, our design varied direction and agreement with priors independently. The results indicate that confirmation bias is driven by direction; confirmation alone had no effect. (JEL D82, D83)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X7BKE5HK/Eil and Rao - 2011 - The Good News-Bad News Effect Asymmetric Processi.pdf}
}

@article{el-gilanyMenstrualHygieneAdolescent2005,
  title = {Menstrual {{Hygiene}} among {{Adolescent Schoolgirls}} in {{Mansoura}}, {{Egypt}}},
  author = {{El-Gilany}, Abdel-Hady and Badawi, Karima and {El-Fedawy}, Sanaa},
  year = {2005},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Reproductive Health Matters},
  volume = {13},
  number = {26},
  pages = {147--152},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  issn = {0968-8080},
  doi = {10.1016/S0968-8080(05)26191-8},
  urldate = {2023-11-22},
  abstract = {Learning about menstrual hygiene is a vital aspect of health education for adolescent girls. This study among 664 schoolgirls aged 14-18 in Mansoura, Egypt, asked about type of sanitary protection used, frequency of changing pads or cloths, means of disposal and bathing during menstruation. Girls were selected by cluster sampling technique in public secondary schools in urban and rural areas. Data were collected through an anonymous, self-administered, open-ended questionnaire during class time. The significant predictors of use of sanitary pads were availability of mass media at home, high and middle social class and urban residence. Use of sanitary pads may be increasing, but not among girls from rural and poor families, and other aspects of personal hygiene were generally found to be poor, such as not changing pads regularly or at night, and not bathing during menstruation. Lack of privacy was an important problem. Mass media were the main source of information about menstrual hygiene, followed by mothers, but a large majority of girls said they needed more information. Instruction in menstrual hygiene should be linked to an expanded programme of health education in schools. A supportive environment for menstrual hygiene has to be provided both at home and in school and sanitary pads made more affordable.},
  pmid = {16291496},
  keywords = {adolescent girls,Egypt,menstrual hygiene,sanitary protection},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G2Y8NI6P/El-Gilany et al. - 2005 - Menstrual Hygiene among Adolescent Schoolgirls in .pdf}
}

@article{eliazModelCompetingNarratives2020,
  title = {A {{Model}} of {{Competing Narratives}}},
  author = {Eliaz, Kfir and Spiegler, Ran},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {110},
  number = {12},
  pages = {3786--3816},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20191099},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {We formalize the argument that political disagreements can be traced to a "clash of narratives." Drawing on the "Bayesian Networks" literature, we represent a narrative by a causal model that maps actions into consequences, weaving a selection of other random variables into the story. Narratives generate beliefs by interpreting long-run correlations between these variables. An equilibrium is defined as a probability distribution over narrative-policy pairs that maximize a representative agent's anticipatory utility, capturing the idea that people are drawn to hopeful narratives. Our equilibrium analysis sheds light on the structure of prevailing narratives, the variables they involve, the policies they sustain, and their contribution to political polarization.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Belief,Communication,Economic Nationalism,Information and Knowledge,Learning,Political Processes: Rent-seeking Lobbying Elections Legislatures and Voting Behavior Search,Unawareness Network Formation and Analysis: Theory National Security},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YCCP46US/Eliaz and Spiegler - 2020 - A Model of Competing Narratives.pdf}
}

@article{Ell2010,
  title = {The {{Persistent Effects}} of {{Peru}}'s {{Mining Mita}}},
  author = {Dell, Melissa},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {78},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1863--1903},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ECTA8121},
  abstract = {This study utilizes regression discontinuity to examine the long-run impacts of the mita, an extensive forced mining labor system in effect in Peru and Bolivia between 1573 and 1812. Results indicate that a mita effect lowers household consumption by around 25\% and increases the prevalence of stunted growth in children by around 6 percentage points in subjected districts today. Using data from the Spanish Empire and Peruvian Republic to trace channels of institutional persistence, I show that the mita's influence has persisted through its impacts on land tenure and public goods provision. Mita districts historically had fewer large landowners and lower educational attainment. Today, they are less integrated into road networks and their residents are substantially more likely to be subsistence farmers.},
  keywords = {Forced labor,land tenure,public goods},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WIU5MMS8/2010 - The Persistent Effects of Peru's Mining iMitai.pdf}
}

@article{ellmanElectoralCompetitionThreat2000,
  title = {Electoral {{Competition Under}} the {{Threat}} of {{Political Unrest}}*},
  author = {Ellman, Matthew and Wantchekon, Leonard},
  year = {2000},
  month = may,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {115},
  number = {2},
  pages = {499--531},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1162/003355300554836},
  urldate = {2023-12-08},
  abstract = {We study elections in which one party (the strong party) controls a source of political unrest; e.g., this party could instigate riots if it lost the election. We show that the strong party is more likely to win the election when there is less information about its ability to cause unrest. This is because when the weak party is better informed, it can more reliably prevent political unrest by implementing a ``centrist'' policy. When there is uncertainty over the credibility of the threat, ``posturing'' by the strong party leads to platform divergence.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PLSNDHW2/Ellman and Wantchekon - 2000 - Electoral Competition Under the Threat of Politica.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9HKH6NAQ/1840463.html}
}

@article{elmesPriceSexCondom2014,
  title = {The {{Price}} of {{Sex}}: {{Condom Use}} and the {{Determinants}} of the {{Price}} of {{Sex Among Female Sex Workers}} in {{Eastern Zimbabwe}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Price}} of {{Sex}}},
  author = {Elmes, J. and Nhongo, K. and Ward, H. and Hallett, T. and Nyamukapa, C. and White, P. J. and Gregson, S.},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Infectious Diseases},
  volume = {210},
  number = {suppl 2},
  pages = {S569-S578},
  issn = {0022-1899, 1537-6613},
  doi = {10.1093/infdis/jiu493},
  urldate = {2020-03-17},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DIBA3E4F/Elmes et al. - 2014 - The Price of Sex Condom Use and the Determinants .pdf}
}

@article{Emerick2016,
  title = {Technological Innovations, Downside Risk, and the Modernization of Agriculture},
  author = {Emerick, Kyle and De Janvry, Alain and Sadoulet, Elisabeth and Dar, Manzoor H.},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {106},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1537--1561},
  issn = {00028282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20150474},
  abstract = {We use a randomized experiment in India to show that improved technology enhances agricultural productivity by crowding in modern inputs and cultivation practices. Specifically, we show that a new rice variety that reduces downside risk by providing flood tolerance has positive effects on adoption of a more labor-intensive planting method, area cultivated, fertilizer usage, and credit utilization. We find that a large share of the expected gains from the technology comes from crowding in of other investments. Therefore, improved technologies that reduce risk by protecting production in bad years have the potential to increase agricultural productivity in normal years.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7QF9PB5P/Emerick et al. - 2016 - Technological Innovations, Downside Risk, and the .pdf}
}

@article{Emerick2018,
  title = {Agricultural Productivity and the Sectoral Reallocation of Labor in Rural {{India}}},
  author = {Emerick, Kyle},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {135},
  pages = {488--503},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.08.013},
  abstract = {How do shocks to agricultural productivity affect the allocation of labor across sectors of the economy? To answer this, I use data from rural India to show that exogenous increases in agricultural productivity --- caused by abnormally high levels of precipitation --- lead to an increase in the labor share of the non-agricultural sector. I further show that the non-tradable sector expands significantly when agricultural output increases. This evidence is consistent with increasing agricultural output causing increased demand for local non-tradables, which in turn increases the non-agricultural labor share.},
  keywords = {Agricultural productivity,Labor allocation},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E8RT6NUW/Emerick - 2018 - Agricultural productivity and the sectoral realloc.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VAMWGMIP/Emerick - 2018 - Agricultural productivity and the sectoral realloc.pdf}
}

@techreport{Emerick2019,
  title = {Enhancing the Diffusion of Information about Agricultural Technology},
  author = {Emerick, Kyle and Dar, Manzoor H.},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.1159/000464284},
  abstract = {Inadequate learning is an often-cited friction impeding the adoption of improved agricultural technology in the developing world. We provide the rst experimental evidence that farmer eld days {\textbar} a common policy approach where farmers meet, learn about new technology, and observe its performance {\textbar} alleviate learning frictions and increase adoption of an improved technology by 40 percent. Further analysis demonstrates that these eld days are both cost eｆｆective and more impactful for poorer farmers. In contrast, we nd no evidence that selecting the rst adopters of new technology via participatory village meetings has any effect on future adoption.},
  isbn = {1421-9859 (Electronic) 0378-5866 (Linking)},
  pmid = {28490013}
}

@article{emerickEnhancingDiffusionInformation,
  title = {Enhancing the Diffusion of Information about Agricultural Technology},
  author = {Emerick, Kyle and Dar, Manzoor H},
  pages = {45},
  abstract = {Inadequate learning is an oft-cited friction impeding the adoption of improved agricultural technology in the developing world. We provide the first experimental evidence that farmer field days --- a common policy approach where farmers meet, learn about new technology, and observe its performance --- alleviate learning frictions and increase adoption of an improved technology by 40 percent. Further analysis demonstrates that these field days are both cost effective and more impactful for poorer farmers. In contrast, we find no evidence that selecting the first adopters of new technology via participatory village meetings has any effect on future adoption.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FVRZQHZJ/Emerick and Dar - Enhancing the diﬀusion of information about agricu.pdf}
}

@article{endresEmpiricalApproachSpread,
  title = {An Empirical Approach to the Spread of Consumption Norms Insocial Networks},
  author = {Endres, Matthias and H{\"o}tte, Kerstin},
  pages = {6},
  abstract = {Demand-side solutions (e.g. climate-friendly consumption behaviour) play a pivotal role to reduce the scope of existential climate risks. However, it is still poorly understood how these solutions could be leveraged. We study the impact of social effects on the spread of climate-friendly food consumption behaviour. Using a field experiment, we examine how dietary behaviour of first-year undergraduate students is influenced by social interactions. In their first week, undergraduate students at Cologne University are allocated in small groups. We manipulate the the share of vegetarians and vegans in these groups. This allows to identify the effect of peers on meat consumption.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MLQ6RC3A/Endres and Hötte - An empirical approach to the spread of consumption.pdf}
}

@article{Engerman2013,
  title = {Factor {{Endowments}}, {{Inequality}}, and {{Paths}} of {{Development}} among {{New World Economies}}},
  author = {Engerman, Stanley L and Sokoloff, Kenneth Lee},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {Econom{\'i}a},
  volume = {3},
  number = {1},
  pages = {41--109},
  issn = {1533-6239},
  doi = {10.1353/eco.2002.0013}
}

@article{engermanFactorEndowmentsInequality2002,
  title = {Factor {{Endowments}}, {{Inequality}}, and {{Paths}} of {{Development}} among {{New World Economies}} [with {{Comments}}]},
  author = {Engerman, Stanley L. and Sokoloff, Kenneth L. and Urquiola, Miguel and Acemoglu, Daron},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {Econom{\'i}a},
  volume = {3},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {20065432},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {41--109},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7QQJHUFT/Engerman et al. - 2002 - Factor Endowments, Inequality, and Paths of Develo.pdf}
}

@article{enikolopovSocialMediaProtest2020,
  title = {Social {{Media}} and {{Protest Participation}}: {{Evidence From Russia}}},
  shorttitle = {Social {{Media}} and {{Protest Participation}}},
  author = {Enikolopov, Ruben and Makarin, Alexey and Petrova, Maria},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {88},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1479--1514},
  issn = {1468-0262},
  doi = {10.3982/ECTA14281},
  urldate = {2022-10-22},
  abstract = {Do new communication technologies, such as social media, alleviate the collective action problem? This paper provides evidence that penetration of VK, the dominant Russian online social network, led to more protest activity during a wave of protests in Russia in 2011. As a source of exogenous variation in network penetration, we use the information on the city of origin of the students who studied with the founder of VK, controlling for the city of origin of the students who studied at the same university several years earlier or later. We find that a 10\% increase in VK penetration increased the probability of a protest by 4.6\% and the number of protesters by 19\%. Additional results suggest that social media induced protest activity by reducing the costs of coordination rather than by spreading information critical of the government. We observe that VK penetration increased pro-governmental support, with no evidence of increased polarization. We also find that cities with higher fractionalization of network users between VK and Facebook experienced fewer protests, and the effect of VK on protests exhibits threshold behavior.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {collective action,political protests,Social media,technology adoption},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3FBEL7YK/Enikolopov et al. - 2020 - Social Media and Protest Participation Evidence F.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8BMJFRRI/ECTA14281.html}
}

@article{Enke2019,
  title = {Correlation {{Neglect}} in {{Belief Formation}}},
  author = {Enke, Benjamin and Zimmermann, Florian},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {86},
  number = {1},
  pages = {313--332},
  issn = {1467937X},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdx081},
  abstract = {Many information structures generate correlated rather than mutually independent signals, the news media being a prime example. This article provides experimental evidence that many people neglect the resulting double-counting problem in the updating process. In consequence, beliefs are too sensitive to the ubiquitous "telling and re-telling of stories" and exhibit excessive swings. We identify substantial and systematic heterogeneity in the presence of the bias and investigate the underlying mechanisms. The evidence points to the paramount importance of complexity in combination with people's problems in identifying and thinking through the correlation. Even though most participants in principle have the computational skills that are necessary to develop rational beliefs, many approach the problem in a wrong way when the environment is moderately complex. Thus, experimentally nudging people's focus towards the correlation and the underlying independent signals has large effects on beliefs.},
  keywords = {Attention,Beliefs,Bounded rationality,Complexity,Correlation neglect},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KDJLL56H/Enke and Zimmermann - 2017 - Correlation Neglect in Belief Formation.pdf}
}

@article{enkeCognitiveBiasesMistakes2023,
  title = {Cognitive {{Biases}}: {{Mistakes}} or {{Missing Stakes}}?},
  shorttitle = {Cognitive {{Biases}}},
  author = {Enke, Benjamin and Gneezy, Uri and Hall, Brian and Martin, David and Nelidov, Vadim and Offerman, Theo and {van de Ven}, Jeroen},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  volume = {105},
  number = {4},
  pages = {818--832},
  issn = {0034-6535},
  doi = {10.1162/rest_a_01093},
  urldate = {2025-01-24},
  abstract = {Despite decades of research on heuristics and biases, evidence on the effect of large incentives on cognitive biases is scant. We test the effect of incentives on four widely documented biases: base-rate neglect, anchoring, failure of contingent thinking, and intuitive reasoning. In laboratory experiments with 1,236 college students in Nairobi, we implement three incentive levels: no incentives, standard lab payments, and very high incentives. We find that very high stakes increase response times by 40\% but improve performance only very mildly or not at all. In none of the tasks do very high stakes come close to debiasing participants.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/U3MP2C9V/Enke et al. - 2023 - Cognitive Biases Mistakes or Missing Stakes.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UGSFF3AL/Cognitive-Biases-Mistakes-or-Missing-Stakes.html}
}

@article{enkeKinshipCooperationEvolution2019,
  title = {Kinship, {{Cooperation}}, and the {{Evolution}} of {{Moral Systems}}*},
  author = {Enke, Benjamin},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {134},
  number = {2},
  pages = {953--1019},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjz001},
  urldate = {2022-09-23},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2U3ETH8K/Enke - 2019 - Kinship, Cooperation, and the Evolution of Moral S.pdf}
}

@misc{enkeMoralityPoliticalEconomy2024,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {'{{Morality}} and {{Political Economy}}' from the {{Vantage Point}} of {{Economics}}},
  author = {Enke, Benjamin},
  year = {2024},
  month = mar,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {32279},
  eprint = {32279},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w32279},
  urldate = {2024-04-04},
  abstract = {This article calls for a greater integration of moral psychology and political economy. While these disciplines were initially deeply intertwined, cross-disciplinary exchange became rare throughout the 20th century. More recently, the tide has shifted again -- social scientists of different backgrounds recognized that morality and politico-economic outcomes influence each other in rich bi-directional ways. Because psychologists and economists possess distinct and complementary skill sets, part of this movement consists of productive `economic imperialism' -- economists leveraging their empirical toolkit to test and substantiate theories from moral psychology at scale or in the wild. To illustrate this, I present two case studies of recent economics research on prominent ideas in moral psychology. First, the theory that morality is ultimately economically functional -- that it evolved as a form of `psychological and biological police' to enforce cooperation in economic production and exchange. Second, that the structure of morality shapes political views and polarization, including on economic issues such as taxation and redistribution. I conclude from these case studies that economists have much to gain from integrating more ideas from moral psychology, and that moral psychologists will be able to make an even more compelling case that morality and politico-economic outcomes influence each other if they engage with research in economics.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L9TEXS7F/Enke - 2024 - 'Morality and Political Economy' from the Vantage .pdf}
}

@article{enkeWhatYouSee2020,
  title = {What {{You See Is All There Is}}*},
  author = {Enke, Benjamin},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {135},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1363--1398},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjaa012},
  urldate = {2021-11-10},
  abstract = {Abstract             News reports and communication are inherently constrained by space, time, and attention. As a result, news sources often condition the decision of whether to share a piece of information on the similarity between the signal and the prior belief of the audience, which generates a sample selection problem. This article experimentally studies how people form beliefs in these contexts, in particular the mechanisms behind errors in statistical reasoning. I document that a substantial fraction of experimental participants follows a simple ``what you see is all there is'' heuristic, according to which participants exclusively consider information that is right in front of them, and directly use the sample mean to estimate the population mean. A series of treatments aimed at identifying mechanisms suggests that for many participants, unobserved signals do not even come to mind. I provide causal evidence that the frequency of such incorrect mental models is a function of the computational complexity of the decision problem. These results point to the context dependence of what comes to mind and the resulting errors in belief updating.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/239Y94G7/Enke - 2020 - What You See Is All There Is.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KCHH5BQK/Enke - 2020 - What You See Is All There Is.pdf}
}

@article{Erhoogen2017,
  title = {Organizational {{Barriers}} to {{Technology Adoption}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Soccer-Ball Producers}} in {{Pakistan}}},
  author = {Atkin, David and Chaudhry, Azam and Chaudry, Shamyla and Khandelwal, Amit K. and Verhoogen, Eric},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {132},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1101--1164},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjx010},
  abstract = {This article studies technology adoption in a cluster of soccer-ball producers in Sialkot, Pakistan. We invented a new cutting technology that reduces waste of the primary raw material and gave the technology to a random subset of producers. Despite the clear net benefits for nearly all firms, after 15 months take-up remained puzzlingly low. We hypothesize that an important reason for the lack of adoption is a misalignment of incentives within firms: the key employees (cutters and printers) are typically paid piece rates, with no incentive to reduce waste, and the new technology slows them down, at least initially. Fearing reductions in their effective wage, employees resist adoption in various ways, including by misinforming owners about the value of the technology. To investigate this hypothesis, we implemented a second experiment among the firms that originally received the technology: we offered one cutter and one printer per firm a lump-sum payment, approximately a month's earnings, conditional on demonstrating competence in using the technology in the presence of the owner. This incentive payment, small from the point of view of the firm, had a significant positive effect on adoption. The results suggest that misalignment of incentives within firms is an important barrier to technology adoption in our setting.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/26JWHA5Q/Atkin et al. - 2017 - Organizational Barriers to Technology Adoption Ev.pdf}
}

@article{ericsonIntertemporalChoice,
  title = {Intertemporal {{Choice}}},
  author = {Ericson, Keith Marzilli and Laibson, David},
  pages = {67},
  abstract = {Intertemporal tradeoffs play a key role in many personal decisions and policy questions. We describe models of intertemporal choice, identify empirical regularities in choice, and pose new questions for research. The focus for intertemporal choice research is no longer whether the exponential discounted utility model is empirically accurate, but, instead, what models best explain the robust behavioral deviations we observe. We introduce the term ``present-focused preferences'' to describe the large class of models that prioritize present flows of experienced utility. Present-focused preferences need not coincide with a preference for commitment or dynamically inconsistent preferences. Present-bias is a special case of present-focused preferences.},
  langid = {english}
}

@incollection{ericsonIntertemporalChoice2019,
  title = {Intertemporal Choice},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Behavioral Economics}}: {{Applications}} and {{Foundations}} 1},
  author = {Ericson, Keith Marzilli and Laibson, David},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {1--67},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/bs.hesbe.2018.12.001},
  urldate = {2022-02-02},
  isbn = {978-0-444-63375-0},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/959EW9BZ/Ericson and Laibson - Intertemporal Choice.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YTMVFHFL/Ericson and Laibson - 2019 - Intertemporal choice.pdf}
}

@article{eriksenBullyingElementarySchool2014,
  title = {Bullying in {{Elementary School}}},
  author = {Eriksen, Tine Louise Mundbjerg and Nielsen, Helena Skyt and Simonsen, Marianne},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Journal of Human Resources},
  volume = {49},
  number = {4},
  pages = {839--871},
  publisher = {University of Wisconsin Press},
  urldate = {2024-03-29},
  abstract = {Bullying is a widespread social phenomenon that is thought to have detrimental effects on life outcomes. This paper investigates the link between bullying and later school performance. We rely on rich survey and register-based data for children born in a region of Denmark during 1990{\^a}{\texteuro}``92, which allows us to carefully consider possible confounders including psychological factors. We implement an IV strategy inspired by Carrell and Hoekstra (2010) where we instrument victim status with the proportion of peers from troubled homes in one{\^a}{\texteuro}™s classroom. We show that bullied children suffer in terms of GPA and effects tend to increase with severity.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/75KYY8DH/v49y2014i4p839-871.html}
}

@article{Eriksson2010,
  title = {Boys Live Dangerously in the Womb},
  author = {Eriksson, Johan G. and Kajantie, Eero and Osmond, Clive and Thornburg, Kent and Barker, David J.P.},
  year = {2010},
  month = may,
  journal = {American Journal of Human Biology},
  volume = {22},
  number = {3},
  pages = {330--335},
  issn = {10420533},
  doi = {10.1002/ajhb.20995},
  abstract = {The growth of every human fetus is constrained by the limited capacity of the mother and placenta to deliver nutrients to it. At birth, boys tend to be longer than girls at any placental weight. Boy's placentas may therefore be more efficient than girls, but may have less reserve capacity. In the womb boys grow faster than girls and are therefore at greater risk of becoming undernourished. Fetal undernutrition leads to small size at birth and cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension, in later life. We studied 2003 men and women aged around 62 years who were born in Helsinki, Finland, of whom 644 had hypertension: we examined their body and placental size at birth. In both sexes, hypertension was associated with low birth weight. In men, hypertension was also associated with a long minor diameter of the placental surface. The dangerous growth strategy of boys may be compounded by the costs of compensatory placental enlargement in late gestation. In women, hypertension was associated with a small placental area, which may reduce nutrient delivery to the fetus. In men, hypertension was linked to the mothers' socioeconomic status, an indicator of their diets: in women it was linked to the mothers' heights, an indicator of their protein metabolism. Boys' greater dependence on their mothers' diets may enable them to capitalize on an improving food supply, but it makes them vulnerable to food shortages. The ultimate manifestation of their dangerous strategies may be that men have higher blood pressures and shorter lives than women.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9H7WE5PD/Eriksson et al. - 2010 - Boys live dangerously in the womb.pdf}
}

@article{erikssonCriticalPointsCurrent2007,
  title = {Critical Points in Current Theory of Conformist Social Learning},
  author = {Eriksson, K. and Enquist, M. and Ghirlanda, S.},
  year = {2007},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Psychology},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {67--87},
  issn = {1789-2082, 2060-5587},
  doi = {10.1556/JEP.2007.1009},
  urldate = {2022-09-02},
  abstract = {Existing mathematical models suggest that gene-culture coevolution favours a conformist bias in social learning, that is, a psychological mechanism to preferentially acquire the most common cultural variants. Here we show that this conclusion relies on specific assumptions that seem unrealistic, such as that all cultural variants are known to every individual. We present two models that remove these assumptions, showing that: 1) the rate of cultural evolution and the adaptive value of culture are higher in a population in which individuals pick cultural variants at random (Random strategy) rather than picking the most common one (Conform strategy); 2) in genetic evolution the Random strategy out-competes the Conform strategy, unless cultural evolution is very slow, in which case Conform and Random usually coexist; 3) the individuals' ability to evaluate cultural variants is a more important determinant of the adaptive value of culture than frequency-based choice strategies. We also review existing empirical literature and game-theoretic arguments for conformity, finding neither strong empirical evidence nor a strong theoretical expectation for a general conformist bias. Our own vignette study of social learning shows that people may indeed use different social learning strategies depending on context.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/U62LWR26/Eriksson et al. - 2007 - Critical points in current theory of conformist so.pdf}
}

@article{esperArterialWaveformAnalysis2014,
  title = {Arterial Waveform Analysis},
  author = {Esper, Stephen A. and Pinsky, Michael R.},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Best Practice \& Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology},
  volume = {28},
  number = {4},
  pages = {363--380},
  issn = {1878-1608},
  doi = {10.1016/j.bpa.2014.08.002},
  abstract = {The bedside measurement of continuous arterial pressure values from waveform analysis has been routinely available via indwelling arterial catheterization for {$>$}50 years. Invasive blood pressure monitoring has been utilized in critically ill patients, in both the operating room and critical care units, to facilitate rapid diagnoses of cardiovascular insufficiency and monitor response to treatments aimed at correcting abnormalities before the consequences of either hypo- or hypertension are seen. Minimally invasive techniques to estimate cardiac output (CO) have gained increased appeal. This has led to the increased interest in arterial waveform analysis to provide this important information, as it is measured continuously in many operating rooms and intensive care units. Arterial waveform analysis also allows for the calculation of many so-called derived parameters intrinsically created by this pulse pressure profile. These include estimates of left ventricular stroke volume (SV), CO, vascular resistance, and during positive-pressure breathing, SV variation, and pulse pressure variation. This article focuses on the principles of arterial waveform analysis and their determinants, components of the arterial system, and arterial pulse contour. It will also address the advantage of measuring real-time CO by the arterial waveform and the benefits to measuring SV variation. Arterial waveform analysis has gained a large interest in the overall assessment and management of the critically ill and those at a risk of hemodynamic deterioration.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {25480767},
  keywords = {arterial line,Arterial Pressure,arterial waveform,cardiac output,devices,Hemodynamics,Humans,minimally invasive monitoring,Pattern Recognition Automated,stroke volume variation},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GAK34KKZ/Esper and Pinsky - 2014 - Arterial waveform analysis.pdf}
}

@article{espinosaAnimalWelfareAntispeciesism2020,
  title = {Animal Welfare: Antispeciesism, Veganism and a ``Life Worth Living''},
  shorttitle = {Animal Welfare},
  author = {Espinosa, Romain and Treich, Nicolas},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Social Choice and Welfare},
  issn = {0176-1714, 1432-217X},
  doi = {10.1007/s00355-020-01287-7},
  urldate = {2020-11-17},
  abstract = {While antispeciesism is an ethical notion, veganism is behavioral. In this paper, we examine the links between the two. Building on Blackorby and Donaldson (Econ J 102:1345--1369, 1992), we consider a two-species model in which humans consume animals. The level of antispeciesism is conceived as the weight on animals' welfare in the utilitarian social welfare function. We show that more antispeciesism increases meat consumption if and only if animals' utility is positive. That is, the critical condition is whether farm animals' lives are worth living. We then empirically explore this condition using a survey. We find that farm-animal experts and frequent meat eaters are more likely to believe that the lives of farm animals are worth living. We finally discuss some issues in the study of animal welfare in economics and social choice.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TPZTPPF3/Espinosa and Treich - 2020 - Animal welfare antispeciesism, veganism and a “li.pdf}
}

@article{espondaDiscriminationReasonBiases,
  title = {Discrimination {{Without Reason}}: {{Biases}} in {{Statistical Discrimination}}},
  author = {Esponda, Ignacio and Oprea, Ryan and Yuksel, Sevgi},
  pages = {63},
  abstract = {We report experimental evidence that people have difficulty effectively engaging in statistical discrimination, leading to lower accuracy gains from discriminating than a rational model would predict. As a result, discrimination can be significantly reduced without lowering accuracy, simply by improving the way people use information. We show that this inefficiency stems from subjects putting excess weight on their subjective judgements while simultaneously applying crude contrast-driven group-level biases. A series of treatment interventions give us insight into the psychological drivers of these errors and guidance on policies likely to be effective at removing them.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EDCS7MHQ/Esponda et al. - Discrimination Without Reason Biases in Statistic.pdf}
}

@article{espondaSeeingWhatRepresentative2023,
  title = {Seeing {{What}} Is {{Representative}}},
  author = {Esponda, Ignacio and Oprea, Ryan and Yuksel, Sevgi},
  year = {2023},
  month = sep,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {138},
  number = {4},
  pages = {2607--2657},
  publisher = {Oxford Academic},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjad020},
  urldate = {2025-03-16},
  abstract = {Abstract. We provide evidence for a bias that we call ``representative signal distortion'' (RSD), which is particularly relevant to settings of statistical d},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EFD5GQ99/Esponda et al. - 2023 - Seeing What is Representative.pdf}
}

@article{estebanEthnicityConflictEmpirical2012,
  title = {Ethnicity and {{Conflict}}: {{An Empirical Study}}},
  shorttitle = {Ethnicity and {{Conflict}}},
  author = {Esteban, Joan and Mayoral, Laura and Ray, Debraj},
  year = {2012},
  month = jun,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {102},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1310--1342},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.102.4.1310},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MMW58L72/Esteban et al. - 2012 - Ethnicity and Conflict An Empirical Study.pdf}
}

@article{eugsterCultureWorkAttitudes2017,
  title = {Culture, {{Work Attitudes}}, and {{Job Search}}: {{Evidence}} from the {{Swiss Language Border}}},
  shorttitle = {Culture, {{Work Attitudes}}, and {{Job Search}}},
  author = {Eugster, Beatrix and Lalive, Rafael and Steinhauer, Andreas and Zweim{\"u}ller, Josef},
  year = {2017},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  volume = {15},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1056--1100},
  issn = {1542-4766, 1542-4774},
  doi = {10.1093/jeea/jvw024},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4JFYRMEY/Eugster et al. - 2017 - Culture, Work Attitudes, and Job Search Evidence .pdf}
}

@article{Evans-Lacko2012,
  title = {Association between Public Views of Mental Illness and Self-Stigma among Individuals with Mental Illness in 14 {{European}} Countries},
  author = {{Evans-Lacko}, S. and Brohan, E. and Mojtabai, R. and Thornicroft, G.},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Psychological Medicine},
  volume = {42},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1741--1752},
  issn = {00332917},
  doi = {10.1017/S0033291711002558},
  abstract = {Background Little is known about how the views of the public are related to self-stigma among people with mental health problems. Despite increasing activity aimed at reducing mental illness stigma, there is little evidence to guide and inform specific anti-stigma campaign development and messages to be used in mass campaigns. A better understanding of the association between public knowledge, attitudes and behaviours and the internalization of stigma among people with mental health problems is needed. Method This study links two large, international datasets to explore the association between public stigma in 14 European countries (Eurobarometer survey) and individual reports of self-stigma, perceived discrimination and empowerment among persons with mental illness (n=1835) residing in those countries [the Global Alliance of Mental Illness Advocacy Networks (GAMIAN) study]. Results Individuals with mental illness living in countries with less stigmatizing attitudes, higher rates of help-seeking and treatment utilization and better perceived access to information had lower rates of self-stigma and perceived discrimination and those living in countries where the public felt more comfortable talking to people with mental illness had less self-stigma and felt more empowered. Conclusions Targeting the general public through mass anti-stigma interventions may lead to a virtuous cycle by disrupting the negative feedback engendered by public stigma, thereby reducing self-stigma among people with mental health problems. A combined approach involving knowledge, attitudes and behaviour is needed; mass interventions that facilitate disclosure and positive social contact may be the most effective. Improving availability of information about mental health issues and facilitating access to care and help-seeking also show promise with regard to stigma. {\copyright} 2011 Cambridge University Press.},
  keywords = {Attitudes,behaviour,mental disorders,social change,stigmatization},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QNSL8XDL/Evans-Lacko et al. - 2012 - Association between public views of mental illness.pdf}
}

@article{evansCashTransfersIncrease2019,
  title = {Cash Transfers Increase Trust in Local Government},
  author = {Evans, David K. and Holtemeyer, Brian and Kosec, Katrina},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {World Development},
  volume = {114},
  pages = {138--155},
  issn = {0305750X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.08.020},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {How does a locally-managed conditional cash transfer program impact trust in government? On the one hand, delivering monetary benefits and increasing interactions with government officials (elected and appointed) may increase trust. On the other hand, it can be difficult for citizens to know to whom to attribute a program and reward with greater trust. Further, imposing paternalistic conditions and possibly prompting citizens to experience feelings of social stigma or guilt, could reduce trust. We answer this question by exploiting the randomized introduction of a locally-managed transfer program in Tanzania in 2010. Our analysis reveals that cash transfers can significantly increase trust in leaders. This effect is driven by large increases in trust in elected leaders as opposed to appointed bureaucrats. Perceptions of government responsiveness to citizens' concerns and honesty of leaders also rise, and these improvements are largest where there are more village meetings at baseline. One of the central roles of village meetings is to receive and share information with village residents, providing some evidence on the value of a high-information environment for generating trust in government. We also find that records from school and health committees are more readily available in treatment villages. Notably, while stated willingness of citizens to participate in community development projects rises, actual participation in projects and the likelihood of voting do not. Overall, the results suggest little reason to worry that local management of a conditional cash transfer program reduces trust in government or the quality of governance---especially in high-information settings.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Community meetings,Conditional cash transfers,Decentralization,Information,Service delivery,Trust},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LIC5EJD4/Evans et al. - 2019 - Cash transfers increase trust in local government.pdf}
}

@article{evansChildhoodPovertyChronic2009,
  title = {Childhood Poverty, Chronic Stress, and Adult Working Memory},
  author = {Evans, G. W. and Schamberg, M. A.},
  year = {2009},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {106},
  number = {16},
  pages = {6545--6549},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.0811910106},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MXQCHE5W/Evans and Schamberg - 2009 - Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and adult worki.pdf}
}

@article{evansEnvironmentPovertyMultiple2002,
  title = {The {{Environment}} of {{Poverty}}: {{Multiple Stressor Exposure}}, {{Psychophysiological Stress}}, and {{Socioemotional Adjustment}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Environment}} of {{Poverty}}},
  author = {Evans, Gary W. and English, Kimberly},
  year = {2002},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Child Development},
  volume = {73},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1238--1248},
  issn = {0009-3920, 1467-8624},
  doi = {10.1111/1467-8624.00469},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UX7DICME/Evans and English - 2002 - The Environment of Poverty Multiple Stressor Expo.pdf}
}

@article{evansGirlsEducationScale2024,
  title = {Girls' {{Education}} at {{Scale}}},
  author = {Evans, David K and Mendez Acosta, Amina and Yuan, Fei},
  year = {2024},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The World Bank Research Observer},
  volume = {39},
  number = {1},
  pages = {47--74},
  issn = {0257-3032},
  doi = {10.1093/wbro/lkad002},
  urldate = {2024-07-17},
  abstract = {Many educational interventions boost outcomes for girls in settings where girls face educational disadvantages, but which of those interventions are proven to function effectively at large scale? In contrast to earlier reviews, this review focuses on large-scale programs and policies---those that reach at least 10,000 students---and on final school outcomes such as completion and student learning rather than intermediate school outcomes such as enrollment and attendance. Programs and policies that have boosted school completion or learning at scale across multiple countries include school fee elimination, school meals, making schools more physically accessible, and improving the quality of pedagogy. Other interventions, such as providing better sanitation facilities or safe spaces for girls, show promising results but either have limited evidence across settings or focus on intermediate educational outcomes (such as enrollment) or post-educational outcomes (such as income earning) in their evaluations. These and other areas with limited or no evidence demonstrate many opportunities for education leaders, partners, and researchers to continue innovating and testing programs at scale. We discuss three considerations for incorporating evidence-based solutions into local education policies---constraints to girls' education, potential solutions, and program costs---as well as lessons for scaling programs effectively.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L3IYBL42/Evans et al. - 2024 - Girls’ Education at Scale.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HEQ8MLXJ/7118950.html}
}

@article{evansHowBigAre2022,
  title = {How {{Big Are Effect Sizes}} in {{International Education Studies}}?},
  author = {Evans, David K. and Yuan, Fei},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis},
  volume = {44},
  number = {3},
  pages = {532--540},
  publisher = {American Educational Research Association},
  issn = {0162-3737},
  doi = {10.3102/01623737221079646},
  urldate = {2025-03-24},
  abstract = {A growing literature measures the impact of education interventions in low- and middle-income countries on both access and learning outcomes. But how should one contextualize the size of impacts? This article provides the distribution of standardized effect sizes on learning and access from 234 studies in low- and middle-income countries. We identify a median effect size of 0.10 standard deviations on learning and 0.07 standard deviations on access among randomized controlled trials. Effect sizes are similar for quasi-experimental studies. Effects are larger and demonstrate higher variance for small-scale studies than for large-scale studies. The distribution of existing effects can help researchers and policymakers to situate new findings within current knowledge and design new studies with sufficient statistical power to identify effects.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LJRGXTLN/Evans and Yuan - 2022 - How Big Are Effect Sizes in International Education Studies.pdf}
}

@article{evansHowMeasureStudent,
  title = {How to {{Measure Student Absenteeism}} in {{Low-}} and {{Middle-Income Countries}}},
  author = {Evans, David K and Acosta, Amina Mendez},
  pages = {21},
  abstract = {Student attendance at school is a necessary condition for learning and for other benefits derived from schooling, yet absenteeism is a significant issue for students in many countries. Policies, programs, and research seeking to reduce absenteeism need to measure it accurately. This article describes seven different methods used to measure student absenteeism, all employed in recently published studies in lowand middle-income countries. It also synthesizes evidence on the advantages and disadvantages of each method, drawing on studies that compare multiple methods. We find that in many cases, official school attendance records---a relatively cheap, unintrusive method---result in similar statistics as unannounced spot checks (in which an enumerator arrives at the school and takes attendance without pre-arranging the visit), but there are enough exceptions that researchers may initially need to complement school records with spot checks to decide. Student reports often understate absenteeism.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WBI3KXRZ/Evans and Acosta - How to Measure Student Absenteeism in Low- and Mid.pdf}
}

@article{evansWhatWeLearn2022,
  title = {What {{We Learn}} about {{Girls}}' {{Education}} from {{Interventions That Do Not Focus}} on {{Girls}}},
  author = {Evans, David K and Yuan, Fei},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The World Bank Economic Review},
  volume = {36},
  number = {1},
  pages = {244--267},
  issn = {0258-6770},
  doi = {10.1093/wber/lhab007},
  urldate = {2023-12-01},
  abstract = {What is the best way to improve access and learning outcomes for girls? This review brings together evidence from 267 educational interventions in 54 low- and middle-income countries -- regardless of whether the interventions specifically target girls -- and identifies their impacts on girls. To improve access and learning, general interventions deliver average gains for girls that are comparable to girl-targeted interventions. General interventions have similar impacts for girls as for boys. Taken together, these findings suggest that many educational gains for girls may be achieved through nontargeted programs. Many of the most effective interventions to improve access for girls relax household-level constraints (such as cash transfer programs), and many of the most effective interventions to improve learning for girls involve improving the pedagogy of teachers. Girl-targeted interventions may make the most sense when addressing constraints that are unique to, or most pronounced for, girls.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6WNHFNFT/Evans and Yuan - 2022 - What We Learn about Girls’ Education from Interven.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DUDI9VZL/6278419.html}
}

@article{ewensStatisticalDiscriminationPrejudice2014,
  title = {Statistical {{Discrimination}} or {{Prejudice}}? {{A Large Sample Field Experiment}}},
  shorttitle = {Statistical {{Discrimination}} or {{Prejudice}}?},
  author = {Ewens, Michael and Tomlin, Bryan and Wang, Liang Choon},
  year = {2014},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
  volume = {96},
  number = {1},
  pages = {119--134},
  issn = {0034-6535, 1530-9142},
  doi = {10.1162/REST_a_00365},
  urldate = {2021-05-24},
  abstract = {A model of racial discrimination provides testable implications for two features of statistical discriminators: differential treatment of signals by race and heterogeneous experience that shapes perception. We construct an experiment in the U.S. rental apartment market that distinguishes statistical discrimination from taste-based discrimination. Responses from over 14,000 rental inquiries with varying applicant quality show that landlords treat identical information from applicants with African American-- and white-sounding names differently. This differential treatment varies by neighborhood racial composition and signal type in a manner consistent with statistical discrimination and in contrast to patterns predicted by a model of taste-based discrimination.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PB6L8GQE/Ewens et al. - 2014 - Statistical Discrimination or Prejudice A Large S.pdf}
}

@article{exleyIncentivesProsocialBehavior2018,
  title = {Incentives for {{Prosocial Behavior}}: {{The Role}} of {{Reputations}}},
  shorttitle = {Incentives for {{Prosocial Behavior}}},
  author = {Exley, Christine},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  journal = {Management Science},
  volume = {64},
  number = {5},
  pages = {2460--2471},
  issn = {0025-1909, 1526-5501},
  doi = {10.1287/mnsc.2016.2685},
  urldate = {2021-02-10},
  abstract = {Do monetary incentives encourage volunteering? Or, do they introduce concerns about appearing greedy and crowd out the motivation to volunteer? Since the importance of such image concerns is normally unobserved, the answer is theoretically unclear, and corresponding empirical evidence is mixed. To help counter this ambiguity, this paper proposes that the importance of image concerns---such as the desire to appear prosocial and not to appear greedy---relates to individuals' volunteer reputations. Experimental results support this possibility. Individuals with past histories of volunteering are less responsive to image concerns if their histories are public, or if their prosocial tendencies are already known. Consistent with a decreased importance of appearing prosocial, they are less likely to volunteer. Consistent with a decreased importance of not appearing greedy, they are less likely to be discouraged by public incentives.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XKRTPMIV/Exley - 2018 - Incentives for Prosocial Behavior The Role of Rep.pdf}
}

@misc{ExperimentalEvidenceMassivescale,
  title = {Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion through Social Networks {\textbar} {{PNAS}}},
  urldate = {2024-11-03},
  howpublished = {https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1320040111},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LTTU9YU6/pnas.html}
}

@misc{ExperimentsIntergroupDiscrimination,
  title = {Experiments in {{Intergroup Discrimination}}},
  journal = {Scientific American},
  doi = {10.1038/scientificamerican1170-96},
  urldate = {2023-04-19},
  abstract = {Can discrimination be traced to some such origin as social conflict or a history of hostility? Not necessarily. Apparently the mere fact of division into groups is enough to trigger discriminatory behavior},
  howpublished = {https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/experiments-in-intergroup-discrimin/},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DEXVP65W/Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VGT8ZNDD/experiments-in-intergroup-discrimin.html}
}

@book{eyalHookedHowBuild2014,
  title = {Hooked: {{How}} to {{Build Habit-Forming Products}}},
  shorttitle = {Hooked},
  author = {Eyal, Nir},
  year = {2014},
  month = nov,
  publisher = {Penguin},
  abstract = {Revised and Updated, Featuring a New Case StudyHow do successful companies create products people can't put down? Why do some products capture widespread attention while others flop? What makes us engage with certain products out of sheer habit? Is there a pattern underlying how technologies hook us?Nir Eyal answers these questions (and many more) by explaining the Hook Model---a four-step process embedded into the products of many successful companies to subtly encourage customer behavior. Through consecutive ``hook cycles,'' these products reach their ultimate goal of bringing users back again and again without depending on costly advertising or aggressive messaging.Hooked is based on Eyal's years of research, consulting, and practical experience. He wrote the book he wished had been available to him as a start-up founder---not abstract theory, but a how-to guide for building better products. Hooked is written for product managers, designers, marketers, start-up founders, and anyone who seeks to understand how products influence our behavior.Eyal provides readers with:{$\bullet$} Practical insights to create user habits that stick. {$\bullet$} Actionable steps for building products people love.{$\bullet$} Fascinating examples from the iPhone to Twitter, Pinterest to the Bible App, and many other habit-forming products.},
  googlebooks = {dsz5AwAAQBAJ},
  isbn = {978-0-698-19066-5},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Business & Economics / Marketing / General,Business & Economics / Strategic Planning,Psychology / Applied Psychology}
}

@article{fabreImpactPublicPrivate2023,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Public}}--{{Private Partnerships}} ({{PPPs}}) in {{Infrastructure}}, {{Health}}, and {{Education}}},
  author = {Fabre, Ana{\"i}s and Straub, St{\'e}phane},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  volume = {61},
  number = {2},
  pages = {655--715},
  issn = {0022-0515},
  doi = {10.1257/jel.20211607},
  urldate = {2024-04-10},
  abstract = {This paper summarizes what is known about the impact of public--private partnerships (PPPs) in the three sectors where they have been used intensively: infrastructure (energy, transport, water and sanitation, and telecommunications), education, and health. It lays out the main elements of economic theory relevant to analyzing the trade-off between PPPs and the public provision of complex projects. It places PPPs within a historical perspective. It reviews empirical evaluations of the effectiveness of PPPs and, whenever possible, the implications for social outcomes. Finally, it draws conclusions on cross-cutting issues that influence the efficiency of PPPs, from contract design and regulation to renegotiations and institutional issues. The paper straightens out and qualifies the record of existing evidence and signals some of the main areas and topics for future fruitful research.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Contracting Out,Microeconomic Policy: Formulation Implementation and Evaluation National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures,Other Public Investment and Capital Stock Analysis of Health Care Markets Analysis of Education Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions,Privatization},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/W3INT33Q/Fabre and Straub - 2023 - The Impact of Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) i.pdf}
}

@article{facchiniCounteringPublicOpposition2022,
  title = {Countering Public Opposition to Immigration: {{The}} Impact of Information Campaigns},
  shorttitle = {Countering Public Opposition to Immigration},
  author = {Facchini, Giovanni and Margalit, Yotam and Nakata, Hiroyuki},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {European Economic Review},
  volume = {141},
  pages = {103959},
  issn = {00142921},
  doi = {10.1016/j.euroecorev.2021.103959},
  urldate = {2021-12-02},
  abstract = {Is opposition to immigration deeply entrenched or is it open to updating in the face of new information? We explore this question by examining how attitudes of native citizens shift following exposure to information that points to potential upsides of immigration. We do so using a large-scale randomized experiment embedded in a text-comprehension study administered in Japan. As part of the study, participants were subtly presented with information on social and economic problems that immigration could help address (e.g., growing elderly population that requires care, labor shortage in certain sectors). Depending on the treatment, information exposure increased support for a more open immigration policy and motivated pro-immigration political action. Notably, effects persisted 10--12 days after the intervention. The results suggest that information campaigns can lessen public opposition to immigration.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ATTPK7V5/Facchini et al. - 2022 - Countering public opposition to immigration The i.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PFFDN8QA/Facchini et al. - 2016 - Countering Public Opposition to Immigration The I.pdf}
}

@article{Fairburn2017,
  title = {The Impact of Digital Technology on Psychological Treatments and Their Dissemination},
  author = {Fairburn, Christopher G. and Patel, Vikram},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Behaviour Research and Therapy},
  volume = {88},
  pages = {19--25},
  publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
  issn = {1873622X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.012},
  abstract = {The psychological treatment of mental health problems is beginning to undergo a sea-change driven by the widespread availability of digital technology. In this paper we provide an overview of the developments to date and those in the pipeline. We describe the various uses of digital interventions and consider their likely impact on clinical practice, clinical services and the global dissemination of psychological treatments. We note the importance of online clinics, blended treatment, digital assessment and digital training.},
  keywords = {Blended treatment,Digital health,Digital technology,Dissemination,Internet,Psychological treatment,Training},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MI4GJBRH/Fairburn and Patel - 2017 - The impact of digital technology on psychological .pdf}
}

@article{falkConsistencySignalSkills2017,
  title = {Consistency as a {{Signal}} of {{Skills}}},
  author = {Falk, Armin and Zimmermann, Florian},
  year = {2017},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Management Science},
  volume = {63},
  number = {7},
  pages = {2197--2210},
  publisher = {INFORMS},
  issn = {0025-1909},
  doi = {10.1287/mnsc.2016.2459},
  urldate = {2023-07-08},
  abstract = {This paper studies the role of consistency as a signaling device. We propose a two-period model that highlights the informativeness of consistency as a signal of skills and allows for the analysis of consequences for behavior. In a simple principal--agent experiment, we test the basic intuition of the model. We show that consistency is indeed associated with skills. Consequently, consistency is valued by others, inducing people to act consistently. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2459. This paper was accepted by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics.},
  keywords = {consistency,experiments,image concerns,leadership,principal-agent relationships,signaling}
}

@article{falkItAllConnections2012,
  title = {It's All about {{Connections}}: {{Evidence}} on {{Network Formation}}},
  shorttitle = {It's All about {{Connections}}},
  author = {Falk, Armin and Kosfeld, Michael},
  year = {2012},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Review of Network Economics},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  issn = {1446-9022},
  doi = {10.1515/1446-9022.1402},
  urldate = {2021-05-10},
  abstract = {It's all about Connections: Evidence on Network Formation{$\ast$} We present an economic experiment on network formation, in which subjects can decide to form links to one another. Direct links are costly but being connected is valuable. The gametheoretic basis for our experiment is the model of Bala and Goyal (2000). They distinguish between two scenarios regarding the flow of benefits through a network, the so-called 1-way and 2-way flow model. Our main results show that the prediction based on Nash and strict Nash equilibrium works well in the 1-way flow model but fails largely in the 2-way flow model. We observe a strong learning dynamic in the 1-way flow model but less so in the 2-way flow model. Finally, costs of a direct link have a positive impact on the occurrence of (strict) Nash networks in the 1-way flow model but a negative impact in the 2-way flow model. In our discussion on possible explanations for these results we focus on strategic asymmetry and asymmetry with respect to payoffs. We find that the latter asymmetry, i.e., payoff inequity, plays an important role in the network formation process.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LLBS6Z7W/Falk and Kosfeld - 2012 - It's all about Connections Evidence on Network Fo.pdf}
}

@article{falkPreferenceSurveyModule,
  title = {The {{Preference Survey Module}}: {{A Validated Instrument}} for {{Measuring Risk}}, {{Time}}, and {{Social Preferences}}},
  author = {Falk, Armin and Becker, Anke and Dohmen, Thomas and Huffman, David and Sunde, Uwe},
  pages = {69},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HGINXVUT/Falk et al. - The Preference Survey Module A Validated Instrume.pdf}
}

@article{falkPreferenceSurveyModule2023,
  title = {The {{Preference Survey Module}}: {{A Validated Instrument}} for {{Measuring Risk}}, {{Time}}, and {{Social Preferences}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Preference Survey Module}}},
  author = {Falk, Armin and Becker, Anke and Dohmen, Thomas and Huffman, David and Sunde, Uwe},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Management Science},
  volume = {69},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1935--1950},
  issn = {0025-1909, 1526-5501},
  doi = {10.1287/mnsc.2022.4455},
  urldate = {2024-08-13},
  abstract = {Incentivized choice experiments are a key approach to measuring preferences in economics but are also costly. Survey measures are a low-cost alternative but can suffer from additional forms of measurement error due to their hypothetical nature. This paper seeks to leverage the strengths of both approaches by proposing a new survey module on risk aversion, time discounting, trust, altruism, positive and negative reciprocity, in which survey items are selected based on ability to predict choices in corresponding, incentivized experiments. The methodology and results provided in the paper can also potentially provide a model for researchers who have specific requirements and want to design their own modules.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Q9Z8MIVR/Falk_Becker_Dohmen_Huffman_Sunde_2022_Preference_Survey_Appendix.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UUJJQLIH/Falk et al. - 2023 - The Preference Survey Module A Validated Instrume.pdf}
}

@article{fanStatisticalMethodsVarying2008,
  title = {Statistical Methods with Varying Coefficient Models},
  author = {Fan, Jianqing and Zhang, Wenyang},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {Statistics and Its Interface},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {179--195},
  issn = {19387989, 19387997},
  doi = {10.4310/SII.2008.v1.n1.a15},
  urldate = {2020-04-08},
  abstract = {The varying coefficient models are very important tool to explore the dynamic pattern in many scientific areas, such as economics, finance, politics, epidemiology, medical science, ecology and so on. They are natural extensions of classical parametric models with good interpretability and are becoming more and more popular in data analysis. Thanks to their flexibility and interpretability, in the past ten years, the varying coefficient models have experienced deep and exciting developments on methodological, theoretical and applied sides. This paper gives a selective overview on the major methodological and theoretical developments on the varying coefficient models.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3R8357LU/VCoverview1.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z3Z8QMBV/Fan and Zhang - 2008 - Statistical methods with varying coefficient model.pdf}
}

@article{farahNeuroscienceSocioeconomicStatus2017,
  title = {The {{Neuroscience}} of {{Socioeconomic Status}}: {{Correlates}}, {{Causes}}, and {{Consequences}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Neuroscience}} of {{Socioeconomic Status}}},
  author = {Farah, Martha J.},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Neuron},
  volume = {96},
  number = {1},
  pages = {56--71},
  issn = {1097-4199},
  doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2017.08.034},
  abstract = {Human beings differ in their socioeconomic status (SES), with accompanying differences in physical and mental health as well as cognitive ability. Although SES has long been used as a covariate in human brain research, in recognition of its potential to account for behavioral and neural differences among people, only recently have neuroscientists made SES a topic of research in its own right. How does SES manifest in the brain, and how do its neural correlates relate to the causes and consequences of SES? This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding these questions. Particular challenges of research on the neuroscience of SES are discussed, and the relevance of this topic to neuroscience more generally is considered.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {28957676},
  keywords = {Animals,Brain,cognition,Cognition,development,health disparities,hippocampus,Humans,individual differences,Individuality,morphometry,Neurosciences,poverty,Social Class,socioeconomic status,stress},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TMWHF6YB/Farah - 2017 - The Neuroscience of Socioeconomic Status Correlat.pdf}
}

@article{fardiEffectExtremeWeather2018,
  title = {The Effect of Extreme Weather Events on Hair Cortisol and Body Weight in a Wild Ring-Tailed Lemur Population ( {{{\emph{Lemur}}}}{\emph{ Catta}} ) in Southwestern {{Madagascar}}},
  author = {Fardi, Sara and Sauther, {\relax Michelle}. L. and Cuozzo, Frank P. and Jacky, Ibrahim A. Y. and Bernstein, Robin M.},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  journal = {American Journal of Primatology},
  volume = {80},
  number = {2},
  pages = {e22731},
  issn = {02752565},
  doi = {10.1002/ajp.22731},
  urldate = {2022-05-31},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5TE8CE64/Fardi et al. - 2018 - The effect of extreme weather events on hair corti.pdf}
}

@article{Fazel2014,
  title = {Mental Health Interventions in Schools in High-Income Countries},
  author = {Fazel, Mina and Hoagwood, Kimberly and Stephan, Sharon and Ford, Tamsin},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {The Lancet Psychiatry},
  volume = {1},
  number = {5},
  pages = {377--387},
  publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
  issn = {22150366},
  doi = {10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70312-8},
  abstract = {Mental health services embedded within school systems can create a continuum of integrative care that improves both mental health and educational attainment for children. To strengthen this continuum, and for optimum child development, a reconfiguration of education and mental health systems to aid implementation of evidence-based practice might be needed. Integrative strategies that combine classroom-level and student-level interventions have much potential. A robust research agenda is needed that focuses on system-level implementation and maintenance of interventions over time. Both ethical and scientific justifications exist for integration of mental health and education: integration democratises access to services and, if coupled with use of evidence-based practices, can promote the healthy development of children.},
  pmid = {26114092},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/42GP8AKM/Fazel et al. - 2014 - Mental health interventions in schools in high-inc.pdf}
}

@article{Fazel2014a,
  title = {Mental Health Interventions in Schools in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries},
  author = {Fazel, Mina and Patel, Vikram and Thomas, Saji and Tol, Wietse},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {The Lancet Psychiatry},
  volume = {1},
  number = {5},
  pages = {388--398},
  publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
  issn = {22150366},
  doi = {10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70357-8},
  abstract = {Increasing enrolment rates could place schools in a crucial position to support mental health in low-income and middle-income countries. In this Review, we provide evidence for mental health interventions in schools in accordance with a public mental health approach spanning promotion, prevention, and treatment. We identified a systematic review for mental health promotion, and identified further prevention and treatment studies. Present evidence supports schools as places for promotion of positive aspects of mental health using a whole-school approach. Knowledge of effectiveness of prevention and treatment interventions is more widely available for conflict-affected children and adolescents. More evidence is needed to identify the many elements likely to be associated with effective prevention and treatment for children exposed to a range of adversity and types of mental disorders. Dissemination and implementation science is crucial to establish how proven effective interventions could be scaled up and implemented in schools.},
  pmid = {26361001},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PMFLTFHE/Fazel et al. - 2014 - Mental health interventions in schools in low-inco.pdf}
}

@article{fehrStrongReciprocityHuman2002,
  title = {Strong Reciprocity, Human Cooperation, and the Enforcement of Social Norms},
  author = {Fehr, Ernst and Fischbacher, Urs and G{\"a}chter, Simon},
  year = {2002},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Human Nature},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--25},
  issn = {1045-6767, 1936-4776},
  doi = {10.1007/s12110-002-1012-7},
  urldate = {2025-01-24},
  abstract = {This paper provides strong evidence challenging the self-interest assumption that dominates the behavioral sciences and much evolutionary thinking. The evidence indicates that many people have a tendency to voluntarily cooperate, if treated fairly, and to punish noncooperators. We call this behavioral propensity ``strong reciprocity'' and show empirically that it can lead to almost universal cooperation in circumstances in which purely self-interested behavior would cause a complete breakdown of cooperation. In addition, we show that people are willing to punish those who behaved unfairly towards a third person or who defected in a Prisoner's Dilemma game with a third person. This suggests that strong reciprocity is a powerful device for the enforcement of social norms involving, for example, food sharing or collective action. Strong reciprocity cannot be rationalized as an adaptive trait by the leading evolutionary theories of human cooperation (in other words, kin selection, reciprocal altruism, indirect reciprocity, and costly signaling theory). However, multilevel selection theories of cultural evolution are consistent with strong reciprocity.},
  copyright = {http://www.springer.com/tdm},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MH5KK9DL/Fehr et al. - 2002 - Strong reciprocity, human cooperation, and the enf.pdf}
}

@article{feigenbergEconomicReturnsSocial2013,
  title = {The {{Economic Returns}} to {{Social Interaction}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Microfinance}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Economic Returns}} to {{Social Interaction}}},
  author = {Feigenberg, B. and Field, E. and Pande, R.},
  year = {2013},
  month = oct,
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {80},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1459--1483},
  issn = {0034-6527, 1467-937X},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdt016},
  urldate = {2022-06-14},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M33SRXUH/Feigenberg et al. - 2013 - The Economic Returns to Social Interaction Experi.pdf}
}

@article{feinbergMoralReframingTechnique2019,
  title = {Moral Reframing: {{A}} Technique for Effective and Persuasive Communication across Political Divides},
  shorttitle = {Moral Reframing},
  author = {Feinberg, Matthew and Willer, Robb},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Social and Personality Psychology Compass},
  volume = {13},
  number = {12},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.},
  address = {United Kingdom},
  issn = {1751-9004},
  doi = {10.1111/spc3.12501},
  abstract = {The political landscape in the US and many other countries is characterized by policy impasses and animosity between rival political groups. Research finds that these divisions are fueled in part by disparate moral concerns and convictions that undermine communication and understanding between liberals and conservatives. This ``moral empathy gap'' is particularly evident in the moral underpinnings of the political arguments members of each side employ when trying to persuade one another. Both liberals and conservatives typically craft arguments based on their own moral convictions rather than the convictions of the people they target for persuasion. As a result, these moral arguments tend to be unpersuasive, even offensive, to their recipients. The technique of moral reframing---whereby a position an individual would not normally support is framed in a way that is consistent with that individual's moral values---can be an effective means for political communication and persuasion. Over the last decade, studies of moral reframing have shown its effectiveness across a wide range of polarized topics, including views of economic inequality, environmental protection, same-sex marriage, and major party candidates for the US presidency. In this article, we review the moral reframing literature, examining potential mediators and moderators of the effect, and discuss important questions that remain unanswered about this phenomenon. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Arguments,Morality,Paradoxical Techniques,Persuasive Communication,Political Attitudes},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UTJFUTKU/2019-77334-001.html}
}

@article{fellmethHealthImpactsParental2018,
  title = {Health Impacts of Parental Migration on Left-behind Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Health Impacts of Parental Migration on Left-behind Children and Adolescents},
  author = {Fellmeth, Gracia and {Rose-Clarke}, Kelly and Zhao, Chenyue and Busert, Laura K and Zheng, Yunting and Massazza, Alessandro and Sonmez, Hacer and Eder, Ben and Blewitt, Alice and Lertgrai, Wachiraya and Orcutt, Miriam and Ricci, Katharina and {Mohamed-Ahmed}, Olaa and Burns, Rachel and Knipe, Duleeka and Hargreaves, Sally and Hesketh, Therese and Opondo, Charles and Devakumar, Delan},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {The Lancet},
  volume = {392},
  number = {10164},
  pages = {2567--2582},
  issn = {01406736},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32558-3},
  urldate = {2020-04-30},
  abstract = {Background Globally, a growing number of children and adolescents are left behind when parents migrate. We investigated the effect of parental migration on the health of left behind-children and adolescents in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs).},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AKE5CZ6J/Fellmeth et al. - 2018 - Health impacts of parental migration on left-behin.pdf}
}

@article{fengTimelyIdentificationOptimal2009,
  title = {Timely Identification of Optimal Control Strategies for Emerging Infectious Diseases},
  author = {Feng, Zhilan and Yang, Yiding and Xu, Dashun and Zhang, Pei and McCauley, Mary Mason and Glasser, John W.},
  year = {2009},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
  volume = {259},
  number = {1},
  pages = {165--171},
  issn = {00225193},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.03.006},
  urldate = {2020-07-15},
  abstract = {Background: Health authorities must rely on quarantine, isolation, and other non-pharmaceutical interventions to contain outbreaks of newly emerging human diseases. Methods: We modeled a generic disease caused by a pathogen apparently transmitted by close interpersonal contact, but about which little else is known. In our model, people may be infectious while incubating or during their prodrome or acute illness. We derived an expression for {$<$}, the reproduction number, took its partial derivatives with respect to control parameters, and encoded these analytical results in a user-friendly MathematicaTM notebook. With biological parameters for SARS estimated from the initial case series in Hong Kong and infection rates from hospitalizations in Singapore, we determined {$<$}'s sensitivity to control parameters. Results: Stage-specific infection rate estimates from cases hospitalized before quarantine began exceed those from the entire outbreak, but are qualitatively similar: infectiousness was negligible until symptom onset, and increased 10-fold from prodrome to acute illness. Given such information, authorities might instead have emphasized a strategy whose efficiency more than compensates for any possible reduction in efficacy. Conclusions: In future outbreaks of new human diseases transmitted via close interpersonal contact, it should be possible to identify the optimal intervention early enough to facilitate effective decision-making.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XIIUMMNI/Feng et al. - 2009 - Timely identification of optimal control strategie.pdf}
}

@article{fergusonPlanningSmallpoxOutbreaks2003,
  title = {Planning for Smallpox Outbreaks},
  author = {Ferguson, Neil M. and Keeling, Matt J. and John Edmunds, W. and Gani, Raymond and Grenfell, Bryan T. and Anderson, Roy M. and Leach, Steve},
  year = {2003},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {425},
  number = {6959},
  pages = {681--685},
  issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/nature02007},
  urldate = {2020-07-15},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZDCJ42C3/Ferguson et al. - 2003 - Planning for smallpox outbreaks.pdf}
}

@techreport{fergusonReportImpactNonpharmaceutical2020,
  title = {Report 9: {{Impact}} of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions ({{NPIs}}) to Reduce {{COVID19}} Mortality and Healthcare Demand},
  shorttitle = {Report 9},
  author = {Ferguson, N and Laydon, D and Nedjati Gilani, G and Imai, N and Ainslie, K and Baguelin, M and Bhatia, S and Boonyasiri, A and Cucunuba Perez, {\relax ZULMA} and {Cuomo-Dannenburg}, G and Dighe, A and Dorigatti, I and Fu, H and Gaythorpe, K and Green, W and Hamlet, A and Hinsley, W and Okell, L and Van Elsland, S and Thompson, H and Verity, R and Volz, E and Wang, H and Wang, Y and Walker, P and Winskill, P and Whittaker, C and Donnelly, C and Riley, S and Ghani, A},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  institution = {Imperial College London},
  doi = {10.25561/77482},
  urldate = {2020-07-14},
  abstract = {The global impact of COVID-19 has been profound, and the public health threat it represents is the most serious seen in a respiratory virus since the 1918 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Here we present the results of epidemiological modelling which has informed policymaking in the UK and other countries in recent weeks. In the absence of a COVID-19 vaccine, we assess the potential role of a number of public health measures -- so-called non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) -- aimed at reducing contact rates in the population and thereby reducing transmission of the virus. In the results presented here, we apply a previously published microsimulation model to two countries: the UK (Great Britain specifically) and the US. We conclude that the effectiveness of any one intervention in isolation is likely to be limited, requiring multiple interventions to be combined to have a substantial impact on transmission.},
  collaborator = {Medical Research Council (MRC)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Coronavirus,COVID19,healthcare demand,Mortality,Non-pharmaceutical interventions},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SMFP98X6/Ferguson et al. - 2020 - Report 9 Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventio.pdf}
}

@techreport{fergusonReportImpactNonpharmaceutical2020a,
  title = {Report 9: {{Impact}} of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions ({{NPIs}}) to Reduce {{COVID19}} Mortality and Healthcare Demand},
  shorttitle = {Report 9},
  author = {Ferguson, N and Laydon, D and Nedjati Gilani, G and Imai, N and Ainslie, K and Baguelin, M and Bhatia, S and Boonyasiri, A and Cucunuba Perez, {\relax ZULMA} and {Cuomo-Dannenburg}, G and Dighe, A and Dorigatti, I and Fu, H and Gaythorpe, K and Green, W and Hamlet, A and Hinsley, W and Okell, L and Van Elsland, S and Thompson, H and Verity, R and Volz, E and Wang, H and Wang, Y and Walker, P and Winskill, P and Whittaker, C and Donnelly, C and Riley, S and Ghani, A},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  institution = {Imperial College London},
  doi = {10.25561/77482},
  urldate = {2020-09-21},
  abstract = {The global impact of COVID-19 has been profound, and the public health threat it represents is the most serious seen in a respiratory virus since the 1918 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Here we present the results of epidemiological modelling which has informed policymaking in the UK and other countries in recent weeks. In the absence of a COVID-19 vaccine, we assess the potential role of a number of public health measures -- so-called non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) -- aimed at reducing contact rates in the population and thereby reducing transmission of the virus. In the results presented here, we apply a previously published microsimulation model to two countries: the UK (Great Britain specifically) and the US. We conclude that the effectiveness of any one intervention in isolation is likely to be limited, requiring multiple interventions to be combined to have a substantial impact on transmission.},
  collaborator = {Medical Research Council (MRC)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Coronavirus,COVID19,healthcare demand,Mortality,Non-pharmaceutical interventions},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6XIVQJBM/Ferguson et al. - 2020 - Report 9 Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventio.pdf}
}

@article{fergusonStrategiesMitigatingInfluenza2006,
  title = {Strategies for Mitigating an Influenza Pandemic},
  author = {Ferguson, Neil M. and Cummings, Derek A. T. and Fraser, Christophe and Cajka, James C. and Cooley, Philip C. and Burke, Donald S.},
  year = {2006},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {442},
  number = {7101},
  pages = {448--452},
  issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/nature04795},
  urldate = {2020-07-14},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PTQHA8VV/Ferguson et al. - 2006 - Strategies for mitigating an influenza pandemic.pdf}
}

@article{fergussonAntisocialNorms2024,
  title = {Anti-Social Norms},
  author = {Fergusson, Leopoldo and Guerra, Jos{\'e}-Alberto and Robinson, James A},
  year = {2024},
  abstract = {Since formal rules can only partially reduce opportunistic behavior, third-party sanctioning to promote fairness is critical to achieving desirable social outcomes. Social norms may underpin such behavior, but they can also undermine it. We study one such norm the "don't be a toad" norm, as it is referred to in Colombia that tells people to mind their own business and not snitch on others. In a set of fairness games where a third party can punish unfair behavior, but players can invoke the "don't be a toad" norm, we find that the mere possibility of invoking this norm completely reverses the benefits of third-party sanctioning to achieve fair social outcomes. We establish this is an anti-social norm in a well-defined sense: most players consider it inappropriate, yet they expect the majority will invoke it. To understand this phenomenon we develop an evolutionary model of endogenous social norm transmission and demonstrate that a payoff advantage from adherence to the norm in social dilemmas, combined with sufficient heterogeneity in the disutility of those who view the norm as inappropriate, can generate the apparent paradox of an anti-social norm in the steady-state equilibrium. We provide further evidence that historical exposure to political violence, which increased the ostracization of snitches, raised sensitivity to this norm.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4Y5UITW9/Fergusson et al. - Anti-social norms.pdf}
}

@article{Fernald2008,
  title = {Role of Cash in Conditional Cash Transfer Programmes for Child Health, Growth, and Development: An Analysis of {{Mexico}}'s {{Oportunidades}}},
  author = {Fernald, Lia CH and Gertler, Paul J. and Neufeld, Lynnette M.},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {The Lancet},
  volume = {371},
  number = {9615},
  pages = {828--837},
  issn = {01406736},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60382-7},
  abstract = {Background: Many governments have implemented conditional cash transfer (CCT) programmes with the goal of improving options for poor families through interventions in health, nutrition, and education. Families enrolled in CCT programmes receive cash in exchange for complying with certain conditions: preventive health requirements and nutrition supplementation, education, and monitoring designed to improve health outcomes and promote positive behaviour change. Our aim was to disaggregate the effects of cash transfer from those of other programme components. Methods: In an intervention that began in 1998 in Mexico, low-income communities (n=506) were randomly assigned to be enrolled in a CCT programme (Oportunidades, formerly Progresa) immediately or 18 months later. In 2003, children (n=2449) aged 24-68 months who had been enrolled in the programme their entire lives were assessed for a wide variety of outcomes. We used linear and logistic regression to determine the effect size for each outcome that is associated with a doubling of cash transfers while controlling for a wide range of covariates, including measures of household socioeconomic status. Findings: A doubling of cash transfers was associated with higher height-for-age Z score ({$\beta$} 0{$\cdot$}20, 95\% CI 0{$\cdot$}09-0{$\cdot$}30; p{$<$}0{$\cdot$}0001), lower prevalence of stunting (-0{$\cdot$}10, -0{$\cdot$}16 to -0{$\cdot$}05; p{$<$}0{$\cdot$}0001), lower body-mass index for age percentile (-2{$\cdot$}85, -5{$\cdot$}54 to -0{$\cdot$}15; p=0{$\cdot$}04), and lower prevalence of being overweight (-0{$\cdot$}08, -0{$\cdot$}13 to -0{$\cdot$}03; p=0{$\cdot$}001). A doubling of cash transfers was also associated with children doing better on a scale of motor development, three scales of cognitive development, and with receptive language. Interpretation: Our results suggest that the cash transfer component of Oportunidades is associated with better outcomes in child health, growth, and development. {\copyright} 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NMYWEPL9/Fernald et al. - 2008 - Role of cash in conditional cash transfer programm.pdf}
}

@book{Fernald2012,
  title = {Conditional {{Cash Transfer Programs}}: {{Effects}} on {{Growth}}, {{Health}}, and {{Development}} in {{Young Children}}},
  author = {Fernald, Lia C.H. and Gertler, Paul J. and Hidrobo, Melissa},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {The Oxford Handbook of Poverty and Child Development},
  number = {July 2018},
  doi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199769100.013.0032},
  abstract = {Conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs operate by giving cash payments to families only if they comply with a set of certain requirements relating to the health and education of family members. In this paper we discuss why and how CCTs could affect children's outcomes, and review evidence from CCT programs throughout the world that focus on the effects of CCT programs on birth outcomes, children's health and growth, and children's cognitive development. Finally, we examine the effects of CCT programs on factors that could indirectly affect child outcomes, such as growth monitoring and household food purchases. We discuss evidence from conditional cash transfer programs in Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Honduras, Nicaragua, Colombia, India, Nepal, and Jamaica, and unconditional cash transfer programs in South Africa, Malawi, and Ecuador.},
  isbn = {978-0-19-996886-2},
  keywords = {Cognition,Developing countries,Incentive-based,Poverty alleviation,Targeting,Welfare},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QZ2YG7A4/Fernald et al. - 2012 - Conditional Cash Transfer Programs Effects on Gro.pdf}
}

@article{fernaldPovertyalleviationProgramParticipation2009,
  title = {Poverty-Alleviation Program Participation and Salivary Cortisol in Very Low-Income Children},
  author = {Fernald, Lia C.H. and Gunnar, Megan R.},
  year = {2009},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
  volume = {68},
  number = {12},
  pages = {2180--2189},
  issn = {02779536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.03.032},
  urldate = {2022-05-31},
  abstract = {Correlational studies have shown associations between social class and salivary cortisol suggestive of a causal link between childhood poverty and activity of the stress-sensitive hypothalamic--pituitary--adrenocortical (HPA) system. Using a quasi-experimental design, we evaluated the associations between a family's participation in a large-scale, conditional cash transfer program in Mexico (Oportunidades, formerly Progresa) during the child's early years of life and children's salivary cortisol (baseline and responsivity). We also examined whether maternal depressive symptoms moderated the effect of program participation. Low-income households (income {$<$}20th percentile nationally) from rural Mexico were enrolled in a large-scale poverty-alleviation program between 1998 and 1999. A comparison group of households from demographically similar communities was recruited in 2003. Following 3.5 years of participation in the Oportunidades program, three saliva samples were obtained from children aged 2--6 years from intervention and comparison households (n {$\frac{1}{4}$} 1197). Maternal depressive symptoms were obtained using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). Results were that children who had been in the Oportunidades program had lower salivary cortisol levels when compared with those who had not participated in the program, while controlling for a wide range of individual-, household- and community-level variables. Reactivity patterns of salivary cortisol did not differ between intervention and comparison children. Maternal depression moderated the association between Oportunidades program participation and baseline salivary cortisol in children. Specifically, there was a large and significant Oportunidades program effect of lowering cortisol in children of mothers with high depressive symptoms but not in children of mothers with low depressive symptomatology. These findings provide the strongest evidence to date that the economic circumstances of a family can influence a child's developing stress system and provide a mechanism through which poverty early in life could alter life-course risk for physical and mental health disorders.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/97EBDDGW/Fernald and Gunnar - 2009 - Poverty-alleviation program participation and sali.pdf}
}

@article{fernaldSocioeconomicGradientsChild2011,
  title = {Socioeconomic Gradients and Child Development in a Very Low Income Population: Evidence from {{Madagascar}}: {{Socioeconomic}} Gradients in {{Madagascar}}},
  shorttitle = {Socioeconomic Gradients and Child Development in a Very Low Income Population},
  author = {Fernald, Lia C.H. and Weber, Ann and Galasso, Emanuela and Ratsifandrihamanana, Lisy},
  year = {2011},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Developmental Science},
  volume = {14},
  number = {4},
  pages = {832--847},
  issn = {1363755X},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01032.x},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Our objectives were to document and examine socioeconomic gradients across a comprehensive set of child development measures in a population living in extreme poverty, and to interpret these gradients in light of findings from the neuroscience literature. We assessed a nationally representative sample of 3--6-year-old children (n = 1332) from 150 communities of Madagascar using standard tests of development. We found that children whose families were in the top wealth quintile or whose mothers had secondary education performed significantly better across almost all measures of cognitive and language development and had better linear growth compared with children of women in the lowest wealth quintile or women with no education. These differences between children of low and high socioeconomic position were greatest for receptive language, working memory, and memory of phrases. The mean difference in the scores between children in the highest and lowest socioeconomic status categories doubled between age 3 and age 6, and the biggest gaps across socioeconomic position by age 6 were in receptive language and sustained attention. Our results suggest that even within the context of extreme poverty, there are strong associations between family socioeconomic status and child development outcomes among preschool children, and that the language and executive function domains exhibit the largest gradients.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L9Q4JXKS/Fernald et al. - 2011 - Socioeconomic gradients and child development in a.pdf}
}

@article{fernandezComingOutAmerica,
  title = {Coming {{Out}} in {{America}}: {{Thirty Years}} of {{Cultural Change}}},
  author = {Fernandez, Raquel and Parsa, Sahar and Viarengo, Martina},
  pages = {54},
  abstract = {The last few decades witnessed a dramatic change in public opinion towards gay people. We show that this process was initiated by a sharp increase in the approval of same-sex relationships in 1992-'93, following the debate on whether gay people could serve openly in the military. Using a difference-in-difference empirical strategy, we study the hypothesis that the greater salience of gay-related issues during this period initiated a process of cultural change. We show that greater exposure to the gay population, measured in a variety of ways, led to a greater increase in approval. These results, we demonstrate, cannot be explained by the popular view that the increased acceptance of same-sex relationships reflected expanding liberalism and civil liberties.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WKNNGMS3/RevisionSeptember2021.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y7I9CYC4/w25697.pdf}
}

@article{fernandezComingOutAmerica2019,
  title = {Coming out in {{America}}: {{AIDS}}, {{Politics}}, and {{Cultural Change}}},
  author = {Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel and Parsa, Sahar and Viarengo, Martina},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {65},
  abstract = {The last few decades witnessed a dramatic change in public opinion towards gay people. This paper studies the hypothesis that the AIDS epidemic was a shock that changed the incentive to ``come out'' and that the ensuing process of mobilization and endogenous political process led to cultural transformation. We show that the process of change was discontinuous over time and present suggestive evidence that the 1992 presidential election followed by the ``don't ask, don't tell'' debate led to a change in attitudes. Using a difference-in-difference empirical strategy, we find that, in accordance with our hypothesis, the change in opinion was greater in states with higher AIDS rates. Our analysis suggests that if individuals in low-AIDS states had experienced the same average AIDS rate as a high-AIDS state, the change in their approval rate from the '70s to the '90s would have been 50 percent greater.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KWAMY7BS/comingout_revision_jleoNov2023.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TQBUIWQQ/Fernández et al. - Coming out in America AIDS, Politics, and Cultura.pdf}
}

@article{fernandezCulturalChangeLearning2013,
  title = {Cultural {{Change}} as {{Learning}}: {{The Evolution}} of {{Female Labor Force Participation}} over a {{Century}}},
  shorttitle = {Cultural {{Change}} as {{Learning}}},
  author = {Fern{\'a}ndez, Raquel},
  year = {2013},
  month = feb,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {103},
  number = {1},
  pages = {472--500},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.103.1.472},
  urldate = {2023-10-10},
  abstract = {This paper develops a learning model of cultural change to investigate why women's labor force participation (LFP) and attitudes toward women's work both changed dramatically. In the model, women's beliefs about the long-run payoff from working evolve endogenously via an intergenerational learning process. This process generically generates the data's S-shaped LFP curve and introduces a novel role for wage changes via their effect on the speed of intergenerational learning. The calibrated model does a good job of replicating the evolution of female LFP in the United States over the last 120 years and finds that the new role for wages was quantitatively significant.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BRZYU7DN/Fernández - 2013 - Cultural Change as Learning The Evolution of Fema.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HHT9QGPS/Fernández - 2013 - Cultural Change as Learning The Evolution of Fema.pdf}
}

@article{fernandezduqueProbabilityPluralisticIgnorance2021,
  title = {The {{Probability}} of {{Pluralistic Ignorance}}},
  author = {Fernandez Duque, Mauricio},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3992145},
  urldate = {2022-02-20},
  abstract = {I develop a theory of group interaction in which individuals who act sequentially are concerned with conforming to what they believe is the majority attitude. Pluralistic ignorance may arise, an outcome with incomplete learning in which individuals conform to a mistaken sense of the majority attitude and earning the majority's disapproval. The degree of uncertainty about the population distribution of attitudes affects what individuals learn about the group. A central finding is that the learning dynamics have a different impact on the probability of pluralistic ignorance in small and in large groups. I derive the maximum and minimum probabilities of pluralistic ignorance for groups of different sizes, as a function of the preferences for conformity and of uncertainty over attitudes. The theory provides hypotheses about underexplored questions regarding the prevalence of pluralistic ignorance.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/75CD5K8M/Fernandez Duque - 2021 - The Probability of Pluralistic Ignorance.pdf}
}

@article{fernandezGayPoliticsGoes,
  title = {Gay {{Politics Goes Mainstream}}: {{Democrats}}, {{Republicans}}, and {{Same-Sex Relationships}}},
  author = {Fernandez, Raquel and Parsa, Sahar},
  pages = {31},
  abstract = {Attitudes towards same-sex relationships in the US have changed radically over a relatively short period of time. After remaining fairly constant for over two decades, opinions became more favorable starting in 1992 - a presidential election year in which the Democratic and Republican parties took opposing stands over the status of gay people in society. What roles did political parties and their leaders play in this process of cultural change? Using a variety of techniques including machine learning, we show that the partisan opinion gap emerged substantially prior to 1992 -- in the mid to late 1980s -- and did not increase as a result of the political debates in 1992-'93. Furthermore, we identify people with a college-and-above education as the potential ``leaders'' of the process of partisan divergence.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5C6XHW8M/Fernandez and Parsa - Gay Politics Goes Mainstream Democrats, Republica.pdf}
}

@article{fernandezGayPoliticsGoesa,
  title = {Gay {{Politics Goes Mainstream}}: {{Democrats}}, {{Republicans}}, and {{Same-Sex Relationships}}},
  author = {Fernandez, Raquel and Parsa, Sahar},
  pages = {31},
  abstract = {Attitudes towards same-sex relationships in the US have changed radically over a relatively short period of time. After remaining fairly constant for over two decades, opinions became more favorable starting in 1992 - a presidential election year in which the Democratic and Republican parties took opposing stands over the status of gay people in society. What roles did political parties and their leaders play in this process of cultural change? Using a variety of techniques including machine learning, we show that the partisan opinion gap emerged substantially prior to 1992 -- in the mid to late 1980s -- and did not increase as a result of the political debates in 1992-'93. Furthermore, we identify people with a college-and-above education as the potential ``leaders'' of the process of partisan divergence.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2S3E39VP/Fernandez and Parsa - Gay Politics Goes Mainstream Democrats, Republica.pdf}
}

@article{ferrarioElicitingPeopleFirstOrder2022,
  title = {Eliciting {{People}}'s {{First-Order Concerns}}: {{Text Analysis}} of {{Open-Ended Survey Questions}}},
  shorttitle = {Eliciting {{People}}'s {{First-Order Concerns}}},
  author = {Ferrario, Beatrice and Stantcheva, Stefanie},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {AEA Papers and Proceedings},
  volume = {112},
  pages = {163--169},
  issn = {2574-0768},
  doi = {10.1257/pandp.20221071},
  urldate = {2022-11-10},
  abstract = {We illustrate the design and use of open-ended survey questions to elicit people's first-order concerns on policies. Closed-ended questions are the backbone of surveys but may prime respondents to select some answers and may omit relevant options. Open-ended questions that do not constrain respondents with specific answer choices are a valuable tool for eliciting first-order thinking. We discuss three text analysis methods to analyze open-ended questions' answers and apply them to surveys on income and estate taxation. People's key concerns relate mostly to distribution issues, fairness, and trust in government rather than to efficiency, and they exhibit large partisan gaps.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economic Anthropology,Language,Sampling Methods Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis Equity Justice Inequality and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement Political Processes: Rent-seeking Lobbying Elections Legislatures and Voting Behavior Economic Sociology,Social and Economic Stratification,Survey Methods},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9JG3A24H/Ferrario and Stantcheva - 2022 - Eliciting People's First-Order Concerns Text Anal.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/S4W9TGN5/articles.html}
}

@article{ferrerFluidReasoningDeveloping2009,
  title = {Fluid Reasoning and the Developing Brain},
  author = {Ferrer, Emilio},
  year = {2009},
  month = may,
  journal = {Frontiers in Neuroscience},
  volume = {3},
  number = {1},
  issn = {1662453X},
  doi = {10.3389/neuro.01.003.2009},
  urldate = {2020-11-27},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8RZEUT6A/Ferrer - 2009 - Fluid reasoning and the developing brain.pdf}
}

@article{Field2009,
  title = {Iodine {{Deficiency}} and {{Schooling Attainment}} in {{Tanzania}}},
  author = {Field, Erica and Robles, Omar and Torero, Maximo},
  year = {2009},
  month = sep,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {1},
  number = {4},
  pages = {140--169},
  issn = {1945-7782},
  doi = {10.1257/app.1.4.140},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RSHTUZJM/Field et al. - 2009 - Iodine Deficiency and Schooling Attainment in Tanz.pdf}
}

@article{Field2015,
  title = {Envirodevonomics: {{A Research Agenda}} for an {{Emerging Field}}},
  author = {Greenstone, Michael and Jack, B Kelsey},
  year = {2015},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  volume = {53},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5--42},
  issn = {0022-0515},
  doi = {10.1257/jel.53.1.5},
  abstract = {Environmental quality in many developing countries is poor and generates substantial health and productivity costs. However, the few existing measures of marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) for environmental quality improvements indicate low valuations by affected households. This paper argues that this seeming paradox is the central puzzle at the intersection of environmental and development economics: Given poor environmental quality and high health burdens in developing countries, why is MWTP seemingly so low? We develop a conceptual framework for understanding this puzzle and propose four potential explanations for why environmental quality is so poor: (1) due to low income levels, individuals value increases in income more than marginal improvements in environmental quality; (2) the marginal costs of environmental quality improvements are high; (3) political economy factors undermine efficient policymaking; and (4) market failures such as weak property rights and missing capital markets distort MWTP for environmental quality. We review the literature on each explanation and discuss how the framework applies to climate change, which is perhaps the most important issue at the intersection of environment and development economics. The paper concludes with a list of promising and unanswered research questions for the emerging sub-field of ``envirodevonomics.'' ( JEL I15, O10, O44, Q50)},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NM9RBSPZ/Greenstone and Jack - 2015 - Envirodevonomics A Research Agenda for an Emergin.pdf}
}

@article{figueroaCommunityLevelFactorsAssociated2020,
  title = {Community-{{Level Factors Associated With Racial And Ethnic Disparities In COVID-19 Rates In Massachusetts}}: {{Study}} Examines Community-Level Factors Associated with Racial and Ethnic Disparities in {{COVID-19}} Rates in {{Massachusetts}}.},
  shorttitle = {Community-{{Level Factors Associated With Racial And Ethnic Disparities In COVID-19 Rates In Massachusetts}}},
  author = {Figueroa, Jose F. and Wadhera, Rishi K. and Lee, Dennis and Yeh, Robert W. and Sommers, Benjamin D.},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Health Affairs},
  pages = {10.1377/hlthaff},
  issn = {0278-2715, 1544-5208},
  doi = {10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01040},
  urldate = {2020-09-14},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EETVPPE2/Figueroa et al. - 2020 - Community-Level Factors Associated With Racial And.pdf}
}

@article{filmerLearningAdjustedYearsSchooling,
  title = {Learning-{{Adjusted Years}} of {{Schooling}} ({{LAYS}})},
  author = {Filmer, Deon and Rogers, Halsey and Angrist, Noam and Sabarwal, Shwetlena},
  abstract = {The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HPN24BXG/Filmer et al. - Learning-Adjusted Years of Schooling (LAYS).pdf}
}

@book{Finan2017,
  title = {The {{Personnel Economics}} of the {{Developing State}}},
  author = {Finan, F. and Olken, B.A. and Pande, R.},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Handbook of Economic Field Experiments},
  volume = {2},
  publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
  issn = {2214-658X},
  doi = {10.1016/bs.hefe.2016.08.001},
  abstract = {Governments play a central role in facilitating economic development. Yet while economists have long emphasized the importance of government quality, historically they have paid less attention to the internal workings of the state and the individuals who provide the public services. This paper reviews a nascent but growing body of field experiments that explores the personnel economics of the state. To place the experimental findings in context, we begin by documenting some stylized facts about how public sector employment differs from that in the private sector. In particular, we show that in most countries throughout the world, public sector employees enjoy a significant wage premium over their private sector counterparts. Moreover, this wage gap is largest among low-income countries, which tends to be precisely where governance issues are most severe. These differences in pay, together with significant information asymmetries within government organizations in low-income countries, provide a prima facie rationale for the emphasis of the recent field experiments on three aspects of the state--employee relationship: selection, incentive structures, and monitoring. We review the findings on all three dimensions and then conclude this survey with directions for future research.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7IRG9HDL/Finan et al. - 2017 - The Personnel Economics of the Developing State.pdf}
}

@article{finchPovertyCovid19Rates2020,
  title = {Poverty and {{Covid-19}}: {{Rates}} of {{Incidence}} and {{Deaths}} in the {{United States During}} the {{First}} 10 {{Weeks}} of the {{Pandemic}}},
  shorttitle = {Poverty and {{Covid-19}}},
  author = {Finch, W. Holmes and Hern{\'a}ndez Finch, Maria E.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Frontiers in Sociology},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {47},
  issn = {2297-7775},
  doi = {10.3389/fsoc.2020.00047},
  urldate = {2020-08-07},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H9F9MYKD/Finch and Hernández Finch - 2020 - Poverty and Covid-19 Rates of Incidence and Death.pdf}
}

@article{Finkelstein2019,
  title = {Welfare {{Analysis Meets Causal Inference}} : {{A Suggested Interpretation}} of {{Hendren}}},
  author = {Finkelstein, Amy},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Unpublished Manuscript},
  number = {March},
  abstract = {In a pair of interconnected, important and impenetrable papers, Nathan Hendren has provided a framework for translating estimates of the causal effects of policies into welfare analyses of these policies. In this brief note, I describe the framework-which Hendren has named "The Marginal Value of Public Funds" (MVPF)-and how it can be used for empirical public finance welfare analysis. I also discuss how the MVPF relates to "traditional" public finance welfare analysis tools such as the marginal excess burden (MEB) and marginal cost of public funds (MCPF). Finally, I describe several recent empirical applications as a way of further illustrating and clarifying the approach.},
  keywords = {and numerous seminar audiences,and of course to,ben olken,causal effects,envelope theorem,fiscal externality,for the confusion that,funds,hendren,henrik kleven and sammy,i am grateful to,marginal value of public,matt notowidigdo,me to write this,nathan,prompted,to alan auerbach,welfare analysis,young for helpful comments},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/N9VY6TSB/Finkelstein - Welfare Analysis Meets Causal Inference A Suggest.pdf}
}

@techreport{FinkNotowidi,
  title = {Take-up and {{Targeting}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{SNAP}}},
  author = {Finkelstein, Amy and Notowidigdo, Matthew},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  journal = {NBER Working paper},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w24652},
  abstract = {This paper develops a framework for evaluating the welfare impact of various interventions designed to increase take-up of social safety net programs in the presence of potential behavioral biases. We calibrate the key parameters using a randomized field experiment in which 30,000 elderly individuals not enrolled in -- but likely eligible for -- the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) are either provided with information that they are likely eligible, provided with this information and also offered assistance in applying, or are in a ``status quo'' control group. Only 6 percent of the control group enrolls in SNAP over the next 9 months, compared to 11 percent of the Information Only group and 18 percent of the Information Plus Assistance group. The individuals who apply or enroll in response to either intervention receive lower benefits and are less sick than the average enrollee in the control group. The results are consistent with the existence of optimization frictions that are greater for needier individuals, suggesting that the poor targeting properties of the interventions reduce their welfare gains.},
  keywords = {icle},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R7TFUJBA/Finkelstein and NotowidigdoMIT - Take-up and Targeting Experimental Evidence from .pdf}
}

@article{Finn2014,
  title = {Cognitive {{Skills}}, {{Student Achievement Tests}}, and {{Schools}}},
  author = {Finn, Amy S. and Kraft, Matthew A. and West, Martin R. and Leonard, Julia A. and Bish, Crystal E. and Martin, Rebecca E. and Sheridan, Margaret A. and Gabrieli, Christopher F.O. and Gabrieli, John D.E.},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Psychological Science},
  volume = {25},
  number = {3},
  pages = {736--744},
  issn = {14679280},
  doi = {10.1177/0956797613516008},
  abstract = {Cognitive skills predict academic performance, so schools that improve academic performance might also improve cognitive skills. To investigate the impact schools have on both academic performance and cognitive skills, we related standardized achievement-test scores to measures of cognitive skills in a large sample (N = 1,367) of eighth-grade students attending traditional, exam, and charter public schools. Test scores and gains in test scores over time correlated with measures of cognitive skills. Despite wide variation in test scores across schools, differences in cognitive skills across schools were negligible after we controlled for fourth-grade test scores. Random offers of enrollment to oversubscribed charter schools resulted in positive impacts of such school attendance on math achievement but had no impact on cognitive skills. These findings suggest that schools that improve standardized achievement-test scores do so primarily through channels other than improving cognitive skills. {\copyright} The Author(s) 2014.},
  keywords = {adolescent development,childhood development,cognition,cognitive development,educational psychology},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C6TUGK3M/Finn et al. - 2014 - Cognitive Skills, Student Achievement Tests, and S.pdf}
}

@article{finnemoreInternationalNormDynamics1998,
  title = {International {{Norm Dynamics}} and {{Political Change}}},
  author = {Finnemore, Martha and Sikkink, Kathryn},
  year = {1998},
  journal = {International Organization},
  volume = {52},
  number = {4},
  pages = {887--917},
  issn = {0020-8183, 1531-5088},
  doi = {10.1162/002081898550789},
  urldate = {2021-06-24},
  abstract = {Norms have never been absent from the study of international politics, but the sweeping ``ideational turn'' in the 1980s and 1990s brought them back as a central theoretical concern in the field. Much theorizing about norms has focused on how they create social structure, standards of appropriateness, and stability in international politics. Recent empirical research on norms, in contrast, has examined their role in creating political change, but change processes have been less well-theorized. We induce from this research a variety of theoretical arguments and testable hypotheses about the role of norms in political change. We argue that norms evolve in a three-stage ``life cycle'' of emergence, ``norm cascades,'' and internalization, and that each stage is governed by different motives, mechanisms, and behavioral logics. We also highlight the rational and strategic nature of many social construction processes and argue that theoretical progress will only be made by placing attention on the connections between norms and rationality rather than by opposing the two.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L4MINC4C/Finnemore and Sikkink - 1998 - International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.pdf}
}

@article{fishmanGroundwaterDepletionLimits2018,
  title = {Groundwater Depletion Limits the Scope for Adaptation to Increased Rainfall Variability in {{India}}},
  author = {Fishman, Ram},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Climatic Change},
  volume = {147},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {195--209},
  issn = {0165-0009, 1573-1480},
  doi = {10.1007/s10584-018-2146-x},
  urldate = {2020-05-07},
  abstract = {Recent studies have found that increasing intra-seasonal precipitation variability will lead to substantial reductions in rice production in India by 2050, independently of the effect of rising temperatures. However, these projections do not account for the possibility of adaptations, of which the expansion of irrigation is the primary candidate. Using historical data on irrigation, rice yields, and precipitation, I show that irrigated locations experience much lower damages from increasing precipitation variability, suggesting that the expansion of irrigation could protect Indian agriculture from this future threat. However, accounting for physical water availability shows that under current irrigation practices, sustainable use of irrigation water can mitigate less than a tenth of the climate change impact. Moreover, if India continues to deplete its groundwater resources, the impacts of increased variability are likely to increase by half.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HSX4T8IE/Fishman - 2018 - Groundwater depletion limits the scope for adaptat.pdf}
}

@article{fishmanMoreUnevenDistributions2016,
  title = {More Uneven Distributions Overturn Benefits of Higher Precipitation for Crop Yields},
  author = {Fishman, Ram},
  year = {2016},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {024004},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/11/2/024004},
  urldate = {2020-05-07},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y4DKWV64/Fishman - 2016 - More uneven distributions overturn benefits of hig.pdf}
}

@article{fiskeNeuralSubstratesEarly2019,
  title = {Neural Substrates of Early Executive Function Development},
  author = {Fiske, Abigail and Holmboe, Karla},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Developmental Review},
  volume = {52},
  pages = {42--62},
  issn = {02732297},
  doi = {10.1016/j.dr.2019.100866},
  urldate = {2020-11-17},
  abstract = {In the last decade, advances in neuroimaging technologies have given rise to a large number of research studies that investigate the neural underpinnings of executive function (EF). EF has long been associated with the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and involves both a unified, general element, as well as the distinct, separable elements of working memory, inhibitory control and set shifting. We will highlight the value of utilising advances in neuroimaging techniques to uncover answers to some of the most pressing questions in the field of early EF development. First, this review will explore the development and neural substrates of each element of EF. Second, the structural, anatomical and biochemical changes that occur in the PFC during infancy and throughout childhood will be examined, in order to address the importance of these changes for the development of EF. Third, the importance of connectivity between regions of the PFC and other brain areas in EF development is reviewed. Finally, throughout this review more recent developments in neuroimaging techniques will be addressed, alongside the implications for further elucidating the neural substrates of early EF development in the future.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XAF674PU/Fiske and Holmboe - 2019 - Neural substrates of early executive function deve.pdf}
}

@article{Fisman2015,
  title = {Asset Disclosure and Political Selection : {{Evidence}} from {{India}}},
  author = {Fisman, Raymond and Schulz, Florian},
  year = {2015},
  abstract = {We study the effect of financial disclosure on the pool of politicians contesting elections, and their asset accumulation while in office. Our empirical design exploits the stagger- ing of Indian state assembly elections to credibly distinguish the effect of disclosure laws from broader time trends. We document a large (13 percentage point) one-time increase in exit of winning candidates post-disclosure. The resulting selection coincides with in- creased winning probability of remaining incumbents, relative to a set of counterfactual candidates, suggesting that low-ability candidates exit as a result of disclosure. The pri- vate benefits of public office, as measured by relative wealth growth premium of election winners versus runners-up, decreases for more experienced politicians (incumbents and ministers) over the subsequent election cycle. For politicians who remain in office across multiple elections, we also find a decline in asset growth, indicating that disclosure laws af- fected politician behavior in office. Overall, our findings suggest that mandatory financial disclosure resulted in the self-selection of more desirable (by the electorate) candidates, and possibly reduced rent extraction by office-holde},
  keywords = {indian politics,information disclosure,political selection}
}

@article{fismanCulturalProximityLoan2017,
  title = {Cultural {{Proximity}} and {{Loan Outcomes}}},
  author = {Fisman, Raymond and Paravisini, Daniel and Vig, Vikrant},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {107},
  number = {2},
  pages = {457--492},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20120942},
  urldate = {2023-07-06},
  abstract = {We present evidence that cultural proximity (shared codes, beliefs, ethnicity) between lenders and borrowers increases the quantity of credit and reduces default. We identify in-group lending using dyadic data on religion and caste for officers and borrowers from an Indian bank, and a rotation policy that induces exogenous matching between them. Having an in-group officer increases credit access and loan size dispersion, reduces collateral requirements, and induces better repayment even after the in-group officer leaves. We consider a range of explanations and suggest that the findings are most easily explained by cultural proximity serving to mitigate information frictions in lending.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Asymmetric and Private Information,Belief,Communication,Corporate Finance and Governance Cultural Economics: Religion Economic Sociology,Depository Institutions,Economic Anthropology,Information and Knowledge,Language,Learning,Mechanism Design Search,Micro Finance Institutions,Mortgages Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation Economic Development: Financial Markets,Saving and Capital Investment,Social and Economic Stratification,Unawareness Banks},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JL6TF86U/Fisman et al. - 2017 - Cultural Proximity and Loan Outcomes.pdf}
}

@article{fismanFinancialDisclosurePolitical,
  title = {Financial Disclosure and Political Selection: {{Evidence}} from {{India}}},
  author = {Fisman, Raymond and Schulz, Florian and Vig, Vikrant},
  pages = {68},
  abstract = {We study the effect of financial disclosure on the selection of politicians, exploiting the staggering of Indian state assembly elections to identify the effect of disclosure laws. We document a 13 percentage point increase in exit of incumbents post-disclosure, indicating that disclosure has a large effect on politician self-selection. This selection coincides with a higher win probability for remaining incumbents, suggesting that voters interpreted the selection as positive. In elections that occur around India's 2016 demonetization, we show that politician exit is highest for post-demonetization elections, further reinforcing the view of politicians' aversion to disclosing wealth accumulated while holding office.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/64XYANEL/Fisman et al. - Financial disclosure and political selection Evid.pdf}
}

@techreport{Fiszbein2014,
  title = {Conditional {{Cash Transfers}}: {{Reducing Present}} and {{Future Poverty}}},
  author = {Fiszbein, Ariel and Schady, Norbert R.},
  year = {2009},
  month = feb,
  journal = {World Bank policy research report},
  institution = {The World Bank},
  doi = {10.1596/978-0-8213-7352-1},
  isbn = {978-0-8213-7352-1},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FFDTG9IX/Fiszbein et al. - 2009 - Conditional cash transfers reducing present and f.pdf}
}

@article{floresAttitudesTransgenderRights2015,
  title = {Attitudes toward Transgender Rights: Perceived Knowledge and Secondary Interpersonal Contact},
  shorttitle = {Attitudes toward Transgender Rights},
  author = {Flores, Andrew R.},
  year = {2015},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Politics, Groups, and Identities},
  volume = {3},
  number = {3},
  pages = {398--416},
  issn = {2156-5503, 2156-5511},
  doi = {10.1080/21565503.2015.1050414},
  urldate = {2022-06-16},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9UIZHZDC/Flores - 2015 - Attitudes toward transgender rights perceived kno.pdf}
}

@article{floresAttitudesTransgenderRights2015a,
  title = {Attitudes toward Transgender Rights: Perceived Knowledge and Secondary Interpersonal Contact},
  shorttitle = {Attitudes toward Transgender Rights},
  author = {Flores, Andrew R.},
  year = {2015},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Politics, Groups, and Identities},
  volume = {3},
  number = {3},
  pages = {398--416},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  issn = {2156-5503},
  doi = {10.1080/21565503.2015.1050414},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {Transgender people face an uncertain legal climate, and efforts to include gender identity in policies have been met with both successes and failures. These policies are often developed in the legislative process, which directly involve public opinion. To date, there is only one study analyzing American public attitudes toward transgender people. This research gap makes it unclear whether people in general understand what transgender means and whether public support for transgender rights depends on understanding and knowing transgender people. Since the population of transgender people is estimated to be smaller than that of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people, examining whether and how having a friend or family member who is lesbian or gay relates to transgender rights is important to understand political coalitions and attitude change. This study examines public attitudes about transgender rights in the USA. It finds that as respondents report being more informed about transgender people they tend to have more supportive attitudes. Interpersonal contact with someone who is lesbian or gay also leads to a secondary transfer of positive attitudes. About half of the secondary transfer effect operates through a mechanism of attitude generalization: contact positively affects the opinions people have on gay rights that then broaden to affect attitudes on transgender rights. Demographic characteristics also indicate that predictors of transgender attitudes are similar to previous studies regarding attitudes toward lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Further survey efforts need to consider inquiring about transgender rights and attitudes, as this remains a research gap in need of scholarly understanding.},
  keywords = {LGBTQ,public opinion,survey research,transgender},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TZFX75T4/Flores - 2015 - Attitudes toward transgender rights perceived kno.pdf}
}

@techreport{flynnMacroeconomicsNarratives2024,
  title = {The {{Macroeconomics}} of {{Narratives}}},
  author = {Flynn, Joel and Sastry, Karthik},
  year = {2024},
  month = jun,
  number = {w32602},
  pages = {w32602},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w32602},
  urldate = {2024-07-16},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IEXZPKSN/w32602 (1).pdf}
}

@article{foersterCastingDoubtImage2021,
  title = {Casting {{Doubt}}: {{Image Concerns}} and the {{Communication}} of {{Social Impact}}},
  shorttitle = {Casting {{Doubt}}},
  author = {Foerster, Manuel and {van~der~Weele}, Jo{\"e}l J},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {131},
  number = {639},
  pages = {2887--2919},
  issn = {0013-0133, 1468-0297},
  doi = {10.1093/ej/ueab014},
  urldate = {2021-11-17},
  abstract = {Abstract             We investigate strategic communication about the social impact of costly prosocial actions. A `sender' with noisy information about impact sends a cheap-talk message to a `receiver', upon which both agents choose whether to act. In the presence of social preferences and image concerns, the sender trades off persuasion, exaggerating impact to induce receiver action, and justification, downplaying impact to cast doubt on the effectiveness of action and excuse her own passivity. In an experiment on charitable giving we find evidence for both motives. In line with our theory and a justification motive, increasing image concerns reduces communication of positive impact.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3G8PLSM6/Foerster and van der Weele - 2021 - Casting Doubt Image Concerns and the Communicatio.pdf}
}

@article{folkeSexualHarassmentGender2022,
  title = {Sexual {{Harassment}} and {{Gender Inequality}} in the {{Labor Market}}*},
  author = {Folke, Olle and Rickne, Johanna},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {137},
  number = {4},
  pages = {2163--2212},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjac018},
  urldate = {2023-10-15},
  abstract = {We describe how sexual harassment contributes to sex segregation and pay inequality in the labor market. Combining nationally representative survey data and administrative data, we show that both harassment and wages vary strongly and systematically across workplaces. Women self-report more harassment from colleagues and managers in male-dominated workplaces where wages are relatively high, and men self-report more harassment in female-dominated workplaces where wages are low. These patterns imply two ways that harassment may contribute to gender inequality. First, harassment deters women and men from applying for jobs in workplaces where they are the gender minority. A survey experiment with hypothetical job choices supports this mechanism. Respondents are highly averse to accepting jobs in workplaces with a higher harassment risk for their own gender, but less averse when people of the opposite sex are at higher risk. A second way that harassment contributes to inequality is by making workplace gender minorities leave their workplaces for new jobs. An analysis of workplace transitions supports this mechanism. Women who self-report harassment are more likely to switch to new workplaces with more female colleagues and lower pay.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/65L5RLM7/Folke and Rickne - 2022 - Sexual Harassment and Gender Inequality in the Lab.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EN4HZYDU/6581192.html}
}

@article{folkSystematicReviewStrength2023,
  title = {A Systematic Review of the Strength of Evidence for the Most Commonly Recommended Happiness Strategies in Mainstream Media},
  author = {Folk, Dunigan and Dunn, Elizabeth},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},
  issn = {2397-3374},
  doi = {10.1038/s41562-023-01651-4},
  urldate = {2023-08-04},
  abstract = {Two sufficiently powered, pre-registered studies suggest that writing messages of gratitude provides a short-term increase in PA. Other well-powered studies suggest that writing gratitude letters may be a hit-or-miss strategy for increasing happiness, but we found consistent evidence that people in diverse cultural contexts benefit from making gratitude lists. Taken together, there is reasonably solid evidence that gratitude practices can increase mood, at least temporarily.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GJMJXQRB/Folk and Dunn - 2023 - A systematic review of the strength of evidence fo.pdf}
}

@article{folkSystematicReviewStrength2023a,
  title = {A Systematic Review of the Strength of Evidence for the Most Commonly Recommended Happiness Strategies in Mainstream Media},
  author = {Folk, Dunigan and Dunn, Elizabeth},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},
  issn = {2397-3374},
  doi = {10.1038/s41562-023-01651-4},
  urldate = {2023-08-04},
  abstract = {Two sufficiently powered, pre-registered studies suggest that writing messages of gratitude provides a short-term increase in PA. Other well-powered studies suggest that writing gratitude letters may be a hit-or-miss strategy for increasing happiness, but we found consistent evidence that people in diverse cultural contexts benefit from making gratitude lists. Taken together, there is reasonably solid evidence that gratitude practices can increase mood, at least temporarily.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8NI633J5/Folk and Dunn - 2023 - A systematic review of the strength of evidence fo.pdf}
}

@article{folkSystematicReviewStrength2023b,
  title = {A Systematic Review of the Strength of Evidence for the Most Commonly Recommended Happiness Strategies in Mainstream Media},
  author = {Folk, Dunigan and Dunn, Elizabeth},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},
  pages = {1--11},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2397-3374},
  doi = {10.1038/s41562-023-01651-4},
  urldate = {2023-08-04},
  abstract = {We conducted a systematic review of the evidence underlying some of the most widely recommended strategies for increasing happiness. By coding media articles on happiness, we first identified the five most commonly recommended strategies: expressing gratitude, enhancing sociability, exercising, practising mindfulness/meditation and increasing nature exposure. Next, we conducted a systematic search of the published scientific literature. We identified well-powered, pre-registered experiments testing the effects of these strategies on any aspect of subjective wellbeing (that is, positive affect, negative affect and life satisfaction) in non-clinical samples. A total of 57 studies were included. Our review suggests that a strong scientific foundation is lacking for some of the most commonly recommended happiness strategies. As the effectiveness of these strategies remains an open question, there is an urgent need for well-powered, pre-registered studies investigating strategies for promoting happiness.},
  copyright = {2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Psychology,Social sciences}
}

@article{Fonseca2019,
  title = {Financial {{Development}}, {{Labor Markets}}, and {{Aggregate Productivity}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Brazil}}},
  author = {Fonseca, Julia and Van Doornik, Bernardus},
  year = {2019},
  abstract = {We estimate the e↵ect of an increase in the availability of bank credit on the employment and the earnings of high-and low-skilled workers. To do so, we consider a bankruptcy reform that increased the legal protections of secured creditors, which led to an expansion of bank credit to Brazilian firms. We use detailed administrative data and an empirical strategy that compares changes in outcomes for financially constrained firms, which were affected by the bankruptcy reform, with unconstrained firms, which were largely una↵ected by the reform. Following the bankruptcy reform and subsequent expansion in credit, constrained firms increased employment, especially of high-skilled workers. We also observe an increase in earnings, with gains concentrated on skilled workers and on workers who were employed at constrained firms prior to the reform. To rationalize these findings, we design a model in which heterogeneous producers face constraints in their ability to borrow and have production functions featuring capital-skill com-plementarity. Using this framework, we estimate that the reallocation of resources induced by the bankruptcy reform accounts for 36 percent of the observed increase in aggregate productivity in Brazil during the 2000s. {$\LeftArrowBar$} Julia Fonseca thanks Atif Mian, Mark Aguiar, Will Dobbie, and Motohiro Yogo for their continued guidance and support, Adrien Matray for invaluable advice throughout this project},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DRSDJC4J/Fonseca and Doornik - Financial Development, Labor Markets, and Aggregat.pdf}
}

@article{fontes-villalbaPalaeolithicDietDecreases2016,
  title = {Palaeolithic Diet Decreases Fasting Plasma Leptin Concentrations More than a Diabetes Diet in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Cross-over Trial},
  shorttitle = {Palaeolithic Diet Decreases Fasting Plasma Leptin Concentrations More than a Diabetes Diet in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes},
  author = {{Fontes-Villalba}, Mael{\'a}n and Lindeberg, Staffan and Granfeldt, Yvonne and Knop, Filip K. and Memon, Ashfaque A. and {Carrera-Bastos}, Pedro and Picazo, {\'O}scar and Chanrai, Madhvi and Sunquist, Jan and Sundquist, Kristina and J{\"o}nsson, Tommy},
  year = {2016},
  month = may,
  journal = {Cardiovascular Diabetology},
  volume = {15},
  number = {1},
  pages = {80},
  issn = {1475-2840},
  doi = {10.1186/s12933-016-0398-1},
  urldate = {2023-08-08},
  abstract = {We have previously shown that a Palaeolithic diet consisting of the typical food groups that our ancestors ate during the Palaeolithic era, improves cardiovascular disease risk factors and glucose control compared to the currently recommended diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes. To elucidate the mechanisms behind these effects, we evaluated fasting plasma concentrations of glucagon, insulin, incretins, ghrelin, C-peptide and adipokines from the same study.},
  keywords = {Adiposopathy,Evolution,Glucagon,Leptin,Lipotoxicity,Palaeolithic diet,Type 2 diabetes},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BTR2BF4P/Fontes-Villalba et al. - 2016 - Palaeolithic diet decreases fasting plasma leptin .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2RETEYAN/s12933-016-0398-1.html}
}

@misc{foodandagricultureorganisationFertilizerUseCrop2005,
  title = {Fertilizer Use by Crop in {{Indonesia}}},
  author = {{Food {and} Agriculture Organisation}},
  year = {2005},
  urldate = {2021-01-06}
}

@article{Foster2010,
  title = {Microeconomics of {{Technological Adoption}}},
  author = {Foster, Andrew D and Rosenzweig, Mark R},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {2},
  number = {January},
  pages = {395--424},
  abstract = {There is an emerging consensus among macro-economists that differences in technology across countries account for the major differences in per-capita GDP and the wages of workers with similar skills across countries. Accounting for differences in technology levels across countries thus can go a long way towards understanding global inequality. One mechanism by which poorer countries can catch up with richer countries is through technological diffusion, the adoption by low-income countries of the advanced technologies produced in high-income countries. In this survey, we examine recent micro studies that focus on understanding the adoption process. If technological diffusion is a major channel by which poor countries can develop, it must be the case that technology adoption is incomplete or the inputs associated with the technologies are under-utilized in poor, or slow-growing economies. Thus, obtaining a better understanding of the constraints on adoption is useful in understanding a major component of growth.}
}

@article{Foster2010a,
  title = {Microeconomics of {{Technology Adoption}}},
  author = {Foster, Andrew D. and Rosenzweig, Mark R.},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {395--424},
  issn = {1941-1383},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.economics.102308.124433},
  abstract = {Differences in technology levels across countries account for a large component of the differences in wages and per-capita GDP across countries worldwide. This article reviews micro studies of the adoption of new technologies and the use of inputs complementary with new technologies to shed light on the barriers to technology diffusion in low-income countries. Among the factors examined affecting decisions pertaining to technology choice and input allocations are the financial and nonfinancial returns to adoption, one's own learning and social learning, technological externalities, scale economies, schooling, credit constraints, risk and incomplete insurance, and departures from behavioral rules implied by simple models of rationality.},
  keywords = {development,education,learning},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GZ8E2ZJ2/Foster and Rosenzweig - 2010 - Microeconomics of Technology Adoption.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QZYR2A3V/Foster and Rosenzweig - 2010 - Microeconomics of Technology Adoption.pdf}
}

@techreport{fosterAreThereToo2017,
  title = {Are {{There Too Many Farms}} in the {{World}}? {{Labor-Market Transaction Costs}}, {{Machine Capacities}} and {{Optimal Farm Size}}},
  shorttitle = {Are {{There Too Many Farms}} in the {{World}}?},
  author = {Foster, Andrew and Rosenzweig, Mark},
  year = {2017},
  month = oct,
  number = {w23909},
  pages = {w23909},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w23909},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This paper seeks to explain the U-shaped relationship between farm productivity and farm scale the initial fall in productivity as farm size increases from its lowest levels and the continuous upward trajectory as scale increases after a threshold - observed across the world and in lowincome countries. We show that the existence of labor-market transaction costs can explain why the smallest farms are most efficient, slightly larger farms least efficient and larger farms as efficient as the smallest farms. We show that to explain the rising upper tail of the U characteristic of high-income countries requires there be economies of scale in the ability of machines to accomplish tasks at lower costs at greater operational scales. Using data from the India ICRISAT VLS panel survey we find evidence consistent with these conditions, suggesting that there are too many farms, at scales insufficient to exploit locally-available equipmentcapacity scale-economies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {icle},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GHRV5KD7/Foster and Rosenzweig - 2017 - Are There Too Many Farms in the World Labor-Marke.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NQKLVTPC/Foster and Rosenzweig - 2017 - Are There Too Many Farms in the World Labor-Marke.pdf}
}

@incollection{fosterChapter47Economic2007,
  title = {Chapter 47 {{Economic Development}} and the {{Decline}} of {{Agricultural Employment}}},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Development Economics}}},
  author = {Foster, Andrew D. and Rosenzweig, Mark R.},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {3051--3083},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/S1573-4471(07)04047-8},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This chapter considers the linkages between agricultural development and rural nonfarm activities. The chapter is motivated by growing evidence that non-farm activities provide an increasingly important share of rural incomes in many low-income questions, questions about whether increasing agricultural productivity is a necessary precondition for raising incomes and reducing poverty in rural areas, and increased evidence of factor and commodity flows between rural and urban areas. Unfortunately, the existing literature is sparse and has not been sufficiently attentive to the underlying structures and mechanisms that drive the relationship between agricultural productivity and rural non-farm change. A particular weakness of this literature is the lack of attention given to the importance of flows of both capital and labor. The reason for this is in part due to the limitations of existing data. An assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of existing data sets is thus also provided, with particular attention to panel data sets that might be useful for assessing the extent of geographic mobility. In order to clarify the relevant issues the Chapter presents a model of the rural economy that permits examination of the linkages between agricultural development and non-farm employment under different regimes distinguished by the mobility of capita and labor. Basic features of the model are then tested using newly available data from South Asia. The Chapter concludes with suggestions for future data collection efforts as well as the development of more sophisticated models of the rural economy.},
  isbn = {978-0-444-53100-1},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {development,migration,non-farm,rural},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KBAMZQ2U/Foster and Rosenzweig - 2007 - Chapter 47 Economic Development and the Decline of.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X6PASZG9/Foster and Rosenzweig - 2007 - Chapter 47 Economic Development and the Decline of.pdf}
}

@article{fosterLearningDoingLearning1995,
  title = {Learning by {{Doing}} and {{Learning}} from {{Others}}: {{Human Capital}} and {{Technical Change}} in {{Agriculture}}},
  shorttitle = {Learning by {{Doing}} and {{Learning}} from {{Others}}},
  author = {Foster, Andrew D. and Rosenzweig, Mark R.},
  year = {1995},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {103},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1176--1209},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/601447},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CNUUD3X3/Foster and Rosenzweig - 1995 - Learning by Doing and Learning from Others Human .pdf}
}

@article{foxHowTimingQuality2010,
  title = {How the {{Timing}} and {{Quality}} of {{Early Experiences Influence}} the {{Development}} of {{Brain Architecture}}},
  author = {Fox, Sharon E. and Levitt, Pat and Nelson, Charles A.},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Child development},
  volume = {81},
  number = {1},
  pages = {28--40},
  issn = {0009-3920},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01380.x},
  urldate = {2022-11-14},
  abstract = {Early life events can exert a powerful influence on both the pattern of brain architecture and behavioral development. In this paper a conceptual framework is provided for considering how the structure of early experience gets ``under the skin.'' The paper begins with a description of the genetic framework that lays the foundation for brain development, and then to the ways experience interacts with and modifies the structures and functions of the developing brain. Much of the attention is focused on early experience and sensitive periods, although it is made clear that later experience also plays an important role in maintaining and elaborating this early wiring diagram, which is critical to establishing a solid footing for development beyond the early years.},
  pmcid = {PMC2846084},
  pmid = {20331653},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2VRXMQWN/Fox et al. - 2010 - How the Timing and Quality of Early Experiences In.pdf}
}

@misc{foxworthDiscriminationHealthcareSystem2021,
  title = {Discrimination in the Healthcare System Is Leading to Vaccination Hesitancy},
  author = {Foxworth, Matt Barreto, Ray Block, Henry Fernandez, {and} Raymond, Gabriel R. Sanchez},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Brookings},
  urldate = {2022-02-04},
  abstract = {Gabriel Sanchez, Matt Barreto, Ray Block, Henry Fernandez and Raymond Foxworth argue that researchers have provided a range of explanations for vaccination hesitancy, however, there is little to no research examining the role of discrimination on vaccination status.},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LQYGN8YN/discrimination-in-the-healthcare-system-is-leading-to-vaccination-hesitancy.html}
}

@book{Francisco2013,
  title = {Development {{Microeconomics}}},
  author = {Bardhan, Pranab and Udry, Christopher},
  year = {1999},
  month = may,
  volume = {53},
  eprint = {1011.1669v3},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  issn = {1098-6596},
  doi = {10.1093/0198773714.001.0001},
  abstract = {Predicting the binding mode of flexible polypeptides to proteins is an important task that falls outside the domain of applicability of most small molecule and protein-protein docking tools. Here, we test the small molecule flexible ligand docking program Glide on a set of 19 non-{$\alpha$}-helical peptides and systematically improve pose prediction accuracy by enhancing Glide sampling for flexible polypeptides. In addition, scoring of the poses was improved by post-processing with physics-based implicit solvent MM- GBSA calculations. Using the best RMSD among the top 10 scoring poses as a metric, the success rate (RMSD {$\leq$} 2.0 {\AA} for the interface backbone atoms) increased from 21\% with default Glide SP settings to 58\% with the enhanced peptide sampling and scoring protocol in the case of redocking to the native protein structure. This approaches the accuracy of the recently developed Rosetta FlexPepDock method (63\% success for these 19 peptides) while being over 100 times faster. Cross-docking was performed for a subset of cases where an unbound receptor structure was available, and in that case, 40\% of peptides were docked successfully. We analyze the results and find that the optimized polypeptide protocol is most accurate for extended peptides of limited size and number of formal charges, defining a domain of applicability for this approach.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  isbn = {978-0-19-877371-9},
  pmid = {25246403},
  keywords = {icle},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PSXRNYBP/Bardhan and Udry - 1999 - Development Microeconomics.pdf}
}

@techreport{frankenberg19951993,
  title = {The 1993 Indonesian Family Life Survey: {{Overview}} and Field Report, Publication No},
  author = {Frankenberg, Elizabeth and Karoly, Lynn},
  year = {1995},
  institution = {DRU-1195/1-NICHD/AID, RAND, Santa Monica, CA}
}

@article{Frankenberg2017,
  title = {Human {{Capital}} and {{Shocks}}: {{Evidence}} on {{Education}}},
  author = {Frankenberg, Elizabeth and Thomas, Duncan},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {NBER Working paper},
  doi = {10.3386/w23347},
  abstract = {Human capital, including health and nutrition, has played a key role in the literature on poverty traps. Economic shocks that affect human capital during early life are thought to translate into permanently reduced levels of human capital and, thereby, push individuals into poverty. Three potential concerns in this literature are explored with empirical evidence drawn from primary longitudinal survey data collected before and after two major shocks in Indonesia: the 1998 financial crisis and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. First, it is very hard to identify shocks that are unanticipated and uncorrelated with other factors that affect human capital outcomes. Second, and related, there is abundant evidence that individuals, families and communities invest in strategies that are designed to mitigate the impact of such shocks. The nature and effectiveness of the myriad array of these behaviors vary with the context in ways that are not straightforward to measure or model. Third, the impacts of shocks on human capital outcomes in the short and longer-term may differ precisely because of the behavioral changes of individuals and their families so that drawing inferences about the longer-term impacts based on negative impacts in the short term can be very misleading. The picture of remarkable resilience that emerges from investigating the impacts of major shocks on child health and human capital in Indonesia is nothing short of stunning.},
  isbn = {23347}
}

@article{frankenbergHumanCapitalShocks,
  title = {Human {{Capital}} and {{Shocks}}: {{Evidence}} on {{Education}}, {{Health}} and {{Nutrition}}},
  author = {Frankenberg, Elizabeth and Thomas, Duncan},
  pages = {39},
  abstract = {Human capital, including health and nutrition, has played a key role in the literature on poverty traps. Economic shocks that affect human capital during early life are thought to translate into permanently reduced levels of human capital and, thereby, push individuals into poverty. Three potential concerns in this literature are explored with empirical evidence drawn from primary longitudinal survey data collected before and after two major shocks in Indonesia: the 1998 financial crisis and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. First, it is very hard to identify shocks that are unanticipated and uncorrelated with other factors that affect human capital outcomes. Second, and related, there is abundant evidence that individuals, families and communities invest in strategies that are designed to mitigate the impact of such shocks. The nature and effectiveness of the myriad array of these behaviors vary with the context in ways that are not straightforward to measure or model. Third, the impacts of shocks on human capital outcomes in the short and longer-term may differ precisely because of the behavioral changes of individuals and their families so that drawing inferences about the longer-term impacts based on negative impacts in the short term can be very misleading. The picture of remarkable resilience that emerges from investigating the impacts of major shocks on child health and human capital in Indonesia is nothing short of stunning.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/S8N23X54/Frankenberg and Thomas - Human Capital and Shocks Evidence on Education, H.pdf}
}

@article{frankValidatingBayesianTruth2017,
  title = {Validating {{Bayesian}} Truth Serum in Large-Scale Online Human Experiments},
  author = {Frank, Morgan R. and Cebrian, Manuel and Pickard, Galen and Rahwan, Iyad},
  editor = {Hsiao, Chuhsing Kate},
  year = {2017},
  month = may,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {12},
  number = {5},
  pages = {e0177385},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0177385},
  urldate = {2021-04-29},
  abstract = {Bayesian truth serum (BTS) is an exciting new method for improving honesty and information quality in multiple-choice survey, but, despite the method's mathematical reliance on large sample sizes, existing literature about BTS only focuses on small experiments. Combined with the prevalence of online survey platforms, such as Amazon's Mechanical Turk, which facilitate surveys with hundreds or thousands of participants, BTS must be effective in large-scale experiments for BTS to become a readily accepted tool in real-world applications. We demonstrate that BTS quantifiably improves honesty in large-scale online surveys where the ``honest'' distribution of answers is known in expectation on aggregate. Furthermore, we explore a marketing application where ``honest'' answers cannot be known, but find that BTS treatment impacts the resulting distributions of answers.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LD9UKE4T/Frank et al. - 2017 - Validating Bayesian truth serum in large-scale onl.pdf}
}

@book{frederick2011indonesia,
  title = {Indonesia: {{A Country Study}}},
  author = {Frederick, W H and Worden, R L and {of Congress. Federal Research Division}, Library},
  year = {2011},
  publisher = {Federal Research Division, Library of Congress},
  isbn = {978-0-8444-0790-6}
}

@article{frederickTimeDiscountingTime2002,
  title = {Time {{Discounting}} and {{Time Preference}}: {{A Critical Review}}},
  author = {Frederick, Shane and Loewenstein, George and O'Donoghue, Ted},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  pages = {51},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5B85XVBJ/Frederick and Loewenstein - 2002 - Time Discounting and Time Preference A Critical R.pdf}
}

@article{freitas-groffPersistencePolicyEvidence2023,
  title = {Persistence in {{Policy}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Close Votes}}},
  author = {{Freitas-Groff}, Zach},
  year = {2023},
  abstract = {Policy choices sometimes appear stubbornly persistent, even when they become politically unpopular or economically damaging. This paper offers the first systematic empirical investigation of how persistent policy choices are, defined as whether an electorate's or legislature's decisions affect whether a policy is in place decades later. I create a new dataset that tracks the historical record of more than 800 policies that were the subjects of close U.S. state referendums since 1900. In a regression discontinuity design, I estimate that passing a referendum increases the chance a corresponding policy is operative 20, 40, or even 100 years later by over 40 percentage points. I collect additional data on U.S. Congressional legislation and international referendums and use existing data on state legislation to document similar policy persistence for a range of institutional environments, cultures, and topics. I develop a theoretical model to distinguish between possible causes of persistence, and I present evidence that persistence arises because policies' salience systematically declines over time. Calibrating my model suggests that many policies remain in place---or not---regardless of popular support.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5EWUBVGE/Freitas-Groff - Persistence in Policy Evidence from Close Votes.pdf}
}

@article{friedmanPsychologicalHealthEconomic2009,
  title = {Psychological {{Health Before}}, {{During}}, and {{After}} an {{Economic Crisis}}: {{Results}} from {{Indonesia}}, 1993--2000},
  shorttitle = {Psychological {{Health Before}}, {{During}}, and {{After}} an {{Economic Crisis}}},
  author = {Friedman, Jed and Thomas, Duncan},
  year = {2009},
  month = jan,
  journal = {The World Bank Economic Review},
  volume = {23},
  number = {1},
  pages = {57--76},
  issn = {1564-698X, 0258-6770},
  doi = {10.1093/wber/lhn013},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/V7L9AFHG/Friedman and Thomas - 2009 - Psychological Health Before, During, and After an .pdf}
}

@article{Frischmann2016,
  title = {Spillovers},
  author = {Frischmann, Brett M and Lemley, Mark A},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {Columbia Law Review},
  pages = {101--143},
  doi = {10.31235/osf.io/ytzev}
}

@article{frisonRepeatedMeasuresClinical1992,
  title = {Repeated Measures in Clinical Trials: {{Analysis}} Using Mean Summary Statistics and Its Implications for Design},
  shorttitle = {Repeated Measures in Clinical Trials},
  author = {Frison, Lars and Pocock, Stuart J.},
  year = {1992},
  journal = {Statistics in Medicine},
  volume = {11},
  number = {13},
  pages = {1685--1704},
  issn = {02776715, 10970258},
  doi = {10.1002/sim.4780111304},
  urldate = {2022-09-20},
  abstract = {This paper explores the use of simple summary statistics for analysing repeated measurements in randomized clinical trials with two treatments. Quite often the data for each patient may be effectively summarized by a pre-treatment mean and a post-treatment mean. Analysis of covariance is the method of choice and its superiority over analysis of post-treatment means or analysis of mean changes is quantified, as regards both reduced variance and avoidance of bias, using a simple model for the covariance structure between time points. Quantitative consideration is also given to practical issues in the design of repeated measures studies: the merits of having more than one pre-treatment measurement are demonstrated, and methods for determining sample sizes in repeated measures designs are provided. Several examples from clinical trials are presented, and broad practical recommendations are made. The examples support the value of the compound symmetry assumption as a realistic simplification in quantitative planning of repeated measures trials. The analysis using summary statistics makes no such assumption. However, allowance in design for alternative non-equal correlation structures can and should be made when necessary.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MVC8I4MX/Frison and Pocock - 1992 - Repeated measures in clinical trials Analysis usi.pdf}
}

@article{From2012,
  title = {Free {{Distribution}} or {{Cost-Sharing}}? {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Malaria Prevention Experiment}} *},
  author = {Cohen, Jessica and Dupas, Pascaline},
  year = {2010},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {125},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--45},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1162/qjec.2010.125.1.1},
  abstract = {In 2008, a group of uninsured low-income adults in Oregon was selected by lottery to be given the chance to apply for Medicaid. This lottery provides an opportunity to gauge the effects of expanding access to public health insurance on the health care use, financial strain, and health of low-income adults using a randomized controlled design. In the year after random assignment, the treatment group selected by the lottery was about 25 percentage points more likely to have insurance than the control group that was not selected. We find that in this first year, the treatment group had substantively and statistically significantly higher health care utilization (including primary and preventive care as well as hospitalizations), lower out-of-pocket medical expenditures and medical debt (including fewer bills sent to collection), and better self-reported physical and mental health than the control group.}
}

@article{fryerCategoricalModelCognition2008,
  title = {A {{Categorical Model}} of {{Cognition}} and {{Biased Decision Making}}},
  author = {Fryer, Roland and Jackson, Matthew O.},
  year = {2008},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {0000102202193517041357},
  issn = {1935-1704, 2194-6124},
  doi = {10.2202/1935-1704.1357},
  urldate = {2021-05-26},
  abstract = {There is a wealth of research demonstrating that agents process information with the aid of categories. In this paper we study this phenomenon in two parts. First, we build a model of how experiences are sorted into categories and how categorization affects decision making. Second, in a series of results that partly characterize an optimal categorization, we show that specific biases emerge from categorization. For instance, types of experiences and objects that are less frequent in the population tend to be more coarsely categorized and lumped together. As a result, decision makers make less accurate predictions when confronted with such objects. This can result in discrimination against minority groups even when there is no malevolent taste for discrimination.  However, such comparative statics are highly sensitive to the particular situation; optimal categorizations can change in surprising ways. For instance, increasing a group's population, holding all else constant, can lead a decision maker to make less accurate predictions about that group.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QNE5VGPE/Fryer and Jackson - 2008 - A Categorical Model of Cognition and Biased Decisi.pdf}
}

@techreport{fryerParentalIncentivesEarly2015,
  title = {Parental {{Incentives}} and {{Early Childhood Achievement}}: {{A Field Experiment}} in {{Chicago Heights}}},
  shorttitle = {Parental {{Incentives}} and {{Early Childhood Achievement}}},
  author = {Fryer, Roland and Levitt, Steven and List, John},
  year = {2015},
  month = aug,
  number = {w21477},
  pages = {w21477},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w21477},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This article describes a randomized field experiment in which parents were provided financial incentives to engage in behaviors designed to increase early childhood cognitive and executive function skills through a parent academy. Parents were rewarded for attendance at early childhood sessions, completing homework assignments with their children, and for their child's demonstration of mastery on interim assessments. This intervention had large and statistically significant positive impacts on both cognitive and non-cognitive test scores of Hispanics and Whites, but no impact on Blacks. These differential outcomes across races are not attributable to differences in observable characteristics (e.g. family size, mother's age, mother's education) or to the intensity of engagement with the program. Children with above median (pre-treatment) non cognitive scores accrue the most benefits from treatment.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/S5RHNAA7/Fryer et al. - 2015 - Parental Incentives and Early Childhood Achievemen.pdf}
}

@article{fudenbergSelfConfirmingEquilibrium1993,
  title = {Self-{{Confirming Equilibrium}}},
  author = {Fudenberg, Drew and Levine, David K.},
  year = {1993},
  month = may,
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {61},
  number = {3},
  eprint = {2951716},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {523},
  issn = {00129682},
  doi = {10.2307/2951716},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {correlated equilibrium,extensive-form games,learning in games,nash equilibrium,self-confirming equilibrium},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A44SYTJG/Fudenberg and Levine - 1993 - Self-Confirming Equilibrium.pdf}
}

@article{fujitaLifeSatisfactionSet2005,
  title = {Life {{Satisfaction Set Point}}: {{Stability}} and {{Change}}.},
  shorttitle = {Life {{Satisfaction Set Point}}},
  author = {Fujita, Frank and Diener, Ed},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {88},
  number = {1},
  pages = {158--164},
  issn = {1939-1315, 0022-3514},
  doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.158},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/B888V5X7/Fujita and Diener - 2005 - Life Satisfaction Set Point Stability and Change..pdf}
}

@article{fujiwaraCanInformedPublic2013,
  title = {Can {{Informed Public Deliberation Overcome Clientelism}}? {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Benin}}},
  shorttitle = {Can {{Informed Public Deliberation Overcome Clientelism}}?},
  author = {Fujiwara, Thomas and Wantchekon, Leonard},
  year = {2013},
  month = oct,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {241--255},
  issn = {1945-7782},
  doi = {10.1257/app.5.4.241},
  urldate = {2023-12-08},
  abstract = {This paper studies the electoral effects of town hall meetings based on programmatic, nonclientelist platforms. The experiment involves the cooperation of leading candidates in a presidential election in Benin. A campaign strategy based solely on these meetings was assigned to randomly selected villages and compared to the standard strategy of clientelist rallies. We find that treatment reduces the prevalence of clientelism and does not affect turnout. Treatment also lowers the vote shares for the candidate with a political stronghold in the village and is more effective in garnering votes in regions where a candidate does not have a political stronghold.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Institutional Arrangements,Political Processes: Rent-seeking Lobbying Elections Legislatures and Voting Behavior Formal and Informal Sectors,Shadow Economy},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NEY63Q9W/app.5.4.241.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QSFYWCYL/Fujiwara and Wantchekon - 2013 - Can Informed Public Deliberation Overcome Clientel.pdf}
}

@article{funkThereExpressiveFunction2007,
  title = {Is {{There An Expressive Function}} of {{Law}}? {{An Empirical Analysis}} of {{Voting Laws}} with {{Symbolic Fines}}},
  shorttitle = {Is {{There An Expressive Function}} of {{Law}}?},
  author = {Funk, P.},
  year = {2007},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Law and Economics Review},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {135--159},
  issn = {1465-7252, 1465-7260},
  doi = {10.1093/aler/ahm002},
  urldate = {2021-08-05},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HHJZKUYV/Funk - 2007 - Is There An Expressive Function of Law An Empiric.pdf}
}

@article{Gabaix2017,
  title = {Myopia and {{Discounting}}},
  author = {Gabaix, Xavier and Laibson, David},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  pages = {1--49},
  issn = {0898-2937},
  doi = {10.3386/w23254},
  abstract = {We assume that perfectly patient agents estimate the value of future events by generating noisy, unbiased simulations and combining those signals with priors to form posteriors. These posterior expectations exhibit as-if discounting: agents make choices as if they were maximizing a stream of known utils weighted by a discount function, D(t). This as-if discount function reflects the fact that estimated utils are a combination of signals and priors, so average expectations are optimally shaded toward the mean of the prior distribution, generating behavior that partially mimics the properties of classical time preferences. When the simulation noise has variance that is linear in the event's horizon, the as-if discount function is hyperbolic, D(t)=1/(1+at). Our agents exhibit systematic preference reversals, but have no taste for commitment because they suffer from imperfect foresight, which is not a self-control problem. In our framework, agents that are more skilled at forecasting (e.g., those with more intelligence) exhibit less discounting. Agents with more domain-relevant experience exhibit less discounting. Older agents exhibit less discounting (except those with cognitive decline). Agents who are encouraged to spend more time thinking about an intertemporal tradeoff exhibit less discounting. Agents who are unable to think carefully about an intertemporal tradeoff -- e.g., due to cognitive load -- exhibit more discounting. In our framework, patience is highly unstable, fluctuating with the accuracy of forecasting.},
  keywords = {Behavioral economics,Consumption Saving Production Investment Labor,discounting,Household Behavior and Family Economics,Household Saving,Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics,Microeconomics,myopia,Personal Finance,Production},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6VMNYVY5/Gabaix and Laibson - 2017 - Myopia and Discounting.pdf}
}

@incollection{Gabaix2019,
  title = {Behavioral Inattention},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Behavioral Economics}}},
  author = {Gabaix, Xavier},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {261--343},
  publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
  issn = {2352-2399},
  doi = {10.1016/bs.hesbe.2018.11.001},
  abstract = {Inattention is a central, unifying theme for much of behavioral economics. It permeates such disparate fields as microeconomics, macroeconomics, finance, public economics, and industrial organization. It enables us to think in a rather consistent way about behavioral biases, speculate about their origins, and trace out their implications for market outcomes. This survey first discusses the most basic models of attention, using a fairly unified framework. Then, it discusses the methods used to measure attention, which present a number of challenges on which much progress has been done. It then examines the various theories of attention, both behavioral and more Bayesian. It finally discusses some applications. For instance, inattention offers a way to write a behavioral version of basic microeconomics, as in consumer theory, producer theory, and Arrow-Debreu. A last section is devoted to open questions in the attention literature. This chapter is a pedagogical guide to the literature on attention. Derivations are self-contained.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4FDQVTMJ/Gabaix - 2019 - Behavioral inattention.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DCDP2NIY/Gabaix - 2019 - Behavioral inattention.pdf}
}

@article{Gadenne2019,
  title = {Taxation and {{Supplier Networks}}: {{Evidence}} from {{India}} *},
  author = {Gadenne, Lucie and Nandi, Tushar K and Rathelot, Roland},
  year = {2019},
  number = {July},
  pages = {1--63},
  abstract = {Do tax systems distort firm-to-firm trade? This paper considers the effect of tax policy on supplier networks in a large developing economy, the state of West Bengal in India. Using administrative panel data on firms including transaction data for 4.8 million supplier-client pairs, we first document substantial segmentation of supply chains between firms paying Value-Added Taxes (VAT) and non-VAT-paying firms. We then develop a model of firms' sourcing and tax decisions within supply chains to understand the mechanisms through which tax policy interacts with supply networks. The model predicts equilibrium (partial) segmentation because of both supply-chain distortions (taxes affect how much firms trade with each other) and strategic complemen-tarities in firms' tax choices. Finally, we test the model's predictions using variations over time within-firm and within supplier-client pairs. We find that the tax system distorts firms' sourcing decisions, and suggestive evidence of strategic complementarities in firms' tax choices within supplier networks. numerous seminar participants for helpful comments. We are particularly thankful to the Directorate of Commercial Taxes of West Bengal, India for the permission to use their data. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the IGC and the IFS.All errors are our own.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/N5JGUZXY/Gadenne et al. - Taxation and Supplier Networks Evidence from Indi.pdf}
}

@article{Gaduh2019,
  title = {Scores, {{Camera}}, {{Action}}? {{Incentivizing Teachers}} in {{Remote Areas}}},
  author = {Gaduh, Arya and Pradhan, Menno and Priebe, Jan and Susanti, Dewi},
  year = {2019},
  number = {Idx},
  keywords = {agaduh,ar 72701-1201,business building 402,community-based monitoring,department of economics,edu,email,fayetteville,performance pay,remote-area policy,sam m,teacher incentives,uark,walton,walton college of business},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FIQSINNA/Gaduh et al. - 2020 - Scores, Camera, Action Incentivizing Teachers in .pdf}
}

@article{gaeblerEvolutionAntibodyImmunity2021,
  title = {Evolution of Antibody Immunity to {{SARS-CoV-2}}},
  author = {Gaebler, Christian and Wang, Zijun and Lorenzi, Julio C. C. and Muecksch, Frauke and Finkin, Shlomo and Tokuyama, Minami and Cho, Alice and Jankovic, Mila and {Schaefer-Babajew}, Dennis and Oliveira, Thiago Y. and Cipolla, Melissa and Viant, Charlotte and Barnes, Christopher O. and Bram, Yaron and Breton, Ga{\"e}lle and H{\"a}ggl{\"o}f, Thomas and Mendoza, Pilar and Hurley, Arlene and Turroja, Martina and Gordon, Kristie and Millard, Katrina G. and Ramos, Victor and Schmidt, Fabian and Weisblum, Yiska and Jha, Divya and Tankelevich, Michael and {Martinez-Delgado}, Gustavo and Yee, Jim and Patel, Roshni and Dizon, Juan and {Unson-O'Brien}, Cecille and Shimeliovich, Irina and Robbiani, Davide F. and Zhao, Zhen and Gazumyan, Anna and Schwartz, Robert E. and Hatziioannou, Theodora and Bjorkman, Pamela J. and Mehandru, Saurabh and Bieniasz, Paul D. and Caskey, Marina and Nussenzweig, Michel C.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Nature},
  issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-021-03207-w},
  urldate = {2021-01-24},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MN946W3L/Gaebler et al. - 2021 - Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2.pdf}
}

@article{Galasso2011,
  title = {Alleviating Extreme Poverty in {{Chile}}: The Short Term Effects of {{Chile Solidario}}},
  author = {Galasso, Emanuela},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {Estudios de econom{\'i}a},
  volume = {38},
  number = {1},
  pages = {101--127},
  issn = {0718-5286},
  doi = {10.4067/s0718-52862011000100005},
  abstract = {This paper evaluates the effect of an anti-poverty program, Chile Solidario, during its first two years of operation. We find that the program tends to in-creases significantly their take-up of cash assistance programs and of social programs for housing and employment, and to improve education and health outcomes for participating households. There is no evidence that the participa-tion to employment program translates into improved employment or income outcomes in the short term. Finally, we provide suggestive evidence of the key role that the psycho-social support had in enabling this change, by increasing awareness of social services in the community as well as households' orienta-tion towards the future. Resumen En este estudio se eval{\'u}a el efecto de un programa de lucha contra la pobreza, Chile Solidario, durante sus primeros dos a{\~n}os de funcionamiento. Encontramos que el programa tiende a aumentar significativamente su asimilaci{\'o}n para los programas de asistencia en efectivo y los programas de vivienda sociales y empleo, as{\'i} como a mejorar los resultados de la educaci{\'o}n y la salud de los hogares participantes. No hay evidencia de que la participaci{\'o}n en programas de empleo se traduzca en mejoras en el empleo o los ingresos en el corto plazo.},
  keywords = {extreme poverty,matching estimators,program evaluation},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LP6GCP9J/Galasso - 2011 - Alleviating extreme poverty in Chile the short te.pdf}
}

@article{galbiatiHowLawsAffect2020,
  title = {How {{Laws Affect}} the {{Perception}} of {{Norms}}: {{Empirical Evidence}} from the {{Lockdown}}},
  shorttitle = {How {{Laws Affect}} the {{Perception}} of {{Norms}}},
  author = {Galbiati, Roberto and Henry, Emeric and Jacquemet, Nicolas and Lobeck, Max},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3684710},
  urldate = {2021-06-11},
  abstract = {Laws not only affect behavior due to changes in material payoffs, but they may also change the perception individuals have of societal norms, either by shifting them directly or by providing information on these norms. Using detailed daily survey data and exploiting the introduction of lockdown measures in the UK in the context of the COVID-19 health crisis, we provide causal evidence that the law drastically changed the perception of the norms regarding social distancing behaviors. We show this effect of laws on perceived norms is mostly driven by an informational channel.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HIG7HMZD/Galbiati et al. - 2020 - How Laws Affect the Perception of Norms Empirical.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NHJCSAYV/LearningPreferences_submitted.pdf}
}

@article{galianiPromotingHandwashingBehavior2016,
  title = {Promoting {{Handwashing Behavior}}: {{The Effects}} of {{Large-scale Community}} and {{School-level Interventions}}},
  shorttitle = {Promoting {{Handwashing Behavior}}},
  author = {Galiani, Sebastian and Gertler, Paul and Ajzenman, Nicolas and {Orsola-Vidal}, Alexandra},
  year = {2016},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Health Economics},
  volume = {25},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1545--1559},
  issn = {1099-1050},
  doi = {10.1002/hec.3273},
  abstract = {This paper analyzes a randomized experiment that uses novel strategies to promote handwashing with soap at critical points in time in Peru. It evaluates a large-scale comprehensive initiative that involved both community and school activities in addition to communication campaigns. The analysis indicates that the initiative was successful in reaching the target audience and in increasing the treated population's knowledge about appropriate handwashing behavior. These improvements translated into higher self-reported and observed handwashing with soap at critical junctures. However, no significant improvements in the health of children under the age of 5~years were observed. Copyright {\copyright} 2015 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {26461811},
  keywords = {behavior change,Child Preschool,Communication,Hand Disinfection,handwashing,Health Education,Health Knowledge Attitudes Practice,Health Promotion,Humans,hygiene,I18,Infant,Infant Newborn,Mass Media,Peru,randomized evaluation,Schools,Soaps},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4TJFAFCA/Galiani et al. - 2016 - Promoting Handwashing Behavior The Effects of Lar.pdf}
}

@article{galianiPromotingHandwashingBehavior2016a,
  title = {Promoting {{Handwashing Behavior}}: {{The Effects}} of {{Large-scale Community}} and {{School-level Interventions}}},
  shorttitle = {Promoting {{Handwashing Behavior}}},
  author = {Galiani, Sebastian and Gertler, Paul and Ajzenman, Nicolas and {Orsola-Vidal}, Alexandra},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Health Economics},
  volume = {25},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1545--1559},
  issn = {1099-1050},
  doi = {10.1002/hec.3273},
  urldate = {2023-11-01},
  abstract = {This paper analyzes a randomized experiment that uses novel strategies to promote handwashing with soap at critical points in time in Peru. It evaluates a large-scale comprehensive initiative that involved both community and school activities in addition to communication campaigns. The analysis indicates that the initiative was successful in reaching the target audience and in increasing the treated population's knowledge about appropriate handwashing behavior. These improvements translated into higher self-reported and observed handwashing with soap at critical junctures. However, no significant improvements in the health of children under the age of 5 years were observed. Copyright {\copyright} 2015 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  copyright = {Copyright {\copyright} 2015 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {behavior change,handwashing,hygiene,I18,randomized evaluation},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UCB6793U/Galiani et al. - 2016 - Promoting Handwashing Behavior The Effects of Lar.pdf}
}

@article{Gallegos2013,
  title = {La Prevenci{\'o}n de La Ansiedad y de La Depresi{\'o}n En La Infancia: Estudio de La Eficacia de Un Programa Escolar En {{M{\'e}xico}}},
  author = {Gallegos, Julia and {Linan-Thompson}, Sylvia and Stark, Kevin and Ruvalcaba, Norma},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Psicologia Educativa},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  pages = {37--44},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  issn = {21740526},
  doi = {10.5093/ed2013a6},
  abstract = {A growing number of school-aged children experience or are at risk for a myriad of psychological and behavioral problems such as anxiety and depression that interfere with their interpersonal relationships, school performance, and potential to become productive citizens -hence the importance of school prevention. This study assessed the effectiveness of the Spanish version of the FRIENDS for Life program [AMISTAD para siempre], a social and emotional program that uses cognitive-behavioral techniques to prevent anxiety and depression. Eight schools from a northern city in Mexico were randomly selected and assigned to either an intervention or standard curriculum instruction. Fifteen teachers implemented the intervention, and 16 served as control. Participants were 1,030 fourth and fifth grade students (ages 8-13). The impact of the program was evaluated immediately after the intervention and after 6 months. The program showed a positive effect by reducing symptoms and risk for depression and increasing the proactive coping skills of the overall sample. Suggestions for further research and implications for practice are offered. {\copyright} 2013 Elsevier Editora Ltda. and Brazilian Medical Association.},
  keywords = {Anxiety,Depression,Mexico,Prevention,Primary-school children},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3SYKMGEP/Gallegos et al. - 2013 - Preventing childhood anxiety and depression Testi.pdf}
}

@article{ganjuStigmaViolenceHIV2017,
  title = {Stigma, Violence and {{HIV}} Vulnerability among Transgender Persons in Sex Work in {{Maharashtra}}, {{India}}},
  author = {Ganju, Deepika and Saggurti, Niranjan},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Culture, Health \& Sexuality},
  volume = {19},
  number = {8},
  pages = {903--917},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  issn = {1369-1058},
  doi = {10.1080/13691058.2016.1271141},
  urldate = {2023-05-18},
  abstract = {Among marginalised groups in India, HIV prevalence is highest among transgender persons; however, little is known about their HIV vulnerability. This study describes transgender sex workers' experiences of stigma and violence, a key driver of the HIV epidemic, and explores their coping responses. In-depth interviews were conducted with 68 respondents in Maharashtra state, India. Findings show that respondents face pervasive stigma and violence due to multiple marginalised social identities (transgender status, sex work, gender non-conformity), which reinforce and intersect with social inequities (economic and housing insecurity, employment discrimination, poverty), fuelling HIV vulnerability at the micro, meso and macro levels. Several factors, such as felt and internalised stigma associated with psycho-social distress and low self-efficacy to challenge abuse and negotiate condom use; clients' power in sexual transactions; establishing trust in regular partnerships through condomless sex; norms condoning violence against gender non-conforming persons; lack of community support; police harassment; health provider discrimination and the sex work environment create a context for HIV vulnerability. In the face of such adversity, respondents adopt coping strategies to shift power relations and mobilise against abuse. Community mobilisation interventions, as discussed in the paper, offer a promising vulnerability reduction strategy to safeguard transgender sex workers' rights and reduce HIV vulnerability.},
  pmid = {28132601},
  keywords = {community mobilisation,HIV,India,stigma,Transgender sex workers,violence},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4ISIP68M/Ganju and Saggurti - 2017 - Stigma, violence and HIV vulnerability among trans.pdf}
}

@book{gao2017welfare,
  title = {Welfare, {{Work}}, and {{Poverty}}: {{Social Assistance}} in {{China}}},
  author = {Gao, Q},
  year = {2017},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  isbn = {978-0-19-068212-5}
}

@article{gaoWelfareWorkPoverty,
  title = {Welfare, {{Work}}, and {{Poverty}}},
  author = {Gao, Qin},
  pages = {177},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/URC5KFKZ/Gao - Welfare, Work, and Poverty.pdf}
}

@article{garbintiIncomeInequalityFrance,
  title = {Income {{Inequality}} in {{France}}, 1900-2014: {{Evidence}} from {{Distributional National Accounts}} ({{DINA}})},
  author = {Garbinti, Bertrand and {Goupille-Lebret}, Jonathan and Piketty, Thomas},
  pages = {88},
  abstract = {This paper presents "Distributional National Accounts" (DINA) for France. That is, we combine national accounts, tax and survey data in a comprehensive and consistent manner to build homogenous annual series on the distribution of national income by percentiles over the 1900-2014 period, with detailed breakdown by age, gender and income categories over the 1970-2014 period. Our DINA-based estimates allow for a much richer analysis of the long-run pattern found in previous tax-based series, i.e. a long-run decline in income inequality, largely due to a sharp drop in the concentration of wealth and capital income following the 1914-1945 capital shocks. First, our new series deliver higher inequality levels than the usual tax-based series for the recent decades, because the latter miss a rising part of capital income. Growth incidence curves look dramatically different for the 1950-1983 and 1983-2014 sub-periods. We also show that it has become increasingly difficult in recent decades to access top wealth groups with labor income only. Next, gender inequality in labor income declined in recent decades, albeit fairly slowly among top labor incomes E.g. female share among top 0.1\% earners was only 12\% in 2012 (vs. 7\% in 1994 and 5\% in 1970). Finally, we find that distributional changes can have large impact on comparisons of well-being across countries. E.g. average pre-tax income among bottom 50\% adults is 30\% larger in France than in the U.S., in spite of the fact that aggregate per adult national income is 30\% smaller in France.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RFRYTZYB/Garbinti et al. - Income Inequality in France, 1900-2014 Evidence f.pdf}
}

@article{Garces2002,
  title = {Longer-Term Effects of Head Start},
  author = {Garces, Eliana and Thomas, Duncan and Currie, Janet},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {92},
  number = {4},
  pages = {999--1012},
  issn = {00028282},
  doi = {10.1257/00028280260344560},
  abstract = {Specially collected data on adults in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to provide evidence on the longer-term effects of Head Start, an early intervention program for poor preschool-age children. Whites who attended Head Start are, relative to their siblings who did not, significantly more likely to complete high school, attend college, and possibly have higher earnings in their early twenties. African-Americans who participated in Head Start are less likely to have been booked or charged with a crime. There is some evidence of positive spillovers from older Head Start children to their younger siblings. (JEL J24, I38).},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5KIBLLP7/Garces et al. - 2002 - Longer-Term Effects of Head Start.pdf}
}

@article{garcesLongerTermEffectsHead2002,
  title = {Longer-{{Term Effects}} of {{Head Start}}},
  author = {Garces, Eliana and Thomas, Duncan and Currie, Janet},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {The American Economic Review},
  volume = {92},
  number = {4},
  pages = {32},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BJB4Y9UY/Garces et al. - 2002 - Longer-Term Effects of Head Start.pdf}
}

@article{Garci2018,
  title = {The {{Long-Term Effects}} of {{Colonial Repression}} in {{Madagascar}}},
  author = {Garci, Omar and {Garc{\'i}a-ponce}, Omar},
  year = {2018},
  number = {May},
  pages = {16--17}
}

@article{garcia-altesUnderstandingPublicProcurement2023,
  title = {Understanding Public Procurement within the Health Sector: A Priority in a Post-{{COVID-19}} World},
  shorttitle = {Understanding Public Procurement within the Health Sector},
  author = {{Garc{\'i}a-Alt{\'e}s}, Anna and McKee, Martin and Siciliani, Luigi and Barros, Pedro Pita and Lehtonen, Lasse and Rogers, Heather and Kringos, Dionne and Zaletel, Jelka and Maeseneer, Jan De},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Health Economics, Policy and Law},
  volume = {18},
  number = {2},
  pages = {172--185},
  issn = {1744-1331, 1744-134X},
  doi = {10.1017/S1744133122000184},
  urldate = {2024-07-17},
  abstract = {Every year, over 250,000 public authorities in the European Union (EU) spend about 14\% of GDP on the purchase of services, works and supplies. Many are in the health sector, a sector in which public authorities are the main buyers in many countries. When these purchases exceed threshold values, EU public procurement rules apply. Public procurement is increasingly being promoted as a tool for improving efficiency and contributing to better health outcomes, and as a policy lever for achieving other government goals, such as innovation, the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, sustainable green growth and social objectives like public health and greater inclusiveness. In this paper, we describe the challenges that arise within health care systems with public procurement and identify potential solutions to them. We examined the tendering of pharmaceuticals, health technology, and e-health. In each case we identify a series of challenges relating to the complexity of the procurement process, imbalances in power on either side of transactions and the role of procurement in promoting broader public policy objectives. Finally, we recommend several actions that could stimulate better procurement, and suggest a few areas where further EU cooperation can be pursued.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {e-Health,health technology,pharmaceuticals,public procurement},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E5VK34UW/García-Altés et al. - 2023 - Understanding public procurement within the health.pdf}
}

@article{garcia-ponceLongTermEctsColonial,
  title = {The {{Long-Term E}} Ects of {{Colonial Repression}} in {{Madagascar}}},
  author = {{Garc{\'i}a-Ponce}, Omar and Wantchekon, Leonard},
  pages = {39},
  abstract = {The repression of the 1947 Malagasy uprising is regarded as one of the bloodiest episodes in the history of Colonial Africa. In this paper we show that this violent repression has had a long-lasting impact on people's political attitudes. Using recent individual-level survey data and geographic and ethnographic information about the repression, we examine the long-term e ects of this event on current levels of self-reported freedom of expression. Our empirical strategy is based on a regression discontinuity design that exploits plausible exogenous variation in exposure to the rebellion generated by a mountain range. We nd that exposure to the legacy of repression negatively a ects people's freedom of expression.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5I4VSGD8/García-Ponce and Wantchekon - The Long-Term E ects of Colonial Repression in Mad.pdf}
}

@article{Garcia2017,
  title = {Dynamic {{Complementarity}} or {{Substitutability}}? {{Parental Investment}} and {{Childcare}} in the {{Production}} of {{Early Human Capital}}},
  author = {Garcia, Jorge Luis and Gallegos, Sebastian},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  number = {February},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2910167},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/245NH8VT/Garcca and Gallegos - 2017 - Dynamic Complementarity or Substitutability Paren.pdf}
}

@article{garg12MonthRandomizedControlled,
  title = {A 12-{{Month Randomized Controlled Trial}} to {{Assess}} the {{Impact}} of {{Telemedicine}} on {{Patient Experience}} and {{Care Continuity}}},
  author = {Garg, Ruchi and Walecha, Akshi and Goyal, Vinay and Mehra, Aditi and Badkur, Mayank and Gaur, Ravi and Choudhary, Indra Singh and Talwar, Yatin},
  journal = {Cureus},
  volume = {16},
  number = {1},
  pages = {e53201},
  issn = {2168-8184},
  doi = {10.7759/cureus.53201},
  urldate = {2024-09-23},
  abstract = {Background: Telemedicine is the use of electronic information to communicate technologies to provide and support healthcare when distance separates the participants. Satisfaction and engagement of patients are key resource indicators for any healthcare setup and healthcare provider for evolving the care continuum (a~system that provides a comprehensive range of health services so that care can evolve with the patient over time) and ensuring continuous quality improvement in the systems. As the latest remarkable strategy to connect with patients for consultations and follow-up, telemedicine has been of pivotal importance, especially during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), where medicinal services utilize digital sound, video, and information interchanges to remotely access and provide care., Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was planned during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic from April~2021 to April~2022 to assess the impact of telemedicine in essential healthcare delivery by super specialty tertiary care healthcare setup, which is also a medical college, by three consultants and a physiotherapist., Results: There was a significant improvement in satisfaction scores and an improvement in the approach of patients towards telemedicine was observed. Various other parameters, like readmission compliance with medications and a reduction in ED times, were also observed.~Finally, clinical endpoints were captured, and the correlation between readmission and medicine adherence was found to be strongly correlated (r = 0.9). A p-value~of the reduction in utilization times of ED (emergency department), readmission, and medicine adherence was found to be highly significant, Conclusions: Telemedicine is the need of the hour and is now an essential part of healthcare. Its acceptance post-COVID-19 pandemic and adaptability into existing healthcare setups would deliver fruitful results.},
  pmcid = {PMC10902609},
  pmid = {38425584},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UP28JVGV/Garg et al. - A 12-Month Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess t.pdf}
}

@article{garridoAnalisisModelosRivales2018,
  title = {{An{\'a}lisis de Modelos Rivales Unidimensionales y Bidimensionales de la Escala Breve de Autocontrol en Estudiantes Universitarios Argentinos}},
  author = {Garrido, Sebastian Jes{\'u}s and Mor{\'a}n, Valeria and Azpilicueta, Ana Estefan{\'i}a and Cortez, Franco and Arbach, Karin and Cupani, Marcos},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Psicodebate},
  volume = {18},
  number = {2},
  pages = {26--37},
  issn = {2451-6600},
  doi = {10.18682/pd.v18i2.745},
  urldate = {2025-02-21},
  abstract = {Resumen 					La Escala Breve de Autocontrol (BSCS, por sus siglas en ingl{\'e}s) es un instrumento de autoinforme ampliamente utilizado para evaluar el autocontrol. Sin embargo, existen desacuerdos respecto a su estructura interna. En este trabajo se realizaron una serie de an{\'a}lisis factoriales confirmatorios (AFC) con el fin de comparar estructuras uni y bidimensionales en una muestra de 848 estudiantes universitarios argentinos (663 mujeres y 185 varones), con un rango etario comprendido entre 18 y 30 a{\~n}os. De manera complementaria, se evalu{\'o} la consistencia interna, el ajuste de los modelos te{\'o}ricos propuestos sobre la estructura interna de la escala, y se realiz{\'o} un estudio de evidencia de validez de grupos contrastados. A partir de los resultados, se concluy{\'o} que el modelo post hoc unidimensional propuesto por Tangney, Baumeister y Boone (2004) es la opci{\'o}n que mejores propiedades psicom{\'e}tricas present{\'o} para ser utilizado con fines de investigaci{\'o}n en muestras de estudiantes universitarios argentinos.},
  copyright = {Derechos de autor},
  langid = {spanish},
  keywords = {analisis factorial confirmatorio,autocontrol,consumo de sustancias,Escala Breve de Autocontrol (BSCS),modelos rivales},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DFJPP5ID/Garrido et al. - 2018 - Análisis de Modelos Rivales Unidimensionales y Bid.pdf}
}

@article{gatoPsychosocialEffectsCOVID192021,
  title = {Psychosocial {{Effects}} of the {{COVID-19 Pandemic}} and {{Mental Health}} among {{LGBTQ}}+ {{Young Adults}}: {{A Cross-Cultural Comparison}} across {{Six Nations}}},
  shorttitle = {Psychosocial {{Effects}} of the {{COVID-19 Pandemic}} and {{Mental Health}} among {{LGBTQ}}+ {{Young Adults}}},
  author = {Gato, Jorge and Barrientos, Jaime and Tasker, Fiona and Miscioscia, Marina and {Cerqueira-Santos}, Elder and Malmquist, Anna and Seabra, Daniel and Leal, Daniela and Houghton, Marie and Poli, Mikael and Gubello, Alessio and Ramos, Mozer de Miranda and Guzm{\'a}n, M{\'o}nica and Urz{\'u}a, Alfonzo and Ulloa, Francisco and Wurm, Matilda},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of Homosexuality},
  volume = {68},
  number = {4},
  pages = {612--630},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  issn = {0091-8369},
  doi = {10.1080/00918369.2020.1868186},
  urldate = {2022-01-05},
  abstract = {Across the world, people have seen their lives interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Using an online survey, we explored how the psychosocial effects of the pandemic affected the mental health of LGBTQ+ young adults who were confined with their parents during the lockdown period (N = 1,934), from six countries: Portugal, UK, Italy, Brazil, Chile, and Sweden. South American participants experienced more negative psychosocial effects of the pandemic. Depression and anxiety were higher among participants who were younger, not working, living in Europe and who reported feeling more emotionally affected by the pandemic, uncomfortable at home, or isolated from non-LGBTQ friends. Not attending higher education predicted depression while not being totally confined at home, residing habitually with parents, and fearing more future infection predicted anxiety. LGBTQ+ community groups, as well as health and educational services should remain particularly attentive to the needs of LGBTQ+ young adults during health crises.},
  pmid = {33480823},
  keywords = {anxiety,COVID-19,cross-cultural,depression,LGBTQ+,psychosocial effects},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BTI7YP4V/Gato et al. - 2021 - Psychosocial Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic and .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2Q7EA3HB/00918369.2020.html}
}

@book{gawande2010checklist,
  title = {The Checklist Manifesto: {{How}} to Get Things Right},
  author = {Gawande, A.},
  year = {2010},
  series = {{{EBL-schweitzer}}},
  publisher = {Profile},
  isbn = {978-1-84765-187-7}
}

@book{gawandeChecklistManifestoHow2011,
  title = {The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right},
  shorttitle = {The Checklist Manifesto},
  author = {Gawande, Atul},
  year = {2011},
  edition = {paperback edition},
  publisher = {Profile Books},
  address = {London},
  isbn = {978-1-84765-187-7 978-1-84668-314-5},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{gawnWhoDelegatesEvidence2019,
  title = {Who Delegates? {{Evidence}} from Dictator Games},
  shorttitle = {Who Delegates?},
  author = {Gawn, Glynis and Innes, Robert},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Economics Letters},
  volume = {181},
  pages = {186--189},
  issn = {0165-1765},
  doi = {10.1016/j.econlet.2019.05.027},
  urldate = {2023-08-04},
  abstract = {We conduct and compare two binary dictator experiments in which the available payoff profiles are identical. In one of the games, selfish payoffs can be probabilistically implemented either via a delegate or directly; in the other game, the same payoffs can only be implemented by direct choice. We find that (1) the delegation option is almost entirely chosen by those who would otherwise be generous dictators, (2) the delegation option thereby leads to a greater overall propensity for selfish payoffs, and (3) in the delegation game, selfish dictators exhibit a net preference for direct vs. delegated decisions, consistent with recent research on decision rights.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Delegation,Dictator game,Moral preference},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ITMWG8GQ/Gawn and Innes - 2019 - Who delegates Evidence from dictator games.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AP48Q34J/S0165176519301867.html}
}

@article{gazzanigaFortyfiveYearsSplitbrain2005,
  title = {Forty-Five Years of Split-Brain Research and Still Going Strong},
  author = {Gazzaniga, Michael S.},
  year = {2005},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Nature Reviews Neuroscience},
  volume = {6},
  number = {8},
  pages = {653--659},
  issn = {1471-003X, 1471-0048},
  doi = {10.1038/nrn1723},
  urldate = {2023-12-10},
  abstract = {Forty-five years ago, Roger Sperry, Joseph Bogen and I embarked on what are now known as the modern split-brain studies. These experiments opened up new frontiers in brain research and gave rise to much of what we know about hemispheric specialization and integration. The latest developments in split-brain research build on the groundwork laid by those early studies. Split-brain methodology, on its own and in conjunction with neuroimaging, has yielded insights into the remarkable regional specificity of the corpus callosum as well as into the integrative role of the callosum in the perception of causality and in our perception of an integrated sense of self.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3BG73XBE/Gazzaniga - 2005 - Forty-five years of split-brain research and still.pdf}
}

@article{gazzanigaLANGUAGESECTIONCEREBRAL,
  title = {{{LANGUAGE AFTER SECTION OF THE CEREBRAL COMMISSURESi}}},
  author = {Gazzaniga, M S and Sperry, R W},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/U63AUETF/Gazzaniga and Sperry - LANGUAGE AFTER SECTION OF THE CEREBRAL COMMISSURES.pdf}
}

@article{geanakoplosWeCanDisagree1982,
  title = {We Can't Disagree Forever},
  author = {Geanakoplos, John D and Polemarchakis, Heraklis M},
  year = {1982},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Theory},
  volume = {28},
  number = {1},
  pages = {192--200},
  issn = {00220531},
  doi = {10.1016/0022-0531(82)90099-0},
  urldate = {2023-02-07},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/853K33D9/Geanakoplos and Polemarchakis - 1982 - We can't disagree forever.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TT3IJMUL/a16-cdf (1).pdf}
}

@article{geanakoplosWeCantDisagree1982,
  title = {We Can't Disagree Forever},
  author = {Geanakoplos, John D and Polemarchakis, Heraklis M},
  year = {1982},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Theory},
  volume = {28},
  number = {1},
  pages = {192--200},
  issn = {00220531},
  doi = {10.1016/0022-0531(82)90099-0},
  urldate = {2025-03-04},
  copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I5RIAR6Z/Geanakoplos and Polemarchakis - 1982 - We can't disagree forever.pdf}
}

@article{gechterCombiningExperimentalObservational2022,
  title = {Combining {{Experimental}} and {{Observational Studies}} in {{Meta-Analysis}}: {{A Debiasing Approach}}},
  author = {Gechter, Michael and Meager, Rachael},
  year = {2022},
  abstract = {We propose a method for aggregating evidence from observational studies, which may be subject to bias in identifying causal effects, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which may be subject to site selection bias. We show that an instrument for research design choice nonparametrically identifies average observational and site selection bias. We develop a parametric hierarchical Bayesian approach to estimation, and use entry of RCT-facilitating organisations as a differences-in-differences instrumental variable. Applications to the conditional cash transfer (CCT) and microcredit literatures show bias in observational studies of CCTs but not microcredit. Neither application shows evidence of site selection bias.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R6MWQJTT/Gechter and Meager - Combining Experimental and Observational Studies i.pdf}
}

@article{gelfandNormDynamicsInterdisciplinary2024,
  title = {Norm {{Dynamics}}: {{Interdisciplinary Perspectives}} on {{Social Norm Emergence}}, {{Persistence}}, and {{Change}}},
  shorttitle = {Norm {{Dynamics}}},
  author = {Gelfand, Michele J. and Gavrilets, Sergey and Nunn, Nathan},
  year = {2024},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
  volume = {75},
  number = {1},
  pages = {annurev-psych-033020-013319},
  issn = {0066-4308, 1545-2085},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-psych-033020-013319},
  urldate = {2023-12-13},
  abstract = {Social norms are the glue that hold society together, yet our knowledge of them remains heavily intellectually siloed. This article provides an interdisciplinary review of the emerging field of norm dynamics by integrating research across the social sciences through a cultural-evolutionary lens. After reviewing key distinctions in theory and method, we discuss research on norm psychology---the neural and cognitive underpinnings of social norm learning and acquisition. We then overview how norms emerge and spread through intergenerational transmission, social networks, and group-level ecological and historical factors. Next, we discuss multilevel factors that lead norms to persist, change, or erode over time. We also consider cultural mismatches that can arise when a changing environment leads once-beneficial norms to become maladaptive. Finally, we discuss potential future research directions and the implications of norm dynamics for theory and policy.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SFW88C62/annurev-psych-033020-013319.pdf}
}

@article{Genicot2017,
  title = {Aspirations and {{Inequality}}},
  author = {Genicot, Garance and Ray, Debraj},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {85},
  number = {2},
  pages = {489--519},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ecta13865},
  abstract = {This paper develops a theory of socially determined aspirations, and the interaction of those aspirations with growth and inequality. The interaction is bidirectional: economy-wide outcomes determine individual aspirations, which in turn determine investment incentives and social outcomes. Thus aspirations, income, and the distribution of income evolve jointly. When capital stocks lie in some compact set, steady state distributions must exhibit inequality and are typically clustered around local poles. When sustained growth is possible, initial histories matter. Either there is convergence to an equal distribution (with growth) or there is perennial relative divergence across clusters , with within-cluster convergence. A central feature that drives these results is that aspirations that are moderately above an individual's current standard of living tend to encourage investment, while still higher aspirations may lead to frustration.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JTNAJW4K/Genicot and Ray - 2017 - Aspirations and Inequality.pdf}
}

@article{genicotToleranceCompromiseSocial2022,
  title = {Tolerance and {{Compromise}} in {{Social Networks}}},
  author = {Genicot, Garance},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {130},
  number = {1},
  pages = {94--120},
  publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
  issn = {0022-3808},
  doi = {10.1086/717041},
  urldate = {2025-02-13},
  abstract = {Individuals typically differ in their identities---the behaviors they deem ideal for themselves and for the members of their network---and in their tolerance for behaviors that deviate from their ideals. This paper studies compromise---that is, departures from one's ideal point, to be accepted by others. I show that an individual's compromise in equilibrium is bounded by the difference between her tolerance level and the lowest tolerance level in society. Relatively intolerant individuals, who serve as ``bridges,'' are critical for reciprocated compromise. When individuals with extreme identities are systematically less tolerant, societies polarize. In contrast, intolerance among moderates encourages cohesion.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YERUWDKJ/Genicot - 2022 - Tolerance and Compromise in Social Networks.pdf}
}

@article{gentzkowIdeologicalSegregationOnline2011,
  title = {Ideological {{Segregation Online}} and {{Offline}} *},
  author = {Gentzkow, Matthew and Shapiro, Jesse M.},
  year = {2011},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {126},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1799--1839},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjr044},
  urldate = {2022-04-19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MESJN36L/Gentzkow and Shapiro - 2011 - Ideological Segregation Online and Offline .pdf}
}

@article{gentzkowIdeologicalSegregationOnline2011a,
  title = {Ideological {{Segregation Online}} and {{Offline}} *},
  author = {Gentzkow, Matthew and Shapiro, Jesse M.},
  year = {2011},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {126},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1799--1839},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjr044},
  urldate = {2022-04-19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/K8MUKE6E/Gentzkow and Shapiro - 2011 - Ideological Segregation Online and Offline .pdf}
}

@article{geoffardDiseaseEradicationPrivate1997,
  title = {Disease {{Eradication}}: {{Private}} versus {{Public Vaccination}}},
  author = {Geoffard, Pierre-Yves and Philipson, Tomas},
  year = {1997},
  journal = {The American Economic Review},
  volume = {87},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {2950864},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {222--230},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HTEQJH6C/Geoffard and Philipson - 1997 - Disease Eradication Private versus Public Vaccina.pdf}
}

@article{gerardSocialProtectionResponse2020,
  title = {Social Protection Response to the {{COVID-19}} Crisis: Options for Developing Countries},
  shorttitle = {Social Protection Response to the {{COVID-19}} Crisis},
  author = {Gerard, Fran{\c c}ois and Imbert, Cl{\'e}ment and Orkin, Kate},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Oxford Review of Economic Policy},
  pages = {graa026},
  issn = {0266-903X, 1460-2121},
  doi = {10.1093/oxrep/graa026},
  urldate = {2020-09-17},
  abstract = {The public health response to COVID-19 in many countries has involved strict restrictions on movement and economic activity which threaten the livelihoods of economically vulnerable households. In response, governments are adopting emergency economic measures to provide households with some safety net. We provide an overview of the policies that could form a comprehensive social protection strategy in low-income and middle-income countries, with examples of specific policies that have been adopted. Our core argument is that these countries can cast an emergency safety net with extensive coverage if they use a broader patchwork of solutions than higher-income countries. These strategies could include expanding their social insurance system, building on existing social assistance programmes, and involving local governments and non-state institutions to identify and assist vulnerable groups who are otherwise harder to reach.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MIWURCIK/Gerard et al. - 2020 - Social protection response to the COVID-19 crisis.pdf}
}

@book{gerstenfeldHateCrimesCauses2018,
  title = {Hate Crimes Causes, Controls, and Controversies},
  author = {Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B},
  year = {2018},
  urldate = {2021-11-26},
  isbn = {978-1-5063-7719-3},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 1240709872}
}

@article{gertlerEffectJamaicaEarly2021,
  title = {Effect of the {{Jamaica Early Childhood Stimulation Intervention}} on {{Labor Market Outcomes}} at {{Age}} 31},
  author = {Gertler, Paul and Heckman, James J and Pinto, Rodrigo and Chang, Susan M and {Grantham-McGregor}, Sally and Vermeersch, Christel and Walker, Susan and Wright, Amika},
  year = {2021},
  pages = {50},
  abstract = {We report the labor market effects of the Jamaica Early Childhood Stimulation intervention at age 31. The study is a small-sample randomized early childhood education stimulation intervention targeting stunted children living in the poor neighborhoods of Kingston, Jamaica. Implemented in 1987-1989, treatment consisted of a two-year home-based intervention designed to improve nutrition and the quality of mother-child interactions to foster cognitive, language and psycho-social skills. The original sample is 127 stunted children between 9 and 24 months old. Our study is able to track and interview 75\%of the original sample 30 years after the intervention, both still living in Jamaica and migrated abroad. We find large and statistically significant effects on income and schooling; the treatment group had 43\% higher hourly wages and 37\% higher earnings than the control group. This is a substantial increase over the treatment effect estimated for age 22 where we observed a 25\% increase in earnings. The Jamaican Study is a rare case of a long-term follow up for an early childhood development (ECD) intervention implemented in a less-developed country. Our results confirm large economic returns to an early childhood intervention that targeted disadvantaged families living in poverty in the poor neighborhoods of Jamaica. The Jamaican intervention is being replicated around the world. Our analysis provides justification for expanding ECD interventions targeting disadvantaged children living in poor countries around the world.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RB4BEP4J/Gertler et al. - Effect of the Jamaica Early Childhood Stimulation .pdf}
}

@book{GertlerJacquesvanderGaag1990,
  title = {The {{Willingness}} to {{Pay}} for {{Medical Care}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Two Developing Countries}}},
  author = {Gertler, Paul and {van der Gaag}, Jacques},
  year = {1990},
  isbn = {0-8018-4146-1}
}

@article{gertlerLaborMarketReturns2014,
  title = {Labor Market Returns to an Early Childhood Stimulation Intervention in {{Jamaica}}},
  author = {Gertler, P. and Heckman, James J. and Pinto, R. and Zanolini, A. and Vermeersch, C. and Walker, S. and Chang, S. M. and {Grantham-McGregor}, S.},
  year = {2014},
  month = may,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {344},
  number = {6187},
  pages = {998--1001},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1251178},
  urldate = {2020-04-09},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6U3I4G6Q/Gertler et al. - 2014 - Labor market returns to an early childhood stimula.pdf}
}

@book{gertlerWillingnessPayMedical1990,
  title = {The Willingness to Pay for Medical Care: Evidence from Two Developing Countries},
  shorttitle = {The Willingness to Pay for Medical Care},
  author = {Gertler, Paul and van der Gaag, J.},
  year = {1990},
  publisher = {Published for the World Bank [by] Johns Hopkins University Press},
  address = {Baltimore},
  isbn = {978-0-8018-4146-0},
  langid = {english},
  lccn = {RA410.55.D48 G47 1990},
  keywords = {Developing countries,Finance,Medical care,Medical economics},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DAAJEG6Y/Gertler and Gaag - 1990 - The willingness to pay for medical care evidence .pdf}
}

@article{gerxhaniTimeLagCommunication2015,
  title = {Time {{Lag}} and {{Communication}} in {{Changing Unpopular Norms}}},
  author = {G{\"e}rxhani, Klarita and Bruggeman, Jeroen},
  year = {2015},
  month = apr,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {e0124715},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0124715},
  urldate = {2022-09-16},
  abstract = {Humans often coordinate their social lives through norms. When a large majority of people are dissatisfied with an existing norm, it seems obvious that they will change it. Often, however, this does not occur. We investigate how a time lag between individual support of a norm change and the change itself hinders such change, related to the critical mass of supporters needed to effectuate the change, and the (im)possibility of communicating about it. To isolate these factors, we utilize a laboratory experiment. As predicted, we find unambiguous effects of time lag on precluding norm change; a higher threshold for a critical mass does so as well. Communication facilitates choosing superior norms but it does not necessarily lead to norm change when the uncertainty on whether there will be a norm change in the future is high. Communication seems to help coordination on actions at the present but not the future. Hence, the uncertainty driven by time lag makes individuals choose the status quo, here the unpopular norm.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Animal behavior,Circumcision,Culture,Decision making,Experimental economics,Female genital mutilation,Games,Social communication},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/N5PASXAS/Gërxhani and Bruggeman - 2015 - Time Lag and Communication in Changing Unpopular N.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DPHTWE94/article.html}
}

@misc{gethinSocialMovementsPublic2024,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {Social {{Movements}} and {{Public Opinion}} in the {{United States}}},
  author = {Gethin, Amory and Pons, Vincent},
  year = {2024},
  month = apr,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {32342},
  eprint = {32342},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w32342},
  urldate = {2024-11-10},
  abstract = {Recent social movements stand out by their spontaneous nature and lack of stable leadership, raising doubts on their ability to generate political change. This article provides systematic evidence on the effects of protests on public opinion and political attitudes. Drawing on a database covering the quasi-universe of protests held in the United States, we identify 14 social movements that took place from 2017 to 2022, covering topics related to environmental protection, gender equality, gun control, immigration, national and international politics, and racial issues. We use Twitter data, Google search volumes, and high-frequency surveys to track the evolution of online interest, policy views, and vote intentions before and after the outset of each movement. Combining national-level event studies with difference-in-differences designs exploiting variation in local protest intensity, we find that protests generate substantial internet activity but have limited effects on political attitudes. Except for the Black Lives Matter protests following the death of George Floyd, which shifted views on racial discrimination and increased votes for the Democrats, we estimate precise null effects of protests on public opinion and electoral behavior.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I3HUS8CB/GethinPons2024.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VZB5D68R/Gethin and Pons - 2024 - Social Movements and Public Opinion in the United .pdf}
}

@article{ghaiSocialMediaAdolescent2022,
  title = {Social Media and Adolescent Well-Being in the {{Global South}}},
  author = {Ghai, Sakshi and {Magis-Weinberg}, Luc{\'i}a and Stoilova, Mariya and Livingstone, Sonia and Orben, Amy},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Current Opinion in Psychology},
  volume = {46},
  pages = {101318},
  issn = {2352250X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101318},
  urldate = {2024-08-27},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PLL2CBVV/Ghai et al. - 2022 - Social media and adolescent well-being in the Glob.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R992UQPL/2022 - Social media and adolescent well-being in the Glob.pdf}
}

@article{Ghani2018,
  title = {Relationships on the {{Rocks}} : {{Dynamic Contracts}} in a {{Market}} for {{Ice}}},
  author = {Ghani, Tarek and Reed, Tristan},
  year = {2018},
  pages = {1--58},
  keywords = {abhay aneja,anthony mansaray,assistance in imple-,cathasaigh and the ice,country team at innovations,excellent research assistance,for poverty action provided,ice baby team for,informal insurance,james polit and the,lorenzo casaburi,market entry,menting the project,niall o,osman nabay,relational contracts,sierra leone,tom cairnes,trade credit,we are grateful to},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/693MQD7U/Ghani and Reed - Relationships on the Rocks Dynamic Contracts in a.pdf}
}

@article{ghosalSexWorkersStigma2019,
  ids = {GhosalSmarajitJanaAnandiManiSandipMitraSanchariRoy2017},
  title = {Sex Workers, {{Stigma}} and {{Self-Image}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Kolkata Brothels}}},
  author = {Ghosal, Sayantan and Jana, Smarajit and Mani, Anandi and Mitra, Sandip and Roy, Sanchari},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {54},
  abstract = {This paper studies the link between self-image and behavior among those who face stigma due to poverty and social exclusion. Using a randomized eld experiment with sex workers in Kolkata (India), we examine whether a psychological intervention aimed at mitigating the adverse e ects of stigma can induce behavior change. We nd significant improvements in participants' self-image, as well as their savings and preventive health choices. Additionally, changes in savings and health behaviour persist up to fteen and months later respectively. Our ndings highlight the potential of purely psychological interventions to improve the life choices and outcomes of marginalized groups.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {discrimination,future-orientation,India * Corresponding author: Mani:,savings,self-image,sex workers,stigma},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F85ST38V/Ghosal et al. - Stigma, Discrimination and Self-Image Evidence fr.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M92SQMW9/10.1162@resta01013.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/N8JQ3ASB/Ghosal et al. - Sex workers, Stigma and Self-Image Evidence from .pdf}
}

@article{ghoshReligiousDivisionsProduction2022,
  title = {Religious {{Divisions}} and {{Production Technology}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Religious {{Divisions}} and {{Production Technology}}},
  author = {Ghosh, Arkadev},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4188354},
  urldate = {2023-09-11},
  abstract = {This paper implements a field experiment in India to understand whether the effects of religious diversity on productivity and attitudes depend on a firm's production technology. I randomly assigned Hindu and Muslim workers at a manufacturing plant in West Bengal to religiously mixed or homogeneous teams. Production tasks are categorized as high- or low-dependency based on the degree of continuous coordination required for production. I find that mixed teams are less productive than homogeneous teams in high-dependency tasks, but this effect attenuates completely in four months. In low-dependency tasks, diversity does not affect productivity. Despite lowering short-run productivity, mixing improves out-group attitudes for Hindu workers in high-dependency tasks, but there are little or no effects in low-dependency tasks. The improvements in production and attitudes in high-dependency tasks are consistent with the minority (Muslim) workers initiating and paying the cost of integration. Overall, this pattern of results suggests that technology that incentivizes individuals to learn to work together is important in overcoming existing intergroup differences -- and leads to improved relations and team performance.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NQAAJZTB/Ghosh_JMP.pdf}
}

@article{Gignoux2016,
  title = {Benefit in the Wake of Disaster: {{Long-run}} Effects of Earthquakes on Welfare in Rural {{Indonesia}}},
  author = {Gignoux, J{\'e}r{\'e}mie and Men{\'e}ndez, Marta},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {118},
  pages = {26--44},
  publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.08.004},
  abstract = {We examine the long-term effects on individual economic outcomes of a set of earthquakes - numerous, large, but mostly not extreme - that occurred in rural Indonesia since 1985. Using longitudinal individual-level data from large-scale household surveys, together with precise measures of local ground tremors obtained from a US Geological Survey database, we identify the effects of earthquakes, exploiting the quasi-random spatial and temporal nature of their distribution. Affected individuals experience short-term economic losses but recover in the medium run (after 2-5 years), and even exhibit income and welfare gains in the long term (6-12 years). The stocks of productive assets, notably in farms, get reconstituted and public infrastructures are improved, seemingly partly through external aid, allowing productivity to recover. These findings tend to discount the presence of poverty traps and exhibit the potential long-term benefits from well-designed post-disaster interventions in contexts where disasters primarily affect physical assets.},
  keywords = {Aid and reconstruction,Creative destruction,Earthquakes,Natural disasters,Poverty traps,Productivity,Rural Indonesia,Welfare},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZF4H5WN3/Gignoux and Menéndez - 2016 - Benefit in the wake of disaster Long-run effects .pdf}
}

@article{Gillen2019,
  title = {Experimenting with Measurement Error: {{Techniques}} with Applications to the Caltech Cohort Study},
  author = {Gillen, Ben and Snowberg, Erik and Yariv, Leeat},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {127},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1826--1863},
  issn = {1537534X},
  doi = {10.1086/701681},
  abstract = {Measurement error is ubiquitous in experimental work. It leads to imperfect statistical controls, attenuated estimated effects of elicited be-haviors, and biased correlations between characteristics. We develop statistical techniques for handling experimental measurement error. These techniques are applied to data from the Caltech Cohort Study, which conducts repeated incentivized surveys of the Caltech student body. We replicate three classic experiments, demonstrating that results change substantially when measurement error is accounted for. Collectively, these results show that failing to properly account for measurement error may cause a field-wide bias leading scholars to identify ``new'' phenomena.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X7L2YX9X/Gillen et al. - 2019 - Experimenting with Measurement Error Techniques w.pdf}
}

@article{gilmoreImagingStructuralFunctional2018,
  title = {Imaging Structural and Functional Brain Development in Early Childhood},
  author = {Gilmore, John H. and Knickmeyer, Rebecca C. and Gao, Wei},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Nature Reviews Neuroscience},
  volume = {19},
  number = {3},
  pages = {123--137},
  issn = {1471-003X, 1471-0048},
  doi = {10.1038/nrn.2018.1},
  urldate = {2020-11-17},
  abstract = {In humans, the period from term birth to {\textasciitilde}2 years of age is characterized by rapid and dynamic brain development and plays an important role in cognitive development and risk of disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. Recent imaging studies have begun to delineate the growth trajectories of brain structure and function in the first years after birth and their relationship to cognition and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. This Review discusses the development of grey and white matter and structural and functional networks, as well as genetic and environmental influences on early-childhood brain development. We also discuss initial evidence regarding the usefulness of early imaging biomarkers for predicting cognitive outcomes and risk of neuropsychiatric disorders.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y276A8V7/Gilmore et al. - 2018 - Imaging structural and functional brain developmen.pdf}
}

@article{giordanoModellingCOVID19Epidemic2020,
  title = {Modelling the {{COVID-19}} Epidemic and Implementation of Population-Wide Interventions in {{Italy}}},
  author = {Giordano, Giulia and Blanchini, Franco and Bruno, Raffaele and Colaneri, Patrizio and Di Filippo, Alessandro and Di Matteo, Angela and Colaneri, Marta},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Nature Medicine},
  volume = {26},
  number = {6},
  pages = {855--860},
  issn = {1078-8956, 1546-170X},
  doi = {10.1038/s41591-020-0883-7},
  urldate = {2020-07-15},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GMTHNX8Y/Giordano et al. - 2020 - Modelling the COVID-19 epidemic and implementation.pdf}
}

@article{giovannielloEchoChambersVotertoVoter2021,
  title = {Echo {{Chambers}}: {{Voter-to-Voter Communication}} and {{Political Competition}}},
  shorttitle = {Echo {{Chambers}}},
  author = {Giovanniello, Monica Anna},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {arXiv:2104.04703 [econ]},
  eprint = {2104.04703},
  primaryclass = {econ},
  urldate = {2021-05-25},
  abstract = {I study how strategic communication among voters shapes both political outcomes and parties' advertising strategies in a model of informative campaign advertising. Two main results are derived. First, echo chambers arise endogenously. Surprisingly, small ideological distance between voters is not sufficient to guarantee that a chamber is created, biases' direction plays a crucial role. Second, when voters' network entails a significant waste of information, parties target their advertising only to the voters leaning toward their opponent's rather than to their own supporters.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economics - Theoretical Economics},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FNVELWWW/Giovanniello - 2021 - Echo Chambers Voter-to-Voter Communication and Po.pdf}
}

@article{glewweImpactEarlyChildhood2001,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Early Childhood Nutritional Status}} on {{Cognitive Development}}: {{Does}} the {{Timing}} of {{Malnutrition Matter}}?},
  shorttitle = {The {{Impact}} of {{Early Childhood Nutritional Status}} on {{Cognitive Development}}},
  author = {Glewwe, P. and King, Elizabeth M.},
  year = {2001},
  month = jun,
  journal = {The World Bank Economic Review},
  volume = {15},
  number = {1},
  pages = {81--113},
  issn = {1564698X},
  doi = {10.1093/wber/15.1.81},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7W2NM8PT/Glewwe - 2001 - The Impact of Early Childhood Nutritional Status o.pdf}
}

@article{glewweStudentAchievementSchooling22,
  title = {Student {{Achievement}} and {{Schooling Choice}} in {{Low-Income Countries}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Ghana}}},
  shorttitle = {Student {{Achievement}} and {{Schooling Choice}} in {{Low-Income Countries}}},
  author = {Glewwe, Paul and Jacoby, Hanan},
  year = 1994,
  journal = {The Journal of Human Resources},
  volume = {29},
  number = {3},
  eprint = {146255},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {843},
  issn = {0022166X},
  doi = {10.2307/146255},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {In this paper we present new evidence on the impact of school characteristics on student achievement using an unusually rich data set from Ghana. We deal with two potentially important selectivity issues in the developing country context: the sorting of higher ability children into better schools, and the high incidence of both delayed school enrollment and early leaving. Our empirical results do not reveal any strong selectivity bias. We also highlight the indirect effects of improving school quality on student achievement through increased grade attainment. A cost-benefit analysis, taking into account these indirect effects, shows that repairing classrooms (a policy option ignored in most education production function studies) is a cost-effective investment in Ghana, relative to providing more instructional materials and improving teacher quality.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CD5EHTZX/Glewwe and Jacoby - 1994 - Student Achievement and Schooling Choice in Low-In.pdf}
}

@misc{global_integrity_2011,
  title = {The {{Global Integrity Report}} 2011},
  author = {{Global Integrity Report}},
  year = {2011}
}

@misc{globalDevelopmentFinanceDone,
  title = {Development {{Finance Done Right}}---{{Asterisk}}},
  author = {Global, Andrew Herscowitz is the Executive Director of ODI and {Washington} and Corporation, DC He previously served as the Chief Development Officer at the U. S. International Development Finance and initiative under the Obama, also as the Coordinator of the U. S. Government's Power Africa and Administrations, Trump},
  urldate = {2025-01-05},
  abstract = {A veteran diplomat explains how to navigate the U.S. development ecosystem, master the interagency process, and bring electricity to 200 million people.},
  howpublished = {https://asteriskmag.com/issues/07/development-finance-done-right},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GLQKG78N/development-finance-done-right.html}
}

@article{GlobalRegionalNational2022,
  title = {Global, Regional, and National Burden of 12 Mental Disorders in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990--2019: A Systematic Analysis for the {{Global Burden}} of {{Disease Study}} 2019},
  shorttitle = {Global, Regional, and National Burden of 12 Mental Disorders in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990--2019},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The Lancet Psychiatry},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {137--150},
  issn = {22150366},
  doi = {10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00395-3},
  urldate = {2024-10-24},
  abstract = {Background The mental disorders included in the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 were depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, eating disorders, idiopathic developmental intellectual disability, and a residual category of other mental disorders. We aimed to measure the global, regional, and national prevalence, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYS), years lived with disability (YLDs), and years of life lost (YLLs) for mental disorders from 1990 to 2019.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z3REQQUP/2022 - Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental.pdf}
}

@article{gloverDiscriminationSelfFulfillingProphecy2017,
  title = {Discrimination as a {{Self-Fulfilling Prophecy}}: {{Evidence}} from {{French Grocery Stores}}*},
  shorttitle = {Discrimination as a {{Self-Fulfilling Prophecy}}},
  author = {Glover, Dylan and Pallais, Amanda and Pariente, William},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {132},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1219--1260},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjx006},
  urldate = {2023-07-06},
  abstract = {Examining the performance of cashiers in a French grocery store chain, we find that manager bias negatively affects minority job performance. In the stores studied, cashiers work with different managers on different days and their schedules are determined quasi-randomly. When minority cashiers, but not majority cashiers, are scheduled to work with managers who are biased (as determined by an implicit association test), they are absent more often, spend less time at work, scan items more slowly, and take more time between customers. This appears to be because biased managers interact less with minorities, leading minorities to exert less effort. Manager bias has consequences for the average performance of minority workers: while on average minority and majority workers perform equivalently, on days where managers are unbiased, minorities perform significantly better than do majority workers. The findings are consistent with statistical discrimination in hiring whereby because minorities underperform when assigned to biased managers, the firm sets a higher hiring standard for minorities to get similar average performance from minority and nonminority workers.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UNU7ANY3/Glover et al. - 2017 - Discrimination as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Evid.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UC5UBUKV/3057434.html}
}

@article{glynnWhatCanWe2013,
  title = {What {{Can We Learn}} with {{Statistical Truth Serum}}?: {{Design}} and {{Analysis}} of the {{List Experiment}}},
  shorttitle = {What {{Can We Learn}} with {{Statistical Truth Serum}}?},
  author = {Glynn, Adam N.},
  year = {2013},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Public Opinion Quarterly},
  volume = {77},
  number = {S1},
  pages = {159--172},
  issn = {0033-362X},
  doi = {10.1093/poq/nfs070},
  urldate = {2023-06-09},
  abstract = {Due to the inherent sensitivity of many survey questions, a number of researchers have adopted an indirect questioning technique known as the list experiment (or the item-count technique) in order to reduce dishonest or evasive responses. However, standard practice with the list experiment requires a large sample size, utilizes only a difference-in-means estimator, and does not provide a measure of the sensitive item for each respondent. This paper addresses all of these issues. First, the paper presents design principles for the standard list experiment (and the double list experiment) for the reduction of bias and variance as well as providing sample-size formulas for the planning of studies. Second, this paper proves that a respondent-level probabilistic measure for the sensitive item can be derived. This provides a basis for diagnostics, improved estimation, and regression analysis. The techniques in this paper are illustrated with a list experiment from the 2008--2009 American National Election Studies (ANES) Panel Study and an adaptation of this experiment.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KUL5MLWY/Glynn - 2013 - What Can We Learn with Statistical Truth Serum D.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YWK78Y7Y/1878470.html}
}

@incollection{gneezyLabField2017,
  title = {Lab in the {{Field}}},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Economic Field Experiments}}},
  author = {Gneezy, U. and Imas, A.},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {439--464},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/bs.hefe.2016.08.003},
  urldate = {2021-01-19},
  abstract = {In this chapter, we discuss the ``lab-in-the-field'' methodology, which combines elements of both lab and field experiments in using standardized, validated paradigms from the lab in targeting relevant populations in naturalistic settings. We begin by examining how the methodology has been used to test economic models with populations of theoretical interest. Next, we outline how lab-in-the-field studies can be used to complement traditional randomized control trials in collecting covariates to test theoretical predictions and explore behavioral mechanisms. We proceed to discuss how the methodology can be utilized to compare behavior across cultures and contexts, and test for the external validity of results obtained in the lab. The chapter concludes with an overview of lessons on how to use the methodology effectively.},
  isbn = {978-0-444-63324-8},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EHQFB6I3/Gneezy and Imas - 2017 - Lab in the Field.pdf}
}

@article{gneezyPuttingBehavioralEconomics2006,
  title = {Putting {{Behavioral Economics}} to {{Work}}: {{Testing}} for {{Gift Exchange}} in {{Labor Markets Using Field Experiments}}},
  shorttitle = {Putting {{Behavioral Economics}} to {{Work}}},
  author = {Gneezy, Uri and List, John A},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {74},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1365--1384},
  issn = {1468-0262},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00707.x},
  urldate = {2025-01-24},
  abstract = {Recent discoveries in behavioral economics have led scholars to question the underpinnings of neoclassical economics. We use insights gained from one of the most influential lines of behavioral research---gift exchange---in an attempt to maximize worker effort in two quite distinct tasks: data entry for a university library and door-to-door fundraising for a research center. In support of the received literature, our field evidence suggests that worker effort in the first few hours on the job is considerably higher in the ``gift'' treatment than in the ``nongift'' treatment. After the initial few hours, however, no difference in outcomes is observed, and overall the gift treatment yielded inferior aggregate outcomes for the employer: with the same budget we would have logged more data for our library and raised more money for our research center by using the market-clearing wage rather than by trying to induce greater effort with a gift of higher wages.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {field experiment,Gift exchange},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PVCHNCYY/Gneezy and List - 2006 - Putting Behavioral Economics to Work Testing for .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I9C7JQVU/j.1468-0262.2006.00707.html}
}

@article{gohLargeLanguageModel2024,
  title = {Large {{Language Model Influence}} on {{Diagnostic Reasoning}}: {{A Randomized Clinical Trial}}},
  shorttitle = {Large {{Language Model Influence}} on {{Diagnostic Reasoning}}},
  author = {Goh, Ethan and Gallo, Robert and Hom, Jason and Strong, Eric and Weng, Yingjie and Kerman, Hannah and Cool, Jos{\'e}phine A. and Kanjee, Zahir and Parsons, Andrew S. and Ahuja, Neera and Horvitz, Eric and Yang, Daniel and Milstein, Arnold and Olson, Andrew P. J. and Rodman, Adam and Chen, Jonathan H.},
  year = {2024},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JAMA Network Open},
  volume = {7},
  number = {10},
  pages = {e2440969},
  issn = {2574-3805},
  doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.40969},
  urldate = {2024-11-27},
  abstract = {Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in their performance on both multiple-choice and open-ended medical reasoning examinations, but it remains unknown whether the use of such tools improves physician diagnostic reasoning.To assess the effect of an LLM on physicians' diagnostic reasoning compared with conventional resources.A single-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted from November 29 to December 29, 2023. Using remote video conferencing and in-person participation across multiple academic medical institutions, physicians with training in family medicine, internal medicine, or emergency medicine were recruited.Participants were randomized to either access the LLM in addition to conventional diagnostic resources or conventional resources only, stratified by career stage. Participants were allocated 60 minutes to review up to 6 clinical vignettes.The primary outcome was performance on a standardized rubric of diagnostic performance based on differential diagnosis accuracy, appropriateness of supporting and opposing factors, and next diagnostic evaluation steps, validated and graded via blinded expert consensus. Secondary outcomes included time spent per case (in seconds) and final diagnosis accuracy. All analyses followed the intention-to-treat principle. A secondary exploratory analysis evaluated the standalone performance of the LLM by comparing the primary outcomes between the LLM alone group and the conventional resource group.Fifty physicians (26 attendings, 24 residents; median years in practice, 3 [IQR, 2-8]) participated virtually as well as at 1 in-person site. The median diagnostic reasoning score per case was 76\% (IQR, 66\%-87\%) for the LLM group and 74\% (IQR, 63\%-84\%) for the conventional resources-only group, with an adjusted difference of 2 percentage points (95\% CI, -4 to 8 percentage points; P\,=\,.60). The median time spent per case for the LLM group was 519 (IQR, 371-668) seconds, compared with 565 (IQR, 456-788) seconds for the conventional resources group, with a time difference of -82 (95\% CI, -195 to 31; P\,=\,.20) seconds.  The LLM alone scored 16 percentage points (95\% CI, 2-30 percentage points; P\,=\,.03) higher than the conventional resources group.In this trial, the availability of an LLM to physicians as a diagnostic aid did not significantly improve clinical reasoning compared with conventional resources. The LLM alone demonstrated higher performance than both physician groups, indicating the need for technology and workforce development to realize the potential of physician-artificial intelligence collaboration in clinical practice.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06157944},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2RUS4WZ8/Goh et al. - 2024 - Large Language Model Influence on Diagnostic Reaso.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9BEBJMYK/zoi241182supp1_prod_1729527081.363.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XYMFNI7V/zoi241182supp2_prod_1729527081.368.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/D7TKBQFJ/2825395.html}
}

@article{gohLargeLanguageModel2024a,
  title = {Large {{Language Model Influence}} on {{Diagnostic Reasoning}}: {{A Randomized Clinical Trial}}},
  shorttitle = {Large {{Language Model Influence}} on {{Diagnostic Reasoning}}},
  author = {Goh, Ethan and Gallo, Robert and Hom, Jason and Strong, Eric and Weng, Yingjie and Kerman, Hannah and Cool, Jos{\'e}phine A. and Kanjee, Zahir and Parsons, Andrew S. and Ahuja, Neera and Horvitz, Eric and Yang, Daniel and Milstein, Arnold and Olson, Andrew P. J. and Rodman, Adam and Chen, Jonathan H.},
  year = {2024},
  month = oct,
  journal = {JAMA Network Open},
  volume = {7},
  number = {10},
  pages = {e2440969},
  issn = {2574-3805},
  doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.40969},
  urldate = {2025-02-06},
  abstract = {OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of an LLM on physicians' diagnostic reasoning compared with conventional resources. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A single-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted from November 29 to December 29, 2023. Using remote video conferencing and in-person participation across multiple academic medical institutions, physicians with training in family medicine, internal medicine, or emergency medicine were recruited. INTERVENTION Participants were randomized to either access the LLM in addition to conventional diagnostic resources or conventional resources only, stratified by career stage. Participants were allocated 60 minutes to review up to 6 clinical vignettes. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was performance on a standardized rubric of diagnostic performance based on differential diagnosis accuracy, appropriateness of supporting and opposing factors, and next diagnostic evaluation steps, validated and graded via blinded expert consensus. Secondary outcomes included time spent per case (in seconds) and final diagnosis accuracy. All analyses followed the intention-to-treat principle. A secondary exploratory analysis evaluated the standalone performance of the LLM by comparing the primary outcomes between the LLM alone group and the conventional resource group. RESULTS Fifty physicians (26 attendings, 24 residents; median years in practice, 3 [IQR, 2-8]) participated virtually as well as at 1 in-person site. The median diagnostic reasoning score per case was 76\% (IQR, 66\%-87\%) for the LLM group and 74\% (IQR, 63\%-84\%) for the conventional resources-only group, with an adjusted difference of 2 percentage points (95\% CI, -4 to 8 percentage points; P = .60). The median time spent per case for the LLM group was 519 (IQR, 371-668) seconds, compared with 565 (IQR, 456-788) seconds for the conventional resources group, with a time difference of -82 (95\% CI, -195 to 31; P = .20) seconds. The LLM alone scored 16 percentage points (95\% CI, 2-30 percentage points; P = .03) higher than the conventional resources group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, the availability of an LLM to physicians as a diagnostic aid did not significantly improve clinical reasoning compared with conventional resources. The LLM alone demonstrated higher performance than both physician groups, indicating the need for},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GYVM8IW8/zoi241182supp1_prod_1729527081.363.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/S8DT8886/Goh et al. - 2024 - Large Language Model Influence on Diagnostic Reaso.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WXNQ7UTF/zoi241182supp2_prod_1729527081.368 (1).pdf}
}

@misc{GoingExtremesHardback,
  title = {Going to {{Extremes}} - {{Hardback}} - {{Cass R}}. {{Sunstein}} - {{Oxford University Press}}},
  urldate = {2023-09-11},
  howpublished = {https://global.oup.com/academic/product/going-to-extremes-9780195378016?cc=fr\&lang=en\&},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HCH34YW7/going-to-extremes-9780195378016.html}
}

@article{goldbergIMPORTEDINTERMEDIATEINPUTS,
  title = {{{IMPORTED INTERMEDIATE INPUTS AND DOMESTIC PRODUCT GROWTH}}: {{EVIDENCE FROM INDIA}}},
  author = {Goldberg, Pinelopi Koujianou and Khandelwal, Amit Kumar and Pavcnik, Nina and Topalova, Petia},
  journal = {QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS},
  pages = {41},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HBSLNXWB/Goldberg et al. - IMPORTED INTERMEDIATE INPUTS AND DOMESTIC PRODUCT .pdf}
}

@article{goldsmith-pinkhamBartikInstrumentsWhat2020,
  title = {Bartik {{Instruments}}: {{What}}, {{When}}, {{Why}}, and {{How}}},
  shorttitle = {Bartik {{Instruments}}},
  author = {{Goldsmith-Pinkham}, Paul and Sorkin, Isaac and Swift, Henry},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {110},
  number = {8},
  pages = {2586--2624},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20181047},
  urldate = {2024-03-26},
  abstract = {The Bartik instrument is formed by interacting local industry shares and national industry growth rates. We show that the typical use of a Bartik instrument assumes a pooled exposure research design, where the shares measure differential exposure to common shocks, and identification is based on exogeneity of the shares. Next, we show how the Bartik instrument weights each of the exposure designs. Finally, we discuss how to assess the plausibility of the research design. We illustrate our results through two applications: estimating the elasticity of labor supply, and estimating the elasticity of substitution between immigrants and natives. (JEL C51, F14, J15, J22, L60, R23, R32)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L6GWA3RF/Goldsmith-Pinkham et al. - 2020 - Bartik Instruments What, When, Why, and How.pdf}
}

@techreport{Golemandaniel;boyatzisRichard;Mckee2019,
  title = {Using {{Preference Estimates}} to {{Customize Incentives}}: {{An Application}} to {{Polio Vaccination Drives}} in {{Pakistan}}},
  author = {Andreoni, James and Callen, Michael and Khan, Yasir and Jaffar, Karrar and Sprenger, Charles},
  year = {2016},
  month = feb,
  journal = {NBER Working paper},
  volume = {53},
  number = {9},
  eprint = {1011.1669v3},
  pages = {1689--1699},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  issn = {1098-6596},
  doi = {10.3386/w22019},
  abstract = {Predicting the binding mode of flexible polypeptides to proteins is an important task that falls outside the domain of applicability of most small molecule and protein-protein docking tools. Here, we test the small molecule flexible ligand docking program Glide on a set of 19 non-{$\alpha$}-helical peptides and systematically improve pose prediction accuracy by enhancing Glide sampling for flexible polypeptides. In addition, scoring of the poses was improved by post-processing with physics-based implicit solvent MM- GBSA calculations. Using the best RMSD among the top 10 scoring poses as a metric, the success rate (RMSD {$\leq$} 2.0 {\AA} for the interface backbone atoms) increased from 21\% with default Glide SP settings to 58\% with the enhanced peptide sampling and scoring protocol in the case of redocking to the native protein structure. This approaches the accuracy of the recently developed Rosetta FlexPepDock method (63\% success for these 19 peptides) while being over 100 times faster. Cross-docking was performed for a subset of cases where an unbound receptor structure was available, and in that case, 40\% of peptides were docked successfully. We analyze the results and find that the optimized polypeptide protocol is most accurate for extended peptides of limited size and number of formal charges, defining a domain of applicability for this approach.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  isbn = {9788578110796},
  pmid = {25246403},
  keywords = {icle},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/U5FNP3QQ/Andreoni et al. - 2016 - Using Preference Estimates to Customize Incentives.pdf}
}

@article{Gollin2014a,
  title = {The {{Agricultural Productivity Gap}}},
  author = {Gollin, Douglas and Lagakos, David and Waugh, Michael E.},
  year = {2014},
  month = may,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {129},
  number = {2},
  pages = {939--993},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjt056},
  keywords = {agriculture,cross-country income differences,economics,hours worked,human capital,informality,NIPA,productivity,sector productivity differences,SNA,two-sector models,value added per worker}
}

@article{gollinAgriculturalProductivityGap2012,
  title = {The {{Agricultural Productivity Gap}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
  author = {Gollin, Douglas and Lagakos, David and Waugh, Michael E.},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.1989664},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {According to national accounts data, value added per worker is much higher in the nonagricultural sector than in agriculture in the typical country, and particularly so in developing countries. Taken at face value this ``agricultural productivity gap'' suggests that labor is greatly misallocated across sectors. In this paper we draw on new micro evidence to ask to what extent the gap is still present when better measures of sector labor inputs and value added are taken into consideration. We find that even after considering sector differences in hours worked and human capital per worker, and alternative measures of sector output constructed from household survey data, a puzzlingly large gap remains.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KXNPMQWF/Gollin et al. - 2012 - The Agricultural Productivity Gap in Developing Co.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VEY5JW3R/Gollin et al. - 2012 - The Agricultural Productivity Gap in Developing Co.pdf}
}

@article{gollinHeterogeneityMeasurementError2018,
  title = {Heterogeneity, {{Measurement Error}}, and {{Misallocation}}: {{Evidence}} from {{African Agriculture}}},
  shorttitle = {Heterogeneity, {{Measurement Error}}, and {{Misallocation}}},
  author = {Gollin, Douglas and Udry, Christopher},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3309782},
  urldate = {2020-03-15},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5TNP959D/Gollin and Udry - Heterogeneity, Measurement Error, and Misallocatio.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ICZL8JA2/Gollin and Udry - 2018 - Heterogeneity, Measurement Error, and Misallocatio.pdf}
}

@article{gollinLewisModel60Year2014,
  title = {The {{Lewis Model}}: {{A}} 60-{{Year Retrospective}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Lewis Model}}},
  author = {Gollin, Douglas},
  year = {2014},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume = {28},
  number = {3},
  pages = {71--88},
  issn = {0895-3309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.28.3.71},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ADULDAR5/Gollin - 2014 - The Lewis Model A 60-Year Retrospective.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YY6P34AM/Gollin - 2014 - The Lewis Model A 60-Year Retrospective.pdf}
}

@misc{golmanAcceptableDiscourseSocial2022,
  type = {{{SSRN Scholarly Paper}}},
  title = {Acceptable {{Discourse}}: {{Social Norms}} of {{Beliefs}} and {{Opinions}}},
  shorttitle = {Acceptable {{Discourse}}},
  author = {Golman, Russell},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  number = {4160955},
  address = {Rochester, NY},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4160955},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {This paper develops a theory of social norms of beliefs and opinions, which provides an account of political correctness and the backlash against it. Social norms about opinion expression emerge as equilibria of a signaling game in which expressing an unpopular opinion leads to bad judgments about one's values, but may also be attributed to one's factual beliefs. Multiple equilibria may co-exist, corresponding to norms with more or less conformity and social pressure. Additionally, motivated reasoning and persuasion allow norms to influence privately held opinions and underlying factual beliefs. This gives us a new account of normative social influence on beliefs. People convince each other, and themselves, of the beliefs that make their opinions more socially acceptable. The theory helps us understand how public discourse shapes beliefs, for example, when communities with stronger norms of political correctness keep a lid on racist opinions, yet believe that racism is more prevalent.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Beliefs,Opinions,Political Correctness,Signaling,Social Norms},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8PUGNVBN/Golman - 2022 - Acceptable Discourse Social Norms of Beliefs and .pdf}
}

@article{gomez-restrepoColombia2015National2016,
  title = {{[Colombia 2015 National Mental Health Survey. Study Protocol]}},
  author = {{G{\'o}mez-Restrepo}, Carlos and {de Santacruz}, Cecilia and Rodriguez, Mar{\'i}a Nelcy and Rodriguez, Viviana and Tamayo Mart{\'i}nez, Nathalie and Matallana, Diana and Gonzalez, Lina M.},
  year = {2016},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Revista Colombiana De Psiquiatria},
  volume = {45 Suppl 1},
  pages = {2--8},
  issn = {0034-7450},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rcp.2016.04.007},
  abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The 2015 National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) is the fourth mental survey conducted in Colombia, and is part of the National System of Surveys and Population Studies for health. METHODS: A narrative description is used to explain the background, references, the preparation, and characteristics of the 2015 NMHS. The 2015 NMHS and its protocol emerge from the requirements that support the national and international policies related to mental health. Together with the Ministry of Health and Social Protection, the objectives, the collection tools, the sample, and the operational plan are defined. The main objective was to obtain updated information about the mental health, mental problems and disorders, accessibility to health services, and an evaluation of health conditions. Participants were inhabitants from both urban and rural areas, over 7 years old, and in whom the comprehension of social determinants and equity were privileged. An observational cross-sectional design with national, regional and age group representativity, was used. The age groups selected were 7-11, 12-17, and over 18 years old. The regions considered were Central, Orient, Atlantic, Pacific, and Bogota. The calculated sample had a minimum of 12,080 and a maximum of 14,496 participants. CONCLUSIONS: A brief summary of the protocol of the 2015 NMHS is presented. The full document with all the collection tools can be consulted on the Health Ministry webpage.},
  langid = {spanish},
  pmid = {27993252},
  keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Child,Colombia,Cross-Sectional Studies,Encuesta nacional,Health Policy,Health Services Accessibility,Health surveys,Health Surveys,Humans,Mental disorders,Mental Disorders,Mental health,Mental Health,Mental health services,Mental Health Services,Middle Aged,Salud mental,Servicios de salud mental,Trastornos mentales,Young Adult},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y9INC4YL/Gómez-Restrepo et al. - 2016 - [Colombia 2015 National Mental Health Survey. Study Protocol].pdf}
}

@article{gomez-restrepoMentalHealthProblems2023,
  title = {Mental Health Problems and Resilience in Adolescents during the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic in a Post-Armed Conflict Area in {{Colombia}}},
  author = {{G{\'o}mez-Restrepo}, Carlos and {Sarmiento-Su{\'a}rez}, Mar{\'i}a Jos{\'e} and {Alba-Saavedra}, Magda and {Calvo-Valderrama}, Mar{\'i}a Gabriela and {Rinc{\'o}n-Rodr{\'i}guez}, Carlos Javier and {Gonz{\'a}lez-Ballesteros}, Lina Mar{\'i}a and Bird, Victoria and Priebe, Stefan and {van Loggerenberg}, Francois},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {9743},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-023-35789-y},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  abstract = {The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health of adolescents are emerging and require particular attention in settings where challenges like armed conflict, poverty and internal displacement have previously affected their mental wellbeing. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anxiety symptoms, depressive symptomatology, probable post-traumatic stress disorder and resilience in school-attending adolescents in a post-conflict area of Tolima, Colombia during the COVID-19. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 657 adolescents from 12 to 18~years old, recruited by convenience sampling in 8 public schools in the south of Tolima, Colombia, who completed a self-administered questionnaire. Mental health information was obtained through screening scales for anxiety symptoms (GAD-7), depressive symptomatology (PHQ-8), probable post-traumatic stress disorder (PCL-5) and resilience (CD-RISC-25). The prevalence observed for moderate to severe anxiety symptoms was 18.9\% (95\% CI\,16.0--22.1) and for moderate to severe depressive symptomatology was 30.0\% (95\% CI\,26.5--33.7). A prevalence of probable post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) of 22.3\% (95\% CI\,18.1--27.2) was found. The CD-RISC-25 results for resilience had a median score of 54 [IQR 30]. These results suggest that approximately two-thirds of school-attending adolescents in this post-conflict area experienced at least one mental health problem such as anxiety symptoms, depressive symptomatology or probable PTSD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Future studies are of interest to establish the causal relationship between these findings and the impact of the pandemic. These findings highlight the challenge that schools have after pandemic to address the mental health of their students in order to promoting adequate coping strategies and implement prompt multidisciplinary interventions to reduce the burden of mental health problems in adolescents.},
  copyright = {2023 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Health care,Medical research,Psychology},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3P7CITIJ/Gómez-Restrepo et al. - 2023 - Mental health problems and resilience in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic in a post-armed co.pdf}
}

@article{gomezDepersonalizedExtendedContact2018,
  title = {Depersonalized Extended Contact and Injunctive Norms about Cross-Group Friendship Impact Intergroup Orientations},
  author = {G{\'o}mez, {\'A}ngel and Tropp, Linda R. and V{\'a}zquez, Alexandra and Voci, Alberto and Hewstone, Miles},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
  volume = {76},
  pages = {356--370},
  issn = {0022-1031},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jesp.2018.02.010},
  urldate = {2023-07-06},
  abstract = {Five experiments examine the interactive power of descriptive and injunctive norms regarding intergroup friendships on the effects of extended contact -- knowing ingroup members having outgroup friends -- on intergroup orientations. We propose that the positive effect of extended contact can occur even when the ingroup members having outgroup friends are unknown to the individual who becomes aware of such contact -- depersonalized extended contact. However, to be effective depersonalized extended contact requires ingroup normative support. We tested this prediction by providing participants with information about the number of ingroup members (Spaniards) who have outgroup (immigrants) friends -descriptive norms - and the normative support for cross-group friendship -injunctive norms. Three experiments tested how different levels of depersonalized extended contact (none vs. low vs. high), consensus regarding norms about cross-group friendship (low vs. high), and the source of such norms (ingroup vs. outgroup) impact intergroup orientations. Even low levels of depersonalized extended contact had positive effects on intergroup orientations, when there was normative support for cross-group friendship from the ingroup, but not from the outgroup. Two additional experiments extended these effects to a behavioral outcome, and showed that the positive effect of ingroup injunctive norms was mediated by the enhanced belief that outgroup members had a genuine interest in intergroup contact (integrative motives). However, the lack of effect of outgroup injunctive norms was mediated by the suspicion that outgroup members held utilitarian motives for contact. Implications of these findings for improving intergroup relations through depersonalized extended contact and injunctive normative influence are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QZ9UP7QP/Gómez et al. - 2018 - Depersonalized extended contact and injunctive nor.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/D4ZEA3WV/S0022103117305462.html}
}

@techreport{GomezMarquezParra2023,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {Evaluar Para {{Avanzar}}: Resultados Intermedios de Una Evaluaci{\'o}n Intermedia de La {{Estrategia}}},
  author = {G{\'o}mez Serrano, Mar{\'i}a Camila and M{\'a}rquez, Sara Daniela and Parra Pe{\~n}a, Lobsang Braghi},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  series = {Documentos de Trabajo Saber Investigar},
  number = {5},
  address = {Bogot{\'a}, D.C., Colombia},
  institution = {Instituto Colombiano para la Evaluaci{\'o}n de la Educaci{\'o}n (ICFES)},
  issn = {2954-6583}
}

@article{Gonzalez-lira2019,
  title = {Slippery {{Fish}} : {{Enforcing Regulation}} under {{Subversive Adaptation}}},
  author = {{Gonzalez-lira}, Andres and Mobarak, Ahmed Mushfiq},
  year = {2019},
  number = {12179},
  keywords = {enforcement,fisher,law and economics,regulation},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PTAC2FF7/Gonzalez-Lira and Mobarak - Slippery Fish Enforcing Regulation under Subversi.pdf}
}

@techreport{goodman-baconDifferenceinDifferencesVariationTreatment2018,
  title = {Difference-in-{{Differences}} with {{Variation}} in {{Treatment Timing}}},
  author = {{Goodman-Bacon}, Andrew},
  year = {2018},
  month = sep,
  number = {w25018},
  pages = {w25018},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w25018},
  urldate = {2020-04-09},
  abstract = {The canonical difference-in-differences (DD) estimator contains two time periods, ``pre'' and ``post'', and two groups, ``treatment'' and ``control''. Most DD applications, however, exploit variation across groups of units that receive treatment at different times. This paper shows that the general estimator equals a weighted average of all possible two-group/two-period DD estimators in the data. This defines the DD estimand and identifying assumption, a generalization of common trends. I discuss how to interpret DD estimates and propose a new balance test. I show how to decompose the difference between two specifications, and provide a new analysis of models that include time-varying controls.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SDPALW6W/Goodman-Bacon - 2018 - Difference-in-Differences with Variation in Treatm.pdf}
}

@article{goodman-baconDifferenceindifferencesVariationTreatment2021,
  title = {Difference-in-Differences with Variation in Treatment Timing},
  author = {{Goodman-Bacon}, Andrew},
  year = {2021},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
  series = {Themed {{Issue}}: {{Treatment Effect}} 1},
  volume = {225},
  number = {2},
  pages = {254--277},
  issn = {0304-4076},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jeconom.2021.03.014},
  urldate = {2024-07-27},
  abstract = {The canonical difference-in-differences (DD) estimator contains two time periods, ''pre'' and ''post'', and two groups, ''treatment'' and ''control''. Most DD applications, however, exploit variation across groups of units that receive treatment at different times. This paper shows that the two-way fixed effects estimator equals a weighted average of all possible two-group/two-period DD estimators in the data. A causal interpretation of two-way fixed effects DD estimates requires both a parallel trends assumption and treatment effects that are constant over time. I show how to decompose the difference between two specifications, and provide a new analysis of models that include time-varying controls.},
  keywords = {Difference-in-differences,Treatment effect heterogeneity,Two-way fixed effects,Variation in treatment timing},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/W4KI3PQN/Goodman-Bacon - 2021 - Difference-in-differences with variation in treatm.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EESWKKFX/S0304407621001445.html}
}

@article{Gottlieb2018,
  title = {The {{Effect}} of {{Administrative Unit Creation}} on {{Electoral Behavior}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Senegal}}},
  author = {Gottlieb, Jessica and Grossman, Guy and Larreguy, Horacio and Marx, Benjamin},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Politics},
  number = {Forthcoming},
  abstract = {Numerous studies emphasize political economy factors behind the recent wave of decentralization and redistricting reforms in the developing world. However, this literature has generally overlooked voters' preferences as a central driver of administrative unit proliferation, and in particular it has yet to investigate rigorously the electoral consequences of redistricting. In this paper, we provide evidence that voters reward incumbents for the creation of new administrative units in Senegal, even if the delivery of public goods has yet to be improved. Constituents with higher expected returns from redistricting reforms are more likely to vote for the incumbent in the subsequent election. We provide a simple theoretical framework to explain these results: voters support reforms that increase administrative attention towards their communities, as these reforms imply increased administrative capacity and signal a long-term commitment of increased public transfers.},
  keywords = {administrative unit creation,distributive,electoral competition,policy choice}
}

@article{gottliebSignalingTheoryDistributive2019,
  title = {A {{Signaling Theory}} of {{Distributive Policy Choice}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Senegal}}},
  shorttitle = {A {{Signaling Theory}} of {{Distributive Policy Choice}}},
  author = {Gottlieb, Jessica and Grossman, Guy and Larreguy, Horacio and Marx, Benjamin},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {The Journal of Politics},
  volume = {81},
  number = {2},
  pages = {631--647},
  issn = {0022-3816, 1468-2508},
  doi = {10.1086/701833},
  urldate = {2020-03-12},
  abstract = {A recent literature emphasizes political economy factors behind the wave of administrative splits across the developing world. While previous studies have focused on why some groups are more likely to obtain new administrative units, they do not explain why vote-maximizing incumbents use this arguably less efficient policy in the first place. We contribute to this literature by embedding administrative splits within incumbents' broader electoral strategy of distributive policies. We develop a model in which incumbents target local public goods to groups for whom this is a credible signal of commitment, namely those with a history of reciprocal relationship. When incumbents face increased electoral competition, however, other groups require a stronger signal which is emitted by the costly creation of new units that reduces the cost of future transfers to those groups. We test our theory using electoral and public goods data from Senegal, and find robust support for its predictions.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5WSZGAHN/Gottlieb et al. - 2019 - A Signaling Theory of Distributive Policy Choice .pdf}
}

@article{graeberStoriesStatisticsMemory2022,
  title = {Stories, {{Statistics}}, and {{Memory}}},
  author = {Graeber, Thomas and Zimmermann, Florian and Roth, Christopher},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4291741},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {For most decisions, we encounter relevant information over the course of days, months or years. We consume such information in various forms, including collections of data shown in numbers -- statistics -- and anecdotes about individual instances -- stories. This paper proposes that the information type -- story versus statistic -- shapes selective memory. In controlled experiments, we document a pronounced story-statistic gap in memory: the average impact of stories on beliefs fades by 33\% over the course of a day, but by 73\% for statistics. Consistent with a model of similarity and interference in memory, prompting contextual associations with statistics improves recall. A set of mechanism experiments reveals that lower similarity of stories to interfering information is a key force behind the story-statistic gap.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MBX8KS7R/Graeber et al. - 2022 - Stories, Statistics, and Memory.pdf}
}

@article{grahamLiberalsConservativesRely2009,
  title = {Liberals and Conservatives Rely on Different Sets of Moral Foundations.},
  author = {Graham, Jesse and Haidt, Jonathan and Nosek, Brian A.},
  year = {2009},
  month = may,
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {96},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1029--1046},
  issn = {1939-1315, 0022-3514},
  doi = {10.1037/a0015141},
  urldate = {2024-01-06},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4I6HHYFX/Graham et al. - 2009 - Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets .pdf}
}

@article{grahamMeasuringMisperceptions2022,
  title = {Measuring {{Misperceptions}}?},
  author = {Graham, Matthew H.},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  pages = {1--23},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  issn = {0003-0554, 1537-5943},
  doi = {10.1017/S0003055422000387},
  urldate = {2022-10-22},
  abstract = {Survey data are commonly cited as evidence of widespread misperceptions and misinformed beliefs. This paper shows that surveys generally fail to identify the firm, deep, steadfast, confidently held beliefs described in leading accounts. Instead, even those who report 100\% certain belief in falsehoods about well-studied topics like climate change, vaccine side effects, and the COVID-19 death toll exhibit substantial response instability over time. Similar levels of response stability are observed among those who report 100\% certain belief in benign, politically uncontested falsehoods---for example, that electrons are larger than atoms and that lasers work by focusing sound waves. As opposed to firmly held misperceptions, claims to be highly certain of incorrect answers are best interpreted as ``miseducated'' guesses based on mistaken inferential reasoning. Those reporting middling and low levels of certainty are best viewed as making close-to-blind guesses. These findings recast existing evidence as to the prevalence, predictors, correction, and consequences of misperceptions and misinformed beliefs.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SVY5LKGS/Graham - 2022 - Measuring Misperceptions.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/K89HR6D4/89FF265AF30B3FD0FB1C4B54F230AEE1.html}
}

@article{grahamMeasuringMisperceptions2022a,
  title = {Measuring {{Misperceptions}}?},
  author = {Graham, Matthew H.},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  pages = {1--23},
  issn = {0003-0554, 1537-5943},
  doi = {10.1017/S0003055422000387},
  urldate = {2022-10-22},
  abstract = {Abstract             Survey data are commonly cited as evidence of widespread misperceptions and misinformed beliefs. This paper shows that surveys generally fail to identify the firm, deep, steadfast, confidently held beliefs described in leading accounts. Instead, even those who report 100\% certain belief in falsehoods about well-studied topics like climate change, vaccine side effects, and the COVID-19 death toll exhibit substantial response instability over time. Similar levels of response stability are observed among those who report 100\% certain belief in benign, politically uncontested falsehoods---for example, that electrons are larger than atoms and that lasers work by focusing sound waves. As opposed to firmly held misperceptions, claims to be highly certain of incorrect answers are best interpreted as ``miseducated'' guesses based on mistaken inferential reasoning. Those reporting middling and low levels of certainty are best viewed as making close-to-blind guesses. These findings recast existing evidence as to the prevalence, predictors, correction, and consequences of misperceptions and misinformed beliefs.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{granbergHiringDiscriminationTransgender2020,
  title = {Hiring {{Discrimination Against Transgender People}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Field Experiment}}},
  shorttitle = {Hiring {{Discrimination Against Transgender People}}},
  author = {Granberg, Mark and Andersson, Per A. and Ahmed, Ali},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Labour Economics},
  volume = {65},
  pages = {101860},
  issn = {09275371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2020.101860},
  urldate = {2022-06-16},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/J2UK3JTR/Granberg et al. - 2020 - Hiring Discrimination Against Transgender People .pdf}
}

@article{Grantham-Mcgregor2016,
  title = {Journal of {{Applied Research}} on {{Children}}: {{Informing Policy}} for {{Children}} at {{Risk Extending The Jamaican Early Childhood Development Intervention}}},
  author = {{Grantham-Mcgregor}, Sally and Smith, Joanne A},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2}
}

@article{grantham-mcgregorDevelopmentalPotentialFirst2007,
  title = {Developmental Potential in the First 5 Years for Children in Developing Countries},
  author = {{Grantham-McGregor}, Sally and Cheung, Yin Bun and Cueto, Santiago and Glewwe, Paul and Richter, Linda and Strupp, Barbara},
  year = {2007},
  month = jan,
  journal = {The Lancet},
  volume = {369},
  number = {9555},
  pages = {60--70},
  issn = {01406736},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XCQND4AF/Grantham-McGregor et al. - 2007 - Developmental potential in the first 5 years for c.pdf}
}

@article{grantham-mcgregorExtendingJamaicanEarly2016,
  title = {Extending {{The Jamaican Early Childhood Development Intervention}}},
  author = {{Grantham-McGregor}, Sally and Smith, Joanne A},
  year = {2016},
  pages = {36},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/66I5F7EA/Grantham-McGregor and Smith - 2016 - Extending The Jamaican Early Childhood Development.pdf}
}

@article{grantham-mcgregorNutritionalSupplementationPsychosocial1991,
  title = {Nutritional Supplementation, Psychosocial Stimulation, and Mental Development of Stunted Children: The {{Jamaican Study}}},
  shorttitle = {Nutritional Supplementation, Psychosocial Stimulation, and Mental Development of Stunted Children},
  author = {{Grantham-McGregor}, S.M and Powell, C.A and Walker, S.P and Himes, J.H},
  year = {1991},
  month = jul,
  journal = {The Lancet},
  volume = {338},
  number = {8758},
  pages = {1--5},
  issn = {01406736},
  doi = {10.1016/0140-6736(91)90001-6},
  urldate = {2020-04-09},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C35XCZ23/Grantham-McGregor et al. - 1991 - Nutritional supplementation, psychosocial stimulat.pdf}
}

@article{grantham-mcgregorNutritionalSupplementationPsychosocial1991a,
  title = {Nutritional Supplementation, Psychosocial Stimulation, and Mental Development of Stunted Children: The {{Jamaican Study}}},
  shorttitle = {Nutritional Supplementation, Psychosocial Stimulation, and Mental Development of Stunted Children},
  author = {{Grantham-McGregor}, S.M and Powell, C.A and Walker, S.P and Himes, J.H},
  year = {1991},
  month = jul,
  journal = {The Lancet},
  volume = {338},
  number = {8758},
  pages = {1--5},
  issn = {01406736},
  doi = {10.1016/0140-6736(91)90001-6},
  urldate = {2022-01-08},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BTYKD3XZ/Grantham-McGregor et al. - 1991 - Nutritional supplementation, psychosocial stimulat.pdf}
}

@article{grantham-mcgregorReviewStudiesEffect1995,
  title = {A {{Review}} of {{Studies}} of the {{Effect}} of {{Severe Malnutrition}} on {{Mental Development}}},
  author = {{Grantham-McGregor}, Sally},
  year = {1995},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Journal of Nutrition},
  volume = {125},
  number = {suppl\_8},
  pages = {2233S-2238S},
  issn = {0022-3166, 1541-6100},
  doi = {10.1093/jn/125.suppl_8.2233S},
  urldate = {2020-10-15},
  abstract = {This is a review of studies on the relation ship between mental development and severe malnutri tion. School-age children who suffered from early child hood malnutrition have generally been found to have poorer IQ levels, cognitive function, school achievement and greater behavioral problems than matched controls and, to a lesser extent, siblings. The disadvantages last at least until adolescence. There is no consistent evidence of a specific cognitive deficit. The evidence of a causal relationship is strong but not unequivocal because of dif ficulties in interpreting retrospective case control studies. Marked improvements in development can occur after adoption or intervention. Therefore, the outcome depends to a large extent on the quality of the subsequent envi ronment. It is likely that extremely deprived environ ments would exacerbate the effects. There is limited ev idence that other nutritional deficiencies may interact with previous malnutrition in affecting cognition. The mech anism linking malnutrition to poor development is still not established. J. Nutr. 125: 2233S-2238S, 1995.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DNSQU2SR/Grantham-McGregor - 1995 - A Review of Studies of the Effect of Severe Malnut.pdf}
}

@article{grasslyComparisonMolecularTesting2020,
  title = {Comparison of Molecular Testing Strategies for {{COVID-19}} Control: A Mathematical Modelling Study},
  shorttitle = {Comparison of Molecular Testing Strategies for {{COVID-19}} Control},
  author = {Grassly, Nicholas C and {Pons-Salort}, Margarita and Parker, Edward P K and White, Peter J and Ferguson, Neil M and Ainslie, Kylie and Baguelin, Marc and Bhatt, Samir and Boonyasiri, Adhiratha and Brazeau, Nick and Cattarino, Lorenzo and Coupland, Helen and Cucunuba, Zulma and {Cuomo-Dannenburg}, Gina and Dighe, Amy and Donnelly, Christl and {van Elsland}, Sabine L and FitzJohn, Richard and Flaxman, Seth and Fraser, Keith and Gaythorpe, Katy and Green, Will and Hamlet, Arran and Hinsley, Wes and Imai, Natsuko and Knock, Edward and Laydon, Daniel and Mellan, Thomas and Mishra, Swapnil and {Nedjati-Gilani}, Gemma and Nouvellet, Pierre and Okell, Lucy and {Ragonnet-Cronin}, Manon and Thompson, Hayley A and Unwin, H. Juliette T and Vollmer, Michaela and Volz, Erik and Walters, Caroline and Wang, Yuanrong and Watson, Oliver J and Whittaker, Charles and Whittles, Lilith and Xi, Xiaoyue},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Lancet Infectious Diseases},
  pages = {S1473309920306307},
  issn = {14733099},
  doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30630-7},
  urldate = {2020-09-15},
  abstract = {Background WHO has called for increased testing in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, but countries have taken different approaches and the effectiveness of alternative strategies is unknown. We aimed to investigate the potential impact of different testing and isolation strategies on transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FJCBALVZ/Grassly et al. - 2020 - Comparison of molecular testing strategies for COV.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XSLE8WW2/mmc1 (2).pdf}
}

@misc{GreatRewiringSocial,
  title = {The Great Rewiring: Is Social Media Really behind an Epidemic of Teenage Mental Illness?},
  urldate = {2024-12-13},
  howpublished = {https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00902-2},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5XN5X4GS/d41586-024-00902-2.html}
}

@article{greavesDiscountingPublicPolicy2017,
  title = {Discounting for {{Public Policy}}: {{A}} Survey},
  shorttitle = {{{DISCOUNTING FOR PUBLIC POLICY}}},
  author = {Greaves, Hilary},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Economics and Philosophy},
  volume = {33},
  number = {3},
  pages = {391--439},
  issn = {0266-2671, 1474-0028},
  doi = {10.1017/S0266267117000062},
  urldate = {2020-04-07},
  abstract = {This article surveys the debate over the social discount rate. The focus is on the economics rather than the philosophy literature, but the survey emphasises foundations in ethical theory rather than highly technical details. I begin by locating the standard approach to discounting within the overall landscape of ethical theory. The article then covers the Ramsey equation and its relationship to observed interest rates, arguments for and against a positive rate of pure time preference, the consumption elasticity of utility, and the effect of various sorts of uncertainty on the discount rate. Climate change is discussed as an application.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E96KD6NL/Greaves - 2017 - DISCOUNTING FOR PUBLIC POLICY A SURVEY.pdf}
}

@article{greavesMoralUncertaintyPopulation2017,
  title = {Moral {{Uncertainty About Population Axiology}}},
  author = {Greaves, Hilary and Ord, Toby},
  year = {2017},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy},
  volume = {12},
  number = {2},
  pages = {135--167},
  issn = {1559-3061},
  doi = {10.26556/jesp.v12i2.223},
  urldate = {2022-10-23},
  abstract = {Given the deep disagreement surrounding population axiology, one should remain uncertain about which theory is best. However, this uncertainty need not leave one neutral about which acts are better or worse. We show that, as the number of lives at stake grows, the Expected Moral Value approach to axiological uncertainty systematically pushes one toward choosing the option preferred by the Total View and critical-level views, even if one's credence in those theories is low.},
  copyright = {Copyright (c) 2017 Hilary Greaves, Toby Ord},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EI47KVIS/Greaves and Ord - 2017 - Moral Uncertainty About Population Axiology.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UEPS3RMU/223.html}
}

@article{greavesPopulationAxiologyPopulation2017,
  title = {Population Axiology: {{Population Axiology}}},
  shorttitle = {Population Axiology},
  author = {Greaves, Hilary},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Philosophy Compass},
  volume = {12},
  number = {11},
  pages = {e12442},
  issn = {17479991},
  doi = {10.1111/phc3.12442},
  urldate = {2020-09-13},
  abstract = {Population axiology is the study of the conditions under which one state of affairs is better than another, when the states of affairs in question may differ over the numbers and the identities of the persons who ever live. Extant theories include totalism, averagism, variable value theories, critical level theories, and ``person-affecting'' theories. Each of these theories is open to objections that are at least prima facie serious. A series of impossibility theorems shows that this is no coincidence: It can be proved, for various lists of prima facie intuitively compelling desiderata, that no axiology can simultaneously satisfy all the desiderata on the list. One's choice of population axiology appears to be a choice of which intuition one is least unwilling to give up.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I7RIC2GJ/Greaves - 2017 - Population axiology Population Axiology.pdf}
}

@techreport{greenbergEvidenceSocialEmotional2023,
  title = {Evidence for {{Social}} and {{Emotional Learning}} in {{Schools}}},
  author = {Greenberg, Mark T.},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  institution = {Learning Policy Institute},
  doi = {10.54300/928.269},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  abstract = {There is a consensus among educators, parents, and policymakers that education should include a focus on supporting essential social and emotional capacities to help children navigate the world successfully. To develop these competencies, many schools adopt social and emotional learning (SEL) programs. The report on which this brief is based reviews the findings from 12 meta-analyses of school-based SEL programs. Across these studies, there is a consistent, reliable effect of tested, evidence-based SEL programs on students' social, emotional, behavioral, and academic outcomes in PreK--12th grade, including the development of social and emotional skills, improved academic engagement and performance, growth of positive social behaviors, and lower rates of behavior problems and psychological distress. These findings are applicable across gender, ethnicity and race, income, and other demographic variables. The report on which this brief is based can be found online at https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/ product/evidence-social-emotional-learning-schools.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CTEMH5N3/Greenberg - 2023 - Evidence for Social and Emotional Learning in Schools.pdf}
}

@article{greenHateCrimeEmergent2001,
  title = {Hate {{Crime}}: {{An Emergent Research Agenda}}},
  author = {Green, Donald P and McFalls, Laurence H and Smith, Jennifer K},
  year = {2001},
  pages = {27},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DMQSZ8BD/Green et al. - 2001 - Hate Crime An Emergent Research Agenda.pdf}
}

@techreport{Greenstone2011,
  title = {Environmental {{Regulations}}, {{Air}} and {{Water Pollution}}, and {{Infant Mortality}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Greenstone, Michael and Hanna, Rema},
  year = {2011},
  month = jul,
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w17210}
}

@article{greenstoneCanTechnologySolve2022,
  title = {Can {{Technology Solve}} the {{Principal-Agent Problem}}? {{Evidence}} from {{China}}'s {{War}} on {{Air Pollution}}},
  shorttitle = {Can {{Technology Solve}} the {{Principal-Agent Problem}}?},
  author = {Greenstone, Michael and He, Guojun and Jia, Ruixue and Liu, Tong},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {American Economic Review: Insights},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {54--70},
  issn = {2640-205X},
  doi = {10.1257/aeri.20200373},
  urldate = {2024-09-13},
  abstract = {concentrations post-automation. Moreover, automation's introduction increased online searches for face masks and air filters, which are strong predictors of purchases. Overall, our findings suggest that the biased and imperfect information prior to automation led to suboptimal investments in defensive measures, plausibly imposing meaningful welfare costs.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Asymmetric and Private Information,Energy,Environment,Environment Air Pollution,Hazardous Waste,Mechanism Design Economic Development: Agriculture,Natural Resources,Noise,Other Primary Products Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Natural Resources,Recycling Environmental Economics: Technological Innovation Environmental Economics: Government Policy,Solid Waste,Water Pollution},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DJRB7MLD/Greenstone et al. - 2022 - Can Technology Solve the Principal-Agent Problem .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PZEGVWSK/w27502.pdf}
}

@article{greenwaldUnderstandingUsingImplicit2003,
  title = {Understanding and Using the {{Implicit Association Test}}: {{I}}. {{An}} Improved Scoring Algorithm},
  shorttitle = {Understanding and Using the {{Implicit Association Test}}},
  author = {Greenwald, Anthony G. and Nosek, Brian A. and Banaji, Mahzarin R.},
  year = {2003},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {85},
  pages = {197--216},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address = {US},
  issn = {1939-1315},
  doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197},
  abstract = {[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 85(3) of Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (see record 2007-16878-001). The article contained several errors. On page 203, the data lines in Figure 2 are incorrectly labeled. As in Figure 1, the line with filled squares as data points should be labeled MEAN, the line with filled diamonds as data points should be labeled MEDIAN, and the line with unfilled squares as data points should be labeled RECIPROCAL.] In reporting Implicit Association Test (IAT) results, researchers have most often used scoring conventions described in the first publication of the IAT (A. G. Greenwald, D. E. McGhee, \& J. L. K. Schwartz, 1998). Demonstration IATs available on the Internet have produced large data sets that were used in the current article to evaluate alternative scoring procedures. Candidate new algorithms were examined in terms of their (a) correlations with parallel self-report measures, (b) resistance to an artifact associated with speed of responding, (c) internal consistency, (d) sensitivity to known influences on IAT measures, and (e) resistance to known procedural influences. The best-performing measure incorporates data from the IAT's practice trials, uses a metric that is calibrated by each respondent's latency variability, and includes a latency penalty for errors. This new algorithm strongly outperforms the earlier (conventional) procedure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Algorithms,Associative Processes,Measurement,Scoring (Testing)},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/J38U6VBH/Greenwald et al. - 2003 - Understanding and using the Implicit Association T.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M2Q68J5R/2003-05897-003.html}
}

@article{greenWHATROLEDOES2003,
  title = {{{WHAT ROLE DOES PREJUDICE PLAY IN ETHNIC CONFLICT}}?},
  shorttitle = {W},
  author = {Green, Donald P. and Seher, Rachel L.},
  year = {2003},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Annual Review of Political Science},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {509--531},
  issn = {1094-2939, 1545-1577},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.polisci.6.121901.085642},
  urldate = {2021-05-24},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KJRWJN9D/Green and Seher - 2003 - W HATspan.pdf}
}

@article{grohReducingInformationAsymmetries2015,
  title = {Reducing {{Information Asymmetries}} in the {{Youth Labor Market}} of {{Jordan}} with {{Psychometrics}} and {{Skill Based Tests}}},
  author = {Groh, Matthew and McKenzie, David and Vishwanath, Tara},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {The World Bank Economic Review},
  volume = {29},
  number = {suppl 1},
  pages = {S106-S117},
  issn = {0258-6770, 1564-698X},
  doi = {10.1093/wber/lhv005},
  urldate = {2021-03-26},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/U4DUICZE/Groh et al. - 2015 - Reducing Information Asymmetries in the Youth Labo.pdf}
}

@article{gronholmInterventionsReduceDiscrimination2017,
  title = {Interventions to Reduce Discrimination and Stigma: The State of the Art},
  shorttitle = {Interventions to Reduce Discrimination and Stigma},
  author = {Gronholm, Petra C. and Henderson, Claire and Deb, Tanya and Thornicroft, Graham},
  year = {2017},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology},
  volume = {52},
  number = {3},
  pages = {249--258},
  issn = {0933-7954, 1433-9285},
  doi = {10.1007/s00127-017-1341-9},
  urldate = {2021-03-18},
  abstract = {Background{$\quad$} There is a rich literature on the nature of mental health-related stigma and the processes by which it severely affects the life chances of people with mental health problems. However, applying this knowledge to deliver and evaluate interventions to reduce discrimination and stigma in a lasting way is a complex and long-term challenge. Methods{$\quad$} We conducted a narrative synthesis of systematic reviews published since 2012, and supplemented this with papers published subsequently as examples of more recent work. Results{$\quad$} There is evidence for small to moderate positive impacts of both mass media campaigns and interventions for target groups in terms of stigma-related knowledge, attitudes, and intended behaviour in terms of desire for contact. However, the limited evidence from longer follow-up times suggests that it is not clear whether short-term contact interventions have a lasting impact. Conclusions{$\quad$} The risk that short-term interventions may only have a short-term impact suggests a need to study longer term interventions and to use interim process and outcome data to improve interventions along the way. There is scope for more thorough application of intergroup contact theory whenever contact is used and of evidence-based},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3CJ3ZNRE/Gronholm et al. - 2017 - Interventions to reduce discrimination and stigma.pdf}
}

@article{grootAdaptationScaleReference2000,
  title = {Adaptation and Scale of Reference Bias in Self-Assessments of Quality of Life},
  author = {Groot, W.},
  year = {2000},
  month = may,
  journal = {Journal of Health Economics},
  volume = {19},
  number = {3},
  pages = {403--420},
  issn = {0167-6296},
  doi = {10.1016/s0167-6296(99)00037-5},
  abstract = {Adaptation behaviour and different scales of reference can bias self-assessments of well-being by individuals. In this paper, we analyse the impact of these biases on a subjective measure of the quality of health and on the QALY weights derived from this health measure. It is found that the scale of reference of the subjective health measure changes with age. Accounting for adaptation and scale of reference bias lowers most of the QALY weights for health problems and disabilities.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {10977197},
  keywords = {Adaptation Psychological,Humans,Models Statistical,Observer Variation,Quality-Adjusted Life Years,Self-Assessment},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WG4KWWEU/Groot - 2000 - Adaptation and scale of reference bias in self-ass.pdf}
}

@book{Grosh1994,
  title = {Administering Targeted Social Programs in {{Latin America}}: From Platitudes to Practice},
  author = {Grosh, M. E.},
  year = {1994},
  journal = {Administering targeted social programs in Latin America: from platitudes to practice},
  abstract = {Synthesizes information drawn from 23 case studies commissioned for this comparative work and from other sources on seven additional programs. It focuses on the outcomes and the administrative costs, options and requirements of targeting mechanisms in a variety of social programs - those which deliver or subsidise food commodities, school lunches, food stamps, health services, student loans, cash, jobs, daycare and mortgages. The author finds that targeted programs have much more progressive incidence than general food price subsidies and administrative costs are generally low, but it is not possible to rank targeting mechanisms a priori. -M.Amos},
  isbn = {0-8213-2620-1}
}

@article{Grossbard1976,
  title = {An {{Economic Analysis}} of {{Polygyny}}: {{The Case}} of {{Maiduguri}}},
  author = {Grossbard, Amyra},
  year = {1976},
  journal = {Current Anthropology},
  volume = {17},
  number = {4},
  pages = {701--707},
  issn = {0011-3204},
  doi = {10.1086/201804},
  abstract = {This article demonstrates that economic analysis can contribute helpful insights to the understanding of marriage choices in a non-Western society. Polygyny illustrates ideally the relevance of economics to any topic where scarcity constrains the attainment of valued goals. All predictions derived from economic theory are confirmed in the empirical analysis of households in the polygynous city of Maiduguri, in northeastern Nigeria. The novelty of this study lies in the hypotheses generated by considering housewives as producers. The prediction of a life-cycle effect and of no tribal effect on polygyny also indicate the fruitfulness of an economic approach. The results depend crucially on simultaneous consideration of male and female attributes affecting the demand and supply of uxorial and genetricial services. Methodologically, regression techniques prove as useful in explaining polygyny and divorce as they have been in accounting for paradigms of market economies. Judging from R2, the coefficient of determination of the regressions, the variables accounted for in the analysis explain only a small fraction of reality. The purpose of the article is to show that we can learn by considering only portions of the reality of marriage choices.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/B49GMCEZ/Grossbard - 1976 - An Economic Analysis of Polygyny The Case of Maid.pdf}
}

@article{grossmanEndogenousInnovationTheory,
  title = {Endogenous {{Innovation}} in the {{Theory}} of {{Growth}}},
  author = {Grossman, Gene M and Helpman, Elhanan},
  pages = {22},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C7CUAA54/Grossman and Helpman - Endogenous Innovation in the Theory of Growth.pdf}
}

@article{grossmanProtectionSale1994,
  title = {Protection for {{Sale}}},
  author = {Grossman, Gene M. and Helpman, Elhanan},
  year = {1994},
  journal = {The American Economic Review},
  volume = {84},
  number = {4},
  eprint = {2118033},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {833--850},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/APW9WIIZ/Grossman and Helpman - 1994 - Protection for Sale.pdf}
}

@article{gruberAddictionRationalTheory2001,
  title = {Is {{Addiction}} ``{{Rational}}''? {{Theory}} and {{Evidence}}*},
  shorttitle = {Is {{Addiction}} ``{{Rational}}''?},
  author = {Gruber, Jonathan and K{\"o}szegi, Botond},
  year = {2001},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {116},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1261--1303},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1162/003355301753265570},
  urldate = {2024-10-19},
  abstract = {This paper makes two contributions to the modeling of addiction. First, we provide new and convincing evidence that smokers are forward-looking in their smoking decisions, using state excise tax increases that have been legislatively enacted but are not yet effective, and monthly data on consumption. Second, we recognize the strong evidence that preferences with respect to smoking are time inconsistent, with individuals both not recognizing the true difficulty of quitting and searching for self-control devices to help them quit. We develop a new model of addictive behavior that takes as its starting point the standard ``rational addiction'' model, but incorporates time-inconsistent preferences. This model also exhibits forward-looking behavior, but it has strikingly different normative implications; in this case optimal government policy should depend not only on the externalities that smokers impose on others but also on the ``internalities'' imposed by smokers on themselves. We estimate that the optimal tax per pack of cigarettes should he at least one dollar higher under our formulation than in the rational addiction case.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2R2RM85M/Gruber and Köszegi - 2001 - Is Addiction “Rational” Theory and Evidence.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JWIEBGN7/003355301753265570.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NC5JCWJM/1903215.html}
}

@article{guaschConcessionsInfrastructureLatin2007,
  title = {Concessions of Infrastructure in {{Latin America}}: {{Government-led}} Renegotiation},
  shorttitle = {Concessions of Infrastructure in {{Latin America}}},
  author = {Guasch, J. Luis and Laffont, Jean-Jacques and Straub, St{\'e}phane},
  year = {2007},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Applied Econometrics},
  volume = {22},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1267--1294},
  issn = {08837252, 10991255},
  doi = {10.1002/jae.987},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This paper analyzes government-led renegotiations in infrastructure concession contracts in Latin America, based on the same sample used in Guasch, Laffont and Straub (2003) to examine firm-led renegotiations. After extending the theoretical framework to a multiple-period context in which both Pareto-improving and rent-shifting renegotiations at the initiative of the government can occur, we develop an original instrumental variable strategy to address the issue of contract endogeneity and derive empirical results. While some of the main insights concerning the importance of having a regulator in place when awarding concessions and the fragility of price cap regulatory schemes are unchanged, significant differences arise with respect to the effect of investment and financing, as well as the corruption variables. We provide evidence that a good regulatory framework is especially important in contexts with weak governance and political opportunism. Copyright  2007 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Added value,Export competitiveness,Extension of industrial chain,Revealed comparative advantage,Technical content of agricultural product},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PI7UPJLZ/Guasch et al. - 2007 - Concessions of infrastructure in Latin America Go.pdf}
}

@misc{GuideBuildingLasting,
  title = {A {{Guide On Building Lasting Connections}}: {{How}} to {{Make}} and {{Keep Friends}}},
  urldate = {2024-11-23},
  howpublished = {https://www.clearerthinking.org/post/a-guide-on-building-lasting-connections-how-to-make-and-keep-friends?\_\_readwiseLocation=}
}

@misc{GuideBuildingLastinga,
  title = {A {{Guide On Building Lasting Connections}}: {{How}} to {{Make}} and {{Keep Friends}}},
  urldate = {2024-11-23},
  howpublished = {https://www.clearerthinking.org/post/a-guide-on-building-lasting-connections-how-to-make-and-keep-friends},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F77YFRTR/A Guide On Building Lasting Connections How to Ma.pdf}
}

@article{guiterasImpactClimateChange,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Climate Change}} on {{Indian Agriculture}}},
  author = {Guiteras, Raymond},
  pages = {54},
  abstract = {This paper estimates the impact of climate change on Indian agriculture. I use a 40-year district-level panel data set covering over 200 Indian districts to estimate the e¤ect of random year-to-year variation in weather on agricultural output. These panel estimates incorporate farmers'within-year adaptations to annual weather shocks. These estimates, derived from short-run weather e¤ects, are relevant for predicting the medium-run economic impact of climate change if farmers are unable to adapt quickly. I {\dots}nd that projected climate change over the period 2010-2039 reduces major crop yields by 4.5 to 9 percent. The long-run (2070-2099) impact is dramatic, reducing yields by 25 percent or more in the absence of long-run adaptation. These results suggest that climate change is likely to impose signi{\dots}cant costs on the Indian economy unless farmers can quickly recognize and adapt to increasing temperatures. Such rapid adaptation may be less plausible in a developing country, where access to information and capital is limited.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YL53N43W/Guiteras - The Impact of Climate Change on Indian Agriculture.pdf}
}

@article{gulesciCanYouthEmpowerment2021,
  title = {Can Youth Empowerment Programs Reduce Violence against Girls during the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic?},
  author = {Gulesci, Selim and {Puente--Beccar}, Manuela and Ubfal, Diego},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {153},
  pages = {102716},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102716},
  urldate = {2021-12-21},
  abstract = {This paper shows that a youth empowerment program in Bolivia reduced the reported prevalence of violence against girls during the COVID-19 lockdown. The program offered training in soft skills and technical skills, sexual education, mentoring and job-finding assistance. To measure the effects of the program, the study conducted a randomized control trial with 600 vulnerable adolescents. Results indicate that 7 months after its completion, the program increased girls' earnings and decreased violence against girls. Violence was measured with both direct self-report questions and list experiments. These findings suggest that multi-faceted empowerment programs can reduce the level of violence experienced by young women during high-risk periods.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LETPG46D/Gulesci et al. - 2021 - Can youth empowerment programs reduce violence aga.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZGXW473R/appendix.pdf}
}

@article{gulesciSteppingStoneApproach2023,
  title = {A {{Stepping Stone Approach}} to {{Norm Transitions}}},
  author = {Gulesci, Selim and Jindani, Sam and La Ferrara, Eliana and Smerdon, David and Sulaiman, Munshi and Young, H.},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4425503},
  urldate = {2023-12-30},
  abstract = {We propose a model to study when an intermediate action can serve as a stepping stone that enables the elimination of a harmful norm. While the intermediate action may facilitate the first ``step'', it may also become a new norm. We derive intuitive conditions for stepping stones, which depend on the relative size of social penalties and intrinsic utility benefits. We propose an econometric approach to testing whether an intermediate action is a stepping stone, and apply it to original data on female genital cutting in Somalia. The analysis shows that the intermediate action may become the new norm.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4WKQV8N3/Gulesci et al. - A Stepping Stone Approach to Understanding Harmful.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KFHCP3V4/Gulesci et al. - 2023 - A Stepping Stone Approach to Norm Transitions.pdf}
}

@article{gulesciTelenovelasAttitudesLGBTIQ2023,
  title = {Telenovelas and {{Attitudes}} toward the {{LGBTIQ Community}} in {{Latin America}}},
  author = {Gulesci, Selim and Lombardi, Mar{\'i}a and Ramos, Alejandra},
  year = {2023},
  publisher = {IADB: Inter-American Development Bank},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {How does exposure to soap operas with LGBTIQ characters affect attitudes toward the LGBTIQ community? To answer this question, we construct a novel database of 175 telenovelas (soap operas) with LGBTIQ characters airing in 14 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean between 2002 and 2019. Exploiting variation in the introduction of new soap operas with LGBTIQ characters within country and survey-waves, we find that individuals exposed to more soap operas with LGBTIQ characters are less tolerant toward the LGBTIQ community. This short-term backlash is driven by exposure to telenovelas with homosexual characters and shows with comedic storylines. The effect is stronger among traditionally more conservative individuals (e.g., older or frequently attending religious services).},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DKUW97GH/Gulesci et al. - Telenovelas and Attitudes toward the LGBTIQ Commun.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FQABBDH5/4243715.html}
}

@article{Gulzar2017,
  title = {Politicians, {{Bureaucrats}}, and {{Development}}: {{Evidence}} from {{India}}},
  author = {Gulzar, Saad and Pasquale, Benjamin J.},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  volume = {111},
  number = {1},
  pages = {162--183},
  issn = {15375943},
  doi = {10.1017/S0003055416000502},
  abstract = {When do politicians prompt bureaucrats to provide effective services? Leveraging the uneven overlap of jurisdictions in India, we compare bureaucrats supervised by a single political principal with those supervised by multiple politicians. With an original dataset of nearly half a million villages, we find that implementation of India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, the largest employment program in the world, is substantially better where bureaucrats answer to a single politician. Regression discontinuity estimates help increase confidence that this result is causal. Our findings suggest that politicians face strong incentives to motivate bureaucrats as long as they internalize the benefits from doing so. In contrast to a large literature on the deleterious effects of political interventions, our results show that political influence may be more favorable to development than is commonly assumed.},
  isbn = {0003055416000},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LGZUSJX4/Gulzar and Pasquale - 2017 - Politicians, Bureaucrats, and Development Evidenc.pdf}
}

@article{gumelModellingStrategiesControlling2004,
  title = {Modelling Strategies for Controlling {{SARS}} Outbreaks},
  author = {Gumel, A. B. and Ruan, S. and Day, T. and Watmough, J. and Brauer, F. and {van den Driessche}, P. and Gabrielson, D. and Bowman, C. and Alexander, M. E. and Ardal, S. and Wu, J. and Sahai, B. M.},
  year = {2004},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences},
  volume = {271},
  number = {1554},
  pages = {2223--2232},
  issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
  doi = {10.1098/rspb.2004.2800},
  urldate = {2020-08-06},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TXUK4KX9/Gumel et al. - 2004 - Modelling strategies for controlling SARS outbreak.pdf}
}

@article{gunnsteinssonProtectingInfantsNatural2022,
  title = {Protecting Infants from Natural Disasters: {{The}} Case of Vitamin {{A}} Supplementation and a Tornado in {{Bangladesh}}},
  shorttitle = {Protecting Infants from Natural Disasters},
  author = {Gunnsteinsson, Snaebjorn and Molina, Teresa and Adhvaryu, Achyuta and Christian, Parul and Labrique, Alain and Sugimoto, Jonathan and Shamim, Abu Ahmed and West, Keith P.},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {158},
  pages = {102914},
  issn = {0304-3878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.102914},
  urldate = {2023-12-10},
  abstract = {Environmental disasters have increased in frequency and intensity as a result of climate change. Can timely intervention help protect against the health impacts of these disasters? We study this question by leveraging data from a double-blind cluster-randomized controlled trial of at-birth vitamin A supplementation, which boosts immune system functioning, in Bangladesh. During the trial, a large tornado swept through the study area, affecting both treatment and control clusters. Tornado exposure in infancy decreased physical growth and increased the incidence of severe fevers. But infants who received supplementation were protected from these negative effects.},
  keywords = {Bangladesh,Climate change,Early childhood,Micronutrient supplementation,Natural disasters,Vitamin A},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PNHZXMPH/Gunnsteinsson et al. - 2022 - Protecting infants from natural disasters The cas.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2WY73VS7/S0304387822000724.html}
}

@article{gunnsteinssonResilienceEarlyLife2014,
  title = {Resilience to Early Life Shocks: {{Evidence}} from the {{Interaction}} of a {{Randomized Controlled Trial}} and a {{Natural Experiment}}},
  author = {Gunnsteinsson, Snaebjorn and Adhvaryu, Achyuta and Christian, Parul and Labrique, Alain and Sugimoto, Jonathan and Shamim, Abu Ahmed and West, Keith P},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Working Paper},
  pages = {1--48},
  keywords = {5k01hd071949,adhvaryu gratefully acknowledges funding,anant nyshadham,and seminar participants at,and the nber chil-,atheen venkataramani,bharadwaj,child health,discussions,dren,early life,escamilla,from the nih,jess goldberg,john strauss,maryland,micronutrient supplementation,natural disasters,nichd,pam jakiela,paul gertler,rafael perez-,resilience,s meeting for helpful,special thanks to prashant,the cdc,usc}
}

@article{Gupta2017,
  title = {Perils of the {{Paperwork}}: {{The Impact}} of {{Information}} and {{Application Assistance}} on {{Welfare Program Take-Up}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Gupta, Sarika},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Unpublished job market paper},
  abstract = {Governments worldwide administer targeted social programs to improve the well-being of vulnerable groups, yet many eligible citizens do not take up these programs. This paper examines take-up of an unconditional cash transfer program for poor widows and divorcees in Delhi, India. Despite the considerable benefits, only one-third of eligible citizens are enrolled, with lower enrollment among more vulnerable women. I conduct a field experiment with over 1,200 pension-eligible women to identify barriers to program take-up and their distributive implications. One group of women is provided with only information about the program. Others receive information plus mediation: assistance with filling out the application form (basic mediation) or assistance engaging with political authorities (intensive mediation). I find that information alone raises application rates only among literate women. On the other hand, basic and intensive mediation increase average application rates by 41\% and 70\%, respectively. Furthermore, providing mediation changes the applicant pool to include more vulnerable women: those who are illiterate, politically disconnected, or lack autonomy in their household. While conventional wisdom suggests that application ordeals ensure take-up by those with the highest marginal utility of enrollment, I show that ordeals can interact with capabilities of poor citizens to select out those with a high need for the program. Simpler enrollment procedures and strengthened channels of bureaucratic mediation may facilitate more widespread and inclusive take-up.}
}

@article{Gupta2018,
  title = {Exporting and {{Firm Performance}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Experiment}}*},
  author = {Atkin, David and Khandelwal, Amit K. and Osman, Adam},
  year = {2017},
  month = may,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {132},
  number = {2},
  pages = {551--615},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjx002},
  abstract = {We conduct a randomized experiment that generates exogenous variation in the access to foreign markets for rug producers in Egypt. Combined with detailed survey data, we causally identify the impact of exporting on firm performance. Treatment firms report 16--26\% higher profits and exhibit large improvements in quality alongside reductions in output per hour relative to control firms. These findings do not simply reflect firms being offered higher margins to manufacture high-quality products that take longer to produce. Instead, we find evidence of learning-by-exporting whereby exporting improves technical efficiency. First, treatment firms have higher productivity and quality after controlling for rug specifications. Second, when asked to produce an identical domestic rug using the same inputs and same capital equipment, treatment firms produce higher quality rugs despite no difference in production time. Third, treatment firms exhibit learning curves over time. Finally, we document knowledge transfers with quality increasing most along the specific dimensions that the knowledge pertained to.},
  keywords = {Exports,Firm productivity,Learning by exporting,Learning to export,Self-selection},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EXPBA3ZD/Atkin et al. - 2017 - Exporting and Firm Performance Evidence from a Ra.pdf}
}

@article{guriev3GInternetConfidence2021,
  title = {{{3G Internet}} and {{Confidence}} in {{Government}}*},
  author = {Guriev, Sergei and Melnikov, Nikita and Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {136},
  number = {4},
  pages = {2533--2613},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjaa040},
  urldate = {2024-01-30},
  abstract = {How does mobile broadband internet affect approval of government? Using Gallup World Poll surveys of 840,537 individuals from 2,232 subnational regions in 116 countries from 2008 to 2017 and the global expansion of 3G mobile networks, we show that on average, an increase in mobile broadband internet access reduces government approval. This effect is present only when the internet is not censored, and it is stronger when the traditional media are censored. 3G helps expose actual corruption in government: revelations of the Panama Papers and other corruption incidents translate into higher perceptions of corruption in regions covered by 3G networks. Voter disillusionment had electoral implications. In Europe, 3G expansion led to lower vote shares for incumbent parties and higher vote shares for the antiestablishment populist opposition. Vote shares for nonpopulist opposition parties were unaffected by 3G expansion.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FULICMNJ/Guriev et al. - 2021 - 3G Internet and Confidence in Government.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KXGDUJJW/6039350.html}
}

@article{guriev3GINTERNETCONFIDENCE2024,
  title = {{{3G INTERNET AND CONFIDENCE IN GOVERNMENT}}},
  author = {Guriev, Sergei and Melnikov, Nikita and Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina},
  year = {2024},
  abstract = {How does mobile broadband internet affect approval of government? Using Gallup World Poll surveys of 840,537 individuals from 2,232 subnational regions in 116 countries from 2008 to 2017 and the global expansion of 3G mobile networks, we show that, on average, an increase in mobile broadband internet access reduces government approval. This effect is present only when the internet is not censored, and it is stronger when the traditional media are censored. 3G helps expose actual corruption in government: revelations of the Panama Papers and other corruption incidents translate into higher perceptions of corruption in regions covered by 3G networks. Voter disillusionment had electoral implications: In Europe, 3G expansion led to lower vote shares for incumbent parties and higher vote shares for the antiestablishment populist opposition. Vote shares for nonpopulist opposition parties were unaffected by 3G expansion. JEL codes: D72, D73, L86, P16.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/W66KU46Q/Guriev et al. - 3G INTERNET AND CONFIDENCE IN GOVERNMENT.pdf}
}

@article{guruswamyAccessJusticeIndia2013,
  title = {Access to {{Justice}} in {{India}}: {{The Jurisprudence}} (and {{Self-Perception}}) of the {{Supreme Court}}},
  shorttitle = {Access to {{Justice}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Guruswamy, Menaka and Aspatwar, Bipin Pradip},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2498459},
  urldate = {2021-06-26},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AN8S3TPZ/Guruswamy and Aspatwar - CT Access to Justice in India The Jurisprudence (.pdf}
}

@article{guruswamyCTAccessJustice,
  title = {{{CT Access}} to {{Justice}} in {{India}}: {{The Jurisprudence}} (and {{Self-Perception}}) of the {{Supreme Court}}},
  author = {Guruswamy, Menaka and Aspatwar, Bipin},
  pages = {43},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Gutierrez2018,
  title = {Abatement Expenditures, Technology Choice, and Environmental Performance: {{Evidence}} from Firm Responses to Import Competition in {{Mexico}}},
  author = {Guti{\'e}rrez, Emilio and Teshima, Kensuke},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {133},
  number = {November 2017},
  pages = {264--274},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2017.11.004},
  abstract = {Abatement expenditures are not the only available tool for firms to decrease emissions. Technology choice can also indirectly affect environmental performance. We assess the impact of import competition on plants' environmental outcomes. In particular, exploiting a unique combination of Mexican plant-level and satellite imagery data, we measure the effect of tariff changes due to free-trade agreements on three main outcomes: plants' fuel use, plants' abatement expenditures, and measures of air pollution around plants' location. Our findings show that import competition induced plants in Mexico to increase energy efficiency, reduce emissions, and in turn reduce direct investment in environmental protection. Our findings suggest that the general technology upgrading effect of any policy could be an important determinant of environmental performance in developing countries and that this effect may not be captured in abatement data.},
  keywords = {Environment,Plant-level response to trade,Remote sensing data,Technological change},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3THZLR5T/Gutiérrez and Teshima - 2018 - Abatement expenditures, technology choice, and env.pdf}
}

@article{Guzman2015,
  title = {Evidence for the Effectiveness of a National School-Based Mental Health Program in {{Chile}}},
  author = {Guzm{\'a}n, Javier and Kessler, Ronald C. and Squicciarini, Ana Maria and George, Myriam and Baer, Lee and Canenguez, Katia M. and Abel, Madelaine R. and McCarthy, Alyssa and Jellinek, Michael S. and Murphy, J. Michael},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry},
  volume = {54},
  number = {10},
  pages = {799-807.e1},
  issn = {15275418},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jaac.2015.07.005},
  abstract = {Objective Skills for Life (SFL) is the largest school-based mental health program in the world, screening and providing services to more than 1,000,000 students in Chile over the past decade. This is the first external evaluation of the program. Method Of the 8,372 primary schools in Chile in 2010 that received public funding, one-fifth (1,637) elected to participate in SFL. Each year, all first- and third-grade students in these schools are screened with validated teacher- and parent-completed measures of psychosocial functioning (the Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation-Re-Revised [TOCA-RR] and the Pediatric Symptom Checklist-Chile [PSC-CL]). Students identified as being at risk on the TOCA-RR in first grade are referred to a standardized 10-session preventive intervention in second grade. This article explores the relationships between workshop participation and changes in TOCA-RR and PSC-CL scores, attendance, and promotion from third to fourth grades. Results In all, 16.4\% of students were identified as being at-risk on the TOCA-RR. Statistically significant relationships were found between the number of workshop sessions attended and improvements in behavioral and academic outcomes after controlling for nonrandom selection into exposure and loss to follow-up. Effect sizes for the difference between attending most (7-10) versus fewer (0-6) sessions ranged from 0.08 to 0.16 standard deviations. Conclusion This study provides empirical evidence that a large-scale mental health intervention early in schooling is significantly associated with improved behavioral and academic outcomes. Future research is needed to implement more rigorous experimental evaluation of the program, to examine longer-term effects, and to investigate possible predictors of heterogeneity of treatment response.},
  pmid = {26407489},
  keywords = {academic achievement,behavior problems,children's mental health,school-based interventions},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/68USXB9A/Guzmán et al. - 2015 - Evidence for the Effectiveness of a National Schoo.pdf}
}

@article{haalandDesigningInformationProvision2020,
  title = {Designing {{Information Provision Experiments}}},
  author = {Haaland, Ingar and Roth, Christopher and Wohlfart, Johannes},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3638879},
  urldate = {2021-06-02},
  abstract = {Information provision experiments allow researchers to test economic theories and answer policy-relevant questions by varying the information set available to respondents. We survey the emerging literature using information provision experiments in economics and discuss applications in macroeconomics, finance, political economy, public economics, labor economics, and health economics. We also discuss design considerations and provide best-practice recommendations on how to (i) measure beliefs, (ii) design the information intervention, (iii) measure belief updating, (iv) deal with potential confounds, such as experimenter demand effects, and (v) recruit respondents using online panels. We finally discuss typical effect sizes and provide sample size recommendations.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5ZK5QC6V/Haaland et al. - 2020 - Designing Information Provision Experiments.pdf}
}

@book{haidt2024anxious,
  title = {The Anxious Generation: {{How}} the Great Rewiring of Childhood Is Causing an Epidemic of Mental Illness},
  author = {Haidt, Jonathan},
  year = {2024},
  publisher = {Random House}
}

@misc{HaJoonChangBadSamaritans,
  title = {Ha-{{Joon Chang-Bad Samaritans}}\_ {{The Myth}} of {{Free Trade}} and the {{Secret History}} of {{Capitalism-Bloomsbury Press}} (2008)}
}

@article{halderWorkingUltrapoorLearning2004,
  title = {Working with the Ultra-Poor: Learning from {{BRAC}} Experiences},
  shorttitle = {Working with the Ultra-Poor},
  author = {Halder, Shantana R. and Mosley, Paul},
  year = {2004},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of International Development},
  volume = {16},
  number = {3},
  pages = {387--406},
  issn = {0954-1748, 1099-1328},
  doi = {10.1002/jid.1084},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This paper describes BRAC experiences of working with the ultra-poor over the last two decades. The ultra-poor is the poorest section among the population with a few or no asset base, highly vulnerable to any shocks and mainly depending on wage labour. The main causes of their poverty, especially in the rural areas, are poverty inheritance, loss of income earner and ill health. Although microfinance is targeted to the poor, the ultra-poor, lacking livelihood resources, are reluctant to borrow with the fear of being overburdened, and indeed have a fear of the cash economy. They need a critical push to uplift their initial endowment base, in as risk-free a manner as possible, to a certain level which is necessary for getting greater access to other resources and their productive utilization. The BRAC Income Generation for Vulnerable Group Development (IGVGD) scheme was devised in 1986, and arose from the coming together of three circumstances: (i) an awareness that `leaving everything to the community' would not deal with the problem of marginalisation of the ultra-poor within the community; (ii) an offer in that year of food aid from the UN World Food Programme, which offered the potential of over coming the ultra-poor's `fear of cash' and (iii) a decision by BRAC to use a combination of food aid, savings and training in activities with low capital requirements as a means of enabling the marginalized to climb the ladder out of ultra-poverty. IGVGD is an integrated package of food distribution, savings, micro-credit provision, social awareness-building and skill development training and essential health care interventions. Different study findings conducted within the country and outside indicate that IGVGD is very successful and also cost-effective in reaching the ultra-poor; and that females coming from male-headed households can participate more fully in the IGVGD programme activities; it is the men who use NGO credit, and husbands' incomes are the primary source of installment payments. However, there has been a tendency for some women to take advantage only of the consumption-related benefits of the IGVGD (principally food aid) and not to graduate up all the steps of the ladder into self-sustained businesses. In response to this, a new programme, Challenging the frontiers of poverty (CFPR) was devised in 2002, and is still in its pilot stages. This has more stringent targeting requirements than IGVGD and provides for more intensive mentoring of the ultra-poor, and provides more intensive subsidy in the area of maternal and child health, but adopts the same approach of supervised `graduation' from minimal-risk to higher-risk activities.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HWNL3KFL/Halder and Mosley - 2004 - Working with the ultra-poor learning from BRAC ex.pdf}
}

@article{Hall1999,
  title = {Why Do Some Countries Produce so Much More Output per Worker than Others?},
  author = {Hall, Robert E. and Jones, Charles I.},
  year = {1999},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {114},
  number = {1},
  pages = {83--116},
  issn = {00335533},
  doi = {10.1162/003355399555954},
  abstract = {Output per worker varies enormously across countries. Why? On an accounting basis our analysis shows that diff{\'e}rences in physical capital and educational attainment can only partially explain the variation in output per worker-we find a large amount of variation in the level of the Solow residual across countries. At a deeper level, we document that the differences in capital accumulation, productivity, and therefore output per worker are driven by differences in institutions and government policies, which we call social infrastructure. We treat social infrastructure as endogenous, determined historically by location and other factors captured in part by language.}
}

@article{Hall2007a,
  title = {The Value of Life and the Rise in Health Spending},
  author = {Hall, Robert E. and Jones, Charles I.},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {122},
  number = {1},
  pages = {39--72},
  issn = {00335533},
  doi = {10.1162/qjec.122.1.39},
  abstract = {Over the past half century, Americans spent a rising share of total economic resources on health and enjoyed substantially longer lives as a result. Debate on health policy often focuses on limiting the growth of health spending. We inves tigate an issue central to this debate: Is the growth of health spending a rational economic response to changing conditions?notably the growth of income per person? We develop a model based on standard economic assumptions and argue that this is indeed the case. Standard in preferences?of the kind used widely economics to study consumption, asset pricing, and labor supply?imply that health spending is a superior good with an income elasticity well above one. As people get richer and consumption rises, the marginal utility of consumption falls on health to extend life allows individuals addi rapidly. Spending to purchase tional periods of utility. The marginal utility of life extension does not decline. As a result, the optimal composition of total spending shifts toward health, and the health share grows along with income. In projections based on the quantitative analysis of our model, the optimal health share of spending seems likely to exceed 30 percent by the middle of the century. I.},
  isbn = {0033-5533},
  pmid = {13838729}
}

@article{Hall2014,
  title = {Self-{{Affirmation Among}} the {{Poor}}: {{Cognitive}} and {{Behavioral Implications}}},
  author = {Hall, Crystal C. and Zhao, Jiaying and Shafir, Eldar},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Psychological Science},
  volume = {25},
  number = {2},
  pages = {619--625},
  issn = {14679280},
  doi = {10.1177/0956797613510949},
  abstract = {The poor are universally stigmatized. The stigma of poverty includes being perceived as incompetent and feeling shunned and disrespected. It can lead to cognitive distancing, diminish cognitive performance, and cause the poor to forego beneficial programs. In the present research, we examined how self-affirmation can mitigate the stigma of poverty through randomized field experiments involving low-income individuals at an inner-city soup kitchen. Because of low literacy levels, we used an oral rather than written affirmation procedure, in which participants verbally described a personal experience that made them feel successful or proud. Compared with nonaffirmed participants, affirmed individuals exhibited better executive control, higher fluid intelligence, and a greater willingness to avail themselves of benefits programs. The effects were not driven by elevated positive mood, and the same intervention did not affect the performance of wealthy participants. The findings suggest that self-affirmation can improve the cognitive performance and decisions of the poor, and it may have important policy implications. {\copyright} The Author(s) 2013.},
  keywords = {behavioral intervention,benefits take-up,cognition(s),executive control,fluid intelligence,intervention,policy making,poverty,self-affirmation,stereotyped attitudes}
}

@article{halliSuicidalityGenderMinorities2021,
  title = {Suicidality among Gender Minorities in {{Karnataka}}, {{South India}}},
  author = {Halli, Shiva S. and Isac, Shajy and Bhattacharjee, Parinita and Dutta, Sumit and Ramesh, B. M. and Lorway, Robert and Blanchard, James},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {BMC Psychiatry},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  pages = {25},
  issn = {1471-244X},
  doi = {10.1186/s12888-021-03043-2},
  urldate = {2023-05-18},
  abstract = {It is argued that Indian gender minorities displayed differential mental health problems and suicide attempts. Hence, the study was intended to understand the prevalence of anxiety, depression and suicidality among this group, specifically those living in a metropolitan city in South India.},
  keywords = {Anxiety,Depression,Gender minorities,Hijra and Kothi,India,Karnataka,Suicidality},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KN7CXU2P/Halli et al. - 2021 - Suicidality among gender minorities in Karnataka, .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9RM9QH5Q/s12888-021-03043-2.html}
}

@article{Hallward-Driemeier2015,
  title = {How {{Business}} Is {{Done}} in the Developing World: {{Deals}} versus Rules},
  author = {{Hallward-Driemeier}, Mary and Pritchett, Lant},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume = {29},
  number = {3},
  pages = {121--140},
  issn = {08953309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.29.3.121},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6ENX7T9L/Hallward-Driemeier and Pritchett - 2015 - How Business is Done in the Developing World Deal.pdf}
}

@article{hamadaSpatialTemporalVariations2002,
  title = {Spatial and {{Temporal Variations}} of the {{Rainy Season}} over {{Indonesia}} and Their {{Link}} to {{ENSO}}.},
  author = {Hamada, Jun-Ichi and Yamanaka, Manabu D and Matsumoto, Jun and Fukao, Shoichiro and Winarso, Paulus Agus and Sribimawati, Tien},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan},
  volume = {80},
  number = {2},
  pages = {285--310},
  issn = {0026-1165},
  doi = {10.2151/jmsj.80.285},
  urldate = {2020-05-06},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HYADBR9Y/Hamada et al. - 2002 - Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Rainy Seaso.pdf}
}

@article{hammanSelfInterestDelegationAdditional2010,
  title = {Self-{{Interest}} through {{Delegation}}: {{An Additional Rationale}} for the {{Principal-Agent Relationship}}},
  shorttitle = {Self-{{Interest}} through {{Delegation}}},
  author = {Hamman, John R. and Loewenstein, George and Weber, Roberto A.},
  year = {2010},
  month = sep,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {100},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1826--1846},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.100.4.1826},
  urldate = {2023-08-04},
  abstract = {Principal-agent relationships are typically assumed to be motivated by efficiency gains from comparative advantage. However, principals may also delegate tasks to avoid taking direct responsibility for selfish or unethical behavior. We report three laboratory experiments in which principals repeatedly either decide how much money to share with a recipient or hire agents to make sharing decisions on their behalf. Across several experimental treatments, recipients receive significantly less, and in many cases close to nothing, when allocation decisions are made by agents. (JEL D82)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Asymmetric and Private Information},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HKFN6HAQ/Hamman et al. - 2010 - Self-Interest through Delegation An Additional Ra.pdf}
}

@article{hammittIncomeElasticityValue2011,
  title = {The {{Income Elasticity}} of the {{Value}} per {{Statistical Life}}: {{Transferring Estimates}} between {{High}} and {{Low Income Populations}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Income Elasticity}} of the {{Value}} per {{Statistical Life}}},
  author = {Hammitt, James K. and Robinson, Lisa A.},
  year = {2011},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--29},
  issn = {2194-5888, 2152-2812},
  doi = {10.2202/2152-2812.1009},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {The income elasticity of the value per statistical life (VSL) is an important parameter for policy analysis. Mortality risk reductions often dominate the quantified benefits of environmental and other policies, and estimates of their value are frequently transferred across countries with significantly different income levels. U.S. regulatory agencies typically assume that a 1.0 percent change in real income over time will lead to a 0.4 to 0.6 percent change in the VSL. While elasticities within this range are supported by substantial research, they appear nonsensical if applied to populations with significantly smaller incomes. When transferring values between high and lower income countries, analysts often instead assume an elasticity of 1.0, but the resulting VSL estimates appear large in comparison to income. Elasticities greater than 1.0 are supported by research on the relationship between long-term economic growth and the VSL, by cross-country comparisons, and by new research that estimates the VSL by income quantile. Caution is needed when applying these higher elasticities, however, because the resulting VSLs appear smaller than expected future earnings or consumption in some cases, contrary to theory. In addition to indicating the need for more research, this comparison suggests that, in the interim, VSL estimates should be bounded below by estimates of future income or consumption.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3R8ZUG2F/Hammitt and Robinson - 2011 - The Income Elasticity of the Value per Statistical.pdf}
}

@article{hammondPsychosocialCorrelatesMedical2010,
  title = {Psychosocial {{Correlates}} of {{Medical Mistrust Among African American Men}}},
  author = {Hammond, Wizdom Powell},
  year = {2010},
  month = mar,
  journal = {American Journal of Community Psychology},
  volume = {45},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {87--106},
  issn = {00910562},
  doi = {10.1007/s10464-009-9280-6},
  urldate = {2022-02-04},
  abstract = {The current study proposed and tested a conceptual model of medical mistrust in a sample of African American men (N = 216) recruited primarily from barbershops in the Midwest and Southeast regions of the United States. Potential psychosocial correlates were grouped into background factors, masculine role identity/ socialization factors, recent healthcare experiences, recent socioenvironmental experiences (e.g., discrimination), and healthcare system outcome expectations (e.g., perceived racism in healthcare). Direct and mediated relationships were assessed. Results from the hierarchical regression analyses suggest that perceived racism in healthcare was the most powerful correlate of medical mistrust even after controlling for other factors. Direct effects were found for age, masculine role identity, recent patient--physician interaction quality, and discrimination experiences. Also, perceived racism in healthcare mediated the relationship between discrimination experiences and medical mistrust. These findings suggest that African American men's mistrust of healthcare organizations is related to personal characteristics, previous negative social/healthcare experiences, and expectations of disparate treatment on the basis of race. These findings also imply that aspects of masculine role identity shape the tone of patient--physician interactions in ways that impede trust building processes.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EIDV8QAY/Hammond - 2010 - Psychosocial Correlates of Medical Mistrust Among .pdf}
}

@article{hamoryLayeredAdolescentcentricInterventions2023,
  title = {Do Layered Adolescent-Centric Interventions Improve Girls' Capabilities? {{Evidence}} from a Mixed-Methods Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial in {{Ethiopia}}},
  shorttitle = {Do Layered Adolescent-Centric Interventions Improve Girls' Capabilities?},
  author = {Hamory, Joan and Baird, Sarah and Das, Saini and Jones, Nicola and Woldehanna, Tassew and Yadete, Workneh},
  year = {2023},
  urldate = {2023-12-01},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WBVDKK5H/Hamory et al. - 2023 - Do layered adolescent-centric interventions improv.pdf}
}

@techreport{Hanna2012,
  title = {Corruption},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit and Mullainathan, Sendhil and Hanna, Rema},
  year = {2012},
  month = apr,
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w17968}
}

@incollection{Hanna2017,
  title = {Designing {{Social Protection Programs}}},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Economic Field Experiments}}},
  author = {Hanna, R. and Karlan, D.},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {515--553},
  publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
  issn = {2214-658X},
  doi = {10.1016/bs.hefe.2016.07.002},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/W5PA5H55/Hanna and Karlan - 2017 - Designing Social Protection Programs.pdf}
}

@article{Hanna2017a,
  title = {Citywide Effects of High-Occupancy Vehicle Restrictions: {{Evidence}} from ``Three-in-One'' in {{Jakarta}}},
  author = {Hanna, Rema and Kreindler, Gabriel and Olken, Benjamin A.},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {357},
  number = {6346},
  pages = {89--93},
  issn = {10959203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.aan2747},
  abstract = {Widespread use of single-occupancy cars often leads to traffic congestion. Using anonymized traffic speed data from Android phones collected through Google Maps, we investigated whether high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) policies can combat congestion. We studied Jakarta's ``three-in-one'' policy, which required all private cars on two major roads to carry at least three passengers during peak hours. After the policy was abruptly abandoned in April 2016, delays rose from 2.1 to 3.1 minutes per kilometer (min/km) in the morning peak and from 2.8 to 5.3 min/km in the evening peak. The lifting of the policy led to worse traffic throughout the city, even on roads that had never been restricted or at times when restrictions had never been in place. In short, we find that HOV policies can greatly improve traffic conditions.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WT5YFV3V/Hanna et al. - 2017 - Citywide effects of high-occupancy vehicle restric.pdf}
}

@article{hannaLearningNoticingTheory,
  title = {Learning {{Through Noticing}}: {{Theory}} and {{Experimental Evidence}} in {{Farming}}},
  author = {Hanna, Rema and Mullainathan, Sendhil and Schwartzstein, Joshua},
  pages = {64},
  abstract = {Existing learning models attribute failures to learn to a lack of data. We model a different barrier. Given the large number of dimensions one could focus on when using a technology, people may fail to learn because they failed to notice important features of the data they possess. We conduct a field experiment with seaweed farmers to test a model of ``learning through noticing''. We find evidence of a failure to notice: On some dimensions, farmers do not even know the value of their own input. Interestingly, trials show that these dimensions are the ones that farmers fail to optimize. Furthermore, consistent with the model, we find that simply having access to the experimental data does not induce learning. Instead, farmers change behavior only when presented with summaries that highlight the overlooked dimensions. We also draw out the implications of learning through noticing for technology adoption, agricultural extension, and the meaning of human capital.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PGLU34CR/Hanna et al. - Learning Through Noticing Theory and Experimental.pdf}
}

@article{hannaLearningNoticingTheory2014,
  ids = {hannaLearningNoticingTheory2014a},
  title = {Learning {{Through Noticing}}: {{Theory}} and {{Evidence}} from a {{Field Experiment}}*},
  shorttitle = {Learning {{Through Noticing}}},
  author = {Hanna, Rema and Mullainathan, Sendhil and Schwartzstein, Joshua},
  year = {2014},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {129},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1311--1353},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qju015},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Abstract             We consider a model of technological learning under which people ``learn through noticing'': they choose which input dimensions to attend to and subsequently learn about from available data. Using this model, we show how people with a great deal of experience may persistently be off the production frontier because they fail to notice important features of the data they possess. We also develop predictions on when these learning failures are likely to occur, as well as on the types of interventions that can help people learn. We test the model's predictions in a field experiment with seaweed farmers. The survey data reveal that these farmers do not attend to pod size, a particular input dimension. Experimental trials suggest that farmers are particularly far from optimizing this dimension. Furthermore, consistent with the model, we find that simply having access to the experimental data does not induce learning. Instead, behavioral changes occur only after the farmers are presented with summaries that highlight previously unattended-to relationships in the data.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G52EZRR7/Hanna et al. - 2014 - Learning Through Noticing Theory and Evidence fro.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ND6MI9CV/Hanna et al. - 2014 - Learning Through Noticing Theory and Evidence fro.pdf}
}

@article{Hansman2019,
  title = {Interlinked Firms and the Consequences of Piecemeal Regulation},
  author = {Hansman, Christopher and Le{\'o}n, Gianmarco and Hjort, Jonas},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  volume = {17},
  number = {3},
  pages = {876--916},
  issn = {15424774},
  doi = {10.1093/jeea/jvy016},
  abstract = {Industrial regulations are typically designed with a particular policy objective and set of firms in mind. When input-output linkages connect firms across sectors, such piecemeal regulations may worsen externalities elsewhere in the economy. Using daily administrative and survey data, we show that in Peru's industrial fishing sector, the world's largest, air pollution from downstream (fishmeal) manufacturing plants caused 55,000 additional respiratory hospital admissions per year as a consequence of the introduction of individual property rights (over fish) upstream. The upstream regulatory change removed suppliers' incentive to ``race'' for the resource and enabled market share to move from inefficient to efficient downstream firms. As a result, the reform spread downstream production out across time, as predicted by a conceptual framework of vertically connected sectors. We show evidence consistent with the hypothesis that longer periods of moderate air polluting production can be worse for health than concentrating a similar amount of production in shorter periods. Our findings demonstrate the risks of piecemeal regulatory design in interlinked economies.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AUSFJJT7/Hansman et al. - 2019 - Interlinked firms and the consequences of piecemea.pdf}
}

@article{hansonFamilyPovertyAffects2013,
  title = {Family {{Poverty Affects}} the {{Rate}} of {{Human Infant Brain Growth}}},
  author = {Hanson, Jamie L. and Hair, Nicole and Shen, Dinggang G. and Shi, Feng and Gilmore, John H. and Wolfe, Barbara L. and Pollak, Seth D.},
  editor = {Baud, Olivier},
  year = {2013},
  month = dec,
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  volume = {8},
  number = {12},
  pages = {e80954},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0080954},
  urldate = {2020-11-17},
  abstract = {Living in poverty places children at very high risk for problems across a variety of domains, including schooling, behavioral regulation, and health. Aspects of cognitive functioning, such as information processing, may underlie these kinds of problems. How might poverty affect the brain functions underlying these cognitive processes? Here, we address this question by observing and analyzing repeated measures of brain development of young children between five months and four years of age from economically diverse backgrounds (n = 77). In doing so, we have the opportunity to observe changes in brain growth as children begin to experience the effects of poverty. These children underwent MRI scanning, with subjects completing between 1 and 7 scans longitudinally. Two hundred and three MRI scans were divided into different tissue types using a novel image processing algorithm specifically designed to analyze brain data from young infants. Total gray, white, and cerebral (summation of total gray and white matter) volumes were examined along with volumes of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. Infants from low-income families had lower volumes of gray matter, tissue critical for processing of information and execution of actions. These differences were found for both the frontal and parietal lobes. No differences were detected in white matter, temporal lobe volumes, or occipital lobe volumes. In addition, differences in brain growth were found to vary with socioeconomic status (SES), with children from lower-income households having slower trajectories of growth during infancy and early childhood. Volumetric differences were associated with the emergence of disruptive behavioral problems.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/T589EIAD/Hanson et al. - 2013 - Family Poverty Affects the Rate of Human Infant Br.PDF}
}

@article{Hao2008,
  title = {Games Parents and Adolescents Play: {{Risky}} Behaviour, Parental Reputation and Strategic Transfers},
  author = {Hao, Lingxin and Hotz, Joseph V. and Jin, Ginger Z.},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {Economic Journal},
  volume = {118},
  number = {528},
  pages = {515--555},
  issn = {00130133},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02132.x},
  abstract = {This article examines parental reputation formation in intra-familial interactions. In a repeated two-stage game, children decide whether to drop out of high school or daughters decide whether to have births as teens and parents then decide whether to provide support to their children beyond age 18. Drawing on Milgrom and Roberts (1982) and Kreps and Wilson (1982) , we show that, under certain conditions, parents have the incentive to penalise older children for their adolescent risk-taking behaviour in order to dissuade their younger children from such behaviour when reaching adolescence. We find evidence in favour of this parental reputation model. {\copyright} Copyright 2008 by the Royal Economic Society (Registered Charity No. 231508).},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PALT9DPR/Hao et al. - 2008 - Games Parents and Adolescents Play Risky Behaviou.pdf}
}

@article{harariConflictClimateCells2018,
  title = {Conflict, {{Climate}}, and {{Cells}}: {{A Disaggregated Analysis}}},
  shorttitle = {Conflict, {{Climate}}, and {{Cells}}},
  author = {Harari, Mariaflavia and Ferrara, Eliana La},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  volume = {100},
  number = {4},
  pages = {594--608},
  issn = {0034-6535, 1530-9142},
  doi = {10.1162/rest_a_00730},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {We conduct a disaggregated empirical analysis of civil conflict at the subnational level in Africa over 1997-2011 using a new gridded dataset. We construct an original measure of agriculture-relevant weather shocks exploiting within-year variation in weather and in crop growing season, and spatial variation in crop cover. Temporal and spatial spillovers in conflict are addressed through spatial econometric techniques. Negative shocks occurring during the growing season of local crops affect conflict incidence persistently, and local conflict spills over to neighboring cells. We use our estimates to trace the dynamic response to shocks and predict how future warming may affect violence.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Africa * We thank three anonymous referees,and Rene Gommes for helpful comments,Arun Chandrasekhar,Chris Blattman,conflict,Gordon Hughes,Melissa Dell,Santiago Begueria,spatial spillovers,weather shocks},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2H6SIB2J/harari2018.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WL9D32RM/Harari and Ferrara - 2018 - Conflict, Climate, and Cells A Disaggregated Anal.pdf}
}

@article{Harrison2016,
  title = {When Do {{Firms Go Green}}? {{Comparing Price Incentives}} with {{Command}} and {{Control Regulations}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Harrison, Ann and Hyman, Ben and Martin, Leslie and Nataraj, Shanthi},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {When do Firms Go Green? Comparing Price Incentives with Command and Control Regulations in India},
  doi = {10.7249/wr1133},
  abstract = {India has a multitude of environmental regulations but a history of poor enforcement. Between 1996 and 2004, India's Supreme Court required 17 cities to enact Action Plans to reduce air pollution through a variety of command-and-control (CAC) environmental regulations. We compare the impacts of these regulations with the impact of changes in coal prices on establishment-level pollution abatement, coal consumption, and productivity growth. We find that higher coal prices reduced coal use within establishments, with price elasticities similar to those found in the US. In addition, higher coal prices are associated with lower pollution emissions at the district level. CAC regulations did not affect within-establishment pollution control investment or coal use, but did impact the extensive margin, increasing the share of large establishments investing in pollution control and reducing the entry of new establishments. For reducing SO2 emissions, our results suggest that higher coal prices were more effective in improving environmental outcomes than command and control measures.}
}

@article{harrisonFieldExperiments2004,
  title = {Field {{Experiments}}},
  author = {Harrison, Glenn W and List, John A},
  year = {2004},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5WNMZI7Q/Harrison and List - 2004 - Field Experiments.pdf}
}

@techreport{harrisonWhenFirmsGo2015,
  title = {When Do {{Firms Go Green}}? {{Comparing Command}} and {{Control Regulations}} with {{Price Incentives}} in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {When Do {{Firms Go Green}}?},
  author = {Harrison, Ann and Hyman, Benjamin and Martin, Leslie and Nataraj, Shanthi},
  year = {2015},
  month = nov,
  number = {w21763},
  pages = {w21763},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w21763},
  urldate = {2020-04-16},
  abstract = {There are two commonly accepted views about command-and-control (CAC) environmental regulation. First, CAC delivers environmental outcomes at very high cost. Second, in a developing country with weak regulatory institutions, CACs may not even yield environmental benefits: regulators can force firms to install pollution abatement equipment, but cannot ensure that they use it. We examine India's experience and find evidence that CAC policies achieved substantial environmental benefits at a relatively low cost. Constructing an establishment-level panel from 1998 to 2009, we find that the CAC regulations imposed by India's Supreme Court on 17 cities improved air quality with little effect on establishment productivity. We document a strong effect of deterred entry of high-polluting industries into regulated cities; however little effect on the overall level of manufacturing output, employment, or productivity in those cities. We also find sustained reductions in within-establishment coal use, with no evidence of leakage into other fuels. To benchmark our results, we use variation in coal prices to compare the CAC policies to price incentives. We show that CAC regulations were primarily effective at reducing coal consumption of large urban polluters, while a coal tax is likely to have a broader impact across all establishment types. Our estimated coal price elasticity suggests that a 15-30\% excise tax would be needed to generate reductions in coal consumption equivalent to those produced by these CAC policies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FULLG3P7/Harrison et al. - 2015 - When do Firms Go Green Comparing Command and Cont.pdf}
}

@article{harthAdvantagedGroupEmotional2008,
  title = {Advantaged Group's Emotional Reactions to Intergroup Inequality: The Dynamics of Pride, Guilt, and Sympathy},
  shorttitle = {Advantaged Group's Emotional Reactions to Intergroup Inequality},
  author = {Harth, Nicole Syringa and Kessler, Thomas and Leach, Colin Wayne},
  year = {2008},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Personality \& Social Psychology Bulletin},
  volume = {34},
  number = {1},
  pages = {115--129},
  issn = {0146-1672},
  doi = {10.1177/0146167207309193},
  abstract = {Three studies establish intergroup inequality to investigate how it is emotionally experienced by the advantaged. Studies 1 and 2 examine psychology students' emotional experience of their unequal job situation with worse-off pedagogy students. When inequality is ingroup focused and legitimate, participants experience more pride. However, when inequality is ingroup focused and illegitimate, participants experience more guilt. Sympathy is increased when inequality is outgroup focused and illegitimate. These emotions have particular effects on behavioral tendencies. In Study 2 group-based pride predicts greater ingroup favoritism in a resource distribution task, whereas group-based sympathy predicts less ingroup favoritism. Study 3 replicates these findings in the context of students' willingness to let young immigrants take part in a university sport. Pride predicts less willingness to let immigrants take part whereas sympathy predicts greater willingness. Guilt is a weak predictor of behavioral tendencies in all studies. This shows the specificity of emotions experienced about intergroup inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {18162660},
  keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Altruism,Female,Germany,Guilt,Humans,Interpersonal Relations,Male,Peer Group,Self Concept,Social Class,Socioeconomic Factors,Surveys and Questionnaires}
}

@article{hartogStigmaReductionInterventions2020,
  title = {Stigma Reduction Interventions for Children and Adolescents in Low- and Middle-Income Countries\_ {{Systematic}} Review of Intervention Strategies},
  author = {Hartog, Kim},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Social Science},
  pages = {18},
  abstract = {Stigmatisation and discrimination are common worldwide, and have profound negative impacts on health and quality of life. Research, albeit limited, has focused predominantly on adults. There is a paucity of literature about stigma reduction strategies concerning children and adolescents, with evidence especially sparse for lowand middle-income countries (LMIC). This systematic review synthesised child-focused stigma reduction strategies in LMIC, and compared these to adult-focused interventions.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JXM6D7MS/Hartog - 2020 - Stigma reduction interventions for children and ad.pdf}
}

@article{hartwigWhyLiecatchersFail2011,
  title = {Why Do Lie-Catchers Fail? {{A}} Lens Model Meta-Analysis of Human Lie Judgments},
  shorttitle = {Why Do Lie-Catchers Fail?},
  author = {Hartwig, Maria and Bond Jr., Charles F.},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
  volume = {137},
  number = {4},
  pages = {643--659},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address = {US},
  issn = {1939-1455},
  doi = {10.1037/a0023589},
  abstract = {Decades of research has shown that people are poor at detecting lies. Two explanations for this finding have been proposed. First, it has been suggested that lie detection is inaccurate because people rely on invalid cues when judging deception. Second, it has been suggested that lack of valid cues to deception limits accuracy. A series of 4 meta-analyses tested these hypotheses with the framework of Brunswik's (1952) lens model. Meta-Analysis 1 investigated perceived cues to deception by correlating 66 behavioral cues in 153 samples with deception judgments. People strongly associate deception with impressions of incompetence (r = .59) and ambivalence (r = .49). Contrary to self-reports, eye contact is only weakly correlated with deception judgments (r = -.15). Cues to perceived deception were then compared with cues to actual deception. The results show a substantial covariation between the 2 sets of cues (r = .59 in Meta-Analysis 2, r = .72 in Meta-Analysis 3). Finally, in Meta-Analysis 4, a lens model analysis revealed a very strong matching between behaviorally based predictions of deception and behaviorally based predictions of perceived deception. In conclusion, contrary to previous assumptions, people rarely rely on the wrong cues. Instead, limitations in lie detection accuracy are mainly attributable to weaknesses in behavioral cues to deception. The results suggest that intuitive notions about deception are more accurate than explicit knowledge and that lie detection is more readily improved by increasing behavioral differences between liars and truth tellers than by informing lie-catchers of valid cues to deception. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Cues,Deception,Judgment,Social Perception,Truth},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6QYJWQEG/Hartwig and Bond Jr. - 2011 - Why do lie-catchers fail A lens model meta-analys.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2V699XEX/2011-13176-001.html}
}

@article{hathiMOBILEPHONESURVEY,
  title = {{{MOBILE PHONE SURVEY METHODS FOR MEASURING SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION}}},
  author = {Hathi, Payal and Thorat, Amit and Khalid, Nazar and Khurana, Nidhi and Coffey, Diane},
  pages = {94},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MEJVDGHJ/Hathi et al. - MOBILE PHONE SURVEY METHODS FOR MEASURING SOCIAL D.pdf}
}

@article{hauserCooperatingFuture2014,
  title = {Cooperating with the Future},
  author = {Hauser, Oliver P. and Rand, David G. and Peysakhovich, Alexander and Nowak, Martin A.},
  year = {2014},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {511},
  number = {7508},
  pages = {220--223},
  issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/nature13530},
  urldate = {2020-07-28},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7I2TK2UQ/Hauser et al. - 2014 - Cooperating with the future.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UJBNGSB5/41586_2014_BFnature13530_MOESM79_ESM.pdf}
}

@article{haushoferPsychologyPoverty2014,
  title = {On the Psychology of Poverty},
  author = {Haushofer, J. and Fehr, E.},
  year = {2014},
  month = may,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {344},
  number = {6186},
  pages = {862--867},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1232491},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9WECQ7YG/Haushofer and Fehr - 2014 - On the psychology of poverty.pdf}
}

@article{haushoferShorttermImpactUnconditional2016,
  title = {The {{Short-term Impact}} of {{Unconditional Cash Transfers}} to the {{Poor}}: {{ExperimentalEvidence}} from {{Kenya}}*},
  shorttitle = {The {{Short-term Impact}} of {{Unconditional Cash Transfers}} to the {{Poor}}},
  author = {Haushofer, Johannes and Shapiro, Jeremy},
  year = {2016},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {131},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1973--2042},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjw025},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Abstract             We use a randomized controlled trial to study the response of poor households in rural Kenya to unconditional cash transfers from the NGO GiveDirectly. The transfers differ from other programs in that they are explicitly unconditional, large, and concentrated in time. We randomized at both the village and household levels; furthermore, within the treatment group, we randomized recipient gender (wife versus husband), transfer timing (lump-sum transfer versus monthly installments), and transfer magnitude (US\$404 PPP versus US\$1,525 PPP). We find a strong consumption response to transfers, with an increase in household monthly consumption from \$158 PPP to \$193 PPP nine months after the transfer began. Transfer recipients experience large increases in psychological well-being. We find no overall effect on levels of the stress hormone cortisol, although there are differences across some subgroups. Monthly transfers are more likely than lump-sum transfers to improve food security, whereas lump-sum transfers are more likely to be spent on durables, suggesting that households face savings and credit constraints. Together, these results suggest that unconditional cash transfers have significant impacts on economic outcomes and psychological well-being.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RQZ23M8I/Haushofer and Shapiro - 2016 - The Short-term Impact of Unconditional Cash Transf.pdf}
}

@article{haushoferStressMayIncrease2021,
  title = {Stress May Increase Choice of Sooner Outcomes, but Not Temporal Discounting},
  author = {Haushofer, Johannes and Jain, Prachi and Musau, Abednego and Ndetei, David},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Behavior \& Organization},
  volume = {183},
  pages = {377--396},
  issn = {01672681},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jebo.2020.12.024},
  urldate = {2021-12-17},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/69W4T5QK/Haushofer et al. - 2021 - Stress may increase choice of sooner outcomes, but.pdf}
}

@article{haushoferStressTemporalDiscounting,
  title = {Stress and {{Temporal Discounting}}: {{Do Domains Matter}}?},
  author = {Haushofer, Johannes and Jang, Chaning and Lynham, John and Abraham, Justin},
  pages = {36},
  abstract = {Recent work in behavioral economics and psychology has asked whether stress affects economic choice. Here we focus on the effects of stress on temporal discounting, for which previous studies have produced inconsistent results. We hypothesize that different types of stress may differentially affect discounting. To test this hypothesis, we conducted laboratory experiments in Nairobi, Kenya, in which we induced stress in three domains: social (Trier Social Stress test), physical (Cold Pressor Task), and economic (Centipede Game). We find that neither the social stressor nor the physical stressor affected discounting, but the economic stressor increased temporal discounting. These effects track those of the stressors on self-reported stress and negative affect: the economic stressor increased stress, while the social and physical stressors had no effect. Together, these results suggest that different stress induction protocols may be differentially effective in inducing stress, but that different types of stress may affect discounting in the same way.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CWQX4GVV/Haushofer et al. - Stress and Temporal Discounting Do Domains Matter.pdf}
}

@article{hausmannDOOMEDCHOOSEINDUSTRIAL,
  title = {{{DOOMED TO CHOOSE}}: {{INDUSTRIAL POLICY AS PREDICAMENT}}},
  author = {Hausmann, Ricardo and Rodrik, Dani},
  pages = {64},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KI7LP4GW/Hausmann and Rodrik - DOOMED TO CHOOSE INDUSTRIAL POLICY AS PREDICAMENT.pdf}
}

@misc{hausmannEconomicDevelopmentSelfDiscovery2002,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {Economic {{Development}} as {{Self-Discovery}}},
  author = {Hausmann, Ricardo and Rodrik, Dani},
  year = {2002},
  month = may,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {8952},
  eprint = {8952},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w8952},
  urldate = {2022-12-05},
  abstract = {In the presence of uncertainty about what a country can be good at producing, there can be great social value to discovering costs of domestic activities because such discoveries can be easily imitated. We develop a general-equilibrium framework for a small open economy to clarify the analytical and normative issues. We highlight two failures of the laissez-faire outcome: there is too little investment and entrepreneurship ex ante, and too much production diversification ex post. Optimal policy consists of counteracting these distortions: to encourage investments in the modern sector ex ante, but to rationalize production ex post. We provide some informal evidence on the building blocks of our model.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7V2RVR72/Hausmann and Rodrik - 2002 - Economic Development as Self-Discovery.pdf}
}

@article{He2018,
  title = {Environmental {{Regulation}} and {{Firm Productivity}} in {{China}}: {{Estimates}} from a {{Regression Discontinuity Design}}},
  author = {He, Guojun and Wang, Shaoda and Zhang, Bing},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Working paper},
  abstract = {This paper estimates the effect of environmental regulation on productivity using a regression discontinuity design implicit in China's water quality monitoring system. Because water quality readings are important for political evaluations, and the monitoring stations only capture emissions from upstream, local governments are incentivized to enforce tighter environmental regulations on firms immediately upstream of a monitoring station, rather than those immediately downstream. Exploiting this discontinuity, we find that upstream firms' TFP is 27\% lower than that of downstream firms. China's water-pollution abatement target (2016-2020) would lead to roughly one trillion Chinese Yuan (159 billion USD) loss in industrial output value.},
  keywords = {COD,environmental policy,total factor productivity,water pollution,water quality monitoring}
}

@article{He2019,
  title = {Leveraging {{Political Incentives}} for {{Environmental Regulation}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Chinese Manufacturing Firms}}},
  author = {He, Guojun and Wang, Shaoda and Zhang, Bing},
  year = {2019},
  number = {16500617},
  keywords = {COD JEL: Q56 Q58 O13 O44 D24,environmental policy,political incentives,total factor productivity,water pollution,water quality monitoring},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FJZAVA4Z/He et al. - Leveraging Political Incentives for Environmental .pdf}
}

@article{Heal2016,
  title = {Reflections-Temperature Stress and the Direct Impact of Climate Change: {{A}} Review of an Emerging Literature},
  author = {Heal, Geoffrey and Park, Jisung},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Review of Environmental Economics and Policy},
  volume = {10},
  number = {2},
  pages = {347--362},
  issn = {17506824},
  doi = {10.1093/reep/rew007},
  abstract = {This article reviews the recent literature on the economics of exposure to temperature extremes. There is growing evidence from both micro and macro studies that in the short run, exposure to extreme temperature affects health, labor supply, and labor productivity, although empirical research on potential adaptive responses in the long run remains thin. We argue that, in addition to providing well-identified causal estimates of heat-related damages, environmental economics has an important role to play in estimating the full welfare costs of temperature stress, taking into account behavioral responses and institutional settings.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X85ZTP34/Heal and Park - 2016 - Reflections—Temperature Stress and the Direct Impa.pdf}
}

@article{heckman1993urban,
  title = {The {{Urban Institute}} Audit Studies: {{Their}} Methods and Findings},
  author = {Heckman, James J and Siegelman, Peter},
  year = {1993},
  journal = {Clear and convincing evidence: Measurement of discrimination in America},
  pages = {187--258},
  publisher = {Urban Institute Press, Washington, DC}
}

@article{Heckman2012,
  title = {Hard Evidence on Soft Skills},
  author = {Heckman, James J. and Kautz, Tim},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Labour Economics},
  volume = {19},
  number = {4},
  pages = {451--464},
  publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
  issn = {09275371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2012.05.014},
  abstract = {This paper summarizes recent evidence on what achievement tests measure; how achievement tests relate to other measures of "cognitive ability" like IQ and grades; the important skills that achievement tests miss or mismeasure, and how much these skills matter in life.Achievement tests miss, or perhaps more accurately, do not adequately capture, . soft skills-personality traits, goals, motivations, and preferences that are valued in the labor market, in school, and in many other domains. The larger message of this paper is that soft skills predict success in life, that they causally produce that success, and that programs that enhance soft skills have an important place in an effective portfolio of public policies. {\copyright} 2012 Elsevier B.V.},
  keywords = {Achievement tests,Cognition,IQ,Personality},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4E63BW3M/Heckman and Kautz - 2012 - Hard evidence on soft skills.pdf}
}

@article{Heckman2013a,
  title = {[ {{NOT FOR PUBLICATION}} ] {{Web Appendix}} to {{Understanding}} the {{Mechanisms Through Which}} an {{Influential Early Childhood Program Boosted Adult Outcomes A The Perry Preschool Program Curriculum Notes}} on {{Power}}},
  author = {Heckman, James J. and Pinto, Rodrigo and a. Savelyev, Peter},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  number = {269874}
}

@techreport{Heckman2013b,
  title = {Fostering and {{Measuring Skills}}: {{Interventions That Improve Character}} and {{Cognition}}},
  author = {Heckman, James J. and Kautz, Tim},
  year = {2013},
  month = nov,
  journal = {NBER Working paper},
  volume = {1},
  eprint = {1011.1669v3},
  pages = {1--30},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  issn = {1098-6596},
  doi = {10.3386/w19656},
  abstract = {This paper reviews the recent literature on measuring and boosting cognitive and noncognitive skills. The literature establishes that achievement tests do not adequately capture character skills--personality traits, goals, motivations, and preferences--that are valued in the labor market, in school, and in many other domains. Their predictive power rivals that of cognitive skills. Reliable measures of character have been developed. All measures of character and cognition are measures of performance on some task. In order to reliably estimate skills from tasks, it is necessary to standardize for incentives, effort, and other skills when measuring any particular skill. Character is a skill, not a trait. At any age, character skills are stable across different tasks, but skills can change over the life cycle. Character is shaped by families, schools, and social environments. Skill development is a dynamic process, in which the early years lay the foundation for successful investment in later years. High-quality early childhood and elementary school programs improve character skills in a lasting and cost-effective way. Many of them beneficially affect later-life outcomes without improving cognition. There are fewer long-term evaluations of adolescent interventions, but workplace-based programs that teach character skills are promising. The common feature of successful interventions across all stages of the life cycle through adulthood is that they promote attachment and provide a secure base for exploration and learning for the child. Successful interventions emulate the mentoring environments offered by successful families.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  isbn = {9788578110796},
  pmid = {25246403},
  keywords = {icle},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G5D7U25L/Heckman and Kautz - 2013 - Fostering and Measuring Skills Interventions That.pdf}
}

@article{Heckman2014,
  title = {The {{Economics}} of {{Human Development}} and {{Social Mobility}}},
  author = {Heckman, James J. and Mosso, Stefano},
  year = {2014},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {689--733},
  issn = {1941-1383},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-economics-080213-040753},
  abstract = {This article distills and extends recent research on the economics of human development and social mobility. It summarizes the evidence from diverse literatures on the importance of early life conditions in shaping multiple life skills and the evidence on critical and sensitive investment periods for shaping different skills. It presents economic models that rationalize the evidence and unify the treatment effect and family influence literatures. The evidence on the empirical and policy importance of credit constraints in forming skills is examined. There is little support for the claim that untargeted income transfer policies to poor families significantly boost child outcomes. Mentoring, parenting, and attachment are essential features of successful families and interventions that shape skills at all stages of childhood. The next wave of family studies will better capture the active role of the emerging autonomous child in learning and responding to the actions of parents, mentors, and teachers.},
  arxiv = {NIHMS150003},
  isbn = {10.1146/annurev-economics-080213-040753},
  pmid = {25346785},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RDM7P3XZ/Heckman and Mosso - 2014 - The Economics of Human Development and Social Mobi.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/U5AS8VQH/ec06_heckman_supmat.pdf}
}

@article{heckmanEconomicsTechnologyNeuroscience,
  title = {The Economics, Technology, and Neuroscience of Human Capability Formation},
  author = {Heckman, James J.},
  pages = {6},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Early sepsis,Meningitis,Myocarditis,Neonate,Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CSIJAEZ2/Heckman - The economics, technology, and neuroscience of hum.pdf}
}

@article{heckmanEffectsCognitiveNoncognitive2006,
  ids = {heckmanEffectsCognitiveNoncognitive},
  title = {The {{Effects}} of {{Cognitive}} and {{Noncognitive Abilities}} on {{Labor Market Outcomes}} and {{Social Behavior}}},
  author = {Heckman, James J. and Stixrud, Jora and Urzua, Sergio},
  year = {2006},
  month = feb,
  pages = {w12006},
  doi = {10.3386/w12006},
  urldate = {2020-11-18},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/57PE5QNS/Heckman et al. - 2006 - The Effects of Cognitive and Noncognitive Abilitie.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DEPWPJ8A/Heckman et al. - The Effects of Cognitive and Noncognitive Abilitie.pdf}
}

@article{heckmanHardEvidenceSoft2012,
  title = {Hard Evidence on Soft Skills},
  author = {Heckman, James J. and Kautz, Tim},
  year = {2012},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Labour Economics},
  series = {European {{Association}} of {{Labour Economists}} 23rd Annual Conference, {{Paphos}}, {{Cyprus}}, 22-24th {{September}} 2011},
  volume = {19},
  number = {4},
  pages = {451--464},
  issn = {0927-5371},
  doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2012.05.014},
  urldate = {2025-02-25},
  abstract = {This paper summarizes recent evidence on what achievement tests measure; how achievement tests relate to other measures of ``cognitive ability'' like IQ and grades; the important skills that achievement tests miss or mismeasure, and how much these skills matter in life. Achievement tests miss, or perhaps more accurately, do not adequately capture, soft skills---personality traits, goals, motivations, and preferences that are valued in the labor market, in school, and in many other domains. The larger message of this paper is that soft skills predict success in life, that they causally produce that success, and that programs that enhance soft skills have an important place in an effective portfolio of public policies.},
  keywords = {Achievement tests,Cognition,IQ,Personality},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/968ULJ43/Heckman and Kautz - 2012 - Hard evidence on soft skills.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3XNIDU5L/S0927537112000577.html}
}

@techreport{heckmanIntergenerationalIntragenerationalExternalities2019,
  title = {Intergenerational and {{Intragenerational Externalities}} of the {{Perry Preschool Project}}},
  author = {Heckman, James J. and Karapakula, Ganesh},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  number = {w25889},
  pages = {w25889},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w25889},
  urldate = {2020-05-26},
  abstract = {This paper examines the impact of the iconic Perry Preschool Project on the children and siblings of the original participants. The children of treated participants have fewer school suspensions, higher levels of education and employment, and lower levels of participation in crime, compared with the children of untreated participants. Impacts are especially pronounced for the children of male participants. These treatment effects are associated with improved childhood home environments. The intergenerational effects arise despite the fact that families of treated subjects live in similar or worse neighborhoods than the control families. We also find substantial positive effects of the Perry program on the siblings of participants who did not directly participate in the program, especially for male siblings.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G4EWNXEF/Heckman and Karapakula - 2019 - Intergenerational and Intragenerational Externalit.pdf}
}

@article{heckmanSampleSelectionBias1979,
  title = {Sample {{Selection Bias}} as a {{Specification Error}}},
  author = {Heckman, James J.},
  year = {1979},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {47},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {1912352},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {153},
  issn = {00129682},
  doi = {10.2307/1912352},
  urldate = {2021-02-19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RAA37UDY/Heckman - 1979 - Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error.pdf}
}

@article{heckmanSkillFormationEconomics2006a,
  title = {Skill {{Formation}} and the {{Economics}} of {{Investing}} in {{Disadvantaged Children}}},
  author = {Heckman, J. J.},
  year = {2006},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {312},
  number = {5782},
  pages = {1900--1902},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1128898},
  urldate = {2020-12-08},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HYWYI8UV/Heckman - 2006 - Skill Formation and the Economics of Investing in .pdf}
}

@article{heckmanUnderstandingMechanismsWhich2013,
  title = {Understanding the {{Mechanisms Through Which}} an {{Influential Early Childhood Program Boosted Adult Outcomes}}},
  author = {Heckman, James J. and Pinto, Rodrigo and Savelyev, Peter},
  year = {2013},
  month = oct,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {103},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2052--2086},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.103.6.2052},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9VAKH5JU/Heckman et al. - Web Appendix to Understanding the Mechanisms Throu.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JATYN8QL/Heckman et al. - 2013 - Understanding the Mechanisms Through Which an Infl.pdf}
}

@article{heckmanWebAppendixUnderstanding,
  title = {Web {{Appendix}} to {{Understanding}} the {{Mechanisms Through Which}} an {{Influential Early Childhood Program Boosted Adult Outcomes}}},
  author = {Heckman, James J. and Pinto, Rodrigo and Savelyev, Peter A},
  pages = {143},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{hedegaardPricePrejudice2018,
  title = {The {{Price}} of {{Prejudice}}},
  author = {Hedegaard, Morten St{\o}rling and Tyran, Jean-Robert},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {40--63},
  issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790},
  doi = {10.1257/app.20150241},
  urldate = {2021-05-24},
  abstract = {We present a new type of field experiment to investigate ethnic prejudice in the workplace. Our design allows us to study how potential discriminators respond to changes in the cost of discrimination. We find that ethnic discrimination is common but highly responsive to the ``price of prejudice,'' i.e., to the opportunity cost of choosing a less productive worker on ethnic grounds. Discriminators are on average willing to forego 8 percent of their earnings to avoid a coworker of the other ethnic type. The evidence suggests that animus rather than statistical discrimination explains observed behavior. (JEL C93, J15, J24, J31, J71)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SV3B5W2U/Hedegaard and Tyran - 2018 - The Price of Prejudice.pdf}
}

@article{heEnvironmentalRegulationFirm,
  title = {Environmental {{Regulation}} and {{Firm Productivity}} in {{China}}: {{Estimates}} from a {{Regression Discontinuity Design}}},
  author = {He, Guojun and Wang, Shaoda and Zhang, Bing},
  pages = {74},
  abstract = {This paper estimates the effect of environmental regulation on firm productivity using a regression discontinuity design implicit in China's water quality monitoring system. Because water quality readings are important for political evaluations, and the monitoring stations only capture emissions from their upstream regions, local governments are incentivized to enforce tighter environmental regulations on firms immediately upstream of a monitoring station, rather than those immediately downstream. Exploiting this discontinuity in regulation stringency with novel firm-level geocoded emission and production datasets, we find that upstream polluting firms face a 27\% reduction in Total Factor Productivity (TFP), and a 48\% reduction in emissions, as compared to their downstream counterparts. We find that the discontinuity in TFP does not exist in non-polluting industries, only emerged after the government explicitly linked political promotion to water quality readings, and was entirely driven by prefecture cities with incentivized mayors. A back of the envelope calculation indicates that China's water-pollution abatement target (2016-2020) would lead to roughly one trillion Chinese Yuan loss in industrial output value.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FZCAS3A5/He et al. - Environmental Regulation and Firm Productivity in .pdf}
}

@article{heffernanPerspectivesBasicReproductive2005,
  title = {Perspectives on the Basic Reproductive Ratio},
  author = {Heffernan, J.M and Smith, R.J and Wahl, L.M},
  year = {2005},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of The Royal Society Interface},
  volume = {2},
  number = {4},
  pages = {281--293},
  issn = {1742-5689, 1742-5662},
  doi = {10.1098/rsif.2005.0042},
  urldate = {2020-07-08},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6HCN5QY8/Heffernan et al. - 2005 - Perspectives on the basic reproductive ratio.pdf}
}

@article{Heft-Neal2018,
  title = {Robust Relationship between Air Quality and Infant Mortality in {{Africa}}},
  author = {{Heft-Neal}, Sam and Burney, Jennifer and Bendavid, Eran and Burke, Marshall},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {559},
  number = {7713},
  pages = {254--258},
  issn = {14764687},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-018-0263-3},
  abstract = {Poor air quality is thought to be an important mortality risk factor globally 1-3, but there is little direct evidence from the developing world on how mortality risk varies with changing exposure to ambient particulate matter. Current global estimates apply exposure-response relationships that have been derived mostly from wealthy, mid-latitude countries to spatial population data 4, and these estimates remain unvalidated across large portions of the globe. Here we combine household survey-based information on the location and timing of nearly 1 million births across sub-Saharan Africa with satellite-based estimates 5 of exposure to ambient respirable particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 {$\mu$}m (PM2.5) to estimate the impact of air quality on mortality rates among infants in Africa. We find that a 10 {$\mu$}g m-3 increase in PM2.5 concentration is associated with a 9\% (95\% confidence interval, 4-14\%) rise in infant mortality across the dataset. This effect has not declined over the last 15 years and does not diminish with higher levels of household wealth. Our estimates suggest that PM2.5 concentrations above minimum exposure levels were responsible for 22\% (95\% confidence interval, 9-35\%) of infant deaths in our 30 study countries and led to 449,000 (95\% confidence interval, 194,000-709,000) additional deaths of infants in 2015, an estimate that is more than three times higher than existing estimates that attribute death of infants to poor air quality for these countries 2,6 . Upward revision of disease-burden estimates in the studied countries in Africa alone would result in a doubling of current estimates of global deaths of infants that are associated with air pollution, and modest reductions in African PM2.5 exposures are predicted to have health benefits to infants that are larger than most known health interventions.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/T9WRQ7LD/Heft-Neal et al. - 2018 - Robust relationship between air quality and infant.pdf}
}

@article{Heidhues2019,
  title = {Overconfidence and {{Prejudice}}},
  author = {Heidhues, Paul and K{\H o}szegi, Botond and Strack, Philipp},
  year = {2019},
  eprint = {1909.08497},
  abstract = {We explore conclusions a person draws from observing society when he allows for the possibility that individuals' outcomes are affected by group-level discrimination. Injecting a single non-classical assumption, that the agent is overconfident about himself, we explain key observed patterns in social beliefs, and make a number of additional predictions. First, the agent believes in discrimination against any group he is in more than an outsider does, capturing widely observed self-centered views of discrimination. Second, the more group memberships the agent shares with an individual, the more positively he evaluates the individual. This explains one of the most basic facts about social judgments, in-group bias, as well as "legitimizing myths" that justify an arbitrary social hierarchy through the perceived superiority of the privileged group. Third, biases are sensitive to how the agent divides society into groups when evaluating outcomes. This provides a reason why some ethnically charged questions should not be asked, as well as a potential channel for why nation-building policies might be effective. Fourth, giving the agent more accurate information about himself increases all his biases. Fifth, the agent is prone to substitute biases, implying that the introduction of a new outsider group to focus on creates biases against the new group but lowers biases vis a vis other groups. Sixth, there is a tendency for the agent to agree more with those in the same groups. As a microfoundation for our model, we provide an explanation for why an overconfident agent might allow for potential discrimination in evaluating outcomes, even when he initially did not conceive of this possibility.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv}
}

@article{heidhuesOverconfidencePrejudice,
  title = {Overconfidence and {{Prejudice}}},
  author = {Heidhues, Paul and Strack, Philipp and Ko, Botond},
  pages = {51},
  abstract = {By injecting a single non-classical assumption, overconfidence, into a bare-bones model of learning from social observations, we explain key documented patterns in social beliefs and make additional predictions. First, the agent has self-centered views about discrimination: he believes in discrimination against any group he is in more than an outsider does. Second, the agent is subject to in-group bias: the more group memberships he shares with an individual, the more positively he evaluates the individual. Third, these biases are increasing in the agent's overconfidence. Fourth, the biases are sensitive to how he divides society into groups when evaluating outcomes, so changing his way of thinking on this matter can lower his biases. Fifth, however, better information does not reliably debias the agent; e.g., giving him more accurate information about himself increases all his biases. Sixth, the agent is prone to ``bias substitution,'' implying that the introduction of a new outsider group leads him to develop a negative opinion of the new group but positive opinions of other groups. Seventh, the agent tends to agree more with those in his groups.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RKF7UB8K/Heidhues et al. - Overconﬁdence and Prejudice.pdf}
}

@article{heldValuesBayesFactors2018,
  title = {On {\emph{p}} -{{Values}} and {{Bayes Factors}}},
  author = {Held, Leonhard and Ott, Manuela},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {393--419},
  issn = {2326-8298, 2326-831X},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-statistics-031017-100307},
  urldate = {2021-02-24},
  abstract = {The p-value quantifies the discrepancy between the data and a null hypothesis of interest, usually the assumption of no difference or no effect. A Bayesian approach allows the calibration of p-values by transforming them to direct measures of the evidence against the null hypothesis, so-called Bayes factors. We review the available literature in this area and consider two-sided significance tests for a point null hypothesis in more detail. We distinguish simple from local alternative hypotheses and contrast traditional Bayes factors based on the data with Bayes factors based on p-values or test statistics. A well-known finding is that the minimum Bayes factor, the smallest possible Bayes factor within a certain class of alternative hypotheses, provides less evidence against the null hypothesis than the corresponding p-value might suggest. It is less known that the relationship between p-values and minimum Bayes factors also depends on the sample size and on the dimension of the parameter of interest. We illustrate the transformation of p-values to minimum Bayes factors with two examples from clinical research.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AFUHSPVX/Held and Ott - 2018 - On p -Values and Bayes Factors.pdf}
}

@article{hellewellFeasibilityControllingCOVID192020,
  title = {Feasibility of Controlling {{COVID-19}} Outbreaks by Isolation of Cases and Contacts},
  author = {Hellewell, Joel and Abbott, Sam and Gimma, Amy and Bosse, Nikos I and Jarvis, Christopher I and Russell, Timothy W and Munday, James D and Kucharski, Adam J and Edmunds, W John and Funk, Sebastian and Eggo, Rosalind M and Sun, Fiona and Flasche, Stefan and Quilty, Billy J and Davies, Nicholas and Liu, Yang and Clifford, Samuel and Klepac, Petra and Jit, Mark and Diamond, Charlie and Gibbs, Hamish and {van Zandvoort}, Kevin},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {The Lancet Global Health},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {e488-e496},
  issn = {2214109X},
  doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30074-7},
  urldate = {2020-07-07},
  abstract = {Background Isolation of cases and contact tracing is used to control outbreaks of infectious diseases, and has been used for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Whether this strategy will achieve control depends on characteristics of both the pathogen and the response. Here we use a mathematical model to assess if isolation and contact tracing are able to control onwards transmission from imported cases of COVID-19.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8HXZIBTW/mmc1.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8XRTXDJV/critique_2.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GRZ4DJIZ/Hellewell et al. - 2020 - Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by i.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GZ5MY5QQ/authors reply.pdf}
}

@article{Hendren2019,
  title = {A {{Unified Welfare Analysis}} of {{Government Policies}}},
  author = {Hendren, Nathaniel and {Sprung-Keyser}, Ben},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {1653686},
  number = {2010},
  pages = {279--279},
  doi = {10.1017/cbo9780511933868.008},
  abstract = {We conduct a comparative welfare analysis of 133 historical policy changes over the past half-century in the United States, focusing on policies in social insurance, education and job training, taxes and cash transfers, and in-kind transfers. For each policy, we use existing causal estimates to calculate both the benefit that each policy provides its recipients (measured as their willingness to pay) and the policy's net cost, inclusive of long-term impacts on the government's budget. We divide the willingness to pay by the net cost to the government to form each policy's Marginal Value of Public Funds, or its ``MVPF''. Comparing MVPFs across policies provides aunified method of assessingtheir impacton socialwelfare. Our resultssuggest thatdirect investments in low-income children's health and education have historically had the highest MVPFs, on average exceeding 5. Many such policies have paid for themselves as governments recouped the cost of their initial expenditures through additional taxes collected and reduced transfers. We find large MVPFs for education and health policies amongst children of all ages, rather than observing diminishing marginal returns throughout childhood. We find smaller MVPFs for policies targeting adults, generally between 0.5 and 2. Expenditures on adults have exceeded this MVPF range in particular if they induced large spillovers on children. We relate our estimates to existing theories of optimal government policy and we discuss how the MVPF provides lessons for the design of future research. We},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WHJEM7ID/Hendren and Sprung-Keyser - A Unified Welfare Analysis of Government Policies.pdf}
}

@article{hendrenUnifiedWelfareAnalysis,
  title = {A {{Unified Welfare Analysis}} of {{Government Policies}}},
  author = {Hendren, Nathaniel and {Sprung-Keyser}, Ben},
  pages = {98},
  abstract = {We conduct a comparative welfare analysis of 133 historical policy changes over the past half-century in the United States, focusing on policies in social insurance, education and job training, taxes and cash transfers, and in-kind transfers. For each policy, we use existing causal estimates to calculate both the benefit that each policy provides its recipients (measured as their willingness to pay) and the policy's net cost, inclusive of long-term impacts on the government's budget. We divide the willingness to pay by the net cost to the government to form each policy's Marginal Value of Public Funds, or its ``MVPF''. Comparing MVPFs across policies provides a unified method of assessing their impact on social welfare. Our results suggest that direct investments in low-income children's health and education have historically had the highest MVPFs, on average exceeding 5. Many such policies have paid for themselves as governments recouped the cost of their initial expenditures through additional taxes collected and reduced transfers. We find large MVPFs for education and health policies amongst children of all ages, rather than observing diminishing marginal returns throughout childhood. We find smaller MVPFs for policies targeting adults, generally between 0.5 and 2. Expenditures on adults have exceeded this MVPF range in particular if they induced large spillovers on children. We relate our estimates to existing theories of optimal government policy and we discuss how the MVPF provides lessons for the design of future research.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BYHZ9TNZ/Hendren and Sprung-Keyser - A Uniﬁed Welfare Analysis of Government Policies.pdf}
}

@article{Henn2018,
  title = {Complements or {{Substitutes}}: {{State Presence}} and the {{Power}} of {{Traditional Leaders}}},
  author = {Henn, Soeren J},
  year = {2018},
  number = {November},
  abstract = {Traditional leaders play an important role in local politics and rural development in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper explores how the capacity of the central state conditions the power of traditional leaders. While in principle, the central state and traditional leaders can be complements or substitutes, I argue that the effect of state strength on the role of traditional leaders will depend on their institutional linkages. Institutionalizing traditional leaders makes their power complementary to that of the central state due to resource dependencies, and shared credit and blame attribution. Using geo-coded data from 5,500 administrative units in 25 countries and comparing respondents at the border of neighboring districts, I obtain quasi-random variation in their distance to local headquarters of the central state, which I validate as an adequate measure of local state capacity. This regression discontinuity design and supporting qualitative interviews show that in countries where traditional leaders are institutionally linked to the state-measured by whether the constitution assigns them a formal role-traditional leaders are less influential farther away from headquarters of the central state. In contrast, when they are institutionally separated, the power of traditional leaders increases as local state capacity decreases. This heterogeneity has important implications for rural welfare. Countries where traditional leaders are institutionally separated exhibit a smaller reduction in wealth and literacy when the local state is weak, indicating that traditional leaders are able to substitute for the state.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MEWBXDUY/Henn - Complements or Substitutes State Presence and the.pdf}
}

@article{henneganMenstrualHygieneManagement2016,
  title = {Do {{Menstrual Hygiene Management Interventions Improve Education}} and {{Psychosocial Outcomes}} for {{Women}} and {{Girls}} in {{Low}} and {{Middle Income Countries}}? {{A Systematic Review}}},
  shorttitle = {Do {{Menstrual Hygiene Management Interventions Improve Education}} and {{Psychosocial Outcomes}} for {{Women}} and {{Girls}} in {{Low}} and {{Middle Income Countries}}?},
  author = {Hennegan, Julie and Montgomery, Paul},
  editor = {Thompson Coon, Jo},
  year = {2016},
  month = feb,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {e0146985},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0146985},
  urldate = {2020-11-16},
  abstract = {Background Unhygienic and ineffective menstrual hygiene management has been documented across low resource contexts and linked to negative consequences for women and girls.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8WQ2299R/Hennegan and Montgomery - 2016 - Do Menstrual Hygiene Management Interventions Impr.pdf}
}

@article{henningTaxAuditsTheir2024,
  title = {Tax {{Audits}} and Their {{Distortionary Effects}}},
  author = {Henning, David and Okello, Joseph},
  year = {2024},
  abstract = {Tax audits are essential for governments to raise revenue, but can create economic distortions. To avoid the financial burden of an audit, firms could remain small, move to the informal sector, or shutdown. Leveraging detailed administrative tax data from the Ugandan Revenue Authority, a novel linked survey, and a regression discontinuity, we show that audits have two negative effects in our context: they reduce the tax revenue collected among audited firms, and impose large economic distortions. Audited firms are 11 percentage point more likely to shutdown, and those that remain operational are induced to reduce their output. The shutdown results are driven by firms who have to pay back substantial amounts of taxes. The output results are driven by firms who believe they are likely to be audited again soon. Back-of-the-envelope calculations indicate that comprehensive audits lead to a revenue loss of 3.6 million USD and, to a first order, an aggregate output loss of 10.9 million USD. Overall, our results demonstrate that comprehensive audits impose large costs on audited firms in our context and ultimately hurt both revenue collection efforts and the real economy.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R4REF5QX/Henning and Okello - Tax Audits and their Distortionary Effects.pdf}
}

@article{henrichCostlyPunishmentHuman2006,
  title = {Costly {{Punishment Across Human Societies}}},
  author = {Henrich, Joseph and McElreath, Richard and Barr, Abigail and Ensminger, Jean and Barrett, Clark and Bolyanatz, Alexander and Cardenas, Juan Camilo and Gurven, Michael and Gwako, Edwins and Henrich, Natalie and Lesorogol, Carolyn and Marlowe, Frank and Tracer, David and Ziker, John},
  year = {2006},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {312},
  number = {5781},
  pages = {1767--1770},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1127333},
  urldate = {2021-12-17},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/64VH8GIX/Henrich et al. - 2006 - Costly Punishment Across Human Societies.pdf}
}

@article{henrichEvolutionCostlyDisplays2009,
  title = {The Evolution of Costly Displays, Cooperation and Religion},
  author = {Henrich, Joseph},
  year = {2009},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Evolution and Human Behavior},
  volume = {30},
  number = {4},
  pages = {244--260},
  issn = {10905138},
  doi = {10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.03.005},
  urldate = {2022-09-02},
  abstract = {This paper lays out an evolutionary theory for the cognitive foundations and cultural emergence of the extravagant displays (e.g., ritual mutilation, animal sacrifice and martyrdom) that have so tantalized social scientists, as well as more mundane actions that influence cultural learning and historical processes. In Part I, I use the logic of natural selection to build a theory for how and why seemingly costly displays influence the cognitive processes associated with cultural learning --- why do ``actions speak louder than words?'' The core idea is that cultural learners can both avoid being manipulated by their models (those they are inclined to learn from) and more accurately assess their belief commitment by attending to displays or actions by the model that would seem costly to the model if he held beliefs different from those he expresses verbally. Part II examines the implications for cultural evolution of this learning bias in a simple evolutionary model. The model reveals the conditions under which this evolved bias can create stable sets of interlocking beliefs and practices, including quite costly practices. Part III explores how cultural evolution, driven by competition among groups or institutions stabilized at alternative sets of these interlocking belief-practice combinations, has led to the association of costly acts, often in the form of rituals, with deeper commitments to group beneficial ideologies, higher levels of cooperation within groups, and greater success in competition with other groups or institutions. I close by discussing the broader implications of these ideas for understanding various aspects of religious phenomena.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/U65EATYN/Henrich - 2009 - The evolution of costly displays, cooperation and .pdf}
}

@article{henrichMarketsReligionCommunity2010,
  title = {Markets, {{Religion}}, {{Community Size}}, and the {{Evolution}} of {{Fairness}} and {{Punishment}}},
  author = {Henrich, Joseph and Ensminger, Jean and McElreath, Richard and Barr, Abigail and Barrett, Clark and Bolyanatz, Alexander and Cardenas, Juan Camilo and Gurven, Michael and Gwako, Edwins and Henrich, Natalie and Lesorogol, Carolyn and Marlowe, Frank and Tracer, David and Ziker, John},
  year = {2010},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {327},
  number = {5972},
  pages = {1480--1484},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1182238},
  urldate = {2022-09-27},
  abstract = {A Fair Society                            Many of the social interactions of everyday life, especially those involving economic exchange, take place between individuals who are unrelated to each other and often do not know each other. Countless laboratory experiments have documented the propensity of subjects to behave fairly in these interactions and to punish those participants deemed to have behaved unfairly.                                Henrich                 et al.                              (p.               1480               , see the Perspective by                                Hoff                              ) measured fairness in thousands of individuals from 15 contemporary, small-scale societies to gain an understanding of the evolution of trustworthy exchange among human societies. Fairness was quantitated using three economic games. Various societal parameters, such as the extent to which food was purchased versus produced, were also collected. Institutions, as represented by markets, community size, and adherence to a world religion all predict a greater exercise of fairness in social exchange.                        ,              The origins of modern social norms and behaviors may be found in the evolution of institutions.           ,              Large-scale societies in which strangers regularly engage in mutually beneficial transactions are puzzling. The evolutionary mechanisms associated with kinship and reciprocity, which underpin much of primate sociality, do not readily extend to large unrelated groups. Theory suggests that the evolution of such societies may have required norms and institutions that sustain fairness in ephemeral exchanges. If that is true, then engagement in larger-scale institutions, such as markets and world religions, should be associated with greater fairness, and larger communities should punish unfairness more. Using three behavioral experiments administered across 15 diverse populations, we show that market integration (measured as the percentage of purchased calories) positively covaries with fairness while community size positively covaries with punishment. Participation in a world religion is associated with fairness, although not across all measures. These results suggest that modern prosociality is not solely the product of an innate psychology, but also reflects norms and institutions that have emerged over the course of human history.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/T3R3AFZP/Henrich et al. - 2010 - Markets, Religion, Community Size, and the Evoluti.pdf}
}

@article{henryCheckingSharingAltFacts2020,
  title = {Checking and {{Sharing Alt-Facts}}},
  author = {Henry, Emeric and Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina and Guriev, Sergei},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3597191},
  urldate = {2021-05-28},
  abstract = {Using an online randomized experiment in the context of the 2019 European elections campaign in France, we study how fact-checking affects sharing of false news on social media. We exposed a random sample of French voting-age Facebook users to statements on the role of the European Union made by the far-right populist party Rassemblement National. A randomly selected subgroup of participants was also presented with factchecking of these statements; another subgroup was offered a choice whether to view the fact-checking information. Then, all participants could choose whether to share the false statements on their Facebook pages. We show that (i) both imposed and voluntary fact-checking reduce sharing of false statements by about 45\%; (ii) the size of the effect is similar between imposed and voluntary fact-checking; and (iii) each additional click required to share false statements substantially reduces sharing. These results inform the debate about policy proposals aimed at limiting propagation of false news on social media.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ASEQ63CR/Henry et al. - 2020 - Checking and Sharing Alt-Facts.pdf}
}

@article{henryCheckingSharingAltFacts2020a,
  title = {Checking and {{Sharing Alt-Facts}}},
  author = {Henry, Emeric and Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina and Guriev, Sergei},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3597191},
  urldate = {2021-05-28},
  abstract = {Using an online randomized experiment in the context of the 2019 European elections campaign in France, we study how fact-checking affects sharing of false news on social media. We exposed a random sample of French voting-age Facebook users to statements on the role of the European Union made by the far-right populist party Rassemblement National. A randomly selected subgroup of participants was also presented with factchecking of these statements; another subgroup was offered a choice whether to view the fact-checking information. Then, all participants could choose whether to share the false statements on their Facebook pages. We show that (i) both imposed and voluntary fact-checking reduce sharing of false statements by about 45\%; (ii) the size of the effect is similar between imposed and voluntary fact-checking; and (iii) each additional click required to share false statements substantially reduces sharing. These results inform the debate about policy proposals aimed at limiting propagation of false news on social media.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TX7EC8FH/Henry et al. - 2020 - Checking and Sharing Alt-Facts.pdf}
}

@article{hepburnWillCOVID19Fiscal2020,
  title = {Will {{COVID-19}} Fiscal Recovery Packages Accelerate or Retard Progress on Climate Change?},
  author = {Hepburn, Cameron and O'Callaghan, Brian and Stern, Nicholas and Stiglitz, Joseph and Zenghelis, Dimitri},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {Oxford Review of Economic Policy},
  pages = {graa015},
  issn = {0266-903X, 1460-2121},
  doi = {10.1093/oxrep/graa015},
  urldate = {2020-06-28},
  abstract = {The COVID-19 crisis is likely to have dramatic consequences for progress on climate change. Imminent fiscal recovery packages could entrench or partly displace the current fossil-fuel-intensive economic system. Here, we survey 231 central bank officials, finance ministry officials, and other economic experts from G20 countries on the relative performance of 25 major fiscal recovery archetypes across four dimensions: speed of implementation, economic multiplier, climate impact potential, and overall desirability. We identify five policies with high potential on both economic multiplier and climate impact metrics: clean physical infrastructure, building efficiency retrofits, investment in education and training, natural capital investment, and clean R\&D. In lower- and middleincome countries (LMICs) rural support spending is of particular value while clean R\&D is less important. These recommendations are contextualised through analysis of the short-run impacts of COVID-19 on greenhouse gas curtailment and plausible medium-run shifts in the habits and behaviours of humans and institutions.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SPILIDEF/Hepburn et al. - 2020 - Will COVID-19 fiscal recovery packages accelerate .pdf}
}

@article{hermannAnotherLostDecade2017,
  title = {Another `{{Lost Decade}}'? {{Crisis}} and {{Structural Adjustment}} in {{Europe}} and {{Latin America}}},
  shorttitle = {Another `{{Lost Decade}}'?},
  author = {Hermann, Christoph},
  year = {2017},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Globalizations},
  volume = {14},
  number = {4},
  pages = {519--534},
  issn = {1474-7731, 1474-774X},
  doi = {10.1080/14747731.2016.1236464},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {With the recent economic crisis, conditional lending and mandatory structural reforms arrived in the European Union. Greece and a number of other crisis countries were subjected to a rigorous process of economic adjustment in exchange for emergency credits from the troika (European Commission, European Central Bank, and International Monetary Fund). Conditionality and structural adjustment were first tested in Latin America. This article compares the European adjustment programmes with the structural reforms introduced in Latin American countries several decades earlier. By doing so, the article reveals strong parallels in spite of the fact that the initial adjustment programmes are rarely considered a success story and that the neoliberal ideology which inspired the related reforms is widely made responsible for the recent crisis. The fact that there are differences in the adjustment programmes is not the result of a re-think of the neoliberal agenda, but of the specific dynamics of European integration and of pragmatic responses to financial threats. However, the article also shows parallels in the outcome of structural adjustment. Some European crisis countries face a `lost decade' quite similar to the one experienced in Latin America in the 1980s.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic growth,European crisis,inequality,labour reforms,structural adjustment},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y7NZ8HPC/Hermann - 2017 - Another ‘Lost Decade’ Crisis and Structural Adjus.pdf}
}

@article{heTemporalDynamicsViral2020,
  title = {Temporal Dynamics in Viral Shedding and Transmissibility of {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {He, Xi and Lau, Eric H. Y. and Wu, Peng and Deng, Xilong and Wang, Jian and Hao, Xinxin and Lau, Yiu Chung and Wong, Jessica Y. and Guan, Yujuan and Tan, Xinghua and Mo, Xiaoneng and Chen, Yanqing and Liao, Baolin and Chen, Weilie and Hu, Fengyu and Zhang, Qing and Zhong, Mingqiu and Wu, Yanrong and Zhao, Lingzhai and Zhang, Fuchun and Cowling, Benjamin J. and Li, Fang and Leung, Gabriel M.},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {Nature Medicine},
  volume = {26},
  number = {5},
  pages = {672--675},
  issn = {1078-8956, 1546-170X},
  doi = {10.1038/s41591-020-0869-5},
  urldate = {2020-09-21},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/B3CJTBA4/He et al. - 2020 - Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissi.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MTEEVDF3/41591_2020_869_MOESM1_ESM.pdf}
}

@article{Heuman2005,
  title = {The {{Political Economy}} of {{Deforestation}} in the {{Tropics}}*},
  author = {Burgess, Robin and Hansen, Matthew and Olken, Benjamin A. and Potapov, Peter and Sieber, Stefanie},
  year = {2012},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {127},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1707--1754},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjs034},
  abstract = {Tropical deforestation accounts for almost one-fifth of greenhouse gas emissions and threatens the world's most diverse ecosystems. Much of this deforestation is driven by illegal logging. We use novel satellite data that tracks annual deforestation across eight years of Indonesian institutional change to examine how local officials' incentives affect deforestation. Increases in the number of political jurisdictions lead to increased deforestation and lower timber prices, consistent with Cournot competition between jurisdictions. Illegal logging and local oil and gas rents are short-run substitutes, but this effect disappears over time with political turnover. The results illustrate how local officials' incentives affect deforestation and show how standard economic theories can explain illegal behavior.},
  isbn = {00335533},
  pmid = {1352096},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AH2C7I55/Burgess et al. - 2012 - The Political Economy of Deforestation in the Trop.pdf}
}

@article{heuserEffectsFaceToFaceConversations,
  title = {The {{Effects}} of {{Face-To-Face Conversations}} on {{Polarization}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Quasi-Experiment}}},
  author = {Heuser, Sven and St{\"o}tzer, Lasse S},
  pages = {94},
  abstract = {Do conversations between like-minded individuals exacerbate political polarization whereas conversations between contrary-minded individuals reduce it? We examine this question by exploiting a large-scale quasi-experiment in Germany, in which strangers were paired for unobserved in-person meetings based on their political views. We find that talking to a person with a similar political opinion leads to more extreme political views. By contrast, meeting a contrary-minded person does not affect political views. However, it reduces negative attitudes towards those with opposing political opinions and improves the perception of social cohesion. Together, the results suggest that political in-person conversations among like-minded individuals may increase polarization of views and thus widen the gap between ideological groups, while conversations among contrary-minded individuals can reduce affective but not ideological polarization.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/43QWHBCG/Heuser and Stötzer - The Effects of Face-To-Face Conversations on Polar.pdf}
}

@article{heuserEffectsInPersonConversations2022,
  title = {The {{Effects}} of {{In-Person Conversations}} on {{Polarization}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Quasi-Experiment}}},
  author = {Heuser, Sven and St{\"o}tzer, Lasse S},
  year = {2022},
  abstract = {Do conversations between like-minded individuals exacerbate political polarization, whereas conversations between contrary-minded individuals reduce it? We examine this by exploiting a large-scale quasi-experiment in Germany, which paired strangers for unobserved in-person meetings. Talking to a person with a similar political opinion leads to more extreme political views. By contrast, meeting a contrary-minded person does not a ect political views. However, it reduces negative attitudes towards those with opposing political opinions and improves social cohesion. Our results suggest that conversations among like-minded individuals may widen the gap between ideological groups, while conversations among contrary-minded individuals can reduce a ective but not ideological polarization.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ACB9FHNR/Heuser and Stötzer - The Eects of In-Person Conversations on Polarizat.pdf}
}

@techreport{hicksReevaluatingAgriculturalProductivity2017,
  title = {Reevaluating {{Agricultural Productivity Gaps}} with {{Longitudinal Microdata}}},
  author = {Hicks, Joan Hamory and Kleemans, Marieke and Li, Nicholas and Miguel, Edward},
  year = {2017},
  month = mar,
  number = {w23253},
  pages = {w23253},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w23253},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Recent research has pointed to large gaps in labor productivity between the agricultural and nonagricultural sectors in low-income countries, as well as between workers in rural and urban areas. Most estimates are based on national accounts or repeated cross-sections of micro-survey data, and as a result typically struggle to account for individual selection between sectors. This paper uses long-run individual-level panel data from two low-income countries (Indonesia and Kenya). Accounting for individual fixed effects leads to much smaller estimated productivity gains from moving into the nonagricultural sector (or urban areas), reducing estimated gaps by over 80\%. Per capita consumption gaps are also small once individual fixed effects are included. Estimated productivity gaps do not emerge up to five years after a move between sectors. We evaluate whether these findings imply a re-assessment of the conventional wisdom regarding sectoral gaps, discuss how to reconcile them with existing cross-sectional estimates, and consider implications for the desirability of sectoral reallocation of labor.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RX4ENSBD/Hicks et al. - 2017 - Reevaluating Agricultural Productivity Gaps with L.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TW788D7D/Hicks et al. - 2017 - Reevaluating Agricultural Productivity Gaps with L.pdf}
}

@article{hillenbrandAsymmetricEffectNarratives2022,
  title = {The Asymmetric Effect of Narratives on Prosocial Behavior},
  author = {Hillenbrand, Adrian and Verrina, Eugenio},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Games and Economic Behavior},
  volume = {135},
  pages = {241--270},
  issn = {0899-8256},
  doi = {10.1016/j.geb.2022.06.008},
  urldate = {2023-07-02},
  abstract = {We study how positive narratives (stories in favor of a prosocial action) and negative narratives (stories in favor of a selfish action) influence prosocial behavior in a series of lab and online experiments with more than 1500 subjects. We find that, both positive and negative narratives are effective at changing how actions are perceived. However, while positive narratives increase prosocial behavior, negative narratives do not move aggregate behavior and --- if anything --- lead to slightly more prosocial behavior. Our results indicate that this may be due to the fact that when following a negative narrative an individual is viewed as influenceable --- something that appears to be undesirable. Taken together, our study suggests that positive and negative narratives are not just the flip sides of the same coin.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Dictator game,Motivated reasoning,Narrative,Prosocial behavior,SVO},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JNJWS3UA/Hillenbrand and Verrina - 2022 - The asymmetric effect of narratives on prosocial b.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MPHNZZNJ/S0899825622001075.html}
}

@misc{hillenbrandDifferentialEffectNarratives2020,
  type = {{{SSRN Scholarly Paper}}},
  title = {The {{Differential Effect}} of {{Narratives}} on {{Prosocial Behavior}}},
  author = {Hillenbrand, Adrian and Verrina, Eugenio},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  number = {3303744},
  address = {Rochester, NY},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3303744},
  urldate = {2023-07-02},
  abstract = {We study how positive narratives (stories in favor of a prosocial action) and negative narratives (stories in favor of a selfish action) influence prosocial behavior. Our main findings are that positivenarratives increase giving of selfish types substantially, compared to a baseline with no narratives. Negative narratives, on the other hand, have a differential effect. Prosocial types decrease their giving, while selfish types give more than in the baseline. We argue and provide evidence in favor of the following interpretation of our results: narratives offer a benchmark for social comparison, on top of influencing perceptions of deservingness and appropriateness. Subjects are swayed by narratives and, at the same time, they compare themselves with the narrator.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {dictator game,narratives,Prosocial behavior,social comparison,SVO},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JXPWHEYJ/Hillenbrand and Verrina - 2020 - The Differential Effect of Narratives on Prosocial.pdf}
}

@article{hillHowQuicklyWe2013,
  title = {How {{Quickly We Forget}}: {{The Duration}} of {{Persuasion Effects From Mass Communication}}},
  shorttitle = {How {{Quickly We Forget}}},
  author = {Hill, Seth J. and Lo, James and Vavreck, Lynn and Zaller, John},
  year = {2013},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Political Communication},
  volume = {30},
  number = {4},
  pages = {521--547},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  issn = {1058-4609},
  doi = {10.1080/10584609.2013.828143},
  urldate = {2024-01-23},
  abstract = {Scholars do not usually test for the duration of the effects of mass communication, but when they do, they typically find rapid decay. Persuasive impact may end almost as soon as communication ends. Why so much decay? Does mass communication produce any long-term effects? How should this decay color our understanding of the effects of mass communication? We examine these questions with data from the effects of advertising in the 2000 presidential election and 2006 subnational elections, but argue that our model and results are broadly applicable within the field of political communication. We find that the bulk of the persuasive impact of advertising decays quickly, but that some effect in the presidential campaign endures for at least 6 weeks. These results, which are similar in rolling cross-section survey data and county-level data on actual presidential vote, appear to reflect a mix of memory-based processing (whose effects last only as long as short-term memory lasts) and online processing (whose effects are more durable). Finally, we find that immediate effects of advertising are larger in subnational than presidential elections, but decay more quickly and more completely. [Supplementary material is available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Political Communication for the following free supplemental resource(s): discussion of methodological issues; results for a alternative specifications of key models; full reports of model results.]},
  keywords = {advertising,decay,elections,mass communication},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C9E6WRED/Hill et al. - 2013 - How Quickly We Forget The Duration of Persuasion .pdf}
}

@misc{HistoricalGlobalHealth,
  title = {Historical {{Global Health R}}\&{{D}} "Hits": {{Development}}, Main Sources of Funding, and Impact --- {{Rethink Priorities}}},
  urldate = {2024-04-07},
  howpublished = {https://rethinkpriorities.org/publications/historical-global-health-rd-hits?ref=blog.jacobtrefethen.com},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RX9GWWTU/historical-global-health-rd-hits.html}
}

@article{hjortEthnicDivisionsProduction2014,
  title = {Ethnic {{Divisions}} and {{Production}} in {{Firms}}*},
  author = {Hjort, Jonas},
  year = {2014},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {129},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1899--1946},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qju028},
  urldate = {2020-03-12},
  abstract = {Abstract             A body of literature suggests that ethnic heterogeneity limits economic growth. This article provides microeconometric evidence on the direct effect of ethnic divisions on productivity. In team production at a plant in Kenya, an upstream worker supplies and distributes flowers to two downstream workers, who assemble them into bunches. The plant uses an essentially random rotation process to assign workers to positions, leading to three types of teams: (i) ethnically homogeneous teams, and teams in which (ii) one or (iii) both downstream workers belong to a tribe in rivalry with the upstream worker's tribe. I find strong evidence that upstream workers undersupply non-coethnic downstream workers (vertical discrimination) and shift flowers from non-coethnic to coethnic downstream workers (horizontal discrimination), at the cost of lower own pay and total output. A period of ethnic conflict following Kenya's 2007 election led to a sharp increase in discrimination. In response, the plant began paying the two downstream workers for their combined output (team pay). This led to a modest output reduction in (i) and (iii) teams---as predicted by standard incentive models---but an increase in output in (ii) teams, and overall. Workers' behavior before conflict, during conflict, and under team pay is predicted by a model of taste-based discrimination. My findings suggest that interethnic rivalries lower allocative efficiency in the private sector, that the economic costs of ethnic diversity vary with the political environment, and that in high-cost environments firms are forced to adopt ``second best'' policies to limit discrimination distortions.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5ULC7WMX/Hjort - 2014 - Ethnic Divisions and Production in Firms.pdf}
}

@article{hjortHowResearchAffects2021,
  title = {How {{Research Affects Policy}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from 2,150 {{Brazilian Municipalities}}},
  shorttitle = {How {{Research Affects Policy}}},
  author = {Hjort, Jonas and Moreira, Diana and Rao, Gautam and Santini, Juan Francisco},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {111},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1442--1480},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20190830},
  urldate = {2022-10-06},
  abstract = {Can research findings change political leaders' beliefs and policies? We use experiments with 2,150 Brazilian municipalities to measure mayors' demand for and response to research information. In one experiment, we find that mayors are willing to pay to learn the results of evaluation studies, and update their beliefs when informed of the findings. They value larger-sample studies more, while not distinguishing between studies in rich and poor countries. In a second experiment, we find that informing mayors about research on a simple and effective policy, taxpayer reminder letters, increases the probability the policy is implemented by 10 percentage points. (JEL D72, D78, D83, O17, O18)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SZ8JJFGJ/Hjort et al. - 2021 - How Research Affects Policy Experimental Evidence.pdf}
}

@article{hoangSystematicReviewSocial2019,
  title = {A {{Systematic Review}} of {{Social Contact Surveys}} to {{Inform Transmission Models}} of {{Close-contact Infections}}:},
  shorttitle = {A {{Systematic Review}} of {{Social Contact Surveys}} to {{Inform Transmission Models}} of {{Close-contact Infections}}},
  author = {Hoang, Thang and Coletti, Pietro and Melegaro, Alessia and Wallinga, Jacco and Grijalva, Carlos G. and Edmunds, John W. and Beutels, Philippe and Hens, Niel},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Epidemiology},
  volume = {30},
  number = {5},
  pages = {723--736},
  issn = {1044-3983},
  doi = {10.1097/EDE.0000000000001047},
  urldate = {2020-09-25},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HQLH6LA3/Hoang et al. - 2019 - A Systematic Review of Social Contact Surveys to I.pdf}
}

@article{hochbergEvodevoHumanAdolescence2013,
  title = {Evo-Devo of Human Adolescence: Beyond Disease Models of Early Puberty},
  shorttitle = {Evo-Devo of Human Adolescence},
  author = {Hochberg, Ze'ev and Belsky, Jay},
  year = {2013},
  month = apr,
  journal = {BMC medicine},
  volume = {11},
  pages = {113},
  issn = {1741-7015},
  doi = {10.1186/1741-7015-11-113},
  abstract = {Despite substantial heritability in pubertal development, much variation remains to be explained, leaving room for the influence of environmental factors to adjust its phenotypic trajectory in the service of fitness goals. Utilizing evolutionary development biology (evo-devo), we examine adolescence as an evolutionary life-history stage in its developmental context. We show that the transition from the preceding stage of juvenility entails adaptive plasticity in response to energy resources, other environmental cues, social needs of adolescence and maturation toward youth and adulthood. Using the evolutionary theory of socialization, we show that familial psychosocial stress fosters a fast life history and reproductive strategy rather than early maturation being just a risk factor for aggression and delinquency. Here we explore implications of an evolutionary-developmental-endocrinological-anthropological framework for theory building, while illuminating new directions for research.},
  langid = {english},
  pmcid = {PMC3639027},
  pmid = {23627891},
  keywords = {Adolescent,Biological Evolution,Environment,Humans,Puberty,Social Adjustment},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FD4TP4ZU/Hochberg and Belsky - 2013 - Evo-devo of human adolescence beyond disease mode.pdf}
}

@article{hochPerceivedConsensusPredictive,
  title = {Perceived {{Consensus}} and {{Predictive Accuracy}}: {{The Pros}} and {{Cons}} of {{Projection}}},
  author = {Hoch, Stephen J and Research, Carterfix-Decision},
  pages = {14},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{hochPerceivedConsensusPredictive1987,
  title = {Perceived Consensus and Predictive Accuracy: {{The}} Pros and Cons of Projection.},
  shorttitle = {Perceived Consensus and Predictive Accuracy},
  author = {Hoch, Stephen J.},
  year = {1987},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {53},
  number = {2},
  pages = {221--234},
  issn = {1939-1315, 0022-3514},
  doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.53.2.221},
  urldate = {2021-04-30},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VD8ASZ4M/Hoch and Research - Perceived Consensus and Predictive Accuracy The P.pdf}
}

@incollection{hoddinottCommentChapters2019,
  title = {Comment on {{Chapters}} 1 and 2},
  booktitle = {The {{Economics}} of {{Poverty Traps}}},
  author = {Hoddinott, John},
  editor = {Barrett, Christopher B. and Carter, Michael R and Chavas, Jean-Paul},
  year = {2019},
  publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H7EQ2J48/Barrett et al. - 2018 - The Economics of Poverty Traps.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/V5F96MTF/c13952.rev0.pdf}
}

@article{hoddinottEffectNutritionIntervention2008,
  title = {Effect of a Nutrition Intervention during Early Childhood on Economic Productivity in {{Guatemalan}} Adults},
  author = {Hoddinott, John and Maluccio, John A. and Behrman, Jere R. and Flores, Rafael and Martorell, Reynaldo},
  year = {2008},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
  volume = {371},
  number = {9610},
  pages = {411--416},
  issn = {1474-547X},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60205-6},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Substantial, but indirect, evidence suggests that improving nutrition in early childhood in developing countries is a long-term economic investment. We investigated the direct effect of a nutrition intervention in early childhood on adult economic productivity. METHODS: We obtained economic data from 1424 Guatemalan individuals (aged 25-42 years) between 2002 and 2004. They accounted for 60\% of the 2392 children (aged 0-7 years) who had been enrolled in a nutrition intervention study during 1969-77. In this initial study, two villages were randomly assigned a nutritious supplement (atole) for all children and two villages a less nutritious one (fresco). We estimated annual income, hours worked, and average hourly wages from all economic activities. We used linear regression models, adjusting for potentially confounding factors, to assess the relation between economic variables and exposure to atole or fresco at specific ages between birth and 7 years. FINDINGS: Exposure to atole before, but not after, age 3 years was associated with higher hourly wages, but only for men. For exposure to atole from 0 to 2 years, the increase was US\$0.67 per hour (95\% CI 0.16-1.17), which meant a 46\% increase in average wages. There was a non-significant tendency for hours worked to be reduced and for annual incomes to be greater for those exposed to atole from 0 to 2 years. INTERPRETATION: Improving nutrition in early childhood led to substantial increases in wage rates for men, which suggests that investments in early childhood nutrition can be long-term drivers of economic growth.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {18242415},
  keywords = {Adult,Child,Child Nutrition Disorders,Child Preschool,Dietary Supplements,Employment,Female,Guatemala,Humans,Infant,Longitudinal Studies,Male,Salaries and Fringe Benefits,Social Class},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z32GAC4G/Hoddinott et al. - 2008 - Effect of a nutrition intervention during early ch.pdf}
}

@article{Hoel2015,
  title = {Heterogeneous Households: {{A}} within-Subject Test of Asymmetric Information between Spouses in {{Kenya}}},
  author = {Hoel, Jessica B.},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization},
  volume = {118},
  pages = {123--135},
  publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
  issn = {01672681},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jebo.2015.02.016},
  abstract = {To identify which spouses respond to asymmetric information, I play two dictator games with each member of the couple. One decision is kept secret from the respondent's spouse, while another choice is public. Most people give the same amount in public and secret, while a minority behave opportunistically and give more to their spouse in public and less in secret. The types identified in the lab also behave differently at home. For those who behave opportunistically in the lab, greater knowledge about finances at home is associated with worse opportunism in the lab, suggesting that for these couples complete information at home is not due to trust but rather is an endogenous response to non-cooperative behavior. The paper highlights that allowing for heterogeneous types changes the conclusions we draw about appropriate models of the household and suggests that laboratory games can be used to identify household types useful in the interpretation of field data.},
  keywords = {Asymmetric information,Dictator game,Households},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DTKFIQ2H/Hoel - 2015 - Heterogeneous households A within-subject test of.pdf}
}

@article{Hoff2010,
  title = {Equilibrium Fictions: {{A}} Cognitive Approach to Societal Rigidity},
  author = {Hoff, Karla and Stiglitz, Joseph E.},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings},
  volume = {100},
  number = {2},
  pages = {141--146},
  issn = {00028282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.100.2.141},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8NC2YSDF/Hoff and Stiglitz - 2010 - Equilibrium Fictions A Cognitive Approach to Soci.pdf}
}

@article{Hoff2014,
  title = {Making up People-{{The}} Effect of Identity on Performance in a Modernizing Society},
  author = {Hoff, Karla and Pandey, Priyanka},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {106},
  pages = {118--131},
  publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.08.009},
  abstract = {It is typically assumed that being hard-working or clever is a trait of the person, in the sense that it is always there, in a fixed manner. However, in an experiment with 288 high-caste and 294 low-caste students in India, cues to one's place in the caste system turned out to starkly influence the expression of these traits. The experiment allows us to discriminate between two classes of models that give different answers to the question of how someone's identity affects his behavior. Models of the fixed self assume that identity is a set of preferences. Models of the frame-dependent self assume that identity entails a set of mental models that are situationally evoked and that mediate information processing. Our findings suggest that the effect of identity on intellectual performance depends sensitively on the social setting. This perspective opens up new policy options for enhancing human capital formation and development. {\copyright} 2013 Elsevier B.V.},
  keywords = {C93,Caste,D02,D03,I2,Institutional change,Labels,O15,Randomized experiment,Social identity,Stereotype threat},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9QYTCL8K/Hoff and Pandey - 2014 - Making up people—The effect of identity on perform.pdf}
}

@article{Hoff2018,
  title = {The Whys of Social Exclusion: {{Insights}} from Behavioral Economics},
  author = {Hoff, Karla and Walsh, James},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {World Bank Research Observer},
  volume = {33},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--33},
  issn = {15646971},
  doi = {10.1093/wbro/lkx010},
  abstract = {All over the world, people are prevented from participating fully in society through mechanisms that go beyond the structural and institutional barriers that rational choice theory identifies (-poverty, exclusion by law or force, taste-based or statistical discrimination, and externalities from social networks differentiated by socioeconomic status). This paper discusses four additional mechanisms that can be explained by bounded rationality: (a) implicit discrimination, (b) self-stereotyping and self-censorship, (c) rules of thumb adapted to disadvantaged environments that are dysfunctional in more privileged settings, and (d) "adaptive preferences," in which an excluded group comes to view its exclusion as natural. Institutions, if they are stable, come to have cognitive foundations-concepts, categories, social identities, and worldviews-through which peoplemediate their perceptions of themselves and theworld around them. Abolishing or reforming a discriminatory institutionmay have little effect on the social categories it created; groups previously discriminated against by lawmay remain excluded through custom and habits of themind. Recognizing newforces of social exclusion, behavioral economics identifies ways to offset them. Some interventions have had very consequential impacts.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PWZNZ3TU/Hoff and Walsh - The Whys of Social Exclusion Insights from Behavi.pdf}
}

@article{hoffDiscriminationSocialIdentity2006,
  title = {Discrimination, {{Social Identity}}, and {{Durable Inequalities}}},
  author = {Hoff, Karla and Pandey, Priyanka},
  year = {2006},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {96},
  number = {2},
  pages = {206--211},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/000282806777212611},
  urldate = {2020-12-19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PST2QYWM/Hoff and Pandey - 2006 - Discrimination, Social Identity, and Durable Inequ.pdf}
}

@article{hoFlexibleWorkArrangements2024,
  title = {Flexible {{Work Arrangements}} as {{Gateway Jobs}} for {{Women}} in {{West Bengal}}},
  author = {Ho, Lisa and Jalota, Suhani and Karandikar, Anahita},
  year = {2024},
  abstract = {Several hundred million women who want a job are out of the labor force, often because available opportunities are incompatible with traditional norms of household roles. In a field experiment with 1,670 households in West Bengal, we offer short-term data entry jobs with flexible work arrangements that meet households where they are in terms of expectations on women's domestic responsibilities. We find three sets of results. First, job flexibility more than triples take up, from 15\% for an office job to 48\% for a job that women can do from home while multitasking with childcare. Second, working from home reduces worker productivity due to interruptions that interfere with flow effects. Third, flexible jobs act as a gateway to outsidethe-home jobs for women initially out of the labor force: women who first had an opportunity to work from home are more likely to accept outside-the-home work several months later. This gateway effect may be due to changes in attitudes about appropriate behavior for men and women. Job flexibility is more important to the labor supply of women from more traditional households, and work experience in turn shifts the gender attitudes of these women and their children to become less traditional. Thus, flexible work arrangements can both attract women to the labor force and provide a gateway to outside-the-home jobs.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YDV6QWPY/Ho et al. - Flexible Work Arrangements as Gateway Jobs for Wom.pdf}
}

@article{hofmanIntegratingExplanationPrediction2021,
  title = {Integrating Explanation and Prediction in Computational Social Science},
  author = {Hofman, Jake M. and Watts, Duncan J. and Athey, Susan and Garip, Filiz and Griffiths, Thomas L. and Kleinberg, Jon and Margetts, Helen and Mullainathan, Sendhil and Salganik, Matthew J. and Vazire, Simine and Vespignani, Alessandro and Yarkoni, Tal},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {595},
  number = {7866},
  pages = {181--188},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-021-03659-0},
  urldate = {2023-09-27},
  abstract = {Computational social science is more than just large repositories of digital data and the computational methods needed to construct and analyse them. It also represents a convergence of different fields with different ways of thinking about and doing science. The goal of this Perspective is to provide some clarity around how these approaches differ from one another and to propose how they might be productively integrated. Towards this end we make two contributions. The first is a schema for thinking about research activities along two dimensions---the extent to which work is explanatory, focusing on identifying and estimating causal effects, and the degree of consideration given to testing predictions of outcomes---and how these two priorities can complement, rather than compete with, one another. Our second contribution is to advocate that computational social scientists devote more attention to combining prediction and explanation, which we call integrative modelling, and to outline some practical suggestions for realizing this goal.},
  copyright = {2021 Springer Nature Limited},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Interdisciplinary studies,Scientific community},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2SDYJU7M/Hofman et al. - 2021 - Integrating explanation and prediction in computat.pdf}
}

@book{hoggBlackwellHandbookSocial2008,
  title = {Blackwell {{Handbook}} of {{Social Psychology}}: {{Group Processes}}},
  shorttitle = {Blackwell {{Handbook}} of {{Social Psychology}}},
  author = {Hogg, Michael A. and Tindale, Scott},
  year = {2008},
  month = apr,
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons},
  abstract = {This handbook provides an authoritative, up-to-date overview of the social psychology of group processes. The topics covered include group decisions, juries, group remembering, roles, status, leadership, social identity and group membership, socialization, group performance, negotiation and bargaining, emotion and mood, computer-mediated communication, organizations and mental health.  Provides an authoritative, up-to-date overview of the social psychology of group processes. Written by leading researchers from around the world to provide a classic and current overview of research as well as providing a description of future trends within the area. Includes coverage of group decisions, juries, group remembering, roles, status, leadership, social identity and group membership, socialization, group performance, negotiation and bargaining, emotion and mood, computer-mediated communication, organizations and mental health. Essential reading for any serious scholar of group behavior. Now available in full text online via xreferplus, the award-winning reference library on the web from xrefer. For more information, visit www.xreferplus.com},
  googlebooks = {X6opgl0vDSoC},
  isbn = {978-0-470-99844-1},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Psychology / General,Psychology / Social Psychology},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E8RJKWD3/Hogg and Tindale - 2008 - Blackwell Handbook of Social Psychology Group Pro.pdf}
}

@incollection{holdenBalancedInventoryDesirable2017,
  title = {Balanced {{Inventory}} of {{Desirable Responding}}},
  booktitle = {Encyclopedia of {{Personality}} and {{Individual Differences}}},
  author = {Holden, Ronald R. and Fekken, G. Cynthia},
  editor = {{Zeigler-Hill}, Virgil and Shackelford, Todd K.},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {1--4},
  publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
  address = {Cham},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_3-1},
  urldate = {2021-03-24},
  isbn = {978-3-319-28099-8},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6W6YG9YZ/Holden and Fekken - 2017 - Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding.pdf}
}

@article{hollyOptimisingAdolescentWellbeing2023,
  title = {Optimising Adolescent Wellbeing in a Digital Age},
  author = {Holly, Louise and Wong, Brian Li Han and Van Kessel, Robin and Awah, Isang and Agrawal, Anurag and Ndili, Njide},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {BMJ},
  pages = {e068279},
  issn = {1756-1833},
  doi = {10.1136/bmj-2021-068279},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HLKJRS97/Holly et al. - 2023 - Optimising adolescent wellbeing in a digital age.pdf}
}

@article{hornRationaleTestNumber1965,
  title = {A Rationale and Test for the Number of Factors in Factor Analysis},
  author = {Horn, John L.},
  year = {1965},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Psychometrika},
  volume = {30},
  number = {2},
  pages = {179--185},
  issn = {0033-3123, 1860-0980},
  doi = {10.1007/BF02289447},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/25QHTLKW/Horn - 1965 - A rationale and test for the number of factors in .pdf}
}

@article{houserGreenGlobalRecovery,
  title = {A {{Green Global Recovery}}? {{Assessing US Economic Stimulus}} and the {{Prospects}} for {{International Coordination}}},
  author = {Houser, Trevor and Mohan, Shashank and Heilmayr, Robert},
  pages = {21},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YYPI5Q4M/Houser et al. - A Green Global Recovery Assessing US Economic Sti.pdf}
}

@misc{HowIndiaContinues,
  title = {How {{India Continues}} to {{Punish Those Who Attempt Suicide}}},
  journal = {The Wire},
  urldate = {2024-07-21},
  abstract = {Despite having the law on their side, people who attempted suicide in India are continually harassed by authorities and don't receive appropriate help.},
  chapter = {Health},
  howpublished = {https://thewire.in/health/how-india-continues-to-punish-those-who-attempt-suicide},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/53VVJ5A3/how-india-continues-to-punish-those-who-attempt-suicide.html}
}

@article{HowIndiaCould,
  title = {How {{India}} Could Become an {{Asian}} Tiger},
  journal = {The Economist},
  issn = {0013-0613},
  urldate = {2024-04-04},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/S7UJQ3MJ/how-india-could-become-an-asian-tiger.html}
}

@misc{HowMenCome,
  title = {How Do {{Men}} Come to {{Champion Equality}}? - By {{Alice Evans}}},
  urldate = {2024-07-21},
  howpublished = {https://www.ggd.world/p/how-do-men-come-to-value-female-talent},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9BQPKDW8/how-do-men-come-to-value-female-talent.html}
}

@misc{HowQuicklyWe,
  title = {How {{Quickly We Forget}}: {{The Duration}} of {{Persuasion Effects From Mass Communication}} {\textbar} {{Semantic Scholar}}},
  urldate = {2024-01-23},
  howpublished = {https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/How-Quickly-We-Forget\%3A-The-Duration-of-Persuasion-Hill-Lo/871bf59eede29f28dad0220be4d9b9c7a0bf12da},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IZEKVPWB/871bf59eede29f28dad0220be4d9b9c7a0bf12da.html}
}

@article{Hoynes2016,
  title = {Long-{{Run}} Impacts of Childhood Access to the Safety Net},
  author = {Hoynes, Hilary and Schanzenbach, Diane Whitmore and Almond, Douglas},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {106},
  number = {4},
  pages = {903--934},
  issn = {00028282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20130375},
  abstract = {We examine the impact of a positive and policy-driven change in economic resources available in utero and during childhood. We focus on the introduction of the Food Stamp Program, which was rolled out across counties between 1961 and 1975. We use the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to assemble unique data linking family background and county of residence in early childhood to adult health and economic outcomes. Our findings indicate access to food stamps in childhood leads to a significant reduction in the incidence of metabolic syndrome and, for women, an increase in economic selfsufficiency. (JEL I12, I38, J24).},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DV859XH8/Hoynes et al. - 2016 - Long-Run Impacts of Childhood Access to the Safety.pdf}
}

@article{hoynesLongRunImpactsChildhood2016,
  title = {Long-{{Run Impacts}} of {{Childhood Access}} to the {{Safety Net}}},
  author = {Hoynes, Hilary and Schanzenbach, Diane Whitmore and Almond, Douglas},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {106},
  number = {4},
  pages = {903--934},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20130375},
  urldate = {2021-01-04},
  abstract = {We examine the impact of a positive and policy-driven change in economic resources available in utero and during childhood. We focus on the introduction of the Food Stamp Program, which was rolled out across counties between 1961 and 1975. We use the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to assemble unique data linking family background and county of residence in early childhood to adult health and economic outcomes. Our findings indicate access to food stamps in childhood leads to a significant reduction in the incidence of metabolic syndrome and, for women, an increase in economic self-sufficiency. (JEL I12, I38, J24)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/37TMW5VU/Hoynes et al. - 2016 - Long-Run Impacts of Childhood Access to the Safety.pdf}
}

@article{Hsiang2016,
  title = {Climate {{Econometrics}}},
  author = {Hsiang, Solomon},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Annual Review of Resource Economics},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {43--75},
  issn = {1941-1340},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-resource-100815-095343},
  abstract = {Identifying the effect of climate on societies is central to understanding historical economic development, designing modern policies that react to climatic events, and managing future global climate change. Here, I review, synthesize, and interpret recent advances in methods used to measure effects of climate on social and economic outcomes. Because weather variation plays a large role in recent progress, I formalize the relationship between climate and weather from an econometric perspective and discuss the use of these two factors as identifying variation, highlighting trade-offs between key assumptions in different research designs and deriving conditions when weather variation exactly identifies the effects of climate. I then describe recent advances, such as the parameterization of climate variables from a social perspective, use of nonlinear models with spatial and temporal displacement, characterization of uncertainty, measurement of adaptation, cross-study comparison, and use of empirical estimates to project the impact of future climate change. I conclude by discussing remaining methodological challenges.},
  keywords = {causal inference,climate change,disasters,weather},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/T64N82LI/Hsiang - 2016 - Climate Econometrics.pdf}
}

@techreport{Hsiang2019,
  title = {Climate Change and Conflict : {{What}} Do We Know and Where Is Research Going ?},
  author = {Hsiang, Solomon},
  year = {2019}
}

@article{hsiangClimateChangeConflict,
  title = {Climate Change and Conflict: {{What}} Do We Know and Where Is Research Going?},
  author = {Hsiang, Solomon},
  pages = {99},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FB9N3WN5/Hsiang - Climate change and conﬂict What do we know and wh.pdf}
}

@article{Hsieh2014,
  title = {The Missing "Missing Middle"},
  author = {Hsieh, Chang Tai and Olken, Benjamin A},
  year = {2014},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume = {28},
  number = {3},
  pages = {89--108},
  issn = {08953309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.28.3.89},
  abstract = {Although a large literature seeks to explain the "missing middle" of mid-sized firms in developing countries, there is surprisingly little empirical backing for existence of the missing middle. Using microdata on the full distribution of both formal and informal sector manufacturing firms in India, Indonesia, and Mexico, we document three facts. First, while there are a very large number of small firms, there is no "missing middle" in the sense of a bimodal distribution: mid-sized firms are missing, but large firms are missing too, and the fraction of firms of a given size is smoothly declining in firm size. Second, we show that the distribution of average products of capital and labor is unimodal, and that large firms, not small firms, have higher average products. This is inconsistent with many models explaining "the missing middle" in which small firms with high returns are constrained from expanding. Third, we examine regulatory and tax notches in India, Indonesia, and Mexico of the sort often thought to discourage firm growth and find no economically meaningful bunching of firms near the notch points. We show that existing beliefs about the missing middle are largely due to arbitrary transformations that were made to the data in previous studies.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BXWYXCYB/Hsieh and Olken - 2014 - The Missing “Missing Middle”.pdf}
}

@article{hsiehAllocationTalentEconomic2019,
  title = {The {{Allocation}} of {{Talent}} and {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Economic Growth}}},
  author = {Hsieh, Chang-Tai and Hurst, Erik and Jones, Charles I. and Klenow, Peter J.},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {87},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1439--1474},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ECTA11427},
  urldate = {2024-01-11},
  abstract = {In 1960, 94 percent of doctors and lawyers were white men. By 2010, the fraction was just 62 percent. Similar changes in other highly-skilled occupations have occurred throughout the U.S. economy during the last 50 years. Given that the innate talent for these professions is unlikely to have changed differently across groups, the change in the occupational distribution since 1960 suggests that a substantial pool of innately talented women and black men in 1960 were not pursuing their comparative advantage. We examine the effect on aggregate productivity of the convergence in the occupational distribution between 1960 and 2010 through the prism of a Roy model. Across our various specifications, between 20\% and 40\% of growth in aggregate market output per person can be explained by the improved allocation of talent.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AERCK8PH/Hsieh et al. - 2019 - The Allocation of Talent and U.S. Economic Growth.pdf}
}

@article{hsinBiologyDestinyBirth2012,
  title = {Is {{Biology Destiny}}? {{Birth Weight}} and {{Differential Parental Treatment}}},
  shorttitle = {Is {{Biology Destiny}}?},
  author = {Hsin, Amy},
  year = {2012},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Demography},
  volume = {49},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1385--1405},
  issn = {0070-3370, 1533-7790},
  doi = {10.1007/s13524-012-0123-y},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Time diaries of sibling pairs from the PSID-CDS are used to determine whether maternal time investments compensate for or reinforce birth-weight differences among children. The findings demonstrate that the direction and degree of differential treatment vary by mother's education. Less-educated mothers devote more total time and more educationally oriented time to heavier-birth-weight children, whereas better-educated mothers devote more total and more educationally oriented time to lower-birth-weight children. The compensating effects observed among highly educated mothers are substantially larger than the reinforcing effects among the least-educated mothers. The findings show that families redistribute resources in ways that both compensate for and exacerbate early-life disadvantages.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Birth weight,Child health,Differential treatment,Parental investments},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BTHDHYY3/Hsin - 2012 - Is Biology Destiny Birth Weight and Differential .pdf}
}

@article{huangBreakingSpiralSilence2023,
  title = {Breaking the {{Spiral}} of {{Silence}}},
  author = {Huang, Yihong and Ho, Yuen},
  year = {2023},
  abstract = {The Spiral of Silence theory plays a crucial role in contemporary political discourse. According to this idea, people who hold views perceived as socially inappropriate tend to self-censor, generating a distribution of expressed views that is skewed towards appropriate opinions. If the attention paid to silence is limited, this can exacerbate self-censorship and create an equilibrium where only socially appropriate views are expressed and considered dominant. We experimentally test this hypothesis based on a simple model in which self-censorship and limited attention to silence interact to jointly establish equilibrium norms. In our experiment, UC Berkeley undergraduates discuss controversial political and socioeconomic issues. Students with socially inappropriate views self-censor to a significant degree. Given the limited attention students pay to silence, self-censorship amplifies over time. We experimentally increase the salience of silence, and show that this affects both beliefs about others' views and public expression decisions. Because inference and expression amplify each other, different levels of attention to silence can produce divergent perceived social norms in equilibrium.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3G44BJPA/Silence_Draft.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M46DGWBL/Huang and Ho - Breaking the Spiral of Silence.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/T27NQLWE/Silence_Draft (2).pdf}
}

@article{huangDetectingDeterringInsufficient2012,
  title = {Detecting and {{Deterring Insufficient Effort Responding}} to {{Surveys}}},
  author = {Huang, Jason L. and Curran, Paul G. and Keeney, Jessica and Poposki, Elizabeth M. and DeShon, Richard P.},
  year = {2012},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of Business and Psychology},
  volume = {27},
  number = {1},
  pages = {99--114},
  issn = {0889-3268, 1573-353X},
  doi = {10.1007/s10869-011-9231-8},
  urldate = {2021-05-05},
  abstract = {Purpose Responses provided by unmotivated survey participants in a careless, haphazard, or random fashion can threaten the quality of data in psychological and organizational research. The purpose of this study was to summarize existing approaches to detect insufficient effort responding (IER) to low-stakes surveys and to comprehensively evaluate these approaches.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XTFNK8TT/Huang et al. - 2012 - Detecting and Deterring Insufficient Effort Respon.pdf}
}

@article{huberFiniteSamplePerformance2016,
  title = {The {{Finite Sample Performance}} of {{Estimators}} for {{Mediation Analysis Under Sequential Conditional Independence}}},
  author = {Huber, Martin and Lechner, Michael and Mellace, Giovanni},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Business \& Economic Statistics},
  volume = {34},
  number = {1},
  pages = {139--160},
  issn = {0735-0015, 1537-2707},
  doi = {10.1080/07350015.2015.1017644},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Using a comprehensive simulation study based on empirical data, this paper investigates the finite sample properties of different classes of parametric and semi-parametric estimators of (natural) direct and indirect causal effects used in mediation analysis under sequential conditional independence assumptions. The estimators are based on regression, inverse probability weighting, and combinations thereof. Our simulation design uses a large population of Swiss jobseekers and considers variations of several features of the data generating process and the implementation of the estimators that are of practical relevance. We find that no estimator performs uniformly best (in terms of root mean squared error) in all simulations. Overall, so-called `g-computation' dominates. However, differences between estimators are often (but not always) minor in the various setups and the relative performance of the methods often (but not always) varies with the features of the data generating process.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Causal channels,Causal mechanisms,Direct effects,Empirical Monte Carlo study,Indirect effects,Simulation},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YR8BYEVK/Huber et al. - 2016 - The Finite Sample Performance of Estimators for Me.pdf}
}

@article{huberIDENTIFYINGCAUSALMECHANISMS2014,
  title = {{{IDENTIFYING CAUSAL MECHANISMS}} ({{PRIMARILY}}) {{BASED ON INVERSE PROBABILITY WEIGHTING}}: {{IDENTIFYING CAUSAL MECHANISMS}}},
  shorttitle = {{{IDENTIFYING CAUSAL MECHANISMS}} ({{PRIMARILY}}) {{BASED ON INVERSE PROBABILITY WEIGHTING}}},
  author = {Huber, Martin},
  year = {2014},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Applied Econometrics},
  volume = {29},
  number = {6},
  pages = {920--943},
  issn = {08837252},
  doi = {10.1002/jae.2341},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This paper demonstrates the identification of causal mechanisms of a binary treatment under selection on observables, (primarily) based on inverse probability weighting; i.e. we consider the average indirect effect of the treatment, which operates through an intermediate variable (or mediator) that is situated on the causal path between the treatment and the outcome, as well as the (unmediated) direct effect. Even under random treatment assignment, subsequent selection into the mediator is generally non-random such that causal mechanisms are only identified when controlling for confounders of the mediator and the outcome. To tackle this issue, units are weighted by the inverse of their conditional treatment propensity given the mediator and observed confounders. We show that the form and applicability of weighting depend on whether some confounders are themselves influenced by the treatment or not. A simulation study gives the intuition for these results and an empirical application to the direct and indirect health effects (through employment) of the US Job Corps program is also provided. Copyright {\copyright} 2013 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Added value,Export competitiveness,Extension of industrial chain,Revealed comparative advantage,Technical content of agricultural product},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/V228QF3A/Huber - 2014 - IDENTIFYING CAUSAL MECHANISMS (PRIMARILY) BASED ON.pdf}
}

@article{huBreakingBullyingEmpathy2023,
  title = {Breaking {{Down Bullying}}: {{Empathy}}, {{Social Networks}}, and {{Adolescents}}},
  author = {Hu, Qinyou},
  year = {2023},
  abstract = {This paper examines the formation of a specific non-cognitive skill -- empathy -- and its role in determining bullying behavior with a focus on social networks. The analysis centers on a parent-directed empathy-fostering intervention, which successfully increased empathy levels and reduced bullying among students. To disentangle the mechanisms underlying these findings, I develop and estimate a structural model of empathy development, network formation, and bullying decisions. The analysis reveals that 32\% of the observed reduction in bullying is attributed to empathy-induced alterations in social networks. Policy counterfactuals show that social network information is valuable. Notably, targeting students based on popularity can lead to up to a 7.5\% further reduction in bullying compared to targeting students randomly. Moreover, targeting bullies' friends is more effective than targeting bullies directly. This insight holds promise for refining the efficacy of anti-bullying initiatives, which often focus more on bullies, and highlights the potential of reshaping social networks to mitigate violent behavior among adolescents.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6DI6W3VW/Hu - Breaking Down Bullying Empathy, Social Networks, .pdf}
}

@article{huebnerCardiovascularCortisolResponses2021,
  title = {Cardiovascular and Cortisol Responses to Experimentally-Induced Minority Stress.},
  author = {Huebner, David M. and McGarrity, Larissa A. and Perry, Nicholas S. and Spivey, Leigh A. and Smith, Timothy W.},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {Health Psychology},
  volume = {40},
  number = {5},
  pages = {316--325},
  issn = {1930-7810, 0278-6133},
  doi = {10.1037/hea0001067},
  urldate = {2021-12-17},
  abstract = {Objective: Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals who report greater minority stress (e.g., discrimination) are at an elevated risk for multiple health problems. However, few studies have examined physiological mechanisms that might link minority stress to health. This study tested how cardiovascular and cortisol responses to a laboratory-induced social stressor differed when that stressor contained an additional minority stress component. Method: LGB adults (n = 141; 51\% male, 49\% female) participated in a social stress task in which they were interviewed by a prerecorded confederate. Participants were randomized to receive information that their interviewer held either antigay or progay social/political beliefs. Cardiovascular reactivity and salivary cortisol were assessed at baseline, during the task, and during recovery. Results: All participants experienced significant task-related increases in heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). However, participants in the antigay condition had greater increases in HR and SBP during the task and smaller decreases in SBP during recovery. Salivary cortisol increased significantly only in the antigay condition. High frequency heart rate variability (hfHRV) was constant throughout the stress task for participants in the progay condition but decreased significantly during the task for participants in the antigay condition. Conclusions: Minority stress has the potential to affect LGB individuals' health through cardiovascular and endocrine mechanisms. Moreover, its physiological signature may differ from other social stress in ways that have implications for health and emotion regulation more broadly.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XARXICCB/Huebner et al. - 2021 - Cardiovascular and cortisol responses to experimen.pdf}
}

@article{humphreyChildUndernutritionTropical2009,
  title = {Child Undernutrition, Tropical Enteropathy, Toilets, and Handwashing},
  author = {Humphrey, Jean H.},
  year = {2009},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
  volume = {374},
  number = {9694},
  pages = {1032--1035},
  issn = {1474-547X},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60950-8},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {19766883},
  keywords = {Antibodies Bacterial,Causality,Child,Child Nutrition Disorders,Child Preschool,Developing Countries,Diarrhea,Enterobacteriaceae,Feces,Hand Disinfection,Health Promotion,Humans,Lymphocyte Activation,Research Design,Sprue Tropical,T-Lymphocytes,Toilet Facilities},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PTE2SYP3/Humphrey - 2009 - Child undernutrition, tropical enteropathy, toilet.pdf}
}

@article{hungermanCrowdoutDiversity2009,
  title = {Crowd-out and Diversity},
  author = {Hungerman, Daniel M.},
  year = {2009},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {93},
  number = {5-6},
  pages = {729--740},
  issn = {00472727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.12.002},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Research has shown that altruism is lower in diverse communities. Can this phenomenon be counteracted by government intervention? To answer this question, this paper introduces diversity to the canonical model of ``warm glow'' giving. Diversity may have two effects on incentives: it may attenuate individuals' altruistic preferences for public goods, and it may ``cool off'' the warm glow that individuals get from voluntarism. Either of these effects leads to diverse communities having lower levels of public goods, consistent with prior research. However, these effects have opposite implications for the efficacy of government intervention. I then empirically investigate whether government intervention is more effective in diverse communities. For identification, I exploit the Supreme Court-mandated 1991 expansion of the SSI program. Using a new dataset of United Methodist churches from 1984 to 2000, the results show that the expansion of SSI crowded-out charitable spending by churches. The crowd-out estimate for the average church is reasonably large, but this masks significant differences in crowd-out between communities. Crowd-out occurred almost entirely in relatively homogeneous communities; there is only modest evidence of crowd-out in racially diverse communities. Thus diverse communities, while having the lowest levels of altruism, are in this instance the most amenable to government intervention.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Crowd out,Diversity,Religion},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5FVUX2F5/Hungerman - 2009 - Crowd-out and diversity.pdf}
}

@misc{huntington-kleinSourcesResearcherVariation2025,
  type = {{{SSRN Scholarly Paper}}},
  title = {The {{Sources}} of {{Researcher Variation}} in {{Economics}}},
  author = {{Huntington-Klein}, Nick and P{\"o}rtner, Claus C. and Acharya, Yubraj and Adamkovic, Matus and Adema, Joop and Agasa, Lameck Ondieki and Ahmad, Imtiaz and {Akbulut-Yuksel}, Mevlude and Andresen, Martin Eckhoff and Angenendt, David and Ant{\'o}n, Jos{\'e}-Ignacio and Arenas, Andreu and Aslim, Erkmen Giray and Avdeev, Stanislav and {Bacher-Hicks}, Andrew and Baker, Bradley and Bandara, Imesh Nuwan and Bansal, Avijit and Bartram, David and {Bech-Wysocka}, Katarzyna and Bennett, Christopher T. and Berha, Andu and Berniell, In{\'e}s and Bhai, Moiz and Bhattacharya, Shreya and Bjoerkheim, Markus and Bloem, Jeffrey R. and Brehm, Margaret and Brun, Mart{\'i}n and Buisson, Florent and Burli, Pralhad H. and Camp, Andrew M. and Cerutti, Nicola and Chen, Weiwei and Clement, Jeffrey and Collins, Matthew and Crawfurd, Lee and Cullinan, John and Deer, Lachlan and {Dorsey-Palmateer}, Reid and Duquette, Nicolas and Marino Fages, Diego and Falken, Grace and Farquharson, Christine and Feld, Jan and Feyman, Yevgeniy and Fiala, Nathan and Fitzpatrick, Anne and Fradkin, Andrey and French, Evaewero and Fu, Wei and Fumarco, Luca and Gallegos, Sebastian and Gal{\'a}rraga, Julio and Gamino, Aaron M. and Gauriot, Romain and Gay, Victor and Gayaker, Savas and Gazeaud, Jules and {de Gendre}, Alexandra and Gilpin, Gregory and Girardi, Daniele and Goldhaber, Dan and Harris, Mark N. and Heller, Blake H. and Henderson, Daniel J. and Henningsen, Arne and Henry, Junita and Herman, Cl{\'e}ment and Hern{\ae}s, {\O}ystein and Hill, Andrew and Holzmeister, Felix and Huysmans, Martijn and Imtiaz, M. Saad and Jain, Anil and Jakobsson, Niklas and Kaire, Jos{\'e} and Kameshwara, Kalyan Kumar and Karney, Daniel and Kim, Sie Won and Klotzb{\"u}cher, Valentin and Kronenberg, Christoph and LaFave, Dan and Lang, David and Lee, Ryan and Li{\'e}gey, Maxime and Long, Dede and Marcus, Jan and Mari, Gabriele and McCarthy, Ian M. and {Meinzen-Dick}, Laura and Merkus, Erik and Miller, Klaus M. and Mogge, Lukas and Murad, S. M. Woahid and Najam, Rafiuddin and Naumann, Elias and Nmadu, Job and Ozer, Gorkem Turgut and Paudel, Jayash and Petroulakis, Filippos and Peukert, Christian and Pitk{\"a}nen, Visa and Porcher, Simon and Prakash, Manab and Pua, Andrew Adrian and Pugatch, Todd and Putman, Daniel and Rayamajhee, Veeshan and Ur Rehman, Obeid and Reimao, Maira and Reuter, Anna and Ricks, Michael and Rios-Avila, Fernando and Rodriguez, Abel and Roeckert, Julian and Ropovik, Ivan and Roy, Jayjit and Salamanca, Nicolas and Samahita, Margaret and Samudra, Aparna and Sanogo, Vassiki and Sariyev, Orkhan and Schaak, Henning and Segel, Joel E. and Sievertsen, Hans Henrik and Smet, Mike and Smith, Brock and Sorensen, Lucy and Spantig, Lisa and Szczygielski, Krzysztof and Tagat, Anirudh and Ta{\c s}tan, H{\"u}seyin and Trombetta, Martin and Venkatesan, Madhavi and Vernet, Antoine and Volkov, Eden and Wagner, Gary A. and Wang, Yue and Ward, Zachary and Waters, Tom and Weber, Ellerie and Weinberg, Stephen E. and Wei{\ss}m{\"u}ller, Kristina S. and Westheide, Christian and Williams, Kevin and Ye, Xiaoyang and Yu, Jisang and Zahid, Muhammad Umer and Zanoli, Raffaele},
  year = {2025},
  month = feb,
  number = {5152665},
  eprint = {5152665},
  publisher = {Social Science Research Network},
  address = {Rochester, NY},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.5152665},
  urldate = {2025-03-16},
  abstract = {We use a rigorous three-stage many-analysts design to assess how different researcher decisions---specifically data cleaning, research design, and the interpretation of a policy question---affect the variation in estimated treatment effects. A total of 146 research teams each completed the same causal inference task three times each: first with few constraints, then using a shared research design, and finally with pre-cleaned data in addition to a specified design. We find that even when analyzing the same data, teams reach different conclusions. In the first stage, the interquartile range (IQR) of the reported policy effect was 3.1 percentage points, with substantial outliers. Surprisingly, the second stage, which restricted research design choices, exhibited slightly higher IQR (4.0 percentage points), largely attributable to imperfect adherence to the prescribed protocol. By contrast, the final stage, featuring standardized data cleaning, narrowed variation in estimated effects, achieving an IQR of 2.4 percentage points. Reported sample sizes also displayed significant convergence under more restrictive conditions, with the IQR dropping from 295,187 in the first stage to 29,144 in the second, and effectively zero by the third. Our findings underscore the critical importance of data cleaning in shaping applied microeconomic results and highlight avenues for future replication efforts.},
  archiveprefix = {Social Science Research Network},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Applied econometrics,Causal inference,Metascience,Research methods},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/U9QMG3B8/Huntington-Klein et al. - 2025 - The Sources of Researcher Variation in Economics.pdf}
}

@article{Hussam2016,
  title = {Targeting {{High Ability Entrepreneurs Using Community Information}}: {{Mechanism Design In The Field}}},
  author = {Hussam, Reshmaan and Rigol, Natalia and Roth, Benjamin},
  year = {2016},
  pages = {1--45},
  abstract = {The impacts of cash grants and access to credit are known to vary widely, but progress on targeting these services to high-ability, reliable entrepreneurs is so far limited. This paper reports on a field experiment in Maharashtra, India that assesses (1) whether community members have information about one another that can be used to identify high-ability microentrepreneurs, (2) whether organic incentives for community members to misreport their information obscure its value, and (3) whether simple techniques from mechanism design can be used to realign incentives for truthful reporting. We asked 1,380 respondents to rank their entrepreneur peers on various metrics of business profitability and growth and entrepreneur characteristics. We also randomly distributed cash grants of about \$100 to measure their marginal return to capital. We find that the information provided by community members is predictive of many key business and household characteristics including marginal return to capital. While on average the marginal return to capital is modest, preliminary estimates suggest that entrepreneurs given a community rank one standard deviation above the mean enjoy an 8.8\% monthly marginal return to capital and those ranked two standard deviations above the mean enjoy a 13.9\% monthly return. When respondents are told their reports influence the distribution of grants, we find a considerable degree of misreporting in favor of family members and close friends, which substantially diminishes the value of reports. {\'u} We would like to first thank our team for their tireless work on this project, especially our research manager Sitaram Mukherjee, our project assistant Prasenjit Samanta, and our field manager Sayan Bhattacharjee. We are also very grateful to Rohan Parakh for excellent advice, research assistance, and field management. This research was possible with funding from the Asian Development Bank, PEDL, and Schultz Fund at MIT. We received valuable feedback about this project from Rohini Pande, Benjamin Olken, Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, Arielle Bernhardt and the participants of the MIT development lunch. 1 Finally, we find that monetary incentives for accuracy, eliciting reports in public, and cross-reporting techniques motivated by implementation theory all significantly improve the accuracy of reports.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QEI3RLSU/Rigol - Targeting High Ability Entrepreneurs Using Communi.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WTIR3XMN/Hussam et al. - Targeting High Ability Entrepreneurs Using Communi.pdf}
}

@article{hussamPsychosocialValueEmployment2022,
  title = {The {{Psychosocial Value}} of {{Employment}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Refugee Camp}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Psychosocial Value}} of {{Employment}}},
  author = {Hussam, Reshmaan and Kelley, Erin M. and Lane, Gregory and Zahra, Fatima},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {112},
  number = {11},
  pages = {3694--3724},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20211616},
  urldate = {2024-10-29},
  abstract = {Employment may be important to well-being for reasons beyond its role as an income source. This paper presents a causal estimate of the psychosocial value of employment in refugee camps in Bangladesh. We involve 745 individuals in a field experiment with three arms: a control arm, a weekly cash arm, and an employment arm of equal value. Employment raises psychosocial well-being substantially more than cash alone, and 66 percent of the employed are willing to forgo cash payments to continue working temporarily for free. Despite material poverty, those in our context both experience and recognize a nonmonetary, psychosocial value to employment.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Field Experiments Micro-Based Behavioral Economics: Role and Effects of Psychological Emotional Social and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making General Welfare,Human Development,Income Distribution,Migration,Non-labor Discrimination Time Allocation and Labor Supply Economic Development: Human Resources,Well-Being Economics of Minorities Races Indigenous Peoples and Immigrants},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4C88R8JT/Hussam et al. - 2022 - The Psychosocial Value of Employment Evidence fro.pdf}
}

@article{hylandGenderedLawsWomen2020,
  title = {Gendered {{Laws}} and {{Women}} in the {{Workforce}}},
  author = {Hyland, Marie and Djankov, Simeon and Goldberg, Pinelopi Koujianou},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {American Economic Review: Insights},
  volume = {2},
  number = {4},
  pages = {475--490},
  doi = {10.1257/aeri.20190542},
  urldate = {2023-10-02},
  abstract = {This paper offers for the first time a global picture of gender discrimination by the law as it affects women's economic opportunity and charts the evolution of legal inequalities over five decades. Using the World Bank's newly constructed Women, Business and the Law database, we document large and persistent gender inequalities, especially with regard to pay and treatment of parenthood. We find positive correlations between more equal laws pertaining to women in the workforce and more equal labor market outcomes, such as higher female labor force participation and a smaller wage gap between men and women.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Equity Justice Inequality and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement Economics of Gender,Gender Law,Non-labor Discrimination Wage Level and Structure,Wage Differentials Labor Discrimination Labor Discrimination: Public Policy Labor Law Human Rights Law},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QX95I8N4/Hyland et al. - 2020 - Gendered Laws and Women in the Workforce.pdf}
}

@article{iaryczowerCanWordsGet2018,
  title = {Can {{Words Get}} in the {{Way}}? {{The Effect}} of {{Deliberation}} in {{Collective Decision Making}}},
  shorttitle = {Can {{Words Get}} in the {{Way}}?},
  author = {Iaryczower, Matias and Shi, Xiaoxia and Shum, Matthew},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {126},
  number = {2},
  pages = {688--734},
  publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
  issn = {0022-3808},
  doi = {10.1086/696228},
  urldate = {2024-10-15},
  abstract = {We quantify the effect of deliberation on the decisions of US appellate courts. We estimate a model in which strategic judges communicate before casting their votes and then compare the probability of mistakes in the court with deliberation with a counterfactual of no communication. The model has multiple equilibria, and preferences and information parameters are only partially identified. We find that there is a range of parameters in the identified set---when judges tend to disagree ex ante or their private information is imprecise---in which deliberation can be beneficial; otherwise, deliberation reduces the effectiveness of the court.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YW7RWS45/Iaryczower et al. - 2018 - Can Words Get in the Way The Effect of Deliberati.pdf}
}

@techreport{IbrahimDincerMarcA.Rosen2019,
  title = {Market {{Integration}}, {{Demand}} and the {{Growth}} of {{Firms}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Natural Experiment}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Jensen, Robert and Miller, Nolan},
  year = {2018},
  month = jun,
  journal = {NBER Working paper},
  volume = {53},
  number = {9},
  eprint = {1011.1669v3},
  pages = {1689--1699},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  issn = {1098-6596},
  doi = {10.3386/w24693},
  abstract = {Predicting the binding mode of flexible polypeptides to proteins is an important task that falls outside the domain of applicability of most small molecule and protein-protein docking tools. Here, we test the small molecule flexible ligand docking program Glide on a set of 19 non-{$\alpha$}-helical peptides and systematically improve pose prediction accuracy by enhancing Glide sampling for flexible polypeptides. In addition, scoring of the poses was improved by post-processing with physics-based implicit solvent MM- GBSA calculations. Using the best RMSD among the top 10 scoring poses as a metric, the success rate (RMSD {$\leq$} 2.0 {\AA} for the interface backbone atoms) increased from 21\% with default Glide SP settings to 58\% with the enhanced peptide sampling and scoring protocol in the case of redocking to the native protein structure. This approaches the accuracy of the recently developed Rosetta FlexPepDock method (63\% success for these 19 peptides) while being over 100 times faster. Cross-docking was performed for a subset of cases where an unbound receptor structure was available, and in that case, 40\% of peptides were docked successfully. We analyze the results and find that the optimized polypeptide protocol is most accurate for extended peptides of limited size and number of formal charges, defining a domain of applicability for this approach.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  isbn = {9788578110796},
  pmid = {25246403},
  keywords = {icle}
}

@article{iizumiCropProductionLosses2018,
  title = {Crop Production Losses Associated with Anthropogenic Climate Change for 1981-2010 Compared with Preindustrial Levels},
  author = {Iizumi, Toshichika and Shiogama, Hideo and Imada, Yukiko and Hanasaki, Naota and Takikawa, Hiroki and Nishimori, Motoki},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
  volume = {38},
  number = {14},
  pages = {5405--5417},
  issn = {08998418},
  doi = {10.1002/joc.5818},
  urldate = {2020-05-18},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/82U3T99Z/Iizumi et al. - 2018 - Crop production losses associated with anthropogen.pdf}
}

@article{iizumiResponsesCropYield2017,
  title = {Responses of Crop Yield Growth to Global Temperature and Socioeconomic Changes},
  author = {Iizumi, Toshichika and Furuya, Jun and Shen, Zhihong and Kim, Wonsik and Okada, Masashi and Fujimori, Shinichiro and Hasegawa, Tomoko and Nishimori, Motoki},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {7800},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-08214-4},
  urldate = {2020-05-18},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AWXHJ95T/Iizumi et al. - 2017 - Responses of crop yield growth to global temperatu.pdf}
}

@article{iizumiResponsesCropYield2017a,
  title = {Responses of Crop Yield Growth to Global Temperature and Socioeconomic Changes},
  author = {Iizumi, Toshichika and Furuya, Jun and Shen, Zhihong and Kim, Wonsik and Okada, Masashi and Fujimori, Shinichiro and Hasegawa, Tomoko and Nishimori, Motoki},
  year = {2017},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {7800},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-08214-4},
  urldate = {2020-05-18},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/W6K8YGZK/Iizumi et al. - 2017 - Responses of crop yield growth to global temperatu.pdf}
}

@incollection{Ikeda2015,
  title = {An {{Equilibrium Model}} of {{Child Maltreatment}}},
  booktitle = {Behavioral {{Interactions}}, {{Markets}}, and {{Economic Dynamics}}},
  author = {Akabayashi, Hideo},
  year = {2016},
  pages = {3--41},
  publisher = {Springer Japan},
  address = {Tokyo},
  doi = {10.1007/978-4-431-55501-8_1},
  abstract = {This book collects important contributions in behavioral economics and related topics, mainly by Japanese researchers, to provide new perspectives for the future development of economics and behavioral economics. The volume focuses especially on economic studies that examine interactions of multiple agents and/or market phenomena by using behavioral economics models. Reflecting the diverse fields of the editors, the book captures broad influences of behavioral economics on various topics in economics. Those subjects include parental altruism, economic growth and development, the relative and permanent income hypotheses, wealth distribution, asset price bubbles, auctions, search, contracts, personnel management and market efficiency and anomalies in financial markets. The chapter authors have added newly written addenda to the original articles in which they address their own subsequent works, supplementary analyses, detailed information on the underlying data and/or recent literature surveys. This will help readers to further understand recent developments in behavioral economics and related research.},
  isbn = {978-4-431-55501-8},
  keywords = {child development,family educa-,human capital production,parental intervention,time preference,tion},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GK5GHTC5/Akabayashi - 2016 - An Equilibrium Model of Child Maltreatment.pdf}
}

@article{imadaPreferenceAnonymousGiving2020,
  title = {Preference for {{Anonymous Giving}}},
  author = {Imada, Hirotaka},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {22--26},
  issn = {1884-927X},
  doi = {10.5178/lebs.2020.76},
  urldate = {2021-02-10},
  abstract = {Individuals sometimes prefer to anonymously donate money when they can publicly do so. In other words, they deliberately hide their costly prosocial behavior from a broad audience. While existing research has collated various evolutionary theories emphasizing the value of public prosocial behavior, it has not endeavored to address the preference for anonymous giving. The article discussed potential explanations for the preference and pointed to the importance of further scholarly discussion about the value and function of anonymous prosocial behavior.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ILBQ7QNH/Imada - 2020 - Preference for Anonymous Giving.pdf}
}

@article{imbensPotentialOutcomeDirected2020a,
  title = {Potential {{Outcome}} and {{Directed Acyclic Graph Approaches}} to {{Causality}}: {{Relevance}} for {{Empirical Practice}} in {{Economics}}},
  shorttitle = {Potential {{Outcome}} and {{Directed Acyclic Graph Approaches}} to {{Causality}}},
  author = {Imbens, Guido W.},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {arXiv:1907.07271 [stat]},
  eprint = {1907.07271},
  primaryclass = {stat},
  urldate = {2020-11-09},
  abstract = {In this essay I discuss potential outcome and graphical approaches to causality, and their relevance for empirical work in economics. I review some of the work on directed acyclic graphs, including the recent ``The Book of Why,'' ([Pearl and Mackenzie, 2018]). I also discuss the potential outcome framework developed by Rubin and coauthors (e.g., [Rubin, 2006]), building on work by Neyman ([Neyman, 1923/1990]). I then discuss the relative merits of these approaches for empirical work in economics, focusing on the questions each framework answer well, and why much of the the work in economics is closer in spirit to the potential outcome perspective.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Statistics - Methodology},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2KCDXPTF/Imbens - 2020 - Potential Outcome and Directed Acyclic Graph Appro.pdf}
}

@article{Imbert2018,
  title = {Costs and {{Benefits}} of {{Rural-Urban Migration}}: {{Evidence}} from {{India}}},
  author = {Imbert, Cl{\'e}ment and Papp, John},
  year = {2018},
  pages = {1--34},
  abstract = {This paper provides new evidence on rural-urban migration decisions in developing countries. Using original survey data from rural India, we show that employment provision on local public works signicantly reduces seasonal migration. Migrants who choose to participate in the program forgo 35\% higher daily earnings outside of the village. After taking into account higher living costs and income risk at destination, the earnings gap is still 18\%. We argue that non-monetary costs from living and working in the city must be large for migrants to prefer to stay in the village for a much lower wage.},
  keywords = {h53,india,internal migration,j22,j61,jel classi cation,o15,r23,rural,urban,workfare programs}
}

@article{imbertShorttermMigrationRural2019,
  title = {Short-Term {{Migration}}, {{Rural Public Works}}, and {{Urban Labor Markets}}: {{Evidence}} from {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Short-Term {{Migration}}, {{Rural Public Works}}, and {{Urban Labor Markets}}},
  author = {Imbert, Cl{\'e}ment and Papp, John},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  issn = {1542-4766, 1542-4774},
  doi = {10.1093/jeea/jvz009},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {india,internal migration,jel classi cation,o15 j61 r23 h53,spillover e ects,workfare programs},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DXMAM26W/Imbert and Papp - 2019 - Short-term Migration, Rural Public Works, and Urba.pdf}
}

@article{imperialcollegecovid-19responseteamEstimatingEffectsNonpharmaceutical2020,
  title = {Estimating the Effects of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions on {{COVID-19}} in {{Europe}}},
  author = {{Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team} and Flaxman, Seth and Mishra, Swapnil and Gandy, Axel and Unwin, H. Juliette T. and Mellan, Thomas A. and Coupland, Helen and Whittaker, Charles and Zhu, Harrison and Berah, Tresnia and Eaton, Jeffrey W. and Monod, M{\'e}lodie and Ghani, Azra C. and Donnelly, Christl A. and Riley, Steven and Vollmer, Michaela A. C. and Ferguson, Neil M. and Okell, Lucy C. and Bhatt, Samir},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {584},
  number = {7820},
  pages = {257--261},
  issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-020-2405-7},
  urldate = {2020-09-21},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/25A3NADL/41586_2020_2405_MOESM1_ESM.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FC8794V9/Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team et al. - 2020 - Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical inter.pdf}
}

@article{imperialcollegecovid-19responseteamSuppressionSARSCoV2Outbreak2020,
  title = {Suppression of a {{SARS-CoV-2}} Outbreak in the {{Italian}} Municipality of {{Vo}}'},
  author = {{Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team} and Lavezzo, Enrico and Franchin, Elisa and Ciavarella, Constanze and {Cuomo-Dannenburg}, Gina and Barzon, Luisa and Del Vecchio, Claudia and Rossi, Lucia and Manganelli, Riccardo and Loregian, Arianna and Navarin, Nicol{\`o} and Abate, Davide and Sciro, Manuela and Merigliano, Stefano and De Canale, Ettore and Vanuzzo, Maria Cristina and Besutti, Valeria and Saluzzo, Francesca and Onelia, Francesco and Pacenti, Monia and Parisi, Saverio G. and Carretta, Giovanni and Donato, Daniele and Flor, Luciano and Cocchio, Silvia and Masi, Giulia and Sperduti, Alessandro and Cattarino, Lorenzo and Salvador, Renato and Nicoletti, Michele and Caldart, Federico and Castelli, Gioele and Nieddu, Eleonora and Labella, Beatrice and Fava, Ludovico and Drigo, Matteo and Gaythorpe, Katy A. M. and Brazzale, Alessandra R. and Toppo, Stefano and Trevisan, Marta and Baldo, Vincenzo and Donnelly, Christl A. and Ferguson, Neil M. and Dorigatti, Ilaria and Crisanti, Andrea},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {584},
  number = {7821},
  pages = {425--429},
  issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-020-2488-1},
  urldate = {2020-09-01},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Q3FFB6HX/Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team et al. - 2020 - Suppression of a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in the Italia.pdf}
}

@misc{ImprovingWellBeingAdolescent,
  title = {Improving the {{Well-Being}} of {{Adolescent Girls}} in {{Developing Countries}} {\textbar} {{Policy Research Working Papers}}},
  urldate = {2023-12-01},
  howpublished = {https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-9827}
}

@misc{InderjitSinghLyn,
  title = {[{{Inderjit}}\_{{Singh}},\_{{Lyn}}\_{{Squire}}\_and\_{{John}}\_{{Strauss}}\_({{Edit}}({{BookFi}}.Org).Pdf}
}

@misc{indian_census_2011,
  title = {Census of India 2011},
  author = {{Office of the Registrar General \& Census Commissioner, India}},
  year = {2011},
  howpublished = {Machine-readable data file}
}

@misc{InferenceWinnersQuarterly,
  title = {Inference on {{Winners}}* {\textbar} {{The Quarterly Journal}} of {{Economics}} {\textbar} {{Oxford Academic}}},
  urldate = {2024-01-10},
  howpublished = {https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/139/1/305/7276491?redirectedFrom=fulltext}
}

@article{inglehart2014world,
  title = {World Values Survey: {{Round}} Six-Country-Pooled Datafile Version},
  author = {Inglehart, Ronald and Haerpfer, Christian and Moreno, Alejandro and Welzel, Christian and Kizilova, Kseniya and {Diez-Medrano}, Jaime and Lagos, Marta and Norris, Pippa and Ponarin, Eduard and Puranen, Bi and others},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Madrid: JD Systems Institute},
  pages = {12}
}

@book{instituteofmedicineu.s.PreventingMentalEmotional2009,
  title = {Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders among Young People: Progress and Possibilities},
  shorttitle = {Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders among Young People},
  editor = {{Institute of Medicine (U.S.)} and O'Connell, Mary Ellen and Boat, Thomas F. and Warner, Kenneth E. and National Research Council (U.S.)},
  year = {2009},
  publisher = {National Academies Press},
  address = {Washington, D.C},
  isbn = {978-0-309-12674-8 978-0-309-12675-5},
  langid = {english},
  lccn = {RA790.6 .I57 2009},
  keywords = {Mental health promotion,Mental illness,Prevention,Prevention Research Government policy,Research Government policy,United States},
  annotation = {OCLC: ocn301798251},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9YAUMZCS/Institute of Medicine (U.S.) et al. - 2009 - Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disor.pdf}
}

@misc{ipsosGlobalAttitudesTransgender2018,
  title = {Global {{Attitudes Toward Transgender People}}},
  author = {IPSOS},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Ipsos},
  urldate = {2023-05-18},
  abstract = {As part of Ipsos' ongoing commitment to bringing voice to people through data, Ipsos undertook a survey on the topic of transgender people on our monthly global survey vehicle Global Advisor.},
  howpublished = {https://www.ipsos.com/en/global-attitudes-toward-transgender-people},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DAJLAI5Z/2018 - Global Attitudes Toward Transgender People.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WXP9U4I5/global-attitudes-toward-transgender-people.html}
}

@misc{ipsosLGBTPride2021,
  title = {{{LGBT}}+ {{Pride}} 2021 {{Global Survey}} Points to a Generation Gap around Gender Identity and Sexual Attraction},
  author = {IPSOS},
  journal = {Ipsos},
  urldate = {2021-11-20},
  abstract = {Laws to protect LGBT people from discrimination laws and equal marriage and adoption rights have majority support in most but not all of the 27 countries surveyed},
  howpublished = {https://tinyurl.com/46ffjsa4},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CA3TWCDT/lgbt-pride-2021-global-survey-points-generation-gap-around-gender-identity-and-sexual-attractio.html}
}

@misc{IPUMS2018,
  title = {Integrated {{Public Use Microdata Series}}, {{International}}: {{Version}} 7.1. {{Indonesia Spatially Harmonized Second-Level Geography}} (1970-2011)},
  author = {{Minnesota Population Center.}},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {IPUMS},
  doi = {10.18128/D020.V7.1},
  howpublished = {https://international.ipums.org/international/gis\_harmonized\_2nd.shtml}
}

@article{isaacsNutritionCognitionAssessing2008,
  title = {Nutrition and Cognition: Assessing Cognitive Abilities in Children and Young People},
  shorttitle = {Nutrition and Cognition},
  author = {Isaacs, E. and Oates, J. and {ILSI Europe a.i.s.b.l.}},
  year = {2008},
  month = aug,
  journal = {European Journal of Nutrition},
  volume = {47},
  number = {S3},
  pages = {4--24},
  issn = {1436-6207, 1436-6215},
  doi = {10.1007/s00394-008-3002-y},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Children,Cognition,Nutrition,Psychological assessment},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YKWKZ6EW/Isaacs et al. - 2008 - Nutrition and cognition assessing cognitive abili.pdf}
}

@article{isauraPathwaysFoodConsumption2018,
  title = {Pathways from {{Food Consumption Score}} to {{Cardiovascular Disease}}: {{A Seven-Year Follow-Up Study}} of {{Indonesian Adults}}},
  shorttitle = {Pathways from {{Food Consumption Score}} to {{Cardiovascular Disease}}},
  author = {Isaura, Emyr and Chen, Yang-Ching and Yang, Shwu-Huey},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  volume = {15},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1567},
  issn = {1660-4601},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph15081567},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Background: Available prospective studies of food insecurity and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have included obesity and hypertension as the modifiable risk factors. Studies using the physical activity measures are lacking, and where to contribute to counterbalance the risk associated with food insecurity and CVD remains unclear. We aimed to use structural equation modelling (SEM) to explore the complex direct and indirect factor variables influencing cardiovascular disease (CVD) during a seven-year follow-up study. Methods: For 3955 adults who participated in the Indonesian Family Life Surveys in 2007 and 2014, we used SEM to examine the direct and indirect relationships of food consumption score, body shape index, physical activity volume, and blood pressures on CVD. Results: Based on the beta coefficients from a regression analysis, the significant direct effects (p {$<$} 0.001) for CVD were food consumption score (FCS), a body shape index (ABSI), vigorous physical activity volume (VPAV), and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Indirect (p = 0.004--p {$<$} 0.001) effects for CVD were FCS, ABSI, moderate physical activity volume (MPAV), and VPAV. Food-insecure people are more likely to consume high-calorie diets that lead to obesity, which, together with a lack of vigorous physical activity, leads to hypertension and CVD. Conclusions: Of the multiple factors influencing CVD, the modifiable risk factors were FCS, ABSI, and VPAV. Hence, the recommendations for CVD prevention should include targeting food insecurity, body shape index, and vigorous physical activity besides the measurement of blood pressure.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Blood pressures,Body shape index,Cardiovascular disease,Food consumption score,Generalised estimating equations,Physical activity,Structural equation modelling},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MAYIHXJF/Isaura et al. - 2018 - Pathways from Food Consumption Score to Cardiovasc.pdf}
}

@article{Ito2019,
  title = {Willingness to {{Pay}} for {{Clean Air}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Air Purifier Markets}} in {{China}}},
  author = {Ito, Koichiro and Zhang, Shuang},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  issn = {0022-3808},
  doi = {10.1086/705554},
  abstract = {We develop a framework to estimate willingness to pay (WTP) for clean air from defensive investment. Applying this framework to product-by-store level scanner data on air purifier sales in China, we provide among the first revealed preference estimates of WTP for clean air in developing countries. A spatial discontinuity in air pollution created by the Huai River heating policy enables us to analyze household responses to long-run exposure to pollution. Our model allows heterogeneity in preference parameters to investigate potential heterogeneity in WTP among households. We show that our estimates provide important policy implications for optimal environmental regulation.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XJVHJSZY/Ito and Zhang - 2020 - Willingness to Pay for Clean Air Evidence from Ai.pdf}
}

@article{itoMoralSuasionEconomic2018,
  title = {Moral {{Suasion}} and {{Economic Incentives}}: {{Field Experimental Evidence}} from {{Energy Demand}}},
  shorttitle = {Moral {{Suasion}} and {{Economic Incentives}}},
  author = {Ito, Koichiro and Ida, Takanori and Tanaka, Makoto},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Economic Policy},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {240--267},
  issn = {1945-7731},
  doi = {10.1257/pol.20160093},
  urldate = {2024-12-16},
  abstract = {Firms and governments often use moral suasion and economic incentives to influence intrinsic and extrinsic motivations for economic activities. To investigate persistence of such interventions, we randomly assign households to moral suasion and dynamic pricing that stimulate energy conservation during peak-demand hours. We find significant habituation and dishabituation for moral suasion---the treatment effect diminishes after repeated interventions but can be restored to the original level by a sufficient time interval between interventions. Economic incentives induce larger treatment effects, little habituation, and significant habit formation. Our results suggest moral suasion and economic incentives produce substantially different short-run and long-run policy impacts.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Belief,Communication,Field Experiments Search,Information and Knowledge,Learning,Prices Energy: Government Policy,Unawareness Electric Utilities Industry Studies: Utilities and Transportation: Government Policy Energy: Demand and Supply},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HJ7DR4J9/Ito et al. - 2018 - Moral Suasion and Economic Incentives Field Exper.pdf}
}

@article{iyerWhiteGuiltRacial2003,
  title = {White Guilt and Racial Compensation: The Benefits and Limits of Self-Focus},
  shorttitle = {White Guilt and Racial Compensation},
  author = {Iyer, Aarti and Leach, Colin Wayne and Crosby, Faye J.},
  year = {2003},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Personality \& Social Psychology Bulletin},
  volume = {29},
  number = {1},
  pages = {117--129},
  issn = {0146-1672},
  doi = {10.1177/0146167202238377},
  abstract = {In two studies, the authors investigated guilt as a response to group-based advantage. Consistent with its conceptualization as a self-focused emotion, White guilt was based in self-focused beliefs in racial inequality. Thus, guilt was associated with belief in White privilege (Study 1) and resulted from seeing European Americans as perpetrators of racial discrimination (Study 2). Just as personal guilt is associated with efforts at restitution, White guilt was predictive of support for affirmative action programs aimed at compensating African Americans. White guilt was not, however, predictive of support for noncompensatory efforts at promoting equality, such as affirmative action programs that increase opportunities (Study 2). In contrast, the other-focused emotion of group-based sympathy was a more general predictor of support for different affirmative action policies. Our findings demonstrate the benefits and limits of group-based guilt as a basis of support for social equality and highlight the value of understanding the specific emotions elicited in intergroup contexts.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {15272965},
  keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Affect,Aged,Black or African American,Female,Guilt,Humans,Male,Middle Aged,Prejudice,Social Perception,Surveys and Questionnaires,White People}
}

@article{j.estebanModelEthnicConflict2011,
  title = {A {{Model}} of {{Ethnic Conflict}}},
  author = {{J. Esteban} and {Debraj Ray}},
  year = {2011},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {496--521},
  doi = {10.1111/J.1542-4774.2010.01016.X}
}

@article{jacksonFriendshipParadoxSystematic2019,
  title = {The {{Friendship Paradox}} and {{Systematic Biases}} in {{Perceptions}} and {{Social Norms}}},
  author = {Jackson, Matthew O.},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {127},
  number = {2},
  pages = {777--818},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/701031},
  urldate = {2020-11-18},
  abstract = {The ``friendship paradox'' (Feld (1991)) refers to the fact that, on average, people have strictly fewer friends than their friends have. I show that this over-sampling of more popular people can lead people to perceive more engagement than exists in the overall population. This feeds back to amplify engagement in behaviors that involve complementarities. Also, people with the greatest proclivity for a behavior choose to interact the most, leading to further feedback and amplification. These results are consistent with studies finding overestimation of peer consumption of alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs, and with resulting drug and alcohol consumption.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/76835LVD/Jackson - 2019 - The Friendship Paradox and Systematic Biases in Pe.pdf}
}

@incollection{jacksonOverviewSocialNetworks2011,
  title = {An {{Overview}} of {{Social Networks}} and {{Economic Applications}}},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Social Economics}}},
  author = {Jackson, Matthew O.},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {511--585},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-0-444-53187-2.00012-7},
  urldate = {2021-05-25},
  abstract = {In this chapter I provide an overview of research on social networks and their role in shaping behavior and economic outcomes. I include discussion of empirical and theoretical analyses of the role of social networks in markets and exchange, learning and diffusion, and network games. I also include some background on social network characteristics and measurements, models of network formation, models for the statistical analysis of social networks, as well as community detection.},
  isbn = {978-0-444-53713-3},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XPZUG8W4/Jackson - 2011 - An Overview of Social Networks and Economic Applic.pdf}
}

@article{Jacoby1990,
  title = {Shadow {{Wages}} and {{Peasant Family Labour Supply}}: {{An Econometric Application}} to the {{Peruvian Sierra}}},
  author = {Jacoby, H. G.},
  year = {1993},
  month = oct,
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {60},
  number = {4},
  pages = {903--921},
  issn = {0034-6527},
  doi = {10.2307/2298105},
  abstract = {Develops a methodology for estimating a structural labor supply model for primarily self-employed peasant households, which holds under a general agricultural technology and set of labor market conditions. The unique feature of the approach is that the opportunity cost of time, or shadow wage, of household workers is explicitly estimated from an agricultural production function and is subsequently used to identify a set of structural labor supply parameters. Recent household survey data from rural Peru is employed to estimate and perform various diagnostic tests on the model. The empirical findings lend support to the hypothesis that peasant households allocate their members' time as if to maximize a family utility function, and moreover, demonstrate the tractability of the shadow wage methodology and its usefulness in estimating more elaborate time allocation models. -from Author},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NVMP8JX4/Jacoby - 1993 - Shadow Wages and Peasant Family Labour Supply An .pdf}
}

@article{Jacoby2018,
  title = {The {{Economics}} of {{Polygyny}} in {{Sub-Saharan Africa}}: {{Female Productivity}} and the {{Demand}} for {{Wives}} in {{C{\^o}te}} d'{{Ivoire}}},
  author = {Jacoby, Hanan G},
  year = {1995},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {103},
  number = {5},
  pages = {938--971},
  issn = {0022-3808},
  doi = {10.1086/262009},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7DKXZGBI/Jacoby - 1995 - The Economics of Polygyny in Sub-Saharan Africa F.pdf}
}

@book{jaffrey1996invisibles,
  title = {The Invisibles: {{A}} Tale of the Eunuchs of {{India}}},
  author = {Jaffrey, Zia},
  year = {1996},
  publisher = {Pantheon Books New York}
}

@article{jain3GInternetHuman2024,
  title = {{{3G Internet}} and {{Human Capital Development}}},
  author = {Jain, Ronak and Stemper, Samuel},
  year = {2024},
  abstract = {We study the impact of global expansions in mobile internet access between 2000 and 2018 on student outcomes. We link geospatial data on the rollout of 3G mobile technology with over 2.5 million student test scores from 82 countries. Our findings indicate that the introduction of 3G coverage leads to substantial increases in smartphone ownership and internet usage among adolescents. Changes in 3G coverage lead to significant declines in test scores in math, science, and reading, with magnitudes roughly equivalent to the loss of one-quarter of a year of learning. We also find evidence of a reduction in the ease of making friends and a sense of belonging.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LYMXC77B/Jain and Stemper - 3G Internet and Human Capital Development.pdf}
}

@article{jainPrivateHospitalBehavior2024,
  title = {Private {{Hospital Behavior Under Government Insurance}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Reimbursement Changes}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Jain, Radhika},
  year = {2024},
  abstract = {In a major shift away from direct public provision, governments around the world are expanding public insurance programs that contract the private sector to deliver health services at pre-specified reimbursement rates. These rates are a key policy lever to shape provider incentives, but there is little evidence on their effects in lower-income contexts with limited regulatory capacity. Using over 1.6 million insurance claims and 20,000 patient surveys, and exploiting a policy-induced natural experiment, this paper provides evidence on private hospital responses to reimbursement rate changes under government health insurance in India. It shows that: 1) Private hospitals engage in coding manipulation to increase revenues at government expense. Manipulation is highly responsive to changes in the relative reimbursement rates of similar services. 2) Rate increases also induce an increase in service volumes. 3) Hospitals charge patients for care that should be free under program rules. Raising rates reduces these charges significantly, but hospitals capture about half of the increase. Pass-through is driven entirely by less concentrated markets, suggesting that hospitals exploit market power to capture public subsidies. There is no evidence of changes in care quality or patient composition. These findings highlight the critical role of prices and market structure when contracting the private sector for delivery of social services.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QMK69C9B/Jain - Private Hospital Behavior Under Government Insuran.pdf}
}

@article{jainRedistributivePromisesAdoption2003,
  title = {Redistributive {{Promises}} and the {{Adoption}} of {{Economic Reform}}},
  author = {Jain, Sanjay and Mukand, Sharun W},
  year = {2003},
  month = feb,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {93},
  number = {1},
  pages = {256--264},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/000282803321455269},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C2X37J7W/Jain and Mukand - 2003 - Redistributive Promises and the Adoption of Econom.pdf}
}

@article{Jakiela2016,
  title = {Does Africa Need a Rotten Kin Theorem? {{Experimental}} Evidence from Village Economies},
  author = {Jakiela, Pamela and Ozier, Owen},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {83},
  number = {1},
  pages = {231--268},
  issn = {1467937X},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdv033},
  abstract = {This article measures the economic impacts of social pressure to share income with kin and neighbours in rural Kenyan villages. We conduct a lab experiment in which we randomly vary the observability of investment returns to test whether subjects reduce their income in order to keep it hidden. We find that women adopt an investment strategy that conceals the size of their initial endowment in the experiment, though that strategy reduces their expected earnings. This effect is largest among women with relatives attending the experiment. Parameter estimates suggest that women anticipate that observable income will be "taxed" at a rate above 4\%; this effective tax rate nearly doubles when kin can observe income directly.At the village level, we find an association between the willingness to forgo expected return to keep income hidden in the laboratory experiment and worse economic outcomes outside the laboratory.},
  keywords = {Gender,Lab-in-the-field experiment,Mixed logit,Social pressure},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XMNHE3AF/Jakiela and Ozier - 2016 - Does Africa Need a Rotten Kin Theorem Experimenta.pdf}
}

@article{jakielaImpactViolenceIndividual,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Violence}} on {{Individual Risk Preferences}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Natural Experiment}}},
  author = {Jakiela, Pamela and Ozier, Owen},
  pages = {55},
  abstract = {We estimate the impact of Kenya's post-election crisis on individual risk preferences. The crisis interrupted a longitudinal survey of more than five thousand Kenyan youth, creating plausibly exogenous variation in exposure to civil conflict prior to the survey. Our results indicate that the post-election crisis sharply increased individual risk aversion. Immediately after the crisis, the fraction of subjects displaying extreme risk aversion increased by more than 80 percent. Findings remain robust when we use an IV estimation strategy that exploits random assignment of respondents to waves of surveying. The crisis also impacted trust, social capital, and beliefs about the economy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {and iza,and to michael callen,bread,civil conflict,edu,email,for their assistance and,jakiela,jonas hjort,marcel fafchamps,natural experiment,oozier,org,ozier,pascaline dupas,pjakiela,research group,risk preferences,support,the staff at ipa-kenya,umd,university of maryland,we are grateful to,world bank development,worldbank},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZYF4B8VF/Jakiela and Ozier - The Impact of Violence on Individual Risk Preferen.pdf}
}

@techreport{Janvry,
  title = {Influence {{Activities}} and {{Bureaucratic Performance}} : {{Evidence}} from a {{Large-Scale Field Experiment}} in {{China}}},
  author = {Janvry, Alain De and He, Guojun and Sadoulet, Elisabeth and Wang, Shaoda and Zhang, Qiong},
  keywords = {civil servants,influence activities,subjective evaluation,work performance},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GAIHE2NR/de Janvry et al. - 2019 - Influence Activities and Bureaucratic Performance.pdf}
}

@article{jaresPolicyImpactVoter2024,
  title = {Policy {{Impact}} and {{Voter Mobilization}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Farmers}}' {{Trade War Experiences}}},
  author = {Jares, Jake Alton and Malhotra, Neil},
  year = {2024},
  abstract = {How does the extent of policy benefits---not simply their presence---affect political engagement? While fundamental to understanding the electoral implications of economic policymaking, addressing this question is challenging due to the difficulty of measuring individual voters' policy outcomes. We examine a natural experiment embedded in President Trump's Market Facilitation Program, which aided a core Republican constituency: farmers harmed by his 2018 trade war. Due to idiosyncrasies of program design, the MFP undercompensated some farmers for their trade war losses---and significantly overcompensated others---based solely on their 2018 crop portfolios. Analyzing over 165,000 affected voters, we show that improved compensation outcomes had negligible impacts on Republican farmers' midterm turnout and campaign contributions, even though such variation in benefits significantly affected farmers' propensity to view the intervention as helpful. This null result is important---our estimates suggest that even highly salient variation in policy outcomes may have limited mobilizing capacity.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G6CFU6BQ/Jares and Malhotra - Policy Impact and Voter Mobilization Evidence fro.pdf}
}

@article{jassalDoesVictimGender2024,
  title = {Does {{Victim Gender Matter}} for {{Justice Delivery}}? {{Police}} and {{Judicial Responses}} to {{Women}}'s {{Cases}} in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Does {{Victim Gender Matter}} for {{Justice Delivery}}?},
  author = {Jassal, Nirvikar},
  year = {2024},
  month = aug,
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  volume = {118},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1278--1304},
  issn = {0003-0554, 1537-5943},
  doi = {10.1017/S0003055423000916},
  urldate = {2024-09-10},
  abstract = {Are women disadvantaged whilst accessing justice? I chart, for the first time, the full trajectory of accessing justice in India using an original dataset of roughly half a million crime reports, subsequently merged with court files. I demonstrate that particular complaints can be hindered when passing through nodes of the criminal justice system, and illustrate a pattern of ``multi-stage'' discrimination. In particular, I show that women's complaints are more likely to be delayed and dismissed at the police station and courthouse compared to men. Suspects that female complainants accuse of crime are less likely to be convicted and more likely to be acquitted, an imbalance that persists even when accounting for cases of violence against women (VAW). The application of machine learning to complaints reveals---contrary to claims by policymakers and judges---that VAW, including the extortive crime of dowry, are not ``petty quarrels,'' but may involve starvation, poisoning, and marital rape. In an attempt to make a causal claim about the impact of complainant gender on verdicts, I utilize topical inverse regression matching, a method that leverages high-dimensional text data. I show that those who suffer from cumulative disadvantage in society may face challenges across sequential stages of seeking restitution or punitive justice through formal state institutions.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/85MS8YK8/S0003055423000916sup002.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/S2XHYSNH/S0003055423000916sup001.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/V7C3S9TL/Jassal - 2024 - Does Victim Gender Matter for Justice Delivery Po.pdf}
}

@article{jassalGenderLawEnforcement2020,
  title = {Gender, {{Law Enforcement}}, and {{Access}} to {{Justice}}: {{Evidence}} from {{All-Women Police Stations}} in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Gender, {{Law Enforcement}}, and {{Access}} to {{Justice}}},
  author = {Jassal, Nirvikar},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  volume = {114},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1035--1054},
  issn = {0003-0554, 1537-5943},
  doi = {10.1017/S0003055420000684},
  urldate = {2024-09-10},
  abstract = {Can gender-based ``enclaves'' facilitate women's access to justice? I examine all-female police stations in India and test whether group-specific institutions assist victims of gender-based violence               and               female officers in law enforcement. I create an original dataset based on Indian police reports and leverage the manner in which all-women police stations were opened in Haryana state to estimate their causal effect. The creation of enclaves in law enforcement does not increase registered crime. In fact, the intervention lowers the caseload at standard stations by justifying the deflection of gendered crimes, reduces responsibilities for policewomen, and increases travel cost for victims seeking redress. The institutions formalize the ``counseling'' of victims by encouraging reconciliation with abusers at the expense of arrest of suspects, and survey evidence suggests that all-women stations might not be associated with positive perceptions of policewomen. Broadly, I argue that representation as separation may have unintended consequences.},
  copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CFJAFS2T/Jassal - 2020 - Gender, Law Enforcement, and Access to Justice Ev.pdf}
}

@article{javierm.rodriguezBlackWhiteDifferencesPerceived2022,
  title = {Black-{{White}} Differences in Perceived Lifetime Discrimination by Education and Income in the {{MIDUS Study}} in the {{U}}.{{S}}.},
  author = {{Javier M. Rodriguez} and {Chungeun Koo} and {G. Di Pasquale} and {S. Assari}},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Journal of biosocial science},
  pages = {1--17},
  doi = {10.1017/S0021932022000360}
}

@article{Jayachandran2006,
  title = {Selling Labor Low: {{Wage}} Responses to Productivity Shocks in Developing Countries},
  author = {Jayachandran, Seema},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {114},
  number = {3},
  pages = {538--575},
  issn = {00223808},
  doi = {10.1086/503579},
  abstract = {Productivity risk is pervasive in underdeveloped countries. This paper highlights a way in which underdevelopment exacerbates productivity risk. Productivity shocks cause larger changes in the wage when workers are poorer, less able to migrate, and more credit-constrained because of such workers' inelastic labor supply. This equilibrium wage effect hurts workers. In contrast, it acts as insurance for landowners. Agricultural wage data for 257 districts in India for 1956-87 are used to test the predictions, with rainfall as an instrument for agricultural productivity. In districts with fewer banks or higher migration costs, the wage is much more responsive to fluctuations in productivity. {\copyright} 2006 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RW4RZAVD/Jayachandran - 2006 - Selling Labor Low Wage Responses to Productivity .pdf}
}

@article{Jayachandran2011,
  title = {Why {{Do Mothers Breastfeed Girls Less}} than {{Boys}}? {{Evidence}} and {{Implications}} for {{Child Health}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Jayachandran, Seema and Kuziemko, Ilyana},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {126},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1485--1538},
  issn = {15314650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjr029},
  abstract = {Breastfeeding is negatively correlated with future fertility because nursing temporarily reduces fecundity and because mothers usually wean on becoming pregnant again. We model breastfeeding under son-biased fertility preferences and showthat breastfeeding duration increases with birth order, especially near target family size; is lowest for daughters and children without older brothers because their parents try again for a son; and exhibits the largest gender gap near target family size, when gender is most predictive of subsequent fertility. Data from India confirm each prediction. Moreover, child survival exhibits similar patterns, especially in settings where the alternatives to breastmilk are unsanitary. {\copyright} The Author(s) 2011. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of President and Fellows of Harvard College. All rights reserved.},
  pmid = {22148132},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AB5LDAYT/Jayachandran and Kuziemko - 2011 - Why Do Mothers Breastfeed Girls Less than Boys Ev.pdf}
}

@article{Jayachandran2017,
  title = {Why {{Are Indian Children So Short}}? {{The Role}} of {{Birth Order}} and {{Son Preference}}},
  author = {Jayachandran, Seema and Pande, Rohini},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {107},
  number = {9},
  pages = {2600--2629},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20151282},
  abstract = {Child stunting in India exceeds that in poorer regions like sub-Saharan Africa. Data on over 168,000 children show that, relative to Africa, India's height disadvantage increases sharply with birth order. We posit that India's steep birth order gradient is due to favoritism toward eldest sons, which affects parents' fertility decisions and resource allocation across children. We show that, within India, the gradient is steeper for high-son-preference regions and religions. The gradient also varies with sibling gender as predicted. A back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that India's steeper birth order gradient can explain over one-half of the India-Africa gap in average child height. (JEL I12, J13, O15, Z12, Z13)},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X7XCN76H/Jayachandran and Pande - 2017 - Why Are Indian Children So Short The Role of Birt.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X8YRGDZC/Jayachandran and Pande - 2017 - Why Are Indian Children So Short The Role of Birt.pdf}
}

@article{Jayachandran2017a,
  title = {Cash for Carbon: {{A}} Randomized Trial of Payments for Ecosystem Services to Reduce Deforestation},
  author = {Jayachandran, Seema and Laat, Joost De and Lambin, Eric F and Stanton, Charlotte Y and Audy, Robin and Thomas, Nancy E},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {357},
  number = {6348},
  pages = {267--273},
  abstract = {We evaluated a program of payments for ecosystem services in Uganda that offered forest- owning households annual payments of 70,000 Ugandan shillings per hectare if they conserved their forest. The program was implemented as a randomized controlled trial in 121 villages, 60 of which received the program for 2 years. The primary outcome was the change in land area covered by trees, measured by classifying high-resolution satellite imagery. We found that tree cover declined by 4.2\% during the study period in treatment villages, compared to 9.1\% in control villages. We found no evidence that enrollees shifted their deforestation to nearby land. We valued the delayed carbon dioxide emissions and found that this program benefit is 2.4 times as large as the program costs.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/V2UFEU5V/Jayachandran et al. - 2017 - Cash for carbon A randomized trial of payments fo.pdf}
}

@article{jayachandranSocialNormsBarrier2021,
  title = {Social {{Norms}} as a {{Barrier}} to {{Women}}'s {{Employment}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
  author = {Jayachandran, Seema},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {IMF Economic Review},
  volume = {69},
  number = {3},
  pages = {576--595},
  issn = {2041-4161, 2041-417X},
  doi = {10.1057/s41308-021-00140-w},
  urldate = {2023-07-06},
  abstract = {This article discusses cultural barriers to women's participation and success in the labor market in developing countries. I begin by discussing the relationship between economic development and female employment and argue that cultural norms help explain the large differences in female employment among countries at the same level of development. I then examine several gender-related social norms that constrain women's employment and present examples of policies aimed at overcoming these barriers. Some of the policies are designed to work around a norm, helping women to be more successful in the labor market despite it, while others attempt to change the norms. There is evidence that both approaches can be effective in increasing women's labor market participation and earnings. Policy-making that is attuned to cultural norms is a promising avenue for narrowing gender gaps in the labor market.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HFJRKTN2/Jayachandran - 2021 - Social Norms as a Barrier to Women’s Employment in.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JM8UZ55N/Jayachandran - Social Norms as a Barrier to Women’s Employment in.pdf}
}

@article{jayadevaUnderstandingMentalHealth2017,
  title = {Understanding the {{Mental Health}} of the {{Hijra Women}} of {{India}}},
  author = {Jayadeva, Vikas},
  year = {2017},
  month = may,
  journal = {American Journal of Psychiatry Residents' Journal},
  volume = {12},
  number = {5},
  pages = {7--9},
  publisher = {American Psychiatric Publishing},
  doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2017.120504},
  urldate = {2023-05-18},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EWUT78S6/Jayadeva - 2017 - Understanding the Mental Health of the Hijra Women.pdf}
}

@article{JE1980,
  title = {Micro-{{Level Estimation}} of {{Poverty}} and {{Inequality}}},
  author = {Elbers, Chris and Lanjouw, Jean O. and Lanjouw, Peter},
  year = {2003},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {71},
  number = {1},
  pages = {355--364},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.1111/1468-0262.00399},
  abstract = {Poverty mapping},
  isbn = {0012-9682 0012-9682},
  pmid = {360618480},
  keywords = {Aged,Anxiety,Blacks,Death,Human},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EAN58J5E/Elbers et al. - 2003 - Micro-Level Estimation of Poverty and Inequality.pdf}
}

@article{Jean2016,
  title = {Combining Satellite Imagery and Machine Learning to Predict Poverty},
  author = {Jean, Neal and Burke, Marshall and Xie, Michael and Davis, W. Matthew and Lobell, David B. and Ermon, Stefano},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {353},
  number = {6301},
  pages = {790--794},
  issn = {10959203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.aaf7894},
  abstract = {Reliable data on economic livelihoods remain scarce in the developing world, hampering efforts to study these outcomes and to design policies that improve them. Here we demonstrate an accurate, inexpensive, and scalable method for estimating consumption expenditure and asset wealth from high-resolution satellite imagery. Using survey and satellite data from five African countries-Nigeria,Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, and Rwanda-we show how a convolutional neural network can be trained to identify image features that can explain up to 75\%of the variation in local-level economic outcomes. Our method, which requires only publicly available data, could transform efforts to track and target poverty in developing countries. It also demonstrates how powerful machine learning techniques can be applied in a setting with limited training data, suggesting broad potential application across many scientific domains.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RCZDN2NK/Jean et al. - 2016 - Combining satellite imagery and machine learning t.pdf}
}

@article{jeeOptimalPolicyPresence2024,
  title = {Optimal {{Policy}} in the {{Presence}} of {{Social Image Concerns}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Kenya}}},
  author = {Jee, Edward and Karing, Anne and Naguib, Karim},
  year = {2024},
  abstract = {Economic theory suggests that social image concerns can mitigate or amplify the effects of economic incentives. We explore these interactions through a large-scale field experiment in which we vary the cost and visibility of deworming decisions in Kenya. We randomly assign communities to either close or far distances from deworming treatment locations and introduce signaling incentives for adults to broadcast their deworming status to community members. First, we find that take-up of deworming decreases with travel distance to treatment locations; while signaling incentives increase take-up and do so significantly more at farther distances. Second, we build a structural model through which we show that changes in the cost of deworming shift equilibrium beliefs about the prosociality of those who deworm compared to those who do not, meaningfully altering the social image returns from deworming. Third, we show that ignoring endogenous shifts in social image returns leads to a suboptimal allocation of treatment points, placing them 8 to 13 percent closer to communities than the welfare maximizing optimum. Our findings suggest that knowledge of these interactions could lead to meaningful expansions of access to health services.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EM96III8/Jee et al. - Optimal Policy in the Presence of Social Image Con.pdf}
}

@techreport{JeffreyK.Liker2004,
  title = {The {{Take Up}} of {{Social Benefits}}},
  author = {Currie, Janet},
  year = {2004},
  month = may,
  volume = {2004},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--14},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w10488},
  isbn = {0071392319},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/V9CTCFI9/Currie - 2004 - The Take Up of Social Benefits.pdf}
}

@article{Jenkins2019,
  title = {Parenting Skills and Early Childhood Development: Production Function Estimates from Longitudinal Data},
  author = {Jenkins, Jade Marcus and Handa, Sudhanshu},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Review of Economics of the Household},
  volume = {17},
  number = {1},
  pages = {121--147},
  publisher = {Springer US},
  issn = {1569-5239},
  doi = {10.1007/s11150-017-9376-y},
  abstract = {{\copyright} 2017 Springer Science+Business Media New York We provide evidence on the importance of specific inputs for child cognitive skills by estimating alternative specifications of the early childhood production function, between birth and kindergarten. We identify a new input measure, parent--child interaction, which is both important for development and amenable to policy intervention because parenting skills can be taught. We find that the application of reading books and singing songs and sensitive and engaging parent--child interactions as early as 9 months of age have an important effect on reading among kindergarten children.},
  keywords = {Early childhood development,Education production function,Human capital formation,Parenting skills},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AUQ8ASDV/Jenkins and Handa - 2019 - Parenting skills and early childhood development .pdf}
}

@article{Jensen2010,
  title = {The ({{Perceived}}) Returns to Education and the Demand for Schooling},
  author = {Jensen, Robert},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {125},
  number = {2},
  pages = {515--548},
  issn = {00335533},
  doi = {10.1162/qjec.2010.125.2.515},
  abstract = {Economists emphasize the link between market returns to education and in- vestments in schooling. Thoughmanystudies estimate these returns with earnings data, it is the perceived returns that affect schooling decisions, and these percep- tionsmay be inaccurate. Using survey data for eighth-grade boys in the Dominican Republic, we find that the perceived returns to secondary school are extremely low, despite high measured returns. Students at randomly selected schools given in- formation on the higher measured returns completed on average 0.20--0.35 more years of school over the next four years than those who were not.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H7DNC4R6/Jensen - 2010 - The (Perceived) Returns to Education and the Deman.pdf}
}

@article{Jensen2012,
  title = {Do Labor Market Opportunities Affect Young Women's Work and Family Decisions? {{Experimental}} Evidence from {{India}}},
  author = {Jensen, Robert},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {127},
  number = {2},
  pages = {753--792},
  issn = {00335533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjs002},
  abstract = {Do labor market opportunities for women affect marriage and fertility decisions? We provided three years of recruiting services to help young women in randomly selected rural Indian villages get jobs in the business process outsourcing industry. Because the industry was so new at the time of the study, there was almost no awareness of these jobs, allowing us in effect to exogenously increase women's labor force opportunities from the perspective of rural households. We find that young women in treatment villages were significantly less likely to get married or have children during this period, choosing instead to enter the labor market or obtain more schooling or postschool training. Women also report wanting to have fewer children and to work more steadily throughout their lifetime, consistent with increased aspirations for a career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MTJZEJPC/Jensen - 2012 - Do Labor Market Opportunities Affect Young Women's.pdf}
}

@article{jensenDigitalProvideInformation2007,
  title = {The {{Digital Provide}}: {{Information}} ({{Technology}}), {{Market Performance}}, and {{Welfare}} in the {{South Indian Fisheries Sector}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Digital Provide}}},
  author = {Jensen, R.},
  year = {2007},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {122},
  number = {3},
  pages = {879--924},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1162/qjec.122.3.879},
  urldate = {2024-08-15},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H6Z5CEFT/Jensen - 2007 - The Digital Provide Information (Technology), Mar.pdf}
}

@article{jensenINFORMATONDEMANDGROWTH,
  title = {{{INFORMATON}}, {{DEMAND AND THE GROWTH OF FIRMS}}: {{EVIDENCE FROM A NATURAL EXPERIMENT IN INDIA}}},
  author = {Jensen, Robert and Miller, Nolan},
  pages = {50},
  abstract = {In many developing countries, firms are on average small, do not grow and have low productivity. One potential contributing factor is firms' limited effective market size: due to information and search costs, consumers are often unaware of the prices and quality of non-local firms, and thus mostly buy locally. We explore this hypothesis using mobile phones as a natural experiment in the Kerala boatbuilding industry. As consumers learn more about non-local builders, high quality builders gain market share and grow, while low quality firms exit. Aggregate productivity increases, as does labor specialization. Finally, consumer prices (per year of boat-life) decline.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HZ6IYU9T/Jensen and Miller - INFORMATON, DEMAND AND THE GROWTH OF FIRMS EVIDEN.pdf}
}

@article{jensenYoungAdolescentsDigital2019,
  title = {Young {{Adolescents}}' {{Digital Technology Use}} and {{Mental Health Symptoms}}: {{Little Evidence}} of {{Longitudinal}} or {{Daily Linkages}}},
  shorttitle = {Young {{Adolescents}}' {{Digital Technology Use}} and {{Mental Health Symptoms}}},
  author = {Jensen, Michaeline and George, Madeleine and Russell, Michael and Odgers, Candice},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Clinical Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science},
  volume = {7},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1416--1433},
  issn = {2167-7026},
  doi = {10.1177/2167702619859336},
  abstract = {This study examines whether adolescents' digital technology use is associated with mental health symptoms (N=388) during early to mid-adolescence. Adolescents completed an initial Time 1 (T1) assessment in 2015, followed by a 14-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) via mobile phone in 2016-2017 which yielded 13,017 total observations over 5270 study days. Adolescents' T1 technology use did not predict later mental health symptoms. Adolescents' reported mental health was also not worse on days when they reported spending more versus less time on technology. Little was found to support daily quadratic associations (whereby adolescent mental health was worse on days with little or excessive use). Adolescents at higher risk for mental health problems also exhibited no signs of increased risk for mental health problems on higher technology use days. Findings from this EMA study do not support the narrative that young adolescents' digital technology usage is associated with elevated mental health symptoms.},
  langid = {english},
  pmcid = {PMC6953732},
  pmid = {31929951},
  keywords = {adolescence,digital technology usage,early adolescence,ecological momentary assessment,mental health,technology},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6WPBIJYP/Jensen et al. - 2019 - Young Adolescents' Digital Technology Use and Mental Health Symptoms Little Evidence of Longitudina.pdf}
}

@article{Jessoe2018,
  title = {Climate {{Change}} and {{Labour Allocation}} in {{Rural Mexico}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Annual Fluctuations}} in {{Weather}}},
  author = {Jessoe, Katrina and Manning, Dale T. and Taylor, J. Edward},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Economic Journal},
  volume = {128},
  number = {608},
  pages = {230--261},
  issn = {14680297},
  doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12448},
  abstract = {This article evaluates the effects of annual fluctuations in weather on employment in rural Mexico to gain insight into the potential labour market implications of climate change. Using a 28-year panel on individual employment, we find that years with a high occurrence of heat lead to a reduction in local employment, particularly for wage work and non-farm labour. Extreme heat also increases migration domestically from rural to urban areas and internationally to the US. A medium emissions scenario implies that increases in extreme heat may decrease local employment by up to 1.4\% and climate change may increase migration by 1.4\%.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HF9EEPES/Jessoe et al. - 2018 - Climate Change and Labour Allocation in Rural Mexi.pdf}
}

@article{jeulandEconomicsHouseholdAir2015,
  title = {The {{Economics}} of {{Household Air Pollution}}},
  author = {Jeuland, Marc and Pattanayak, Subhrendu K. and Bluffstone, Randall},
  year = {2015},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Annual Review of Resource Economics},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {81--108},
  issn = {1941-1340, 1941-1359},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-resource-100814-125048},
  urldate = {2023-11-27},
  abstract = {Traditional energy technologies and consumer products contribute to household well-being in diverse ways but also often harm household air quality. We review the problem of household air pollution at a global scale, focusing particularly on the harmful effects of traditional cooking and heating. Drawing on the theory of household production, we illustrate the ambiguous relationship between household well-being and adoption of behaviors and technologies that reduce air pollution. We then review how the theory relates to the seemingly contradictory findings emerging from the literature on developing country household demand for clean fuels and stoves. In conclusion, we describe an economics research agenda to close the knowledge gaps so that policies and programs can be designed and evaluated to solve the global household air pollution problem.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WUFMID9Z/Jeuland et al. - 2015 - The Economics of Household Air Pollution.pdf}
}

@techreport{jingHouseholdSecondaryAttack2020,
  type = {Preprint},
  title = {Household {{Secondary Attack Rate}} of {{COVID-19}} and {{Associated Determinants}}},
  author = {Jing, Qin-Long and Liu, Ming-Jin and Yuan, Jun and Zhang, Zhou-Bin and Zhang, An-Ran and Dean, Natalie E and Luo, Lei and Ma, Meng-Meng and Longini, Ira and Kenah, Eben and Lu, Ying and Ma, Yu and Jalali, Neda and Fang, Li-Qun and Yang, Zhi-Cong and Yang, Yang},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  institution = {Epidemiology},
  doi = {10.1101/2020.04.11.20056010},
  urldate = {2020-09-14},
  abstract = {Background As of April 2, 2020, the global reported number of COVID-19 cases has crossed over 1 million with more than 55,000 deaths. The household transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2, the causative pathogen, remains elusive. Methods Based on a comprehensive contact-tracing dataset from Guangzhou, we estimated both the population-level effective reproductive number and individual-level secondary attack rate (SAR) in the household setting. We assessed age effects on transmissibility and the infectivity of COVID-19 cases during their incubation period. Results A total of 195 unrelated clusters with 212 primary cases, 137 nonprimary (secondary or tertiary) cases and 1938 uninfected close contacts were traced. We estimated the household SAR to be 13.8\% (95\% CI: 11.1-17.0\%) if household contacts are defined as all close relatives and 19.3\% (95\% CI: 15.5-23.9\%) if household contacts only include those at the same residential address as the cases, assuming a mean incubation period of 4 days and a maximum infectious period of 13 days. The odds of infection among children ({$<$}20 years old) was only 0.26 (95\% CI: 0.13-0.54) times of that among the elderly ({$\geq$}60 years old). There was no gender difference in the risk of infection. COVID-19 cases were at least as infectious during their incubation period as during their illness. On average, a COVID-19 case infected 0.48 (95\% CI: 0.39-0.58) close contacts. Had isolation not been implemented, this number increases to 0.62 (95\% CI: 0.510.75). The effective reproductive number in Guangzhou dropped from above 1 to below 0.5 in about 1 week. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 is more transmissible in households than SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and the elderly {$\geq$}60 years old are the most vulnerable to household transmission. Case finding and isolation alone may be inadequate to contain the pandemic and need to be used in conjunction with heightened restriction of human movement as implemented in Guangzhou.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MQSMYI2P/Jing et al. - 2020 - Household Secondary Attack Rate of COVID-19 and As.pdf}
}

@techreport{jingHouseholdSecondaryAttack2020a,
  type = {Preprint},
  title = {Household {{Secondary Attack Rate}} of {{COVID-19}} and {{Associated Determinants}}},
  author = {Jing, Qin-Long and Liu, Ming-Jin and Yuan, Jun and Zhang, Zhou-Bin and Zhang, An-Ran and Dean, Natalie E and Luo, Lei and Ma, Meng-Meng and Longini, Ira and Kenah, Eben and Lu, Ying and Ma, Yu and Jalali, Neda and Fang, Li-Qun and Yang, Zhi-Cong and Yang, Yang},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  institution = {Epidemiology},
  doi = {10.1101/2020.04.11.20056010},
  urldate = {2020-09-14},
  abstract = {Background As of April 2, 2020, the global reported number of COVID-19 cases has crossed over 1 million with more than 55,000 deaths. The household transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2, the causative pathogen, remains elusive. Methods Based on a comprehensive contact-tracing dataset from Guangzhou, we estimated both the population-level effective reproductive number and individual-level secondary attack rate (SAR) in the household setting. We assessed age effects on transmissibility and the infectivity of COVID-19 cases during their incubation period. Results A total of 195 unrelated clusters with 212 primary cases, 137 nonprimary (secondary or tertiary) cases and 1938 uninfected close contacts were traced. We estimated the household SAR to be 13.8\% (95\% CI: 11.1-17.0\%) if household contacts are defined as all close relatives and 19.3\% (95\% CI: 15.5-23.9\%) if household contacts only include those at the same residential address as the cases, assuming a mean incubation period of 4 days and a maximum infectious period of 13 days. The odds of infection among children ({$<$}20 years old) was only 0.26 (95\% CI: 0.13-0.54) times of that among the elderly ({$\geq$}60 years old). There was no gender difference in the risk of infection. COVID-19 cases were at least as infectious during their incubation period as during their illness. On average, a COVID-19 case infected 0.48 (95\% CI: 0.39-0.58) close contacts. Had isolation not been implemented, this number increases to 0.62 (95\% CI: 0.510.75). The effective reproductive number in Guangzhou dropped from above 1 to below 0.5 in about 1 week. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 is more transmissible in households than SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and the elderly {$\geq$}60 years old are the most vulnerable to household transmission. Case finding and isolation alone may be inadequate to contain the pandemic and need to be used in conjunction with heightened restriction of human movement as implemented in Guangzhou.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZJSKAQUT/Jing et al. - 2020 - Household Secondary Attack Rate of COVID-19 and As.pdf}
}

@article{jingHouseholdSecondaryAttack2020b,
  title = {Household Secondary Attack Rate of {{COVID-19}} and Associated Determinants in {{Guangzhou}}, {{China}}: A Retrospective Cohort Study},
  shorttitle = {Household Secondary Attack Rate of {{COVID-19}} and Associated Determinants in {{Guangzhou}}, {{China}}},
  author = {Jing, Qin-Long and Liu, Ming-Jin and Zhang, Zhou-Bin and Fang, Li-Qun and Yuan, Jun and Zhang, An-Ran and Dean, Natalie E and Luo, Lei and Ma, Meng-Meng and Longini, Ira and Kenah, Eben and Lu, Ying and Ma, Yu and Jalali, Neda and Yang, Zhi-Cong and Yang, Yang},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {The Lancet Infectious Diseases},
  pages = {S1473309920304710},
  issn = {14733099},
  doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30471-0},
  urldate = {2020-09-21},
  abstract = {Background As of June 8, 2020, the global reported number of COVID-19 cases had reached more than 7 million with over 400\,000 deaths. The household transmissibility of the causative pathogen, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), remains unclear. We aimed to estimate the secondary attack rate of SARS-CoV-2 among household and non-household close contacts in Guangzhou, China, using a statistical transmission model.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DBZQEF5I/Jing et al. - 2020 - Household secondary attack rate of COVID-19 and as.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G9PF8B5T/1-s2.0-S1473309920304710-mmc2.pdf}
}

@article{jiotsaSocialMediaUse2021,
  title = {Social {{Media Use}} and {{Body Image Disorders}}: {{Association}} between {{Frequency}} of {{Comparing One}}'s {{Own Physical Appearance}} to {{That}} of {{People Being Followed}} on {{Social Media}} and {{Body Dissatisfaction}} and {{Drive}} for {{Thinness}}},
  shorttitle = {Social {{Media Use}} and {{Body Image Disorders}}},
  author = {Jiotsa, Barbara and Naccache, Benjamin and Duval, M{\'e}lanie and Rocher, Bruno and {Grall-Bronnec}, Marie},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  volume = {18},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2880},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph18062880},
  urldate = {2024-10-31},
  abstract = {(1) Summary: Many studies have evaluated the association between traditional media exposure and the presence of body dissatisfaction and body image disorders. The last decade has borne witness to the rise of social media, predominantly used by ...},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {33799804},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CFCAAXHB/Jiotsa et al. - 2021 - Social Media Use and Body Image Disorders Associa.pdf}
}

@article{johnCanSimplePsychological2022,
  title = {Can {{Simple Psychological Interventions Increase Preventive Health Investment}}?},
  author = {John, Anett and Orkin, Kate},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  volume = {20},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1001--1047},
  issn = {1542-4766, 1542-4774},
  doi = {10.1093/jeea/jvab052},
  urldate = {2023-05-17},
  abstract = {Abstract             Behavioral constraints may explain part of the low demand for preventive health products. We test the effects of two light-touch psychological interventions on water chlorination and related health and economic outcomes using a randomized controlled trial among 3,750 women in rural Kenya. One intervention encourages participants to visualize alternative realizations of the future, and the other builds participants' ability to make concrete plans. After 12 weeks, visualization increases objectively measured chlorination, reduces diarrhea episodes among children, and increases savings. Effects on chlorination and savings persist after almost 3 years. Effects of the planning intervention are weaker and largely insignificant. Analysis of mechanisms suggests both interventions increase self-efficacy---beliefs about one's ability to achieve desired outcomes. Visualization also increases participants' skill in forecasting their future utility. The interventions do not differentially affect beliefs and knowledge about chlorination. Results suggest simple psychological interventions can increase future-oriented behaviors, including use of preventive health technologies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C5C7DLP8/John and Orkin - 2022 - Can Simple Psychological Interventions Increase Pr.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CYFP7W9P/Haushofer et al. - 2019 - Can Simple Psychological Interventions Increase Pr.pdf}
}

@article{Johnson2018,
  title = {Reducing {{Inequality}} through {{Dynamic Complementarity}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Head Start}} and {{Public School Spending}}},
  author = {Johnson, Rucker C and Jackson, C Kirabo},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Economic Policy},
  volume = {11},
  number = {4},
  pages = {310--349},
  issn = {1945-7731},
  doi = {10.1257/pol.20180510},
  abstract = {We explore whether early childhood human-capital investments are complementary to those made later in life. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we compare the adult outcomes of cohorts who were differentially exposed to policy-induced changes in pre-school (Head Start) spending and school-finance-reform-induced changes in public K12 school spending during childhood, depending on place and year of birth. Difference-in-difference instrumental variables and sibling- difference estimates indicate that, for poor children, increases in Head Start spending and increases in public K12 spending each individually increased educational attainment and earnings, and reduced the likelihood of both poverty and incarceration in adulthood. The benefits of Head Start spending were larger when followed by access to better-funded public K12 schools, and the increases in K12 spending were more efficacious for poor children who were exposed to higher levels of Head Start spending during their preschool years. The findings suggest that early investments in the skills of disadvantaged children that are followed by sustained educational investments over time can effectively break the cycle of poverty},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/63U9LQXE/Johnson and Jackson - 2019 - Reducing Inequality through Dynamic Complementarit.pdf}
}

@article{jonasCouldNeuroscientistUnderstand2017,
  title = {Could a {{Neuroscientist Understand}} a {{Microprocessor}}?},
  author = {Jonas, Eric and Kording, Konrad Paul},
  editor = {Diedrichsen, J{\"o}rn},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  journal = {PLOS Computational Biology},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {e1005268},
  issn = {1553-7358},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005268},
  urldate = {2021-12-13},
  abstract = {There is a popular belief in neuroscience that we are primarily data limited, and that producing large, multimodal, and complex datasets will, with the help of advanced data analysis algorithms, lead to fundamental insights into the way the brain processes information. These datasets do not yet exist, and if they did we would have no way of evaluating whether or not the algorithmically-generated insights were sufficient or even correct. To address this, here we take a classical microprocessor as a model organism, and use our ability to perform arbitrary experiments on it to see if popular data analysis methods from neuroscience can elucidate the way it processes information. Microprocessors are among those artificial information processing systems that are both complex and that we understand at all levels, from the overall logical flow, via logical gates, to the dynamics of transistors. We show that the approaches reveal interesting structure in the data but do not meaningfully describe the hierarchy of information processing in the microprocessor. This suggests current analytic approaches in neuroscience may fall short of producing meaningful understanding of neural systems, regardless of the amount of data. Additionally, we argue for scientists using complex non-linear dynamical systems with known ground truth, such as the microprocessor as a validation platform for time-series and structure discovery methods.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5GB9ERRX/Jonas and Kording - 2017 - Could a Neuroscientist Understand a Microprocessor.pdf}
}

@article{Jones2016a,
  title = {Life and {{Growth}}},
  author = {Jones, Charles I},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {124},
  number = {2},
  pages = {1--36},
  issn = {0022-3808},
  doi = {10.3386/w17094},
  abstract = {1. Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - General 2. Health, Education, and Welfare - Health - General 3. Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth - Technological Change; Research and Development 4. Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity},
  isbn = {0022-3808/2016/12402-0002\$10.00},
  keywords = {Economic Fluctuations and Growth,Health Economics}
}

@article{jonesFactsEconomicGrowth,
  title = {The {{Facts}} of {{Economic Growth}}},
  author = {Jones, C I},
  journal = {Handbook of Macroeconomics},
  pages = {67},
  abstract = {Why are people in the richest countries of the world so much richer today than 100 years ago? And why are some countries so much richer than others? Questions such as these define the field of economic growth. This paper documents the facts that underlie these questions. How much richer are we today than 100 years ago, and how large are the income gaps between countries? The purpose of the paper is to provide an encyclopedia of the fundamental facts of economic growth upon which our theories are built, gathering them together in one place and updating them with the latest available data.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/J856VU9V/Jones - The Facts of Economic Growth.pdf}
}

@article{jonesNonrivalryEconomicsData2020,
  title = {Nonrivalry and the {{Economics}} of {{Data}}},
  author = {Jones, Charles I. and Tonetti, Christopher},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {110},
  number = {9},
  pages = {2819--2858},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20191330},
  urldate = {2022-09-29},
  abstract = {Data is nonrival: a person's location history, medical records, and driving data can be used by many firms simultaneously. Nonrivalry leads to increasing returns. As a result, there may be social gains to data being used broadly across firms, even in the presence of privacy considerations. Fearing creative destruction, firms may choose to hoard their data, leading to the inefficient use of nonrival data. Giving data property rights to consumers can generate allocations that are close to optimal. Consumers balance their concerns for privacy against the economic gains that come from selling data broadly. (JEL C80, D11, D21, D83, E22, K11, O34)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z7KWSCQR/Jones and Tonetti - 2020 - Nonrivalry and the Economics of Data.pdf}
}

@article{jonesTaxingTopIncomes2022,
  title = {Taxing {{Top Incomes}} in a {{World}} of {{Ideas}}},
  author = {Jones, Charles I.},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {130},
  number = {9},
  pages = {2227--2274},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/720394},
  urldate = {2022-09-24},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8C67675E/Jones - 2022 - Taxing Top Incomes in a World of Ideas.pdf}
}

@article{jonssonBeneficialEffectsPaleolithic2009,
  title = {Beneficial Effects of a {{Paleolithic}} Diet on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Cross-over Pilot Study},
  shorttitle = {Beneficial Effects of a {{Paleolithic}} Diet on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes},
  author = {J{\"o}nsson, Tommy and Granfeldt, Yvonne and Ahr{\'e}n, Bo and Branell, Ulla-Carin and P{\aa}lsson, Gunvor and Hansson, Anita and S{\"o}derstr{\"o}m, Margareta and Lindeberg, Staffan},
  year = {2009},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Cardiovascular Diabetology},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {35},
  issn = {1475-2840},
  doi = {10.1186/1475-2840-8-35},
  urldate = {2023-08-08},
  abstract = {Background Our aim was to compare the effects of a Paleolithic ('Old Stone Age') diet and a diabetes diet as generally recommended on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes not treated with insulin. Methods In a randomized cross-over study, 13 patients with type 2 diabetes, 3 women and 10 men, were instructed to eat a Paleolithic diet based on lean meat, fish, fruits, vegetables, root vegetables, eggs and nuts; and a Diabetes diet designed in accordance with dietary guidelines during two consecutive 3-month periods. Outcome variables included changes in weight, waist circumference, serum lipids, C-reactive protein, blood pressure, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and areas under the curve for plasma glucose and plasma insulin in the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Dietary intake was evaluated by use of 4-day weighed food records. Results Study participants had on average a diabetes duration of 9 years, a mean HbA1c of 6,6\% units by Mono-S standard and were usually treated with metformin alone (3 subjects) or metformin in combination with a sulfonylurea (3 subjects) or a thiazolidinedione (3 subjects). Mean average dose of metformin was 1031 mg per day. Compared to the diabetes diet, the Paleolithic diet resulted in lower mean values of HbA1c (-0.4\% units, p = 0.01), triacylglycerol (-0.4 mmol/L, p = 0.003), diastolic blood pressure (-4 mmHg, p = 0.03), weight (-3 kg, p = 0.01), BMI (-1 kg/m2, p = 0.04) and waist circumference (-4 cm, p = 0.02), and higher mean values of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (+0.08 mmol/L, p = 0.03). The Paleolithic diet was mainly lower in cereals and dairy products, and higher in fruits, vegetables, meat and eggs, as compared with the Diabetes diet. Further, the Paleolithic diet was lower in total energy, energy density, carbohydrate, dietary glycemic load, saturated fatty acids and calcium, and higher in unsaturated fatty acids, dietary cholesterol and several vitamins. Dietary GI was slightly lower in the Paleolithic diet (GI = 50) than in the Diabetic diet (GI = 55). Conclusion Over a 3-month study period, a Paleolithic diet improved glycemic control and several cardiovascular risk factors compared to a Diabetes diet in patients with type 2 diabetes. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00435240.},
  pmcid = {PMC2724493},
  pmid = {19604407},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NZMEI5BS/Jönsson et al. - 2009 - Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardio.pdf}
}

@article{jordanAmbivalentClassismImportance2021,
  title = {Ambivalent {{Classism}}: {{The Importance}} of {{Assessing Hostile}} and {{Benevolent Ideologies}} about {{Poor People}}},
  shorttitle = {Ambivalent {{Classism}}},
  author = {Jordan, Jessica A. and Lawler, Joanna R. and Bosson, Jennifer K.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Basic and Applied Social Psychology},
  volume = {43},
  number = {1},
  pages = {46--67},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  issn = {0197-3533},
  doi = {10.1080/01973533.2020.1828084},
  urldate = {2023-09-11},
  abstract = {We present a model of ambivalent classism in which hostile (overtly negative and insulting) and benevolent (subjectively positive but condescending) attitudes about poor people co-exist and independently predict endorsement of restrictive and poverty-perpetuating welfare policies. Whereas existing classism scales predominantly measure antipathy toward poor people, we developed and validated the Ambivalent Classism Inventory (ACI), a 20-item scale that captures both hostile and benevolent attitudes toward poor people. The ACI has one hostile factor (hostile classism) and two benevolent factors (protective paternalism and complementary class differentiation). Data from four samples (total n = 1,543) indicate that the ACI has good reliability and validity. Findings underscore the role of benevolent beliefs in classist attitudes. Item generation, analytical methods, and implications are discussed.}
}

@article{jordanSuckerSaintMoralization2008,
  title = {From {{Sucker}} to {{Saint}}: {{Moralization}} in {{Response}} to {{Self-Threat}}},
  shorttitle = {From {{Sucker}} to {{Saint}}},
  author = {Jordan, Alexander H. and Monin, Beno{\^i}t},
  year = {2008},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Psychological Science},
  volume = {19},
  number = {8},
  pages = {809--815},
  issn = {0956-7976, 1467-9280},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02161.x},
  urldate = {2022-06-13},
  abstract = {When people's rationality and agency are implicitly called into question by the more expedient behavior of others, they sometimes respond by feeling morally superior; this is referred to as the sucker-to-saint effect. In Experiment 1, participants who completed a tedious task and then saw a confederate quit the same task elevated their own morality over that of the confederate, whereas participants who simply completed the task or simply saw the confederate quit did not. In Experiment 2, this effect was eliminated by having participants contemplate a valued personal quality before encountering the rebellious confederate, a result suggesting a role for self-threat in producing moralization. These studies demonstrate that moral judgments can be more deeply embedded in judges' immediate social contexts---and driven more by motivations to maintain self-image---than is typically appreciated in contemporary moral-psychology research. Rather than uphold abstract principles of justice, moral judgment may sometimes just help people feel a little less foolish.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/V6QHMW5R/Jordan and Monin - 2008 - From Sucker to Saint Moralization in Response to .pdf}
}

@article{Jorm2000,
  title = {Mental Health Literacy},
  author = {Jorm, A. F.},
  year = {2000},
  month = nov,
  journal = {British Journal of Psychiatry},
  volume = {177},
  number = {5},
  pages = {396--401},
  issn = {0007-1250},
  doi = {10.1192/bjp.177.5.396},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SGAV95AM/Jorm - 2000 - Mental health literacy Public knowledge and belie.pdf}
}

@article{joshiAreVoterRolls2020,
  title = {Are Voter Rolls Suitable Sampling Frames for Household Surveys? {{Evidence}} from {{India}}},
  author = {Joshi, Ruchika and McManus, Jeffery and Nagpal, Karan and Fraker, Andrew},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {46},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SGVQQFI4/Joshi et al. - Are voter rolls suitable sampling frames for house.pdf}
}

@article{joshiImpactWaterSanitation2013,
  title = {Impact of {{Water}}, {{Sanitation}}, and {{Hygiene Interventions}} on {{Improving Health Outcomes}} among {{School Children}}},
  author = {Joshi, Ashish and Amadi, Chioma},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Journal of Environmental and Public Health},
  volume = {2013},
  pages = {1--10},
  issn = {1687-9805, 1687-9813},
  doi = {10.1155/2013/984626},
  urldate = {2023-11-01},
  abstract = {Purpose. This review was done to explore the impact of water treatment, hygiene, and sanitary interventions on improving child health outcomes such as absenteeism, infections, knowledge, attitudes, and practices and adoption of point-of-use water treatment. Methods. A literature search was conducted using the databases PubMed and Google scholar for studies published between 2009 and 2012 and focusing on the effects of access to safe water, hand washing facilities, and hygiene education among school-age children. Studies included were those that documented the provision of water and sanitation in schools for children less than 18 years of age, interventions which assessed WASH practices, and English-language, full-text peer reviewed papers. Results. Fifteen studies were included in the final analysis. 73\% (n = 11) of the studies were conducted in developing countries and were rural based (53\%, n = 8). The child's age, gender, grade level, socioeconomic index, access to hygiene and sanitary facilities, and prior knowledge of hygiene practices were significantly associated with the outcomes. Nutrition practices which are key factors associated with the outcomes were rarely assessed. Conclusion. Further research is required to assess the long-term impact of such interventions in different settings.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BX8DEIBD/Joshi and Amadi - 2013 - Impact of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Intervent.pdf}
}

@book{jostPoliticalPsychologyKey2006,
  title = {Political Psychology: Key Readings},
  shorttitle = {Political Psychology},
  author = {Jost, John T and Sidanius, Jim},
  year = {2006},
  isbn = {978-1-84169-070-4 978-1-84169-069-8},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 1088989964}
}

@book{jostPoliticalPsychologyKey2006a,
  title = {Political Psychology: Key Readings},
  shorttitle = {Political Psychology},
  author = {Jost, John T and Sidanius, Jim},
  year = {2006},
  isbn = {978-1-84169-070-4 978-1-84169-069-8},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 1088989964}
}

@book{jostPoliticalPsychologyKey2006b,
  title = {Political Psychology: Key Readings},
  shorttitle = {Political Psychology},
  author = {Jost, John T and Sidanius, Jim},
  year = {2006},
  isbn = {978-1-84169-070-4 978-1-84169-069-8},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 1088989964}
}

@article{Journal2013,
  title = {Teacher {{Performance Pay}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{India}}},
  author = {Muralidharan, Karthik and Sundararaman, Venkatesh},
  year = {2011},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {119},
  number = {1},
  pages = {39--77},
  issn = {0022-3808},
  doi = {10.1086/659655},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BCUIGKNS/Muralidharan and Sundararaman - 2011 - Teacher Performance Pay Experimental Evidence fro.pdf}
}

@misc{JPALAfricaConducting2024,
  title = {J-{{PAL Africa Conducting Experimental Research Course}}},
  year = {2024},
  month = jul,
  journal = {The Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL)},
  urldate = {2024-06-29},
  abstract = {This five-day academic workshop on conducting randomized evaluations aims to strengthen the knowledge and further develop the good practices of participants who are already well-versed in the methodological foundations of impact evaluations.},
  howpublished = {https://www.povertyactionlab.org/event/j-pal-africa-conducting-experimental-research-course},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5MTTPRY5/j-pal-africa-conducting-experimental-research-course.html}
}

@misc{JustifyingDissent,
  title = {Justifying {{Dissent}}},
  journal = {BFI},
  urldate = {2022-02-05},
  abstract = {Dissent plays an important role in any society, but dissenters are often silenced through social sanctions. Beyond their persuasive effects, rationales providing arguments supporting dissenters' causes can increase...},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/85CC8FRZ/2020-73.html}
}

@article{kahanIdeologyMotivatedReasoning2013,
  title = {Ideology, Motivated Reasoning, and Cognitive Reflection},
  author = {Kahan, Dan M},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Judgment and Decision Making},
  volume = {8},
  number = {4},
  pages = {18},
  abstract = {Decision scientists have identified various plausible sources of ideological polarization over climate change, gun violence, national security, and like issues that turn on empirical evidence. This paper describes a study of three of them: the predominance of heuristic-driven information processing by members of the public; ideologically motivated reasoning; and the cognitive-style correlates of political conservativism. The study generated both observational and experimental data inconsistent with the hypothesis that political conservatism is distinctively associated with either unreflective thinking or motivated reasoning. Conservatives did no better or worse than liberals on the Cognitive Reflection Test (Frederick, 2005), an objective measure of information-processing dispositions associated with cognitive biases. In addition, the study found that ideologically motivated reasoning is not a consequence of over-reliance on heuristic or intuitive forms of reasoning generally. On the contrary, subjects who scored highest in cognitive reflection were the most likely to display ideologically motivated cognition. These findings corroborated an alternative hypothesis, which identifies ideologically motivated cognition as a form of information processing that promotes individuals' interests in forming and maintaining beliefs that signify their loyalty to important affinity groups. The paper discusses the practical significance of these findings, including the need to develop science communication strategies that shield policy-relevant facts from the influences that turn them into divisive symbols of political identity.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MWAD99AQ/Kahan - 2013 - Ideology, motivated reasoning, and cognitive reﬂec.pdf}
}

@article{kahnemanHighIncomeImproves2010,
  title = {High Income Improves Evaluation of Life but Not Emotional Well-Being},
  author = {Kahneman, D. and Deaton, A.},
  year = {2010},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {107},
  number = {38},
  pages = {16489--16493},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1011492107},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UJC4CTIV/Kahneman and Deaton - 2010 - High income improves evaluation of life but not em.pdf}
}

@article{kahnemanValuingPublicGoods1992,
  title = {Valuing Public Goods: {{The}} Purchase of Moral Satisfaction},
  shorttitle = {Valuing Public Goods},
  author = {Kahneman, Daniel and Knetsch, Jack L},
  year = {1992},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Environmental Economics and Management},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  pages = {57--70},
  issn = {00950696},
  doi = {10.1016/0095-0696(92)90019-S},
  urldate = {2021-09-06},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JAIZXVZE/Kahneman and Knetsch - 1992 - Valuing public goods The purchase of moral satisf.pdf}
}

@article{kaiserVarimaxCriterionAnalytic1958,
  title = {The Varimax Criterion for Analytic Rotation in Factor Analysis},
  author = {Kaiser, Henry F.},
  year = {1958},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Psychometrika},
  volume = {23},
  number = {3},
  pages = {187--200},
  issn = {0033-3123, 1860-0980},
  doi = {10.1007/BF02289233},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TB3B385P/Kaiser - 1958 - The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in fac.pdf}
}

@article{kallaPersonalizingMoralReframing2022,
  title = {Personalizing {{Moral Reframing}} in {{Interpersonal Conversation}}: {{A Field Experiment}}},
  shorttitle = {Personalizing {{Moral Reframing}} in {{Interpersonal Conversation}}},
  author = {Kalla, Joshua L. and Levine, Adam Seth and Broockman, David E.},
  year = {2022},
  month = apr,
  journal = {The Journal of Politics},
  volume = {84},
  number = {2},
  pages = {1239--1243},
  publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
  issn = {0022-3816},
  doi = {10.1086/716944},
  urldate = {2025-03-07},
  abstract = {Organizations in the contemporary United States face substantial challenges with persuading citizens and moving them to take action. Prior research finds that citizens' views can be changed and strengthened using frames consistent with their moral values. However, it can be difficult for organizations to tailor their appeals to individuals' moral values given the difficulty in predicting which moral values matter to which citizens. We present a preregistered field experiment in which canvassers for Planned Parenthood of Northern New England ({$n$}=52n=52) sought to overcome this challenge by listening for individual voters' ({$n$}=1,034n=1,034) moral values and then tailoring their appeals to those moral values. In contrast to an earlier study finding no impact of long-form canvassing on abortion attitudes, we find these conversations had large effects on interest in taking action and some evidence of changes in policy attitudes. This experiment provides a template for practitioners and researchers to build on.},
  keywords = {abortion attitudes,canvassing,field experiment,moral reframing}
}

@article{kallaReducingExclusionaryAttitudes2020,
  title = {Reducing {{Exclusionary Attitudes}} through {{Interpersonal Conversation}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Three Field Experiments}}},
  shorttitle = {Reducing {{Exclusionary Attitudes}} through {{Interpersonal Conversation}}},
  author = {Kalla, Joshua L. and Broockman, David E.},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  volume = {114},
  number = {2},
  pages = {410--425},
  issn = {0003-0554, 1537-5943},
  doi = {10.1017/S0003055419000923},
  urldate = {2021-04-21},
  abstract = {Exclusionary attitudes---prejudice toward outgroups and opposition to policies that promote their well-being---are presenting challenges to democratic societies worldwide. Drawing on insights from psychology, we argue that non-judgmentally exchanging narratives in interpersonal conversations can facilitate durable reductions in exclusionary attitudes. We support this argument with evidence from three pre-registered field experiments targeting exclusionary attitudes toward unauthorized immigrants and transgender people. In these experiments, 230 canvassers conversed with 6,869 voters across 7 US locations. In Experiment 1, face-to-face conversations deploying arguments alone had no effects on voters' exclusionary immigration policy or prejudicial attitudes, but otherwise identical conversations also including the non-judgmental exchange of narratives durably reduced exclusionary attitudes for at least four months (d = 0.08). Experiments 2 and 3, targeting transphobia, replicate these findings and support the scalability of this strategy (ds = 0.08, 0.04). Non-judgmentally exchanging narratives can help overcome the resistance to persuasion often encountered in discussions of these contentious topics.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4NFKYI4A/Kalla and Broockman - 2020 - Reducing Exclusionary Attitudes through Interperso.pdf}
}

@article{kallaWhichNarrativeStrategies2023,
  title = {Which {{Narrative Strategies Durably Reduce Prejudice}}? {{Evidence}} from {{Field}} and {{Survey Experiments Supporting}} the {{Efficacy}} of {{Perspective-Getting}}},
  shorttitle = {Which {{Narrative Strategies Durably Reduce Prejudice}}?},
  author = {Kalla, Joshua L. and Broockman, David E.},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  volume = {67},
  number = {1},
  pages = {185--204},
  issn = {1540-5907},
  doi = {10.1111/ajps.12657},
  urldate = {2025-03-07},
  abstract = {Exclusionary attitudes towards outgroups contribute to social and political challenges worldwide. Previous field experiments found that interpersonal conversations employing multiple narrative strategies can durably reduce exclusionary attitudes. We theoretically distinguish between three of these narrative strategies: narratives which promote analogic perspective taking, vicarious perspective-giving, and perspective-getting. Previous research has assigned these strategies together in a compound treatment, leaving open important theoretical and practical questions about each's effectiveness. We present results from three field studies and a survey experiment that individually manipulate their presence. Across the field studies, we find omitting prompts to engage in analogic perspective-taking and vicarious perspective-giving does not diminish effects; conversations employing only perspective-getting narratives durably reduce exclusionary attitudes. Results from within-subject analyses and a survey experiment similarly show that perspective-getting consistently reduces exclusionary attitudes and activates multiple mechanisms. These results refine theoretical understandings of prejudice reduction and support facilitating perspective-getting in conversations intended to reduce exclusionary attitudes.},
  copyright = {{\copyright}2021, Midwest Political Science Association.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MKV5Q3WM/Kalla and Broockman - 2023 - Which Narrative Strategies Durably Reduce Prejudice Evidence from Field and Survey Experiments Supp.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LEXUQ4B5/ajps.html}
}

@article{kalraCulturalPsychiatricSexuality2013,
  title = {The {{Cultural}}, {{Psychiatric}}, and {{Sexuality Aspects}} of {{Hijras}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Kalra, Gurvinder and Shah, Nilesh},
  year = {2013},
  month = oct,
  journal = {International Journal of Transgenderism},
  volume = {14},
  number = {4},
  pages = {171--181},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  issn = {1553-2739},
  doi = {10.1080/15532739.2013.876378},
  urldate = {2023-05-18},
  abstract = {The Indian hijra community encompasses persons with a variety of gender identities and sexual orientations, forming a culturally unique gender group. Although these communities have existed for ages within Indian society, hijras have been stigmatized and marginalized to a large extent. Such stigmatization may compromise the mental health of hijras possibly giving rise to various mental health issues. The sociocultural aspects of hijras have frequently been the subjects of research by anthropologists and sociologists, but there is a dearth of data regarding mental health problems in them. This study aims to understand the cultural, psychiatric, and sexuality aspects of hijras in the city of Mumbai, focusing on the prevalence of gender identity disorder and psychiatric disorders (if any) in them, their self-esteem, and their sexual practices.},
  keywords = {Culture,gender dysphoria,Gender Identity Disorder,gharana,guru-chela relationship,hijra,India,Nirvan,psychiatric disorder,self-esteem,transgender,transsexual},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2ISGXLBY/Kalra and Shah - 2013 - The Cultural, Psychiatric, and Sexuality Aspects o.pdf}
}

@article{kalraHijrasUniqueTransgender2012,
  title = {Hijras: The Unique Transgender Culture of {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Hijras},
  author = {Kalra, Gurvinder},
  year = {2012},
  month = aug,
  journal = {International Journal of Culture and Mental Health},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {121--126},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  issn = {1754-2863},
  doi = {10.1080/17542863.2011.570915},
  urldate = {2023-05-18},
  abstract = {Indian society has been tolerant of diverse sexual identities and sexual behaviors as is evident from its mythologies and ancient scripts like the Kamasutra. The transgendered hijra community has evolved to form a unique subculture within Indian society, existing alongside the ubiquitous heterosexual family. This subculture has been clandestine about its customs and lifestyle, but the scene is changing. Although awareness about HIV-AIDS issues in this community is increasing both among the community members and the health professionals, the same cannot be said about mental health issues. This article highlights some of the important aspects of their lives such as their social structure and attaining of Nirvan (emasculation, not to be confused with nirvana) that may be important for the mental health professionals working with such individuals and highlights the dearth of research data regarding the same.},
  keywords = {culture,hijra,India,nirvan,transgender,trithiya panthi},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I7VSB4BG/Kalra - 2012 - Hijras the unique transgender culture of India.pdf}
}

@article{kamenicaBayesianPersuasion2011,
  title = {Bayesian {{Persuasion}}},
  author = {Kamenica, Emir and Gentzkow, Matthew},
  year = {2011},
  month = oct,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {101},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2590--2615},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.101.6.2590},
  urldate = {2024-07-24},
  abstract = {When is it possible for one person to persuade another to change her action? We consider a symmetric information model where a sender chooses a signal to reveal to a receiver, who then takes a noncontractible action that affects the welfare of both players. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a signal that strictly benefits the sender. We characterize sender-optimal signals. We examine comparative statics with respect to the alignment of the sender's and the receiver's preferences. Finally, we apply our results to persuasion by litigators, lobbyists, and salespeople. (JEL D72, D82, D83, K40, M31)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Belief Legal Procedure the Legal System and Illegal Behavior: General Marketing,Communication,Information and Knowledge,Learning,Political Processes: Rent-seeking Lobbying Elections Legislatures and Voting Behavior Asymmetric and Private Information Search},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IK5X554L/Kamenica and Gentzkow - 2011 - Bayesian Persuasion.pdf}
}

@article{kamenicaBayesianPersuasionInformation2019,
  title = {Bayesian {{Persuasion}} and {{Information Design}}},
  author = {Kamenica, Emir},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {249--272},
  issn = {1941-1383, 1941-1391},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-025739},
  urldate = {2023-09-19},
  abstract = {A school may improve its students' job outcomes if it issues only coarse grades. Google can reduce congestion on roads by giving drivers noisy information about the state of traffic. A social planner might raise everyone's welfare by providing only partial information about solvency of banks. All of this can happen even when everyone is fully rational and understands the data-generating process. Each of these examples raises questions of what is the (socially or privately) optimal information that should be revealed. In this article, I review the literature that answers such questions.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UZZK5W87/Kamenica - 2019 - Bayesian Persuasion and Information Design.pdf}
}

@article{Kapczynski2008a,
  title = {The {{Access}} to {{Knowledge Mobilization}} and the {{New Politics}} of {{Inteleectual Property}}},
  author = {Kapczynski, Amy},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {262},
  pages = {1--60}
}

@article{Kapczynski2012a,
  title = {The {{Cost}} of {{Price}}: {{Why}} and {{How}} to {{Get Beyond Intellectual Property Internalism}}},
  author = {Kapczynski, Amy},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {UCLA L. Rev.},
  volume = {59},
  pages = {970--1026},
  issn = {00415650},
  doi = {10.1186/1471-2407-8-366},
  abstract = {The field of intellectual property (IP) law today is focused, as the name itself advertises, on one particular institutional approach to scientific and cultural production: IP. When legal scholars explain this focus, they typically do so with reference to the virtues of price. Because price gives us a decentralized way to link social welfare to the production of information, IP is alleged to be more efficient than other approaches. The dominant mode of IP scholarship begins here and then addresses questions internal to IP law--for example, how broad or narrow should exceptions to IP rights be? But the internalism that characterizes the field of IP cannot, as I show, be justified by the value of efficiency. Economics offers us no a priori reason to assume that IP is more efficient than other possible approaches, most prominently government procurement and commons-based production. If we take the invitation that economists offer us to think external to IP, we also gain new insights about the implications of values other than efficiency for the choice between different institutional approaches to scientific and cultural production. We see, as I argue, that using price to guide scientific and cultural production--which is to say, using IP--may have costs not only for efficiency, but also for distributive justice and informational privacy. The IP approach is in tension with the value of distributive justice because reliance upon price may yield not only unjust distribution of existing information resources but also unjust production of future information resources. The IP approach is in tension with the value of information privacy because relying on price to generate information facilitates the desire, the demand, and perhaps the capacity for price discrimination. That, in turn, generates an impulse for the extensive collection of personal information. Both government procurement and commons-based production plausibly offer more promise than does IP in both distributive justice and privacy terms, and they may be no less efficient than IP. Giving full scope to all three of these values thus requires us to telescope out from the internalism that characterizes the field, and to countenance a broader role for commons-based production and government procurement. In the field of IP, I conclude, we should pay less attention to IP and more to the alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]},
  isbn = {0041-5650},
  pmid = {19077256}
}

@article{Kapczynski2014a,
  title = {Intellectual {{Property}} ' {{S Leviathan}}},
  author = {Kapczynski, Amy},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {30},
  number = {1997}
}

@article{kapczynskiAccessKnowledgeMobilization,
  title = {The {{Access}} to {{Knowledge Mobilization}} and the {{New Politics}} of {{Intellectual Property}}},
  author = {Kapczynski, Amy},
  pages = {7},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/T5A82EHV/Kapczynski - The Access to Knowledge Mobilization and the New P.pdf}
}

@misc{kapczynskiFourHypothesesIntellectual,
  title = {Four {{Hypotheses}} on {{Intellectual Property}} and {{Inequality}}},
  author = {Kapczynski, Amy}
}

@article{kapczynskiINTELLECTUALPROPERTYLEVIATHAN,
  title = {{{INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY}}'{{S LEVIATHAN}}},
  author = {Kapczynski, Amy},
  journal = {LAW AND CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS},
  volume = {77},
  number = {4},
  pages = {15},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C8594GGA/Kapczynski - INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY’S LEVIATHAN.pdf}
}

@article{karingSocialSignalingChildhood2021,
  title = {Social {{Signaling}} and {{Childhood Immunization}}: {{A Field Experiment}} in {{Sierra Leone}}},
  author = {Karing, Anne},
  year = {2021},
  pages = {88},
  abstract = {This paper investigates social signaling in the context of childhood immunization in Sierra Leone. Despite attending initial visits, many parents do not complete their children's vaccination timely. I introduce color-coded bracelets for children's vaccination, enabling parents to durably signal their actions. Consistent with theory, parents use the bracelets to learn about others' actions, and bracelets' impact varies with the social desirability of the action. A signal linked to a highly valued vaccine increases complete vaccinations by 14 percentage points at \$1 per child. I estimate that parents' value of signaling completion is equivalent to the cost of walking 5-8 miles.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4AGEML5Q/SocialSignaling.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QNVB3AZJ/Karing - Social Signaling and Childhood Immunization A Fie.pdf}
}

@article{karlanDebtTrapsMarket2019,
  title = {Debt {{Traps}}? {{Market Vendors}} and {{Moneylender Debt}} in {{India}} and the {{Philippines}}},
  shorttitle = {Debt {{Traps}}?},
  author = {Karlan, Dean and Mullainathan, Sendhil and Roth, Benjamin N.},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {American Economic Review: Insights},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27--42},
  doi = {10.1257/aeri.20180030},
  urldate = {2024-02-12},
  abstract = {A debt trap occurs when someone takes on a high-interest-rate loan and is barely able to pay back the interest, and thus perpetually finds themselves in debt (often by refinancing). Studying such practices is important for understanding financial decision-making of households in dire circumstances, and also for setting appropriate consumer protection policies. We conduct a simple experiment in three sites in which we paid off high-interest moneylender debt of individuals. Most borrowers returned to debt within six weeks. One to two years after intervention, treatment individuals were borrowing at the same rate as control households.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Household Saving,Personal Finance Consumer Protection Micro-Based Behavioral Economics: Role and Effects of Psychological Emotional Social and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RBQKYR7N/Karlan et al. - 2019 - Debt Traps Market Vendors and Moneylender Debt in.pdf}
}

@article{karlanGettingTopMind2016,
  title = {Getting to the {{Top}} of {{Mind}}: {{How Reminders Increase Saving}}},
  author = {Karlan, Dean and McConnell, Margaret and Mullainathan, Sendhil and Zinman, Jonathan},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Management Science},
  pages = {20},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FNU3XMGD/Karlan et al. - 2016 - Getting to the Top of Mind How Reminders Increase.pdf}
}

@article{karLookingBreakIdentifying2013,
  title = {Looking for a Break: {{Identifying}} Transitions in Growth Regimes},
  shorttitle = {Looking for a Break},
  author = {Kar, Sabyasachi and Pritchett, Lant and Raihan, Selim and Sen, Kunal},
  year = {2013},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Macroeconomics},
  volume = {38},
  pages = {151--166},
  issn = {01640704},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jmacro.2013.09.022},
  urldate = {2022-01-29},
  abstract = {Economic growth in developing countries is characterized by frequent shifts in growth regimes. Following Pritchett (2000), there is a large empirical literature that has tried to identify the timing of these shifts in economic growth. Two distinct approaches have been developed by this literature. The first is a `filter-based' approach that identifies growth breaks on the basis of subjectively defined rules, while the second approach is based on statistical structural break tests. The first approach is `ad hoc' and lacks consistency across studies while the Bai--Perron method that is the basis of the statistical approach has low power, not able to discern true breaks in growth. In this paper, we propose a unified approach that combines the filter and statistical approaches, and avoids the limitations of each approach. Applying our approach to comparable GDP per capita data for 125 countries for the period 1950--2010, we are able to identify a much larger number of plausible breaks in GDP per capita than a pure statistical approach. More importantly, our approach is able to identify more breaks from countries with volatile growth paths, and hence has a larger proportion of breaks from developing countries, compared to other studies that use the pure statistical method of Bai--Perron.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9ACLS6Z6/Kar et al. - 2013 - Looking for a break Identifying transitions in gr.pdf}
}

@article{KarlssonLinner2019,
  title = {Genome-Wide Association Analyses of Risk Tolerance and Risky Behaviors in over 1 Million Individuals Identify Hundreds of Loci and Shared Genetic Influences},
  author = {Karlsson Linn{\'e}r, Richard and Biroli, Pietro and Kong, Edward and Meddens, S. Fleur W. and Wedow, Robbee and Fontana, Mark Alan and Lebreton, Ma{\"e}l and Tino, Stephen P. and Abdellaoui, Abdel and Hammerschlag, Anke R. and Nivard, Michel G. and Okbay, Aysu and Rietveld, Cornelius A. and Timshel, Pascal N. and Trzaskowski, Maciej and de Vlaming, Ronald and Z{\"u}nd, Christian L. and Bao, Yanchun and Buzdugan, Laura and Caplin, Ann H. and Chen, Chia Yen and Eibich, Peter and Fontanillas, Pierre and Gonzalez, Juan R. and Joshi, Peter K. and Karhunen, Ville and Kleinman, Aaron and Levin, Remy Z. and Lill, Christina M. and Meddens, Gerardus A. and Muntan{\'e}, Gerard and {Sanchez-Roige}, Sandra and Rooij, Frank J.van and Taskesen, Erdogan and Wu, Yang and Zhang, Futao and Agee, Michelle and Alipanahi, Babak and Bell, Robert K. and Bryc, Katarzyna and Elson, Sarah L. and Furlotte, Nicholas A. and Huber, Karen E. and Litterman, Nadia K. and McCreight, Jennifer C. and McIntyre, Matthew H. and Mountain, Joanna L. and Northover, Carrie A.M. and Pitts, Steven J. and Sathirapongsasuti, J. Fah and Sazonova, Olga V. and Shelton, Janie F. and Shringarpure, Suyash and Tian, Chao and Tung, Joyce Y. and Vacic, Vladimir and Wilson, Catherine H. and Agbessi, Mawuss{\'e} and Ahsan, Habibul and Alves, Isabel and Andiappan, Anand and Awadalla, Philip and Battle, Alexis and Beutner, Frank and Jan Bonder, Marc and Boomsma, Dorret I. and Christiansen, Mark and Claringbould, Annique and Deelen, Patrick and Esko, T{\~o}nu and Fav{\'e}, Marie Julie and Franke, Lude and Frayling, Timothy and Gharib, Sina A. and Gibson, Gregory and Heijmans, Bastiaan and Hemani, Gibran and Jansen, Rick and K{\"a}h{\"o}nen, Mika and Kalnapenkis, Anette and Kasela, Silva and Kettunen, Johannes and Kim, Yungil and Kirsten, Holger and Kovacs, Peter and Krohn, Knut and {Kronberg-Guzman}, Jaanika and Kukushkina, Viktorija and Kutalik, Zoltan and Lee, Bernett and Lehtim{\"a}ki, Terho and Loeffler, Markus and Marigorta, Urko M. and Metspalu, Andres and Milani, Lili and Montgomery, Grant W. and {M{\"u}ller-Nurasyid}, Martina and Nauck, Matthias and Penninx, Brenda and Perola, Markus and Pervjakova, Natalia and Pierce, Brandon and Powell, Joseph and Prokisch, Holger and Psaty, Bruce M. and Raitakari, Olli and Ring, Susan and Ripatti, Samuli and Rotzchke, Olaf and R{\"u}eger, Sina and Saha, Ashis and Scholz, Markus and Schramm, Katharina and Sepp{\"a}l{\"a}, Ilkka and Stumvoll, Michael and Sullivan, Patrick and t. Hoen, Peter Bram and Teumer, Alexander and Thiery, Joachim and Tong, Lin and T{\"o}njes, Anke and van Dongen, Jenny and van Meurs, Joyce and Verlouw, Joost and Visscher, Peter M. and V{\"o}lker, Uwe and V{\~o}sa, Urmo and Westra, Harm Jan and Yaghootkar, Hanieh and Yang, Jian and Zeng, Biao and Beauchamp, Jonathan P. and Lee, James J. and Pers, Tune H. and Turley, Patrick and Chen, Guo Bo and Emilsson, Valur and Oskarsson, Sven and Pickrell, Joseph K. and Thom, Kevin and Timshel, Pascal and {de Vlaming}, Ronald and Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S. and Bacelis, Jonas and Baumbach, Clemens and Bjornsdottir, Gyda and Brandsma, Johannes H. and Concas, Maria Pina and Derringer, Jaime and Galesloot, Tessel E. and Girotto, Giorgia and Gupta, Richa and Hall, Leanne M. and Harris, Sarah E. and Hofer, Edith and Horikoshi, Momoko and Huffman, Jennifer E. and Kaasik, Kadri and Kalafati, Ioanna P. and Karlsson, Robert and Kong, Augustine and Lahti, Jari and der Lee, Sven J.van and {de Leeuw}, Christiaan and Lind, Penelope A. and Lindgren, Karl Oskar and Liu, Tian and Mangino, Massimo and Marten, Jonathan and Mihailov, Evelin and Miller, Michael B. and der Most, Peter J.van and Oldmeadow, Christopher and Payton, Antony and Peyrot, Wouter J. and Qian, Yong and Rueedi, Rico and Salvi, Erika and Schmidt, B{\"o}rge and Schraut, Katharina E. and Shi, Jianxin and Smith, Albert V. and Poot, Raymond A. and Pourcain, Beate St and Thorleifsson, Gudmar and Verweij, Niek and Vuckovic, Dragana and Wellmann, Juergen and Yang, Jingyun and Zhao, Wei and Zhu, Zhihong and Alizadeh, Behrooz Z. and Amin, Najaf and Bakshi, Andrew and Baumeister, Sebastian E. and Biino, Ginevra and B{\o}nnelykke, Klaus and Boyle, Patricia A. and Campbell, Harry and Cappuccio, Francesco P. and Davies, Gail and De Neve, Jan Emmanuel and Deloukas, Panos and Demuth, Ilja and Ding, Jun and Eisele, Lewin and Eklund, Niina and Evans, David M. and Faul, Jessica D. and Feitosa, Mary F. and Forstner, Andreas J. and Gandin, Ilaria and Gunnarsson, Bjarni and Halld{\'o}rsson, Bjarni V. and Harris, Tamara B. and Heath, Andrew C. and Hocking, Lynne J. and Holliday, Elizabeth G. and Homuth, Georg and Horan, Michael A. and Hottenga, Jouke Jan and {de Jager}, Philip L. and Jugessur, Astanand and Kaakinen, Marika A. and Kanoni, Stavroula and {Keltigangas-J{\"a}rvinen}, Liisa and Kiemeney, Lambertus A.L.M. and Kolcic, Ivana and Koskinen, Seppo and Kraja, Aldi T. and Kroh, Martin and Latvala, Antti and Launer, Lenore J. and Lebreton, Ma{\"e}l P. and Levinson, Douglas F. and Lichtenstein, Paul and Lichtner, Peter and Liewald, David C.M. and Loukola, Anu and Madden, Pamela A. and M{\"a}gi, Reedik and {M{\"a}ki-Opas}, Tomi and Marioni, Riccardo E. and {Marques-Vidal}, Pedro and McMahon, George and Meisinger, Christa and Meitinger, Thomas and Milaneschi, Yusplitri and Myhre, Ronny and Nelson, Christopher P. and Nyholt, Dale R. and Ollier, William E.R. and Palotie, Aarno and Paternoster, Lavinia and Pedersen, Nancy L. and Petrovic, Katja E. and Porteous, David J. and R{\"a}ikk{\"o}nen, Katri and Ring, Susan M. and Robino, Antonietta and Rostapshova, Olga and Rudan, Igor and Rustichini, Aldo and Salomaa, Veikko and Sanders, Alan R. and Sarin, Antti Pekka and Schmidt, Helena and Scott, Rodney J. and Smith, Blair H. and Smith, Jennifer A. and Staessen, Jan A. and {Steinhagen-Thiessen}, Elisabeth and Strauch, Konstantin and Terracciano, Antonio and Tobin, Martin D. and Ulivi, Sheila and Vaccargiu, Simona and Quaye, Lydia and Venturini, Cristina and Vinkhuyzen, Anna A.E. and V{\"o}lzke, Henry and Vonk, Judith M. and Vozzi, Diego and Waage, Johannes and Ware, Erin B. and Willemsen, Gonneke and Attia, John R. and Bennett, David A. and Berger, Klaus and Bertram, Lars and Bisgaard, Hans and Borecki, Ingrid B. and B{\"u}ltmann, Ute and Chabris, Christopher F. and Cucca, Francesco and Cusi, Daniele and Deary, Ian J. and Dedoussis, George V. and Duijn, Cornelia M.van and Eriksson, Johan G. and Franke, Barbara and Gasparini, Paolo and Gejman, Pablo V. and Gieger, Christian and Grabe, Hans J{\"o}rgen and Gratten, Jacob and Groenen, Patrick J.F. and Gudnason, Vilmundur and van der Harst, Pim and Hayward, Caroline and Hinds, David A. and Hoffmann, Wolfgang and Hypp{\"o}nen, Elina and Iacono, William G. and Jacobsson, Bo and J{\"a}rvelin, Marjo Riitta and J{\"o}ckel, Karl Heinz and Kaprio, Jaakko and Kardia, Sharon L.R. and Lehrer, Steven F. and Magnusson, Patrik K.E. and Martin, Nicholas G. and McGue, Matt and Pendleton, Neil and Pirastu, Nicola and Pirastu, Mario and Polasek, Ozren and Posthuma, Danielle and Power, Christine and Province, Michael A. and Samani, Nilesh J. and Schlessinger, David and Schmidt, Reinhold and S{\o}rensen, Thorkild I.A. and Spector, Tim D. and Stefansson, Kari and Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur and Thurik, A. Roy and Timpson, Nicholas J. and Tiemeier, Henning and Uitterlinden, Andr{\'e} G. and Vitart, Veronique and Vollenweider, Peter and Weir, David R. and Wilson, James F. and Wright, Alan F. and Conley, Dalton C. and Krueger, Robert F. and Smith, George Davey and Hofman, Albert and Laibson, David I. and Medland, Sarah E. and Meyer, Michelle N. and Johannesson, Magnus and Koellinger, Philipp D. and Cesarini, David and Benjamin, Daniel J. and Auton, Adam and Boardman, Jason D. and Clark, David W. and Conlin, Andrew and Dolan, Conor C. and Fischbacher, Urs and Harris, Kathleen Mullan and Hasler, Gregor and Ikram, Mohammad A. and Jain, Sonia and Kessler, Ronald C. and Kooyman, Maarten and MacKillop, James and M{\"a}nnikk{\"o}, Minna and {Morcillo-Suarez}, Carlos and McQueen, Matthew B. and Schmidt, Klaus M. and Smart, Melissa C. and Sutter, Matthias and White, Jon and de Wit, Harriet and Fehr, Ernst and Kumari, Meena and Navarro, Arcadi and Palmer, Abraham A. and Schunk, Daniel and Stein, Murray B. and Svento, Rauli and Timmers, Paul R.H.J. and Ursano, Robert J. and Wagner, Gert G.},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Nature Genetics},
  volume = {51},
  number = {2},
  pages = {245--257},
  issn = {15461718},
  doi = {10.1038/s41588-018-0309-3},
  abstract = {Humans vary substantially in their willingness to take risks. In a combined sample of over 1 million individuals, we conducted genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of general risk tolerance, adventurousness, and risky behaviors in the driving, drinking, smoking, and sexual domains. Across all GWAS, we identified hundreds of associated loci, including 99 loci associated with general risk tolerance. We report evidence of substantial shared genetic influences across risk tolerance and the risky behaviors: 46 of the 99 general risk tolerance loci contain a lead SNP for at least one of our other GWAS, and general risk tolerance is genetically correlated ({$\mid$}{\^r} g{$\mid$} {\textasciitilde} 0.25 to 0.50) with a range of risky behaviors. Bioinformatics analyses imply that genes near SNPs associated with general risk tolerance are highly expressed in brain tissues and point to a role for glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. We found no evidence of enrichment for genes previously hypothesized to relate to risk tolerance.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GWV8GIWZ/23and Me Research Team et al. - 2019 - Genome-wide association analyses of risk tolerance.pdf}
}

@misc{karnofskyWhyWeCan,
  title = {Why We Can't Take Expected Value Estimates Literally (Even When They're Unbiased)},
  author = {Karnofsky, Holden},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F9RAJVF3/_.pdf}
}

@article{kasyAdaptiveTargetedInfectious2020,
  title = {Adaptive {{Targeted Infectious Disease Testing}}},
  author = {Kasy, Maximilian and Teytelboym, Alexander},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Oxford Review of Economic Policy},
  pages = {graa018},
  issn = {0266-903X, 1460-2121},
  doi = {10.1093/oxrep/graa018},
  urldate = {2020-07-14},
  abstract = {We show how to efficiently use costly testing resources in an epidemic, when testing outcomes can be used to make quarantine decisions. If the cost of false quarantine and false release exceed the cost of testing, the optimal myopic testing policy targets individuals with an intermediate likelihood of being infected. A high cost of false release means that testing is optimal for individuals with a low probability of infection, and a high cost of false quarantine means that testing is optimal for individuals with a high probability of infection. If individuals arrive over time, the policy-maker faces a dynamic tradeoff: using tests for individuals for whom testing yields the maximum immediate benefit vs. spreading out testing capacity across the population to learn prevalence rates thereby benefiting later individuals. We describe a simple policy that is nearly optimal from a dynamic perspective. We briefly discuss practical aspects of implementing our proposed policy, including imperfect testing technology, appropriate choice of prior, and non-stationarity of the prevalence rate.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9SRMBAE4/Kasy and Teytelboym - 2020 - Adaptive Targeted Infectious Disease Testing.pdf}
}

@book{katzStudentsAttitudesReport1931,
  title = {Students' Attitudes; a Report of the {{Syracuse University}} Reaction Study},
  author = {Katz, D. and Allport, F. H. and Jenness, M. B.},
  year = {1931},
  series = {Students' Attitudes; a Report of the {{Syracuse University}} Reaction Study},
  pages = {xxviii, 408},
  publisher = {Craftsman Press},
  address = {Oxford, England},
  abstract = {This is a comprehensive study of student attitudes based on the Reaction Study at Syracuse University in 1926. The authors indicate factors bearing on the local situation in light of the intervening time and also contributions to the broader interests. The problems involved in questionnaire procedure and attitude studies are clearly discussed and the facts interpreted in the light of the same. The following factors are studied in detail: reasons for coming to college; selecting a certain college and remaining in same; college activities; curricular work; personal ideals of students; need for personal advice; choosing a vocation; fraternities; snobbishness; cribbing; co-education and moral standards of the sexes; religious beliefs; religious observances and attitudes towards churches; and changes in religious beliefs and practices during college life. The religious factors investigated are based upon the College of Liberal Arts group only. Fraternity and non-fraternity student attitudes are compared. The details of the study correlated very closely with findings of former specific studies both locally and generally. Fraternity men are divided into "institutionalist" (majority) and "individualist" (minority) types, with their respective attitudes as expressed by these terms. The changes in religious attitudes show a gradual change as over against the usual idea, or the more commonly expressed idea, of a sweeping collapse in beliefs and practices. A part of the general summary gives suggestions relating to psychology, sociology and political science in the way of recommending the procedures used for further investigation. The appendix includes a statement of the techniques of attitude measurement and a summary of college attitude studies with bibliography. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/42D6585P/1931-03274-000.html}
}

@article{Kaur2019,
  title = {Nominal {{Wage Rigidity}} in {{Village Labor Markets}}},
  author = {Kaur, Supreet},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {109},
  number = {10},
  pages = {3585--3616},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20141625},
  abstract = {This paper develops a new approach to test for downward wage rigidity by examining transitory shocks to labor demand (i.e., rainfall) across 600 Indian districts. Nominal wages rise during positive shocks but do not fall during droughts. In addition, transitory positive shocks generate ratcheting: After they have dissipated, wages do not adjust back down. Ratcheting reduces employment by 9 percent, indicating that rigidities distort employment levels. Inflation, which is unaffected by local rainfall, enables downward real wage adjustments-offering causal evidence for its labor market effects. Surveys suggest that individuals believe nominal wage cuts are unfair and lead to effort reductions.},
  keywords = {E31,enables downward real wage adjustments-offering ca,indicating that rigidities distort employment leve,J23,J31,O15,O18,R23),rainfall) across 600 Indian districts. Nominal wag,This paper develops a new approach to test for dow,transitory positive shocks generate ratcheting: af,wages do not adjust back down. Ratcheting reduces,which is unaffected by local rainfall},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FBGCMUAV/Kaur - 2019 - Nominal Wage Rigidity in Village Labor Markets.pdf}
}

@article{Kaur2022,
  title = {Do Financial Concerns Make Workers Less Productive?},
  author = {Kaur, S. and Mullainathan, S. and Oh, S. and Schilbach, F.},
  year = {forthcoming},
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics}
}

@article{kaurFinancialConcernsMake2022,
  title = {Do {{Financial Concerns Make Workers Less Productive}}?},
  author = {Kaur, Supreet and Mullainathan, Sendhil and Oh, Suanna and Schilbach, Frank},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {mimeo},
  pages = {61},
  abstract = {We test whether increasing cash-on-hand raises the productivity of poor workers. Our motivation is psychological. Concerns about money can create mental burdens such as worry, stress, or sadness. These in turn could interfere with the ability to work effectively. We empirically test for this possibility using a field experiment with piece-rate manufacturing workers in India. We randomize the timing of income receipt, so that on a given day some workers have more cash-on-hand than others. This manipulation holds constant wages and piece rates, as well as human and physical capital. On cash-rich days, average productivity increases by 0.11 standard deviations (6.2\%); this effect is concentrated among relatively poorer workers. Mistakes also decline on these days --- an effect that is again concentrated among poorer workers. Having more cash-on-hand thus enables workers to work faster while making fewer errors, suggesting improved cognition. We argue that mechanisms such as gift exchange, trust, and nutrition cannot account for our findings. Instead, our results suggest a range of psychological mechanisms wherein alleviating financial concerns allows workers to be more attentive and productive at work.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MHX8PA94/FinancialConcerns.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PEPTV83F/FinancialConcerns (1).pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XCVHGBLW/Kaur et al. - Do Financial Concerns Make Workers Less Productive.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZYRDP3QJ/FinancialConcerns.pdf}
}

@article{kaurSelfControlWork2015,
  title = {Self-{{Control}} at {{Work}}},
  author = {Kaur, Supreet and Kremer, Michael and Mullainathan, Sendhil},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {123},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1227--1277},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/683822},
  urldate = {2021-10-13},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CFG2UQE3/Kaur et al. - 2015 - Self-Control at Work.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EBUCDKX6/KaurKremerMullainathan SelfControl.pdf}
}

@article{kawakamiImpactCounterstereotypicTraining2007,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Counterstereotypic Training}} and {{Related Correction Processes}} on the {{Application}} of {{Stereotypes}}},
  author = {Kawakami, Kerry and Dovidio, John F. and {van Kamp}, Simone},
  year = {2007},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Group Processes \& Intergroup Relations},
  volume = {10},
  number = {2},
  pages = {139--156},
  issn = {1368-4302, 1461-7188},
  doi = {10.1177/1368430207074725},
  urldate = {2021-05-17},
  abstract = {The present research examined the impact of counterstereotypic training on the application of stereotypes and the moderating effects of correction on these processes. As expected, when receiving no training, participants chose male over female candidates for a supervisory position and rated both male and female candidates as more gender stereotypic. After receiving extensive counterstereotypic association training, however, participants no longer preferred male over female job candidates and no longer attributed stereotypic traits to a greater extent. These latter results, however, were only found after participants had an opportunity to correct for perceived influences on an initial task. These findings provide evidence for the potential moderating effects of correction processes on the success of strategies aimed at decreasing intergroup biases.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E9MMZPTE/Kawakami et al. - 2007 - The Impact of Counterstereotypic Training and Rela.pdf}
}

@article{Keele2015,
  title = {Geographic Boundaries as Regression Discontinuities},
  author = {Keele, Luke J. and Titiunik, Roc{\'i}o},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Political Analysis},
  volume = {23},
  number = {1},
  pages = {127--155},
  issn = {14764989},
  doi = {10.1093/pan/mpu014},
  abstract = {Political scientists often turn to natural experiments to draw causal inferences with observational data. Recently, the regression discontinuity design (RD) has become a popular type of natural experiment due to its relatively weak assumptions. We study a special type of regression discontinuity design where the discontinuity in treatment assignment is geographic. In this design, which we call the Geographic Regression Discontinuity (GRD) design, a geographic or administrative boundary splits units into treated and control areas, and analysts make the case that the division into treated and control areas occurs in an as-if random fashion. We show how this design is equivalent to a standard RD with two running variables, but we also clarify several methodological differences that arise in geographical contexts. We also offer a method for estimation of geographically located treatment effects that can also be used to validate the identification assumptions using observable pretreatment characteristics. We illustrate our methodological framework with a re-examination of the effects of political advertisements on voter turnout during a presidential campaign, exploiting the exogenous variation in the volume of presidential ads that is created by media market boundaries.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6D5ZMM5D/Keele and Titiunik - 2015 - Geographic Boundaries as Regression Discontinuitie.pdf}
}

@article{kelleyCustomerDiscriminationWorkplace,
  title = {Customer {{Discrimination}} in the {{Workplace}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Online Sales}}},
  author = {Kelley, Erin and Lane, Gregory and Pecenco, Matthew and Rubin, Edward},
  abstract = {Many workers are evaluated on their ability to engage with customers. We measure the impact of gender-based customer discrimination on the productivity of online sales agents in subSaharan Africa. Using a novel framework that randomly varies the gender of names presented to customers without changing worker behavior, we find the assignment of a female-sounding name leads to 50 percent fewer purchases. Customers also lag in responding, are less expressive, and avoid discussing purchases. We show similar results for customers around the world and across workers. Removing customer bias, we find women would be more productive than their male coworkers.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AAVZJV34/Kelley et al. - Customer Discrimination in the Workplace Evidence.pdf}
}

@article{kellyRealtimePredictions20182019,
  title = {Real-Time Predictions of the 2018--2019 {{Ebola}} Virus Disease Outbreak in the {{Democratic Republic}} of the {{Congo}} Using {{Hawkes}} Point Process Models},
  author = {Kelly, J. Daniel and Park, Junhyung and Harrigan, Ryan J. and Hoff, Nicole A. and Lee, Sarita D. and Wannier, Rae and Selo, Bernice and Mossoko, Mathias and Njoloko, Bathe and {Okitolonda-Wemakoy}, Emile and {Mbala-Kingebeni}, Placide and Rutherford, George W. and Smith, Thomas B. and {Ahuka-Mundeke}, Steve and {Muyembe-Tamfum}, Jean Jacques and Rimoin, Anne W. and Schoenberg, Frederic Paik},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Epidemics},
  volume = {28},
  pages = {100354},
  issn = {17554365},
  doi = {10.1016/j.epidem.2019.100354},
  urldate = {2020-07-14},
  abstract = {As of June 16, 2019, an Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak has led to 2136 reported cases in the northeastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). As this outbreak continues to threaten the lives and livelihoods of people already suffering from civil strife and armed conflict, relatively simple mathematical models and their short-term predictions have the potential to inform Ebola response efforts in real time. We applied recently developed non-parametrically estimated Hawkes point processes to model the expected cumulative case count using daily case counts from May 3, 2018, to June 16, 2019, initially reported by the Ministry of Health of DRC and later confirmed in World Health Organization situation reports. We generated probabilistic estimates of the ongoing EVD outbreak in DRC extending both before and after June 16, 2019, and evaluated their accuracy by comparing forecasted vs. actual outbreak sizes, out-of-sample log-likelihood scores and the error per day in the median forecast. The median estimated outbreak sizes for the prospective thee-, six-, and nine-week projections made using data up to June 16, 2019, were, respectively, 2317 (95\% PI: 2222, 2464); 2440 (95\% PI: 2250, 2790); and 2544 (95\% PI: 2273, 3205). The nine-week projection experienced some degradation with a daily error in the median forecast of 6.73 cases, while the six- and three-week projections were more reliable, with corresponding errors of 4.96 and 4.85 cases per day, respectively. Our findings suggest the Hawkes point process may serve as an easily-applied statistical model to predict EVD outbreak trajectories in near real-time to better inform decision-making and resource allocation during Ebola response efforts.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GKS8QXLR/Kelly et al. - 2019 - Real-time predictions of the 2018–2019 Ebola virus.pdf}
}

@article{kellySOCIALNORMSHUMAN2018,
  title = {{{SOCIAL NORMS AND HUMAN NORMATIVE PSYCHOLOGY}}},
  author = {Kelly, Daniel and Davis, Taylor},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Social Philosophy and Policy},
  volume = {35},
  number = {1},
  pages = {54--76},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  issn = {0265-0525, 1471-6437},
  doi = {10.1017/S0265052518000122},
  urldate = {2023-12-14},
  abstract = {Our primary aim in this paper is to sketch a cognitive evolutionary approach for developing explanations of social change that is anchored in the psychological mechanisms underlying normative cognition and the transmission of social norms. We throw the relevant features of this approach into relief by comparing it with the self-fulfilling social expectations account developed by Bicchieri and colleagues. After describing both accounts, we argue that the two approaches are largely compatible, but that the cognitive evolutionary approach is well suited to encompass much of the social expectations view, whose focus on a narrow range of norms comes at the expense of the breadth the cognitive evolutionary approach can provide.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {cultural evolution,moral psychology,normativity,norms,social change},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2B2QT2TF/Kelly and Davis - 2018 - SOCIAL NORMS AND HUMAN NORMATIVE PSYCHOLOGY.pdf}
}

@book{kennedyGuidelinesMeasuringHousehold2011,
  title = {Guidelines for Measuring Household and Individual Dietary Diversity},
  author = {Kennedy, Gina and Ballard, Terri and Dop, M. C and {European Union}},
  year = {2011},
  publisher = {{Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}},
  address = {Rome},
  isbn = {978-92-5-106749-9},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 764422748}
}

@article{kennyNormsReformLegalizing2017,
  title = {Norms and {{Reform}}: {{Legalizing Homosexuality Improves Attitudes}}},
  shorttitle = {Norms and {{Reform}}},
  author = {Kenny, Charles and Patel, Dev},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3062911},
  urldate = {2021-12-08},
  abstract = {This analysis examines the relationship between legal reform and social norms surrounding homosexuality. We document three main findings. First, about a fifth of the variation in individual preferences can be explained at a country level. Second, using a difference-in-differences strategy, legalizing homosexuality improves how individuals view the tone of their communities. Third, we provide further evidence supporting a legal origins argument by examining former colonies. Countries that were colonized by the British Empire have significantly worse legal rights for samesex couples than those under other colonial powers. We conclude that adopting legal reform can improve societal attitudes.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VK3NYXZ8/Kenny and Patel - 2017 - Norms and Reform Legalizing Homosexuality Improve.pdf}
}

@article{kerrModelTestingModel1979,
  title = {Model Testing, Model Fitting, and Social Decision Schemes},
  author = {Kerr, Norbert L. and Stasser, Garold and Davis, James H.},
  year = {1979},
  journal = {Organizational Behavior \& Human Performance},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {399--410},
  publisher = {Elsevier Science},
  address = {Netherlands},
  issn = {0030-5073},
  doi = {10.1016/0030-5073(79)90006-0},
  abstract = {P. H. Sch{\"o}nemann (see record 1980-24588-001) suggests that J. H. Davis's (1973) social decision scheme (SDS) model in general and the application by Davis et al (1977) of that model in particular suffer from a model identifiability problem. It is argued here that both the general model and its application in Davis et al (1977) deal adequately with this problem. The basic flaw in Sch{\"o}nemann's reasoning is traced to a failure to recognize the different ways in which the SDS model has been used. Two common uses of the model are distinguished: one that can adequately deal with the identifiability problem and the other for which the identifiability problem is not relevant. It is argued that Sch{\"o}nemann's conclusions are generally unjustified. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Models,Social Behavior},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3I3DFFLW/Kerr et al. - 1979 - Model testing, model fitting, and social decision .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VIUEK9E2/1980-25559-001.html}
}

@article{kerrSocialTransitionSchemes1981,
  title = {Social Transition Schemes: {{Charting}} the Group's Road to Agreement.},
  shorttitle = {Social Transition Schemes},
  author = {Kerr, Norbert L.},
  year = {1981},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {41},
  number = {4},
  pages = {684--702},
  issn = {1939-1315, 0022-3514},
  doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.41.4.684},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {Outlines a stochastic model of the group decision-making process: the social transition scheme model. Two key assumptions are identified: (1) The path-independence assumption holds that where the group goes next depends on its current state but not on how it reached that state, and (2) the stationarity assumption holds that the likelihood of any particular movement toward consensus does not depend on how long the group has been deliberating. The deliberations of mock juries were analyzed to see whether the process was path independent and stationary; 126 female and 156 male undergraduates were Ss. In addition, the effects of group experience, member sex, and deliberation time limits in the decision-making process were examined. Results show that the process was path dependent and nonstationary. The path dependence reflected a momentum effect: Groups tended to continue in the direction in which they had just moved. However, incorrectly assuming path independence and stationarity had little effect on the predictive accuracy of the model. Group experience speeded up movement when the group was sharply divided. Member sex and time limitations had no effect on the decision process.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SH2WZRQX/Kerr - 1981 - Social transition schemes Charting the group's ro.pdf}
}

@misc{kerwinStrikingRightBalance2024,
  type = {{{SSRN Scholarly Paper}}},
  title = {Striking the {{Right Balance}}: {{Why Standard Balance Tests Over-Reject}} the {{Null}}, and {{How}} to {{Fix}} It},
  shorttitle = {Striking the {{Right Balance}}},
  author = {Kerwin, Jason and Rostom, Nada and Sterck, Olivier},
  year = {2024},
  month = aug,
  number = {4926535},
  eprint = {4926535},
  publisher = {Social Science Research Network},
  address = {Rochester, NY},
  urldate = {2025-02-07},
  abstract = {Economists often use balance tests to demonstrate that the treatment and control groups are comparable prior to an intervention. We show that typical implementations of balance tests have poor statistical properties. Pairwise t-tests leave it unclear how many rejections indicate overall imbalance. Omnibus tests of joint orthogonality, in which the treatment is regressed on all the baseline covariates, address this ambiguity but substantially over-reject the null hypothesis using the sampling-based p-values that are typical in the literature. This problem is exacerbated when the number of covariates is high compared to the number of observations. We examine the performance of alternative tests, and show that omnibus F-tests of joint orthogonality with randomization inference p-values have the correct size and reasonable power. We apply these tests to data from two prominent recent articles, where standard F-tests indicate imbalance, and show that the study arms are actually balanced when appropriate tests are used.},
  archiveprefix = {Social Science Research Network},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {balance tests,power,randomization inference,size},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7VCGGHF4/Kerwin et al. - 2024 - Striking the Right Balance Why Standard Balance T.pdf}
}

@article{kesslerIncentivizedResumeRating2019,
  title = {Incentivized {{Resume Rating}}: {{Eliciting Employer Preferences}} without {{Deception}}},
  shorttitle = {Incentivized {{Resume Rating}}},
  author = {Kessler, Judd B. and Low, Corinne and Sullivan, Colin D.},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {109},
  number = {11},
  pages = {3713--3744},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20181714},
  urldate = {2021-02-10},
  abstract = {We introduce a new experimental paradigm to evaluate employer preferences, called incentivized resume rating (IRR). Employers evaluate resumes they know to be hypothetical in order to be matched with real job seekers, preserving incentives while avoiding the deception necessary in audit studies. We deploy IRR with employers recruiting college seniors from a prestigious school, randomizing human capital characteristics and demographics of hypothetical candidates. We measure both employer preferences for candidates and employer beliefs about the likelihood that candidates will accept job offers, avoiding a typical confound in audit studies. We discuss the costs, benefits, and future applications of this new methodology. (JEL D83, I26, J23, J24, M51)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BHY43CRI/Kessler et al. - 2019 - Incentivized Resume Rating Eliciting Employer Pre.pdf}
}

@article{keuschStigmaGlobalHealth2006,
  title = {Stigma and Global Health: Developing a Research Agenda},
  author = {Keusch, Gerald T and Wilentz, Joan and Kleinman, Arthur},
  year = {2006},
  volume = {367},
  pages = {3},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TVCSTKC9/Keusch et al. - 2006 - Stigma and global health developing a research ag.pdf}
}

@article{khaliqCriticalValuesStandard2007,
  title = {On the Critical Values of the Standard Normal Homogeneity Test ({{SNHT}})},
  author = {Khaliq, M. N. and Ouarda, T. B. M. J.},
  year = {2007},
  month = apr,
  journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
  volume = {27},
  number = {5},
  pages = {681--687},
  issn = {08998418, 10970088},
  doi = {10.1002/joc.1438},
  urldate = {2020-05-08},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4CZVFGIR/Khaliq and Ouarda - 2007 - On the critical values of the standard normal homo.pdf}
}

@article{khan2005front,
  title = {From the Front Line: {{The}} Impact of Social, Legal and Judicial Impediments to Sexual Health Promotion and {{HIV}} and {{AIDS-related}} Care and Support for Males Who Have Sex with Males in {{Bangladesh}} and {{India}}, a Study Report},
  author = {Khan, Shivananda and Bondyopadhyay, Aditya and Mulji, Kim},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {London: Naz Foundation International}
}

@article{Khan2019,
  title = {Making Moves Matter: {{Experimental}} Evidence on Incentivizing Bureaucrats through Performance-Based Postings},
  author = {Khan, Adnan Q. and Khwaja, Asim Ijaz and Olken, Benjamin A.},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {109},
  number = {1},
  pages = {237--270},
  issn = {19447981},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20180277},
  abstract = {Bureaucracies often post staff to better or worse locations, ostensibly to provide incentives. Yet we know little about whether this works, with heterogeneity in preferences over postings impacting effectiveness. We propose a performance-ranked serial dictatorship mechanism, whereby bureaucrats sequentially choose desired locations in order of performance. We evaluate this using a two-year field experiment with 525 property tax inspectors in Pakistan. The mechanism increases annual tax revenue growth by 30--41 percent. Inspectors whom our model predicts face high equilibrium incentives under the scheme indeed increase performance more. Our results highlight the potential of periodic merit-based postings in enhancing bureaucratic performance.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AA7PT6HN/Khan and Khwaja - Making Moves Matter  Experimental Evidence on Inc.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GAEF3BQ4/Khan et al. - 2019 - Making Moves Matter Experimental Evidence on Ince.pdf}
}

@article{khanTaxFarmingRedux2016,
  title = {Tax {{Farming Redux}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} on {{Performance Pay}} for {{Tax Collectors}} *},
  shorttitle = {Tax {{Farming Redux}}},
  author = {Khan, Adnan Q. and Khwaja, Asim I. and Olken, Benjamin A.},
  year = {2016},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {131},
  number = {1},
  pages = {219--271},
  issn = {1531-4650, 0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjv042},
  urldate = {2020-03-12},
  abstract = {Abstract             Performance pay for tax collectors has the potential to raise revenues, but might come at a cost if it increases the bargaining power of tax collectors vis-{\`a}-vis taxpayers. We report the first large-scale field experiment on these issues, where we experimentally allocated 482 property tax units in Punjab, Pakistan, into one of three performance pay schemes or a control. After two years, incentivized units had 9.4 log points higher revenue than controls, which translates to a 46\% higher growth rate. The scheme that rewarded purely on revenue did best, increasing revenue by 12.9 log points (64\% higher growth rate), with little penalty for customer satisfaction and assessment accuracy compared to the two other schemes that explicitly also rewarded these dimensions. The revenue gains accrue from a small number of properties becoming taxed at their true value, which is substantially more than they had been taxed at previously. The majority of properties in incentivized areas in fact pay no more taxes, but instead report higher bribes. The results are consistent with a collusive setting in which performance pay increases collectors' bargaining power over taxpayers, who have to either pay higher bribes to avoid being reassessed or pay substantially higher taxes if collusion breaks down.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R3BJC2JH/Khan et al. - 2016 - Tax Farming Redux Experimental Evidence on Perfor.pdf}
}

@article{Khwaja2005,
  title = {Do {{Lenders Favor Politically Connected Firms}}? {{Rent Provision}} in an {{Emerging Financial Market}}},
  author = {Khwaja, A. I. and Mian, A.},
  year = {2005},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {120},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1371--1411},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1162/003355305775097524},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5WR866HV/Khwaja and Mian - DO LENDERS FAVOR POLITICALLY CONNECTED FIRMS RENT.pdf}
}

@article{kidwellGettingLiberalsConservatives2013,
  title = {Getting {{Liberals}} and {{Conservatives}} to {{Go Green}}: {{Political Ideology}} and {{Congruent Appeals}}},
  shorttitle = {Getting {{Liberals}} and {{Conservatives}} to {{Go Green}}},
  author = {Kidwell, Blair and Farmer, Adam and Hardesty, David M.},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Consumer Research},
  volume = {40},
  number = {2},
  pages = {350--367},
  issn = {0093-5301},
  doi = {10.1086/670610},
  urldate = {2024-12-16},
  abstract = {The authors develop a conceptual model of how the congruence of political ideology and persuasive appeals enhances sustainable behaviors. In study 1, persuasive appeals consistent with individualizing and binding moral foundations were developed to enhance liberal and conservative recycling. In study 2, individualizing and binding appeals were tested on actual recycling behavior using a longitudinal field study to demonstrate the effectiveness of messages congruent with the moral foundations of liberals and conservatives. Study 3 demonstrated that enhanced fluency represents the underlying psychological process that mediates the relationship between message congruence and intentions. Moreover, study 3 established that spillover effects resulting from increased intentions to engage in sustainable disposition behavior enhance intentions to engage in sustainable acquisition and consumption behaviors. Finally, study 4 ruled out potential message confounds to demonstrate the robustness of the findings. Practical implications for marketers and public policy officials interested in increasing sustainable behaviors are offered.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/83SS7ZWD/Kidwell et al. - 2013 - Getting Liberals and Conservatives to Go Green Po.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C8BDKQPS/2911026.html}
}

@incollection{killgoreSleepDeprivationCognitive2014,
  title = {Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive Performance},
  booktitle = {Sleep {{Deprivation}} and {{Disease}}},
  author = {Killgore, William D.S. and Weber, Mareen},
  year = {2014},
  month = aug,
  volume = {9781461490876},
  pages = {209--229},
  publisher = {Springer New York},
  doi = {10.1007/978-1-4614-9087-6_16},
  urldate = {2024-06-18},
  abstract = {Insufficient sleep is a hallmark of our modern busy society, but burning the candle at both ends does not come without a cost. The present chapter provides a selective overview of the major effects of sleep deprivation on cognition, including its effects on alertness and vigilance, sensory perception, emotion, learning and memory, and executive functioning. Established research suggests that, without sufficient sleep, simple reaction time is slowed, attentional lapses become longer and more frequent, and in general, behavior becomes increasingly inconsistent and unstable. There are notable individual differences in the ability to resist sleep loss, for which biological or psychological markers have yet to be unequivocally identified. Sleep deprivation can impair some sensory-perceptual processes, particularly visual processing. In addition, sleep loss worsens mood, lowers frustration tolerance, and biases the perception and expression of emotion toward negative affective states. Sleep deprivation also affects memory by reducing encoding when it precedes learning and impairs consolidation of memory traces when it occurs after learning. Some, but not all, aspects of higher order executive functions are impaired by sleep deprivation, but the data in this regard remain inconclusive. Further research will be necessary to disentangle the extent to which deficits in higher order cognitive functions are due to primary executive system dysfunctions versus impairments of more elementary processes such as alertness, attention, and cerebral interconnectivity.},
  isbn = {978-1-4614-9086-9},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DL3VJQJF/Killgore and Weber - 2014 - Sleep deprivation and cognitive performance.pdf}
}

@incollection{killgoreSleepDeprivationCognitive2014a,
  title = {Sleep {{Deprivation}} and {{Cognitive Performance}}},
  booktitle = {Sleep {{Deprivation}} and {{Disease}}: {{Effects}} on the {{Body}}, {{Brain}} and {{Behavior}}},
  author = {Killgore, William D. S. and Weber, Mareen},
  editor = {Bianchi, Matt T.},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {209--229},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address = {New York, NY},
  doi = {10.1007/978-1-4614-9087-6_16},
  urldate = {2024-06-18},
  abstract = {Insufficient sleep is a hallmark of our modern busy society, but ``burning the candle at both ends'' does not come without a cost. The present chapter provides a selective overview of the major effects of sleep deprivation on cognition, including its effects on alertness and vigilance, sensory perception, emotion, learning and memory, and executive functioning. Established research suggests that, without sufficient sleep, simple reaction time is slowed, attentional lapses become longer and more frequent, and in general, behavior becomes increasingly inconsistent and unstable. There are notable individual differences in the ability to resist sleep loss, for which biological or psychological markers have yet to be unequivocally identified. Sleep deprivation can impair some sensory-perceptual processes, particularly visual processing. In addition, sleep loss worsens mood, lowers frustration tolerance, and biases the perception and expression of emotion toward negative affective states. Sleep deprivation also affects memory by reducing encoding when it precedes learning and impairs consolidation of memory traces when it occurs after learning. Some, but not all, aspects of higher order executive functions are impaired by sleep deprivation, but the data in this regard remain inconclusive. Further research will be necessary to disentangle the extent to which deficits in higher order cognitive functions are due to primary executive system dysfunctions versus impairments of more elementary processes such as alertness, attention, and cerebral interconnectivity.},
  isbn = {978-1-4614-9087-6},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4WBBF6PI/Killgore and Weber - 2014 - Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive Performance.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I9IV9QPT/Killgore and Weber - 2014 - Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive Performance.pdf}
}

@article{KimAnh2012,
  title = {An Analysis of Interprovincial Migration in {{Vietnam}} from 1989 to 2009},
  author = {Kim Anh, Le Thi and Hoang Vu, Lan and Bonfoh, Bassirou and Schelling, Esther},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Global Health Action},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {9334},
  issn = {1654-9716},
  doi = {10.3402/gha.v5i0.9334},
  abstract = {Background: In Vietnam, reports either present general patterns of internal migration or the migration characteristics of specific subgroups. Reports are often based on small numbers and do not examine the relationships between socioeconomic factors and migration. Different reports classify migrant populations differently, presenting difficulties for researchers and policymakers to gain a consistent picture of migration (particularly of interprovincial migration) and limiting the ability of policymakers to plan services appropriately. This study describes the characteristics of all migrants in Vietnam, focusing on interprovincial migrants, and examines age and sex trends and correlations among in-migration, urbanization, and individual income.Methods: We analyzed data from the 15\% sample survey in the 2009 Population and Housing Census, the 3\% sample in the 1999 national census, the 5\% sample in the 1989 national census, and selected data from the 2008 Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey. Logistic regression was used to identify socioeconomic factors related to migration.Results: In 2009, of 6.7 million internal migrants (approximately 6.5\% of the total population), 3.4 million were interprovincial migrants. Three notable trends were observed between 1989 and 2009: (i) the total population is characterized by increasing proportions of migrants; (ii) the proportion of female migrants is growing; and (iii) the average age of migrants is decreasing. Socioeconomic factors related to interprovincial migration include provincial economic status (monthly income per capita: OR = 4.62, p = 0.005) and urbanization (proportion of urban population: OR = 3.47, p = 0.019), suggesting that provinces with high monthly income per capita and urbanization are more likely to have higher rates of in-migration.Conclusion: These findings reflect the effects of unequally growing labor markets in Vietnamese provinces on migration, and are suggestive of infrastructure improvements and public service needs in these areas. Analysis of migration can provide useful information for planning health and social services and for policymaking for national economic development.},
  keywords = {12 september 2011,30 october 2012,31 december 2012,7 october 2012,accepted,census,in countries that,interpro v incial migration,migration rates,nternal migration is inevitable,published,received,revised,social development,trends,undergo rapid economic and,urbanization,vietnam},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ASTFEA2V/Kim Anh et al. - 2012 - An analysis of interprovincial migration in Vietna.pdf}
}

@article{kimSocialVulnerabilityRacial2020,
  title = {Social {{Vulnerability}} and {{Racial Inequality}} in {{COVID-19 Deaths}} in {{Chicago}}},
  author = {Kim, Sage J. and Bostwick, Wendy},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Health Education \& Behavior},
  volume = {47},
  number = {4},
  pages = {509--513},
  issn = {1090-1981, 1552-6127},
  doi = {10.1177/1090198120929677},
  urldate = {2020-09-11},
  abstract = {Although the current COVID-19 crisis is felt globally, at the local level, COVID-19 has disproportionately affected poor, highly segregated African American communities in Chicago. To understand the emerging pattern of racial inequality in the effects of COVID-19, we examined the relative burden of social vulnerability and health risk factors. We found significant spatial clusters of social vulnerability and risk factors, both of which are significantly associated with the increased COVID19-related death rate. We also found that a higher percentage of African Americans was associated with increased levels of social vulnerability and risk factors. In addition, the proportion of African American residents has an independent effect on the COVID-19 death rate. We argue that existing inequity is often highlighted in emergency conditions. The disproportionate effects of COVID-19 in African American communities are a reflection of racial inequality and social exclusion that existed before the COVID-19 crisis.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9RFU95N3/Kim and Bostwick - 2020 - Social Vulnerability and Racial Inequality in COVI.pdf}
}

@article{kingPromotionLearningEffects2016,
  title = {Promotion with and without {{Learning}}: {{Effects}} on {{Student Enrollment}} and {{Dropout Behavior}}},
  shorttitle = {Promotion with and without {{Learning}}},
  author = {King, Elizabeth M. and Orazem, Peter F. and Paterno, Elizabeth M.},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {The World Bank Economic Review},
  volume = {30},
  number = {3},
  pages = {580--602},
  issn = {0258-6770, 1564-698X},
  doi = {10.1093/wber/lhv049},
  urldate = {2021-11-25},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GH5AH3N8/King et al. - 2016 - Promotion with and without Learning Effects on St.pdf}
}

@article{kirkpatrickPriceProfitRegulation2005,
  title = {Price and {{Profit Regulation}} in {{Developing}} and {{Transition Economies}}: {{A Survey}} of the {{Regulators}}},
  shorttitle = {Price and {{Profit Regulation}} in {{Developing}} and {{Transition Economies}}},
  author = {Kirkpatrick, Colin and Parker, David and Zhang, Yin-Fang},
  year = {2005},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Public Money and Management},
  volume = {25},
  number = {2},
  pages = {99--105},
  issn = {0954-0962, 1467-9302},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9302.2005.00459.x},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FSFV5JAN/Kirkpatrick et al. - 2005 - Price and Profit Regulation in Developing and Tran.pdf}
}

@misc{kirstenweirMaximizingChildrensResilience,
  title = {Maximizing Children's Resilience},
  author = {{Kirsten Weir}},
  journal = {https://www.apa.org},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  abstract = {It's important to support parents and early interventions for children and adolescents.},
  howpublished = {https://www.apa.org/monitor/2017/09/cover-resilience},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DAIQ4DLV/cover-resilience.html}
}

@article{kitayamaCulturalTaskAnalysis2009,
  title = {A Cultural Task Analysis of Implicit Independence: Comparing {{North America}}, {{Western Europe}}, and {{East Asia}}},
  shorttitle = {A Cultural Task Analysis of Implicit Independence},
  author = {Kitayama, Shinobu and Park, Hyekyung and Sevincer, A. Timur and Karasawa, Mayumi and Uskul, Ayse K.},
  year = {2009},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {97},
  number = {2},
  pages = {236--255},
  issn = {0022-3514},
  doi = {10.1037/a0015999},
  abstract = {Informed by a new theoretical framework that assigns a key role to cultural tasks (culturally prescribed means to achieve cultural mandates such as independence and interdependence) in mediating the mutual influences between culture and psychological processes, the authors predicted and found that North Americans are more likely than Western Europeans (British and Germans) to (a) exhibit focused (vs. holistic) attention, (b) experience emotions associated with independence (vs. interdependence), (c) associate happiness with personal achievement (vs. communal harmony), and (d) show an inflated symbolic self. In no cases were the 2 Western European groups significantly different from one another. All Western groups showed (e) an equally strong dispositional bias in attribution. Across all of the implicit indicators of independence, Japanese were substantially less independent (or more interdependent) than the three Western groups. An explicit self-belief measure of independence and interdependence showed an anomalous pattern. These data were interpreted to suggest that the contemporary American ethos has a significant root in both Western cultural heritage and a history of voluntary settlement. Further analysis offered unique support for the cultural task analysis.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {19634973},
  keywords = {Achievement,Adolescent,Adult,Analysis of Variance,Asia Eastern,Attention,Cross-Cultural Comparison,Cultural Characteristics,Ego,Emotions,Europe,Female,Germany,Humans,Japan,Male,Michigan,North America,Personal Autonomy,Students,Task Performance and Analysis,United Kingdom,Young Adult},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H4IL4D3T/Kitayama et al. - 2009 - A cultural task analysis of implicit independence.pdf}
}

@article{klawitterMetaAnalysisEffectsSexual2015,
  title = {Meta-{{Analysis}} of the {{Effects}} of {{Sexual Orientation}} on {{Earnings}}},
  author = {Klawitter, Marieka},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society},
  volume = {54},
  number = {1},
  pages = {4--32},
  issn = {00198676},
  doi = {10.1111/irel.12075},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {type="main" xml:id="irel12075-abs-0001"{$>$} Most studies show that gay men earn less and lesbians earn more than their heterosexual counterparts, but the size of estimated sexual orientation differences varies greatly across studies. Using studies published between 1995 and 2012, a meta-regression shows that the gay sample size, sexual orientation measure, and controls for work intensity explain variation in estimates for men. For women, there are few conclusive influences although controlling for work intensity seems to be most important.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VGMN9S8U/Klawitter - 2015 - Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Sexual Orientation.pdf}
}

@article{kleemansLabourMarketResponses2018,
  title = {Labour {{Market Responses}} to {{Immigration}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Internal Migration Driven}} by {{Weather Shocks}}},
  shorttitle = {Labour {{Market Responses}} to {{Immigration}}},
  author = {Kleemans, Marieke and Magruder, Jeremy},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {128},
  number = {613},
  pages = {2032--2065},
  issn = {0013-0133, 1468-0297},
  doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12510},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {We study the labour market impact of internal migration in Indonesia by instrumenting migrant flows with rainfall shocks at the origin area. Estimates reveal that a one percentage point increase in the share of migrants decreases income by 0.97 \% and reduces employment by 0.24 percentage points. These effects are different across sectors: employment reductions are concentrated in the formal sector, while income reduction occurs in the informal sector. Negative consequences are most pronounced for low-skilled natives, even though migrants are systematically highly skilled. We suggest that the two-sector nature of the labour market may explain this pattern.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {MIMO-OFDM,Peak-average power ratio,SCS,Space-time-frequency block codes},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6HXEPFSE/Kleemans and Magruder - 2018 - Labour Market Responses to Immigration Evidence f.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GAF2JSTT/Kleemans and Magruder - 2018 - Labour Market Responses to Immigration Evidence f.pdf}
}

@article{kleemansPicturePerfectDirect2018,
  title = {Picture {{Perfect}}: {{The Direct Effect}} of {{Manipulated Instagram Photos}} on {{Body Image}} in {{Adolescent Girls}}},
  shorttitle = {Picture {{Perfect}}},
  author = {Kleemans, Mariska and Daalmans, Serena and Carbaat, Ilana and Ansch{\"u}tz, Doeschka},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Media Psychology},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  pages = {93--110},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  issn = {1521-3269},
  doi = {10.1080/15213269.2016.1257392},
  urldate = {2024-10-31},
  abstract = {This study investigates the effect of manipulated Instagram photos on adolescent girls' body image, and whether social comparison tendency moderates this relation. A between-subject experiment was conducted in which 144 girls (14--18 years old) were randomly exposed to either original or manipulated (retouched and reshaped) Instagram selfies. Results showed that exposure to manipulated Instagram photos directly led to lower body image. Especially, girls with higher social comparison tendencies were negatively affected by exposure to the manipulated photos. Interestingly, the manipulated photos were rated more positively than the original photos. Although the use of filters and effects was detected, reshaping of the bodies was not noticed very well. Girls in both conditions reported to find the pictures realistic. Results of this study implied that the recent societal concern about the effects of manipulated photos in social media might be justified, especially for adolescent girls with a higher social comparison tendency.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HWJR9KI3/Kleemans et al. - 2018 - Picture Perfect The Direct Effect of Manipulated .pdf}
}

@article{kleinmanStigmaSocialCultural2009,
  title = {Stigma: A Social, Cultural and Moral Process},
  shorttitle = {Stigma},
  author = {Kleinman, A. and {Hall-Clifford}, R.},
  year = {2009},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Epidemiology \& Community Health},
  volume = {63},
  number = {6},
  pages = {418--419},
  issn = {0143-005X},
  doi = {10.1136/jech.2008.084277},
  urldate = {2020-10-12},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QVA567C2/Kleinman and Hall-Clifford - 2009 - Stigma a social, cultural and moral process.pdf}
}

@article{klingExperimentalAnalysisNeighborhood2007,
  title = {Experimental {{Analysis}} of {{Neighborhood Effects}}},
  author = {Kling, Jeffrey R and Liebman, Jeffrey B and Katz, Lawrence F},
  year = {2007},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {75},
  number = {1},
  pages = {83--119},
  issn = {0012-9682, 1468-0262},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1468-0262.2007.00733.x},
  urldate = {2022-09-12},
  abstract = {Families, primarily female-headed minority households with children, living in highpoverty public housing projects in five U.S. cities were offered housing vouchers by lottery in the Moving to Opportunity program. Four to seven years after random assignment, families offered vouchers lived in safer neighborhoods that had lower poverty rates than those of the control group not offered vouchers. We find no significant overall effects of this intervention on adult economic self-sufficiency or physical health. Mental health benefits of the voucher offers for adults and for female youth were substantial. Beneficial effects for female youth on education, risky behavior, and physical health were offset by adverse effects for male youth. For outcomes that exhibit significant treatment effects, we find, using variation in treatment intensity across voucher types and cities, that the relationship between neighborhood poverty rate and outcomes is approximately linear.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F6AM3B5S/Kling et al. - 2007 - Experimental Analysis of Neighborhood Effects.pdf}
}

@article{klinkenbergEffectivenessContactTracing2006,
  title = {The {{Effectiveness}} of {{Contact Tracing}} in {{Emerging Epidemics}}},
  author = {Klinkenberg, Don and Fraser, Christophe and Heesterbeek, Hans},
  editor = {Getz, Wayne},
  year = {2006},
  month = dec,
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {e12},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0000012},
  urldate = {2020-08-19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KA5HSQ6T/Klinkenberg et al. - 2006 - The Effectiveness of Contact Tracing in Emerging E.PDF}
}

@article{klinkenbergEffectivenessContactTracing2006a,
  title = {The {{Effectiveness}} of {{Contact Tracing}} in {{Emerging Epidemics}}},
  author = {Klinkenberg, Don and Fraser, Christophe and Heesterbeek, Hans},
  editor = {Getz, Wayne},
  year = {2006},
  month = dec,
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {e12},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0000012},
  urldate = {2020-08-19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M8ARUR9F/Klinkenberg et al. - 2006 - The Effectiveness of Contact Tracing in Emerging E.PDF}
}

@article{Knippenberg2018,
  title = {{{PhD Thesis}}},
  author = {Knippenberg, Erwin},
  year = {2018},
  number = {May}
}

@article{knippenbergResilienceShocksDynamics,
  title = {Resilience, {{Shocks}}, and the {{Dynamics}} of {{Food Insecurity Evidence}} from {{Malawi}}},
  author = {Knippenberg, Erwin and Jensen, Nathan and Constas, Mark},
  pages = {46},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/D3QN75TM/Knippenberg et al. - Resilience, Shocks, and the Dynamics of Food Insec.pdf}
}

@article{knippenbergSHOCKSRESILIENCEFOOD,
  title = {{{SHOCKS}}, {{RESILIENCE AND FOOD SECURITY}}, {{ESSAYS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS}}},
  author = {Knippenberg, Erwin},
  pages = {209},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3NYMW8CM/Knippenberg - SHOCKS, RESILIENCE AND FOOD SECURITY, ESSAYS IN DE.pdf}
}

@article{knudsenEconomicNeurobiologicalBehavioral,
  title = {Economic, Neurobiological, and Behavioral Perspectives on Building {{America}}'s Future Workforce},
  author = {Knudsen, Eric I and Heckman, James J and Cameron, Judy L and Shonkoff, Jack P},
  pages = {8},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{knudsenEconomicNeurobiologicalBehavioral2006,
  title = {Economic, Neurobiological, and Behavioral Perspectives on Building {{America}}'s Future Workforce},
  author = {Knudsen, E. I. and Heckman, J. J. and Cameron, J. L. and Shonkoff, J. P.},
  year = {2006},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {103},
  number = {27},
  pages = {10155--10162},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.0600888103},
  urldate = {2021-01-25},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/23WKLLJ6/Knudsen et al. - 2006 - Economic, neurobiological, and behavioral perspect.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4YQL8R83/Knudsen et al. - Economic, neurobiological, and behavioral perspect.pdf}
}

@article{knudsenSensitivePeriodsDevelopment,
  title = {Sensitive {{Periods}} in the {{Development}} of the {{Brain}} and {{Behavior}}},
  author = {Knudsen, Eric I},
  volume = {16},
  number = {8},
  pages = {14},
  abstract = {Experience exerts a profound influence on the brain and, therefore, on behavior. When the effect of experience on the brain is particularly strong during a limited period in development, this period is referred to as a sensitive period. Such periods allow experience to instruct neural circuits to process or represent information in a way that is adaptive for the individual. When experience provides information that is essential for normal development and alters performance permanently, such sensitive periods are referred to as critical periods.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{knudsenSensitivePeriodsDevelopment2004,
  title = {Sensitive {{Periods}} in the {{Development}} of the {{Brain}} and {{Behavior}}},
  author = {Knudsen, Eric I.},
  year = {2004},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},
  volume = {16},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1412--1425},
  issn = {0898-929X, 1530-8898},
  doi = {10.1162/0898929042304796},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Experience exerts a profound influence on the brain and, therefore, on behavior. When the effect of experience on the brain is particularly strong during a limited period in development, this period is referred to as a sensitive period. Such periods allow experience to instruct neural circuits to process or represent information in a way that is adaptive for the individual. When experience provides information that is essential for normal development and alters performance permanently, such sensitive periods are referred to as critical periods.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X4RUE3EN/Knudsen - 2004 - Sensitive Periods in the Development of the Brain .pdf}
}

@article{knudsenSensitivePeriodsDevelopment2004a,
  title = {Sensitive {{Periods}} in the {{Development}} of the {{Brain}} and {{Behavior}}},
  author = {Knudsen, Eric I.},
  year = {2004},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience},
  volume = {16},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1412--1425},
  issn = {0898-929X, 1530-8898},
  doi = {10.1162/0898929042304796},
  urldate = {2021-01-25},
  abstract = {Experience exerts a profound influence on the brain and, therefore, on behavior. When the effect of experience on the brain is particularly strong during a limited period in development, this period is referred to as a sensitive period. Such periods allow experience to instruct neural circuits to process or represent information in a way that is adaptive for the individual. When experience provides information that is essential for normal development and alters performance permanently, such sensitive periods are referred to as critical periods.             Although sensitive periods are reflected in behavior, they are actually a property of neural circuits. Mechanisms of plasticity at the circuit level are discussed that have been shown to operate during sensitive periods. A hypothesis is proposed that experience during a sensitive period modifies the architecture of a circuit in fundamental ways, causing certain patterns of connectivity to become highly stable and, therefore, energetically preferred. Plasticity that occurs beyond the end of a sensitive period, which is substantial in many circuits, alters connectivity patterns within the architectural constraints established during the sensitive period. Preferences in a circuit that result from experience during sensitive periods are illustrated graphically as changes in a ``stability landscape,'' a metaphor that represents the relative contributions of genetic and experiential influences in shaping the information processing capabilities of a neural circuit. By understanding sensitive periods at the circuit level, as well as understanding the relationship between circuit properties and behavior, we gain a deeper insight into the critical role that experience plays in shaping the development of the brain and behavior.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y4AMY4PG/Knudsen - Sensitive Periods in the Development of the Brain .pdf}
}

@article{kondylisDemandSafeSpaces,
  title = {Demand for ``{{Safe Spaces}}'': {{Avoiding Harassment}} and {{Stigma}}},
  author = {Kondylis, Florence and Legovini, Arianna and Vyborny, Kate and Zwager, Astrid and Andrade, Luiza},
  pages = {78},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/24HU24VI/Kondylis et al. - Demand for “Safe Spaces” Avoiding Harassment and .pdf}
}

@article{konnothSupportingLGBTCommunities2020,
  title = {Supporting {{LGBT Communities}} in the {{COVID-19 Pandemic}}},
  author = {Konnoth, Craig},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3675915},
  urldate = {2021-12-22},
  abstract = {LGBT individuals suffer disproportionately in the COVID-19 pandemic. They are likely to be exposed to COVID-19 in greater numbers and suffer to a greater degree if they contract the disease. They are more likely to lose access to essential medical services, including gender confirmation and HIV medications. They are likely to suffer economic harms to a greater degree, since they are more likely to work in industries with exposure to, and likely to close because of COVID-19. They also are more likely to experience mental and emotional harms arising from the isolation, or sheltering-in-place COVID-19 necessitates. Such isolation often occurs with hostile or violent family members, while LGBT safe-spaces, organizations, institutions, and events, such as LGBT pride and LGBT centers are shut down or go virtual. This can take a toll on physical, emotional, and mental health, especially for youth and elderly LGBT individuals. Finally, when LGBT individuals seek assistance from elsewhere, including through social services, homeless shelters, and welfare, they often suffer discrimination. All these harms fall even more disproportionally on LGBT people of color and transgender individuals. To combat these harms, policymakers must implement stringent antidiscrimination protections and policies that cover the needs of LGBT individuals such as access to certain medical services. But more importantly, they should ensure that the LGBT organizations providing these services in a safe space remain funded and open. They should also collect data on the LGBT community.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PUCWKAAQ/Konnoth - 2020 - Supporting LGBT Communities in the COVID-19 Pandem.pdf}
}

@techreport{konnothSupportingLGBTCommunities2021,
  type = {{{SSRN Scholarly Paper}}},
  title = {Supporting {{LGBT Communities}} in the {{COVID-19 Pandemic}}},
  author = {Konnoth, Craig},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  number = {ID 3809468},
  address = {Rochester, NY},
  institution = {Social Science Research Network},
  urldate = {2022-01-05},
  abstract = {LGBT individuals suffer disproportionately in the COVID-19 pandemic. They are likely to be exposed to COVID-19 in greater numbers and suffer to a greater degree if they contract the disease. They are more likely to lose access to essential medical services, including gender confirmation and HIV medications. They are likely to suffer economic harms to a greater degree, since they are more likely to work in industries with exposure too, and likely to close because of COVID-19. They also are more likely to experience mental and emotional harms arising from the isolation, or sheltering-in-place COVID-19 necessitates. Such isolation often occurs with hostile or violent family members, while LGBT safe-spaces, organizations, institutions, and events, such as LGBT pride and LGBT centers are shut down or go virtual. This can take a toll on physical, emotional, and mental health, especially for youth and elderly LGBT individuals. Finally, when LGBT individuals seek assistance from elsewhere, including through social services, homeless shelters, and welfare, they often suffer discrimination. All these harms fall even more disproportionally on LGBT people of color and transgender individuals. To combat these harms, policymakers must implement stringent antidiscrimination protections and policies that cover the needs of LGBT individuals such as access to certain medical services. But more importantly, they should ensure that the LGBT organizations providing these services in a safe space remain funded and open. They should also collect data on the LGBT community. This paper was prepared as part of the COVID-19 Policy Playbook: Legal Recommendations for a Safer, More Equitable Future, a comprehensive report published by Public Health Law Watch in partnership with the de Beaumont Foundation and the American Public Health Association.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Craig Konnoth,SSRN,Supporting LGBT Communities in the COVID-19 Pandemic},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BMH9XZ9L/Konnoth - 2021 - Supporting LGBT Communities in the COVID-19 Pandem.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R4XI6UXD/papers.html}
}

@incollection{Kose2010,
  booktitle = {Financial Globalization and Economic Policies},
  author = {Kose, M. Ayhan and Prasad, Eswar and Rogoff, Kenneth and Wei, Shang Jin},
  year = {2010},
  edition = {1},
  volume = {5},
  publisher = {Elsevier BV},
  issn = {15734471},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-0-444-52944-2.00003-3},
  abstract = {We review the large literature on various economic policies that could help developing economies effectively manage the process of financial globalization. Our central findings indicate that policies promoting financial sector development, institutional quality, and trade openness appear to help developing countries derive the benefits of globalization. Similarly, sound macroeconomic policies are an important prerequisite for ensuring that financial integration is beneficial. However, our analysis also suggests that the relationship between financial integration and economic policies is a complex one and that there are unavoidable inherent tensions in evaluating the risks and benefits associated with financial globalization. In the light of these tensions, structural and macroeconomic policies often need to be tailored to take into account country-specific circumstances to improve the risk-benefit tradeoffs of financial integration. Ultimately, it is essential to see financial integration not just as an isolated policy goal but also as part of a broader package of reforms and supportive macroeconomic policies. {\copyright} 2010 Elsevier B.V.},
  isbn = {978-0-444-52944-2},
  pmid = {24870965},
  keywords = {Capital account liberalization,Capital inflows,Developing countries,Financial crises,Financial integration,Growth and volatility,Risk sharing}
}

@incollection{koseFinancialGlobalizationEconomic2010,
  title = {Financial {{Globalization}} and {{Economic Policies}}*},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Development Economics}}},
  author = {Kose, M. Ayhan and Prasad, Eswar and Rogoff, Kenneth and Wei, Shang-Jin},
  year = {2010},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {4283--4359},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-0-444-52944-2.00003-3},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {We review the large literature on various economic policies that could help developing economies effectively manage the process of financial globalization. Our central findings indicate that policies promoting financial sector development, institutional quality, and trade openness appear to help developing countries derive the benefits of globalization. Similarly, sound macroeconomic policies are an important prerequisite for ensuring that financial integration is beneficial. However, our analysis also suggests that the relationship between financial integration and economic policies is a complex one and that there are unavoidable inherent tensions in evaluating the risks and benefits associated with financial globalization. In the light of these tensions, structural and macroeconomic policies often need to be tailored to take into account country-specific circumstances to improve the risk-benefit tradeoffs of financial integration. Ultimately, it is essential to see financial integration not just as an isolated policy goal but also as part of a broader package of reforms and supportive macroeconomic policies.},
  isbn = {978-0-444-52944-2},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HATPN9WJ/Kose et al. - 2010 - Financial Globalization and Economic Policies 2.pdf}
}

@article{Koter2013,
  title = {King {{Makers}}: {{Local Leaders}} and {{Ethnic Politics}} in {{Africa}}},
  author = {Koter, Dominika},
  year = {2013},
  month = apr,
  journal = {World Politics},
  volume = {65},
  number = {2},
  pages = {187--232},
  issn = {0043-8871},
  doi = {10.1017/S004388711300004X},
  abstract = {Much of the literature on electoral politics in Africa has focused on one mechanism of electoral mobilization: reliance on shared ethnic identity between politicians and voters. On the contrary, the author argues that politicians pursue two distinct modes of nonprogrammatic electoral mobilization: (1) by directly relying on the support of voters from one's own ethnic background, and (2) by indirectly working through electoral intermediaries---local leaders who command moral authority, control resources, and can influence the electoral behavior of their dependents. Yet the power of local leaders varies greatly; hence the option to use electoral intermediaries is not available in all settings. The choice of electoral mobilization affects national electoral outcomes: by severing the direct link between politicians and voters, intermediaries reduce a campaign's reliance on shared identity and create cross-ethnic electorates. The evidence for this argument is based on original interviews with political leaders collected during fieldwork in Senegal and Benin during the 2006--7 electoral season, media coverage of elections, and a historical analysis of first mass elections in the 1950s.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/N5YMGU4R/Koter - 2013 - King Makers Local Leaders and Ethnic Politics in .pdf}
}

@article{kotwalEconomicLiberalizationIndian2011,
  title = {Economic {{Liberalization}} and {{Indian Economic Growth}}: {{What}}'s the {{Evidence}}?},
  shorttitle = {Economic {{Liberalization}} and {{Indian Economic Growth}}},
  author = {Kotwal, Ashok and Ramaswami, Bharat and Wadhwa, Wilima},
  year = {2011},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  volume = {49},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1152--1199},
  issn = {0022-0515},
  doi = {10.1257/jel.49.4.1152},
  urldate = {2022-10-12},
  abstract = {India's growth and poverty performance over the last three decades has been a subject of great curiosity. Unlike the East Asian countries, India's growth spurt is not associated with exceptionally high domestic savings or foreign capital inflows or manufacturing exports. So what triggered the change in the growth trajectory? Did the market liberalization policies of the 1990s help? How have the initial conditions shaped the process? And how has the ``Indian model'' impinged on India's central problem of mass poverty? This paper surveys the literature and offers its own assessment of the drivers of change. (JEL I32, O13, O14, O15, O21, O47)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2HPYGRUD/Kotwal et al. - 2011 - Economic Liberalization and Indian Economic Growth.pdf}
}

@article{kraayPovertyTrapsExist2014,
  title = {Do {{Poverty Traps Exist}}? {{Assessing}} the {{Evidence}}},
  shorttitle = {Do {{Poverty Traps Exist}}?},
  author = {Kraay, Aart and McKenzie, David},
  year = {2014},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume = {28},
  number = {3},
  pages = {127--148},
  issn = {0895-3309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.28.3.127},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/B3JQ7XW8/Kraay and McKenzie - 2014 - Do Poverty Traps Exist Assessing the Evidence.pdf}
}

@article{kraemerFragileMale2000,
  title = {The Fragile Male},
  author = {Kraemer, S.},
  year = {2000},
  month = dec,
  journal = {BMJ},
  volume = {321},
  number = {7276},
  pages = {1609--1612},
  issn = {0959-8138, 1468-5833},
  doi = {10.1136/bmj.321.7276.1609},
  urldate = {2021-01-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FC96DMQD/Kraemer - 2000 - The fragile male.pdf}
}

@article{kramerExperimentalEvidenceMassivescale2014,
  title = {Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion through Social Networks},
  author = {Kramer, Adam D. I. and Guillory, Jamie E. and Hancock, Jeffrey T.},
  year = {2014},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {111},
  number = {24},
  pages = {8788--8790},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1320040111},
  urldate = {2024-11-03},
  abstract = {Significance                            We show, via a massive (               N               = 689,003) experiment on Facebook, that emotional states can be transferred to others via emotional contagion, leading people to experience the same emotions without their awareness. We provide experimental evidence that emotional contagion occurs without direct interaction between people (exposure to a friend expressing an emotion is sufficient), and in the complete absence of nonverbal cues.                        ,                             Emotional states can be transferred to others via emotional contagion, leading people to experience the same emotions without their awareness. Emotional contagion is well established in laboratory experiments, with people transferring positive and negative emotions to others. Data from a large real-world social network, collected over a 20-y period suggests that longer-lasting moods (e.g., depression, happiness) can be transferred through networks [Fowler JH, Christakis NA (2008)               BMJ               337:a2338], although the results are controversial. In an experiment with people who use Facebook, we test whether emotional contagion occurs outside of in-person interaction between individuals by reducing the amount of emotional content in the News Feed. When positive expressions were reduced, people produced fewer positive posts and more negative posts; when negative expressions were reduced, the opposite pattern occurred. These results indicate that emotions expressed by others on Facebook influence our own emotions, constituting experimental evidence for massive-scale contagion via social networks. This work also suggests that, in contrast to prevailing assumptions, in-person interaction and nonverbal cues are not strictly necessary for emotional contagion, and that the observation of others' positive experiences constitutes a positive experience for people.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QYENY797/Kramer et al. - 2014 - Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional c.pdf}
}

@article{kredlowEffectsPhysicalActivity2015,
  title = {The Effects of Physical Activity on Sleep: A Meta-Analytic Review},
  shorttitle = {The Effects of Physical Activity on Sleep},
  author = {Kredlow, M. Alexandra and Capozzoli, Michelle C. and Hearon, Bridget A. and Calkins, Amanda W. and Otto, Michael W.},
  year = {2015},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Behavioral Medicine},
  volume = {38},
  number = {3},
  pages = {427--449},
  issn = {1573-3521},
  doi = {10.1007/s10865-015-9617-6},
  urldate = {2024-06-18},
  abstract = {A significant body of research has investigated the effects of physical activity on sleep, yet this research has not been systematically aggregated in over a decade. As a result, the magnitude and moderators of these effects are unclear. This~meta-analytical review examines the effects of acute and regular exercise on sleep, incorporating a range of outcome and moderator variables. PubMed and PsycINFO were used to identify 66 studies for inclusion in the analysis that were published through May 2013. Analyses reveal that acute exercise has small beneficial effects on total sleep time, sleep onset latency, sleep efficiency, stage 1 sleep, and slow wave sleep, a moderate beneficial effect on wake time after sleep onset, and a small effect on rapid eye movement sleep. Regular exercise has small beneficial effects on total sleep time and sleep efficiency, small-to-medium beneficial effects on sleep onset latency, and moderate beneficial effects on sleep quality. Effects were moderated by sex, age, baseline physical activity level of participants, as well as exercise type, time of day, duration, and adherence. Significant moderation was not found for exercise intensity, aerobic/anaerobic classification, or publication date. Results were discussed with regards to future avenues of research and clinical application to the treatment of insomnia.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Exercise,Insomnia,Physical activity,Sleep,Sleep quality},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C2J4AR6F/Kredlow et al. - 2015 - The effects of physical activity on sleep a meta-.pdf}
}

@article{Kremer2007,
  title = {The {{Illusion}} of {{Sustainability}}},
  author = {Kremer, M. and Miguel, E.},
  year = {2007},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {122},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1007--1065},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1162/qjec.122.3.1007}
}

@incollection{Kremer2019,
  title = {Behavioral Development Economics},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Behavioral Economics}}},
  author = {Kremer, Michael and Rao, Gautam and Schilbach, Frank},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {345--458},
  publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
  issn = {2352-2399},
  doi = {10.1016/bs.hesbe.2018.12.002},
  abstract = {Behavioral development economics applies theories and ideas from psychology and behavioral economics to the study of questions in development economics. We begin by examining a central puzzle in development economics: the existence of high rates of return without correspondingly rapid growth (the ``Euler equation puzzle''). We discuss the extent to which present bias and loss aversion can help resolve this puzzle. We next consider various topics in development, including preventive health, savings, insurance, technology adoption, labor markets, and firms. We discuss particular behavioral theories that can help explain some key facts in each literature and describe the existing empirical evidence. Behavioral topics covered include non-standard preferences (present bias, loss aversion, and social preferences), nonstandard beliefs (na{\"i}vet{\'e} and non-Bayesian learning) and non-standard decision-making (limited attention and memory, mental accounting, and default effects). We argue that firms in developing countries are more likely to deviate from profit maximization and that studying ``behavioral firms'' in developing countries is a promising new agenda for research. We also discuss a recent literature arguing that variation in social preferences is an important driver of development, may have deep historical roots, yet may also be responsive to policies. Finally, we describe the emerging literature on the psychology of poverty, which argues that living in poverty itself may causally affect cognitive function, decision-making, and productivity.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JA57VRJT/Kremer et al. - 2019 - Behavioral development economics.pdf}
}

@article{kremerADVANCEMARKETCOMMITMENTS,
  title = {{{ADVANCE MARKET COMMITMENTS}}: {{INSIGHTS FROM THEORY AND EXPERIENCE}}},
  author = {Kremer, Michael and Levin, Jonathan and Snyder, Christopher M},
  pages = {22},
  abstract = {Ten years ago, donors committed \$1.5 billion to a pilot Advance Market Commitment (AMC) to help purchase pneumococcal vaccine for low-income countries. The AMC aimed to encourage the development of such vaccines, ensure distribution to children in low-income countries, and pilot the AMC mechanism for possible future use. Three vaccines have been developed and more than 150 million children immunized, saving an estimated 700,000 lives. This paper reviews the economic logic behind AMCs, the experience with the pilot, and key issues for future AMCs.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BFSUSHQ9/Kremer et al. - ADVANCE MARKET COMMITMENTS INSIGHTS FROM THEORY A.pdf}
}

@article{kremerDesigningAdvanceMarket,
  title = {Designing {{Advance Market Commitments}} for {{New Vaccines}}},
  author = {Kremer, Michael and Levin, Jonathan and Snyder, Christopher M},
  pages = {61},
  abstract = {Advance market commitments (AMCs) have been proposed as mechanisms to stimulate investment by suppliers of products to low-income countries, where familiar mechanisms such as patents and prizes can fall short. In an AMC, donors commit to a fund from which a specified subsidy is paid per unit purchased by low-income countries until the fund is exhausted, strengthening suppliers' incentives to invest in research, development, and capacity. A \$1.5 billion pilot AMC was undertaken to speed the roll out of a pneumococcus vaccine to the developing world covering additional strains prevalent there.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/V8YSS5UI/Kremer et al. - Designing Advance Market Commitments for New Vacci.pdf}
}

@article{kremerDevelopmentInnovationGood2019,
  title = {Is {{Development Innovation}} a {{Good Investment}}? {{Which Innovations Scale}}?},
  author = {Kremer, Michael and Gallant, Sasha and Rostapshova, Olga and Thomas, Milan},
  year = {2019},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/N5K8JF5H/Kremer et al. - Is Development Innovation a Good Investment Which.pdf}
}

@article{kremerIllusionSustainability,
  title = {The {{Illusion}} of {{Sustainability}}},
  author = {Kremer, Michael and Miguel, Edward},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JXBXWWZ6/Kremer and Miguel - The Illusion of Sustainability.pdf}
}

@article{kremerImprovingEducationDeveloping2009,
  title = {Improving {{Education}} in the {{Developing World}}: {{What Have We Learned}} from {{Randomized Evaluations}}?},
  shorttitle = {Improving {{Education}} in the {{Developing World}}},
  author = {Kremer, Michael and Holla, Alaka},
  year = {2009},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {513--542},
  issn = {1941-1383, 1941-1391},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.economics.050708.143323},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Across a range of contexts, reductions in education costs and provision of subsidies can boost school participation, often dramatically. Decisions to attend school seem subject to peer effects and time-inconsistent preferences. Merit scholarships, school health programs, and information about returns to education can all cost-effectively spur school participation. However, distortions in education systems, such as weak teacher incentives and eliteoriented curricula, undermine learning in school and much of the impact of increasing existing educational spending. Pedagogical innovations designed to address these distortions (such as technology-assisted instruction, remedial education, and tracking by achievement) can raise test scores at a low cost. Merely informing parents about school conditions seems insufficient to improve teacher incentives, and evidence on merit pay is mixed, but hiring teachers locally on short-term contracts can save money and improve educational outcomes. School vouchers can cost-effectively increase both school participation and learning.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HTP57C4T/Kremer and Holla - 2009 - Improving Education in the Developing World What .pdf}
}

@incollection{kremerImprovingHealthDeveloping2011,
  title = {Improving {{Health}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Health Economics}}},
  author = {Kremer, Michael and Glennerster, Rachel},
  year = {2011},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {201--315},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-0-444-53592-4.00004-9},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {We summarize evidence from the growing body of randomized evaluations on health in developing countries from the perspective of the human capital investment model, cost-effectiveness analysis, and behavioral economics. Many cost-effective methods of infectious disease prevention have limited uptake. Contributing factors include externalities from infectious disease prevention, public goods problems, liquidity constraints, and behavioral factors, such as present bias and limited attention. Across a variety of contexts, consumer use of cost-effective products for prevention and nonacute care is highly sensitive to price and convenience. Health education has a mixed record, often working in combination with incentives and functioning through increasing salience rather than delivering information. The quality of health services in many developing countries is very poor, with weak incentives for public sector health workers. Reforms that strengthen incentives show promise but institutional details matter. Programs based on this more nuanced understanding of health decision making can save millions of lives.},
  isbn = {978-0-444-53592-4},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Developing countries,Health,Program evaluation,Randomized experiments},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UMH6WUYN/Kremer and Glennerster - 2011 - Improving Health in Developing Countries.pdf}
}

@article{kremerIntegratingBehavioralChoice1996,
  title = {Integrating {{Behavioral Choice}} into {{Epidemiological Models}} of {{AIDS}}},
  author = {Kremer, M.},
  year = {1996},
  month = may,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {111},
  number = {2},
  pages = {549--573},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.2307/2946687},
  urldate = {2020-10-19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FBNPV7IU/kremer1996.pdf}
}

@article{kretzschmarImpactDelaysEffectiveness2020,
  title = {Impact of Delays on Effectiveness of Contact Tracing Strategies for {{COVID-19}}: A Modelling Study},
  shorttitle = {Impact of Delays on Effectiveness of Contact Tracing Strategies for {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {Kretzschmar, Mirjam E and Rozhnova, Ganna and Bootsma, Martin C J and {van Boven}, Michiel and {van de Wijgert}, Janneke H H M and Bonten, Marc J M},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Lancet Public Health},
  volume = {5},
  number = {8},
  pages = {e452-e459},
  issn = {24682667},
  doi = {10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30157-2},
  urldate = {2020-09-11},
  abstract = {Background In countries with declining numbers of confirmed cases of COVID-19, lockdown measures are gradually being lifted. However, even if most physical distancing measures are continued, other public health measures will be needed to control the epidemic. Contact tracing via conventional methods or mobile app technology is central to control strategies during de-escalation of physical distancing. We aimed to identify key factors for a contact tracing strategy to be successful.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H2J4P9B5/Kretzschmar et al. - 2020 - Impact of delays on effectiveness of contact traci.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y4W3AQ3U/1-s2.0-S2468266720301572-mmc1.pdf}
}

@article{krupkaIDENTIFYINGSOCIALNORMS2013,
  title = {{{IDENTIFYING SOCIAL NORMS USING COORDINATION GAMES}}: {{WHY DOES DICTATOR GAME SHARING VARY}}?: {{Identifying Social Norms Using Coordination Games}}},
  shorttitle = {{{IDENTIFYING SOCIAL NORMS USING COORDINATION GAMES}}},
  author = {Krupka, Erin L. and Weber, Roberto A.},
  year = {2013},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {495--524},
  issn = {15424766},
  doi = {10.1111/jeea.12006},
  urldate = {2021-09-29},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VGMW72P6/Krupka and Weber - 2013 - IDENTIFYING SOCIAL NORMS USING COORDINATION GAMES.pdf}
}

@article{krutikovaFetalOriginsPersonality2015,
  title = {Fetal {{Origins}} of {{Personality}} : {{Effects}} of Early Life Circumstances on Adult Personality Traits},
  author = {Krutikova, Sonya and Lille{\o}r, Helene Bie},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {CSAE Worki},
  abstract = {Personality traits are highly predictive of life outcomes and successes. However, little is known about their formation and what can hamper their development. There is ample evidence that conditions in early-life can have persistent inuence on health and cognitive skills. In this paper, we ask whether this is also the case for the formation and development of personality traits. We nd strong and robust evidence of persistent impacts among siblings of early-life rainfall uctuations on measures of a latent personality trait, known as core self-evaluation, in adulthood. The results are driven by females, irrespective of the gender composition of siblings within the household. There is heterogeneity across households likely to have dierent levels of credit access, suggesting a household wealth mechanism; eects are strongest for households with lowest durable asset holdings. Eects on other outcomes in adulthood suggest that early life rainfall may impact adult core self-evaluation through health, schooling and wealth, although we cannot rule out reverse causality.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E7D9CYY3/Krutikova and Lilleør - Fetal Origins of Personality Eects of early life.pdf}
}

@article{kucharskiEarlyDynamicsTransmission2020,
  title = {Early Dynamics of Transmission and Control of {{COVID-19}}: A Mathematical Modelling Study},
  shorttitle = {Early Dynamics of Transmission and Control of {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {Kucharski, Adam J and Russell, Timothy W and Diamond, Charlie and Liu, Yang and Edmunds, John and Funk, Sebastian and Eggo, Rosalind M and Sun, Fiona and Jit, Mark and Munday, James D and Davies, Nicholas and Gimma, Amy and {van Zandvoort}, Kevin and Gibbs, Hamish and Hellewell, Joel and Jarvis, Christopher I and Clifford, Sam and Quilty, Billy J and Bosse, Nikos I and Abbott, Sam and Klepac, Petra and Flasche, Stefan},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {The Lancet Infectious Diseases},
  volume = {20},
  number = {5},
  pages = {553--558},
  issn = {14733099},
  doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30144-4},
  urldate = {2020-08-17},
  abstract = {Background An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to 95\,333 confirmed cases as of March 5, 2020. Understanding the early transmission dynamics of the infection and evaluating the effectiveness of control measures is crucial for assessing the potential for sustained transmission to occur in new areas. Combining a mathematical model of severe SARS-CoV-2 transmission with four datasets from within and outside Wuhan, we estimated how transmission in Wuhan varied between December, 2019, and February, 2020. We used these estimates to assess the potential for sustained human-to-human transmission to occur in locations outside Wuhan if cases were introduced.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G2BQN9NJ/Kucharski et al. - 2020 - Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVI.pdf}
}

@article{kucharskiEarlyDynamicsTransmission2020a,
  title = {Early Dynamics of Transmission and Control of {{COVID-19}}: A Mathematical Modelling Study},
  shorttitle = {Early Dynamics of Transmission and Control of {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {Kucharski, Adam J and Russell, Timothy W and Diamond, Charlie and Liu, Yang and Edmunds, John and Funk, Sebastian and Eggo, Rosalind M and Sun, Fiona and Jit, Mark and Munday, James D and Davies, Nicholas and Gimma, Amy and {van Zandvoort}, Kevin and Gibbs, Hamish and Hellewell, Joel and Jarvis, Christopher I and Clifford, Sam and Quilty, Billy J and Bosse, Nikos I and Abbott, Sam and Klepac, Petra and Flasche, Stefan},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {The Lancet Infectious Diseases},
  volume = {20},
  number = {5},
  pages = {553--558},
  issn = {14733099},
  doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30144-4},
  urldate = {2020-08-17},
  abstract = {Background An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to 95\,333 confirmed cases as of March 5, 2020. Understanding the early transmission dynamics of the infection and evaluating the effectiveness of control measures is crucial for assessing the potential for sustained transmission to occur in new areas. Combining a mathematical model of severe SARS-CoV-2 transmission with four datasets from within and outside Wuhan, we estimated how transmission in Wuhan varied between December, 2019, and February, 2020. We used these estimates to assess the potential for sustained human-to-human transmission to occur in locations outside Wuhan if cases were introduced.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ELHIRNBW/Kucharski et al. - 2020 - Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVI.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NMGQQX8C/critique.pdf}
}

@article{kucharskiEffectivenessIsolationTesting2020,
  title = {Effectiveness of Isolation, Testing, Contact Tracing, and Physical Distancing on Reducing Transmission of {{SARS-CoV-2}} in Different Settings: A Mathematical Modelling Study},
  shorttitle = {Effectiveness of Isolation, Testing, Contact Tracing, and Physical Distancing on Reducing Transmission of {{SARS-CoV-2}} in Different Settings},
  author = {Kucharski, Adam J and Klepac, Petra and Conlan, Andrew J K and Kissler, Stephen M and Tang, Maria L and Fry, Hannah and Gog, Julia R and Edmunds, W John and Emery, Jon C and Medley, Graham and Munday, James D and Russell, Timothy W and Leclerc, Quentin J and Diamond, Charlie and Procter, Simon R and Gimma, Amy and Sun, Fiona Yueqian and Gibbs, Hamish P and Rosello, Alicia and {van Zandvoort}, Kevin and Hu{\'e}, St{\'e}phane and Meakin, Sophie R and Deol, Arminder K and Knight, Gwen and Jombart, Thibaut and Foss, Anna M and Bosse, Nikos I and Atkins, Katherine E and Quilty, Billy J and Lowe, Rachel and Prem, Kiesha and Flasche, Stefan and Pearson, Carl A B and Houben, Rein M G J and Nightingale, Emily S and Endo, Akira and Tully, Damien C and Liu, Yang and {Villabona-Arenas}, Julian and O'Reilly, Kathleen and Funk, Sebastian and Eggo, Rosalind M and Jit, Mark and Rees, Eleanor M and Hellewell, Joel and Clifford, Samuel and Jarvis, Christopher I and Abbott, Sam and Auzenbergs, Megan and Davies, Nicholas G and Simons, David},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {The Lancet Infectious Diseases},
  pages = {S1473309920304576},
  issn = {14733099},
  doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30457-6},
  urldate = {2020-07-14},
  abstract = {Background The isolation of symptomatic cases and tracing of contacts has been used as an early COVID-19 containment measure in many countries, with additional physical distancing measures also introduced as outbreaks have grown. To maintain control of infection while also reducing disruption to populations, there is a need to understand what combination of measures---including novel digital tracing approaches and less intensive physical distancing---might be required to reduce transmission. We aimed to estimate the reduction in transmission under different control measures across settings and how many contacts would be quarantined per day in different strategies for a given level of symptomatic case incidence.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EKATZP3B/Kucharski et al. - 2020 - Effectiveness of isolation, testing, contact traci.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YYAVTFRJ/mmc1 (1).pdf}
}

@article{kudamatsuWeatherInfantMortality2012,
  title = {Weather and {{Infant Mortality}} in {{Africa}}},
  author = {Kudamatsu, Masayuki and Persson, Torsten and Str{\"o}mberg, David},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {77},
  abstract = {How have weather fluctuations affected infant mortality in Africa over the last half century? To answer, we combine individual level data, obtained from retrospective fertility surveys (DHS) for nearly a million births in 28 African countries, with data for weather outcomes, obtained from re-analysis with climate models (ERA-40). We find robust statistical evidence of quantitatively significant effects via malaria and malnutrition. Infants in areas with epidemic malaria that experience worse malarious conditions during the time in utero than the site-specific seasonal means face a higher risk of death, especially when malaria shocks hit low-exposure areas. Infants in arid areas who experience droughts when in utero face a higher risk of death, especially if born in the so-called hungry season. We also uncover heterogeneities in the infant mortality effects of growing season rainfall and drought shocks, depending on household occupation or education. Based on the estimates, the paper estimates the number of infant deaths due to extreme weather events and the total number of infant deaths due to maternal malaria in epidemic areas.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y4SLSN59/Kudamatsu et al. - Weather and Infant Mortality in Africa.pdf}
}

@article{Kudielka2005,
  title = {Sex Differences in {{HPA}} Axis Responses to Stress: {{A}} Review},
  author = {Kudielka, Brigitte M. and Kirschbaum, Clemens},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {Biological Psychology},
  volume = {69},
  number = {1 SPEC. ISS.},
  pages = {113--132},
  issn = {03010511},
  doi = {10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.11.009},
  abstract = {In this review article, we set out to update findings on sex differences in hypothalamus-- pituitary--adrenal (HPA) axis responses to stress with a main focus on human responses to acute psychological stress. First, we briefly describe normal HPA axis regulation under stress exposure as well as HPA axis dysfunction, which manifests in hyper- or hyporeactivity, and discuss some important methodological issues in the study of acute HPA axis stress responses.We then outline observations of sex-disease dimorphisms that might be related to HPA axis dysfunction. A summary of empirical findings on sex differences in HPA axis stress responses over the life span with respect to laboratory as well as field studies is then provided. Finally, we discuss possible underlying mechanisms explaining at least some of the reported sex differences in the regulation of HPA axis stress responses. These are sexual dimorphisms in brain functioning and the role of circulating sex steroids and corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG).},
  pmid = {15740829},
  keywords = {Cortisol,HPA axis,Sex differences,Stress,Trier Social Stress Test (TSST),Women's health},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XLJF2UBT/Kudielka and Kirschbaum - 2005 - Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress a.pdf}
}

@book{Kuhn2015,
  title = {Internal {{Migration}}: {{Developing Countries}}},
  author = {Kuhn, Randall},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {International Encyclopedia of the Social \& Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition},
  edition = {Second Edi},
  volume = {11},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.31120-5},
  abstract = {While internal migration is widely considered to be an essential driver of economic efficiency in More Developed Countries (MDCs), the process remains relatively understudied, undermeasured, and misunderstood in Less Developed Countries (LDCs). Existing evidence suggests that internal migration in LDCs, as in MDCs, is beneficial for development and social change, though the pathways of influence are complex. This article explores evidence on measurement, levels and trends, causes, and consequences of internal migration. The article situates internal migration within the broader frameworks of development and livelihoods, as both cause and consequence.},
  isbn = {978-0-08-097087-5},
  keywords = {Developing countries,Development,Displacement,Human capital,Internal migration,Left-behind,Livelihoods,Migrants,Remittances,Rural-urban migration,Social capital,Urbanization},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RH2LWNCY/Kuhn - 2015 - Internal Migration Developing Countries.pdf}
}

@article{kuklinaEarlyChildhoodGrowth2006,
  title = {Early Childhood Growth and Development in Rural {{Guatemala}}},
  author = {Kuklina, Elena V. and Ramakrishnan, Usha and Stein, Aryeh D. and Barnhart, Huiman H. and Martorell, Reynaldo},
  year = {2006},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Early Human Development},
  volume = {82},
  number = {7},
  pages = {425--433},
  issn = {03783782},
  doi = {10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2005.10.018},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Background: Small size at birth and in early childhood has been associated with impaired neurodevelopment in studies from developing countries, but few have examined associations with growth. Aims: The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between growth and neurodevelopment during early childhood (birth---36 months). Design: Multivariate regression models were used to analyze the data collected in the course of a study of pregnancy outcomes and early childhood growth and development carried out in rural Guatemala in 1991---1999. Motor and mental development scores were based on the Psychomotor and Mental Development Indices, respectively, derived from the administration of an adapted version of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (Second Edition, 1993) at 6, 24 and 36 months. Z-scores for height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), and head circumference-for-age (HCZ) were used as indicators of attained size; changes in these Z-scores over time represent growth. Results: Birth size was significantly associated with child development at 6 and 24 months. Gains in length and weight during the first 24 months were positively associated with child development, whereas growth from 24 to 36 months age was not associated with child development at 36 months. Motor development was more strongly and consistently related to child growth than was mental development. Head circumference gain after 6 months was not a significant predictor of child development at 24 and 36 months. Conclusions: Small size at birth and poor physical growth during the first 24 months are related to neurodevelopmental delays. More evidence from developing countries will help explain the},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Development,Early childhood,Growth},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H5A6EPEU/Kuklina et al. - 2006 - Early childhood growth and development in rural Gu.pdf}
}

@article{kumarExploringDiscriminationStigma2022,
  title = {Exploring the Discrimination and Stigma Faced by Transgender in {{Chennai}} City--{{A}} Community-Based Qualitative Study},
  author = {Kumar, Gayathri and Suguna, A and Suryawanshi, Deodatt M. and Surekha, A and Rajaseharan, Divya and Gunasekaran, Kalaipriya},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care},
  volume = {11},
  number = {11},
  pages = {7060--7063},
  issn = {2249-4863},
  doi = {10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1037_22},
  urldate = {2023-08-22},
  abstract = {Background: Transgender people experience widespread prejudice discrimination, violence and other harms of stigma and trans-phobia (dislike of or prejudice against trans-sexual or transgender people). To study various modes in which transgenders experience the stigma and discrimination and to understand situations and circumstances under which they are vulnerable toward stigma and discrimination. Materials and Methods: The present study was a mixed-method study which was conducted during the months of January to June 2019 among 43 study participants. Focus group discussion and in-depth interview was conducted with these participants with subsequent transcription. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used for analysis. Results: Transgenders face discrimination and stigma in various setting including education, employment, healthcare, and various public setting. Difficulties in getting government identity cards (ID), facing difficulties in changing ID cards after transition, discrimination in getting bank loan, homelessness, travelling rejections were considered as major obstacles and discrimination by the study participants. Conclusion: Multilevel interventions are needed for transgender populations, including legal protections, improvement of various settings. Inclusive measures should be taken to improve their status focusing on social stigma coupled with psychological pain and economic hardship.},
  pmcid = {PMC10041271},
  pmid = {36993073},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/K4G8N2K3/Kumar et al. - 2022 - Exploring the discrimination and stigma faced by t.pdf}
}

@article{kunduInequalityOpportunityComparative2023,
  title = {Inequality of Opportunity: A Comparative Analysis of {{Brazil}} and {{India}}},
  author = {Kundu, Tista and Duque, Daniel and Pero, Valeria and Terra, Christina},
  year = {2023},
  abstract = {We perform a comparative study on the evolution of inequality of opportunities (IOP) in Brazil and India over time. We focus on castes in India and skin color in Brazil, and their interactions with other common sources of income inequality, that of gender, region, and the educational status of parents. To that end, we apply the state-ofthe-art machine learning approach of regression trees, using micro-data from the PNAD for Brazil, and the NSS for India. Our main results are that: (i) family education is the circumstance that contributes the most to the IOP in both countries, and this result is stable over time; (ii) the importance of skin color, for Brazil, and of caste, for India, increases over time for workers coming from the most educated families; (iii) for workers from less educated families, caste is a more important circumstance than gender in India, whereas, in Brazil, gender is more relevant than skin color. Moreover, the estimated IOP based on the regression tree is greater in India compared to Brazil, and they remained constant over time for both countries.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3HXPMD4B/Kundu et al. - Inequality of opportunity a comparative analysis .pdf}
}

@article{kuranNowOutNever1991,
  title = {Now out of Never: {{The}} Element of Surprise in the {{East European}} Revolution of 1989},
  shorttitle = {Now out of Never},
  author = {Kuran, Timur},
  year = {1991},
  journal = {World politics},
  volume = {44},
  number = {1},
  pages = {7--48},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  urldate = {2023-10-17},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/METHU6YM/Kuran - 1991 - Now out of never The element of surprise in the E.pdf}
}

@article{kuranPreferenceFalsificationPolicy1987,
  title = {Preference {{Falsification}}, {{Policy Continuity}} and {{Collective Conservatism}}},
  author = {Kuran, Timur},
  year = {1987},
  month = sep,
  journal = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {97},
  number = {387},
  pages = {642},
  issn = {00130133},
  doi = {10.2307/2232928},
  urldate = {2022-03-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HPZ7X3YP/Kuran - 1987 - Preference Falsification, Policy Continuity and Co.pdf}
}

@book{kuranPrivateTruthsPublic1997,
  title = {Private {{Truths}}, {{Public Lies}}: {{The Social Consequences}} of {{Preference Falsification}}},
  shorttitle = {Private {{Truths}}, {{Public Lies}}},
  author = {Kuran, Timur},
  year = {1997},
  month = sep,
  publisher = {Harvard University Press},
  abstract = {Preference falsification, according to the economist Timur Kuran, is the act of misrepresenting one's wants under perceived social pressures. It happens frequently in everyday life, such as when we tell the host of a dinner party that we are enjoying the food when we actually find it bland. In Private Truths, Public Lies Kuran argues convincingly that the phenomenon not only is ubiquitous but has huge social and political consequences. Drawing on diverse intellectual traditions, including those rooted in economics, psychology, sociology, and political science, Kuran provides a unified theory of how preference falsification shapes collective decisions, orients structural change, sustains social stability, distorts human knowledge, and conceals political possibilities.A common effect of preference falsification is the preservation of widely disliked structures. Another is the conferment of an aura of stability on structures vulnerable to sudden collapse. When the support of a policy, tradition, or regime is largely contrived, a minor event may activate a bandwagon that generates massive yet unanticipated change.In distorting public opinion, preference falsification also corrupts public discourse and, hence, human knowledge. So structures held in place by preference falsification may, if the condition lasts long enough, achieve increasingly genuine acceptance. The book demonstrates how human knowledge and social structures co-evolve in complex and imperfectly predictable ways, without any guarantee of social efficiency.Private Truths, Public Lies uses its theoretical argument to illuminate an array of puzzling social phenomena. They include the unexpected fall of communism, the paucity, until recently, of open opposition to affirmative action in the United States, and the durability of the beliefs that have sustained India's caste system.},
  googlebooks = {HlKBaiCpSxYC},
  isbn = {978-0-674-70758-0},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Business & Economics / Economics / General}
}

@article{kuziemkoLastPlaceAversionEvidence2014,
  title = {``{{Last-Place Aversion}}'': {{Evidence}} and {{Redistributive Implications}} *},
  shorttitle = {``{{Last-Place Aversion}}''},
  author = {Kuziemko, Ilyana and Buell, Ryan W. and Reich, Taly and Norton, Michael I.},
  year = {2014},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {129},
  number = {1},
  pages = {105--149},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjt035},
  urldate = {2024-08-22},
  abstract = {We present evidence from laboratory experiments showing that individuals are ``last-place averse.'' Participants choose gambles with the potential to move them out of last place that they reject when randomly placed in other parts of the distribution. In modified dictator games, participants randomly placed in second-to-last place are the most likely to give money to the person one rank above them instead of the person one rank below. Last-place aversion suggests that low-income individuals might oppose redistribution because it could differentially help the group just beneath them. Using survey data, we show that individuals making just above the minimum wage are the most likely to oppose its increase. Similarly, in the General Social Survey, those above poverty but below median income support redistribution significantly less than their background characteristics would predict.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z4DPXV6E/Kuziemko et al. - 2014 - “Last-Place Aversion” Evidence and Redistributive.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YT2N2JR4/1900157.html}
}

@article{Kuznets2009,
  title = {Economic {{Growth}} and {{Income Inequality}}},
  author = {Kuznets, Simon},
  year = {1955},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {99},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {1011.1669v3},
  pages = {i-vi},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.99.1.i},
  abstract = {What is the problem we wish to solve when we try to construct a rational economic order?},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  isbn = {0203878469},
  pmid = {17746758}
}

@article{Kyle2017,
  title = {Private {{Outsourcing}} and {{Competition}}: {{Subsidized Food Distribution}} in {{Indonesia}}},
  author = {Banerjee, Abhijit and Hanna, Rema and Kyle, Jordan and Olken, Benjamin A and Sumarto, Sudarno},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {127},
  number = {1},
  pages = {101--137},
  issn = {0022-3808},
  doi = {10.1086/700734},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2U8KX77M/Banerjee et al. - 2019 - Private Outsourcing and Competition Subsidized Fo.pdf}
}

@article{laajajChallengesCaptureBig2019,
  title = {Challenges to Capture the Big Five Personality Traits in Non-{{WEIRD}} Populations},
  author = {Laajaj, Rachid and Macours, Karen and Pinzon Hernandez, Daniel Alejandro and Arias, Omar and Gosling, Samuel D. and Potter, Jeff and {Rubio-Codina}, Marta and Vakis, Renos},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Science Advances},
  volume = {5},
  number = {7},
  pages = {eaaw5226},
  issn = {2375-2548},
  doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aaw5226},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Can personality traits be measured and interpreted reliably across the world? Their broad acceptance and increasingly common use across social sciences suggests that researchers believe they can. Yet few attempts have been made to validate Big Five measures outside of White Educated Industrialized Rich and Democratic populations (WEIRD). Adopting a comprehensive psychometric approach to analyze 29 face-to-face surveys from 94,751 respondents in 23 low and middle-income countries, we show that commonly used personality questions generally fail to measure the intended personality traits and do not pass common validity tests. We contrast these measures with those obtained from 198,356 self-selected respondents of internet surveys from the same countries, which show much higher validity. We then discuss how specific challenges regarding the response patterns, enumerator interactions, low education levels and limited understanding of abstract questions can jeopardize personality measures when they are collected on large samples in survey conditions. Our results highlight the risk of misinterpreting big five data from low and middle-income countries and provide a warning against na{\"i}ve interpretations of personality traits without evidence of its validity in the data.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KCMT4FX5/Laajaj et al. - 2019 - Challenges to capture the big five personality tra.pdf}
}

@article{laajajMeasuringSkillsDeveloping2019,
  ids = {laajajMeasuringSkillsDeveloping},
  title = {Measuring {{Skills}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
  author = {Laajaj, Rachid and Macours, Karen},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Human Resources},
  pages = {1018-9805R1},
  issn = {0022-166X, 1548-8004},
  doi = {10.3368/jhr.56.4.1018-9805R1},
  urldate = {2020-11-24},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {agricultural productivity,measurement,skills},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C77LDDYC/Laajaj and Macours - Measuring Skills in Developing Countries.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KZHKPK5I/Laajaj and Macours - 2019 - Measuring Skills in Developing Countries.pdf}
}

@article{LaFave2016,
  title = {Farms, {{Families}}, and {{Markets}}: {{New Evidence}} on {{Completeness}} of {{Markets}} in {{Agricultural Settings}}},
  author = {LaFave, Daniel and Thomas, Duncan},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {84},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1917--1960},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ECTA12987},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/77T7GSNM/LaFave and Thomas - 2016 - Farms, Families, and Markets New Evidence on Comp.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z757TKAV/LaFave and Thomas - 2017 - Farms, Families, and Markets New Evidence on Comp.pdf}
}

@article{LaFerrara2012,
  title = {Soap Operas and Fertility: {{Evidence}} from {{Brazil}}},
  author = {La Ferrara, Eliana and Chong, Alberto and Duryea, Suzanne},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {4},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1--31},
  issn = {19457782},
  doi = {10.1257/app.4.4.1},
  abstract = {This paper focuses on fertility choices in Brazil, a country where soap operas (novelas) portray families that are much smaller than in reality, to study the effects of television on individual behavior. Using Census data for the period 1970-1991, the paper finds that women living in areas covered by the Globo signal have significantly lower fertility. The effect is strongest for women of lower socioeconomic status and for women in the central and late phases of their fertility cycle. Finally, the paper provides evidence that novelas, rather than television in general, affected individual choices.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/B8CLBDQE/Ferrara et al. - 2012 - Soap Operas and Fertility Evidence from Brazil.pdf}
}

@article{LaFerrara2019,
  title = {Presidential {{Address}}: {{Aspirations}}, {{Social Norms}}, and {{Development}}},
  author = {La Ferrara, Eliana},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  volume = {17},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1687--1722},
  issn = {1542-4766},
  doi = {10.1093/jeea/jvz057},
  abstract = {I study the role of aspirations in economic development drawing on the existing theoretical and empirical literature and provide some new empirical findings using individual level data on aspirations across countries. After discussing the relationship between aspirations and individual investments, I present estimates on the correlates and determinants of students' aspirations in the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment data. I focus in particular on socioeconomic status, inequality, and institutional features that lead to horizontal segregation of education systems. I then address the question of whether and how aspirations can be changed, covering recent policy interventions that leverage psychological factors, stereotypes and norms, and material endowments.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9QMAG6MB/La Ferrara - 2019 - Presidential Address Aspirations, Social Norms, a.pdf}
}

@article{laferraraMASSMEDIASOCIAL2016,
  title = {{{MASS MEDIA AND SOCIAL CHANGE}}: {{CAN WE USE TELEVISION TO FIGHT POVERTY}}?: {{Can We Use Television}} to {{Fight Poverty}}?},
  shorttitle = {{{MASS MEDIA AND SOCIAL CHANGE}}},
  author = {La Ferrara, Eliana},
  year = {2016},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  volume = {14},
  number = {4},
  pages = {791--827},
  issn = {15424766},
  doi = {10.1111/jeea.12181},
  urldate = {2022-05-25},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RB9A9JKH/La Ferrara - 2016 - MASS MEDIA AND SOCIAL CHANGE CAN WE USE TELEVISIO.pdf}
}

@article{Lagaras2017,
  title = {Caught with the {{Hand}} in the {{Cookie Jar}}: {{Firm Growth}} and {{Labor Reallocation}} after {{Exposure}} of {{Corrupt Practices}}},
  author = {Lagaras, Spyridon and Ponticelli, Jacopo and Tsoutsoura, Margarita},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2929625},
  abstract = {Corrupt practices in the assignment of government contracts are largely diffused and can generate misallocation of resources across firms. We study how disclosure of such practices affects firm growth and labor reallocation. We exploit exogenous variation in the exposure of illegally favored firms using random municipality audits by a large anti-corruption government program in Brazil. Firms exposed by the auditing program experience a decline in employment growth relative to their peers. We document that young, less-educated workers that do not occupy a managerial position have higher probability to leave the exposed firms. Released workers tend to reallocate to firms not found to be illegally favored. Within-sector firm size dispersion decreases in audited municipalities with respect to non-audited ones. Our evidence suggests that random auditing programs can reduce labor misallocation across firms.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XJPJEC3K/Lagaras et al. - 2017 - Caught with the Hand in the Cookie Jar Firm Growt.pdf}
}

@article{Lagaras2019,
  title = {Corruption and {{Firms}}},
  author = {Colonnelli, Emanuele and Prem, Mounu},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  number = {January 2017},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.2931602},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6USIWK6P/Colonnelli and Prem - 2017 - Corruption and Firms.pdf}
}

@article{lahoz-restrepoColombiaExampleSuccessful2020,
  title = {Is {{Colombia}} an Example of Successful Containment of the {{COVID-19}} 2020 Pandemic? {{A}} Critical Analysis of the Epidemiological Data. {{March}} to {{July}} 2020},
  shorttitle = {Is {{Colombia}} an Example of Successful Containment of the {{COVID-19}} 2020 Pandemic?},
  author = {de {la Hoz-Restrepo}, Fernando and {Alvis-Zakzuk}, Nelson J. and {la Hoz-Gomez}, Juan Fernando De and {la Hoz-Gomez}, Alejandro De and Corral, Luz G{\'o}mez Del and {Alvis-Guzm{\'a}n}, Nelson},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases},
  pages = {S1201971220306469},
  issn = {12019712},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.017},
  urldate = {2020-08-12},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/296NZ2SR/supp_material.docx;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TFAJ84PF/la Hoz-Restrepo et al. - 2020 - Is Colombia an example of successful containment o.pdf}
}

@article{lambaDynamismIncommensurateDevelopment2020,
  title = {Dynamism with {{Incommensurate Development}}: {{The Distinctive Indian Model}}},
  shorttitle = {Dynamism with {{Incommensurate Development}}},
  author = {Lamba, Rohit and Subramanian, Arvind},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume = {34},
  number = {1},
  pages = {3--30},
  issn = {0895-3309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.34.1.3},
  urldate = {2024-11-03},
  abstract = {India's sequencing of economic and political development has been unusual. In contrast to the West and more recently East Asia, democratization has preceded  economic growth. Notwithstanding its unique path, India has grown substantially over the last four decades, pulling hundreds of millions out of poverty. The pace,  durability, and stability of economic growth has been matched by few countries in the post-war period. This dynamism, though, has not been matched by development  in several dimensions: a structural transformation that has skipped high-productivity manufacturing despite surplus labor, an increased spatial divergence in income  despite integration in internal markets, limited convergence in education and other social metrics across castes but divergence across religions, a deep societal  preference for sons that is associated with poor outcomes for women and high levels of stunting amongst children, and an environmental degradation that is severe for  its level of income. The paper speculates on two immediate challenges: reviving dynamism when human capital development remains weak and the financial system is  impaired and accelerating development when state capacity remains limited.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Planning Policy Institutions and Growth,Political Processes: Rent-seeking Lobbying Elections Legislatures and Voting Behavior Welfare Well-Being and Poverty: Government Programs,Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs Economic Development: General Planning Models},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L48LGYWM/Lamba and Subramanian - 2020 - Dynamism with Incommensurate Development The Dist.pdf}
}

@article{Lambert2017,
  title = {Inequality, {{Poverty}} and the {{Intra-Household Allocation}} of {{Consumption}} in {{Senegal}}},
  author = {Lambert, Sylvie and De Vreyer, Philippe},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {1--24},
  abstract = {This paper uses a novel survey to re-examine inequality levels in Senegal. Using consumption data collected at a relatively disaggregated level within households, it first underlines that consumption inequality in this country is likely to be much higher that what is commonly thought, with a Gini index reaching 0.53. This paper also reveals the extent of within household consumption inequalities. We show that within household inequality accounts for as much as 15\% of total inequality in Senegal. One of the consequences of such unequal repartition of resources within households is the potential existence of ``invisible poor'' in households classified as non-poor. Our assessment is that as many as 12.5\% of the poor individuals live in non-poor households. In total, our results suggest that the more complex the household structure, the bigger the household size, the more inequality is likely to be underestimated when computed using standard consumption surveys.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G2CMLFH2/de Vreyer and Lambert - Inequality, poverty and the intra-household alloca.pdf}
}

@article{Lamoreaux2015,
  title = {The {{Future}} of {{Economic History Must Be Interdisciplinary}}},
  author = {Lamoreaux, Naomi},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Journal of Economic History},
  volume = {75},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1251--1257},
  issn = {14716372},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022050715001679},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UCSGS9SC/Lamoreaux - 2015 - The Future of Economic History Must Be Interdiscip.pdf}
}

@article{lanchesterYouAreProduct2017,
  title = {You {{Are}} the {{Product}}},
  author = {Lanchester, John},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {London Review of Books},
  volume = {39},
  number = {16},
  issn = {0260-9592},
  urldate = {2024-10-19},
  abstract = {I am scared of Facebook. The company's ambition, its ruthlessness, and its lack of a moral compass scare me...},
  chapter = {Science \& Technology},
  collaborator = {Wu, Tim and Mart{\'i}nez, Antonio Garc{\'i}a and Taplin, Jonathan},
  isbn = {9781782394822},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Information technology,Internet},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E4D32493/you-are-the-product.html}
}

@article{laneLawNormsEmpirical2019,
  title = {Law and {{Norms}}: {{Empirical Evidence}}},
  shorttitle = {Law and {{Norms}}},
  author = {Lane, Tom and Nosenzo, Daniele and Sonderegger, Silvia},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3581720},
  urldate = {2021-12-08},
  abstract = {A large theoretical literature argues laws exert a causal effect on norms, but empirical evidence remains scant. Using a novel identification strategy, this paper provides a clean empirical test of this proposition. We use incentivized vignette experiments to directly measure social norms relating to actions subject to legal thresholds. Our large-scale experiments featured around 5,800 subjects drawn from six samples recruited in the UK and China. Results show laws often, but not always, influence norms. Our findings are robust to different methods of measuring norms, and remain qualitatively similar across samples and between two countries with very different legislative environments.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/K4EKK6JJ/Lane and Nosenzo - 2019 - Law and Norms Empirical Evidence.pdf}
}

@article{langRaceDiscriminationEconomic2020,
  title = {Race {{Discrimination}}: {{An Economic Perspective}}},
  shorttitle = {Race {{Discrimination}}},
  author = {Lang, Kevin and {Kahn-Lang Spitzer}, Ariella},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume = {34},
  number = {2},
  pages = {68--89},
  issn = {0895-3309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.34.2.68},
  urldate = {2023-10-15},
  abstract = {We review the empirical literature in economics on discrimination in the labor market and criminal justice system, focusing primarily on discrimination by race. We then discuss theoretical models of taste-based discrimination, particularly models of frictional labor markets and models of statistical discrimination, including recent work on invalid statistical discrimination. We explore and evaluate the evidence for and against these theories. Although there is substantial evidence of the existence of discrimination, little is known about the extent to which disparities are driven by discrimination. Finally, we argue that economists miss the important self-enforcing relationship between disparities and discrimination and the effect of disparities in one domain on discrimination in other domains.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economics of Minorities Races Indigenous Peoples and Immigrants,Non-labor Discrimination Labor Discrimination Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M77I34BT/Lang and Kahn-Lang Spitzer - 2020 - Race Discrimination An Economic Perspective.pdf}
}

@article{lantosPityEconomicallyDisadvantaged2020,
  title = {Pity for Economically Disadvantaged Groups Motivates Donation and Ally Collective Action Intentions},
  author = {Lantos, N{\'o}ra Anna and Kende, Anna and Becker, Julia C. and McGarty, Craig},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
  volume = {50},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1478--1499},
  issn = {1099-0992},
  doi = {10.1002/ejsp.2705},
  urldate = {2023-09-11},
  abstract = {We argue that pity can motivate collective action intentions toward groups that are both politically and economically deprived. We tested this connection in four online surveys and an experiment. In Study 1 (N = 1,007), pity for the Roma in Hungary predicted collective action intentions, which was replicated in Study 2 in connection with refugees in Germany (N = 191) and in Hungary (N = 563). Study 3 (N = 475) demonstrated that for not economically but politically disadvantaged groups (e.g., sexual minorities), pity was not a predictor of ally action. In an experiment (Study 4, N = 447), pity was just as strong a predictor of collective action intentions as outrage on behalf of an economically and politically disadvantaged outgroup. Pity can be a mobilizing emotion when it comes to groups that are both economically and politically disadvantaged; however, outrage remains more important in the absence of economic hardship.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Social Psychology published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ally collective action,donation,economic disadvantage,pity},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MQTYYX2C/Lantos et al. - 2020 - Pity for economically disadvantaged groups motivat.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EC9IPX3G/ejsp.html}
}

@article{lantosPityEconomicallyDisadvantaged2020a,
  title = {Pity for Economically Disadvantaged Groups Motivates Donation and Ally Collective Action Intentions},
  author = {Lantos, N{\'o}ra Anna and Kende, Anna and Becker, Julia C. and McGarty, Craig},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
  volume = {50},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1478--1499},
  issn = {1099-0992},
  doi = {10.1002/ejsp.2705},
  urldate = {2023-08-30},
  abstract = {We argue that pity can motivate collective action intentions toward groups that are both politically and economically deprived. We tested this connection in four online surveys and an experiment. In Study 1 (N = 1,007), pity for the Roma in Hungary predicted collective action intentions, which was replicated in Study 2 in connection with refugees in Germany (N = 191) and in Hungary (N = 563). Study 3 (N = 475) demonstrated that for not economically but politically disadvantaged groups (e.g., sexual minorities), pity was not a predictor of ally action. In an experiment (Study 4, N = 447), pity was just as strong a predictor of collective action intentions as outrage on behalf of an economically and politically disadvantaged outgroup. Pity can be a mobilizing emotion when it comes to groups that are both economically and politically disadvantaged; however, outrage remains more important in the absence of economic hardship.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Social Psychology published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {ally collective action,donation,economic disadvantage,pity},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CM9WCYTR/Lantos et al. - 2020 - Pity for economically disadvantaged groups motivat.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FJSFXQPM/ejsp.html}
}

@article{lanzAreSocialDesirability2022,
  title = {Are Social Desirability Scales Desirable? {{A}} Meta-Analytic Test of the Validity of Social Desirability Scales in the Context of Prosocial Behavior},
  shorttitle = {Are Social Desirability Scales Desirable?},
  author = {Lanz, Lukas and Thielmann, Isabel and Gerpott, Fabiola H.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Journal of Personality},
  volume = {90},
  number = {2},
  pages = {203--221},
  issn = {1467-6494},
  doi = {10.1111/jopy.12662},
  urldate = {2023-10-23},
  abstract = {Social desirability (SD) scales have been used for decades in psychology and beyond. These scales are sought to measure individuals' tendencies to present themselves overly positive in self-reports, thus allowing to control for SD biases. However, research increasingly questions the validity of SD scales, proposing that SD scales measure substantive trait characteristics rather than response bias. To provide a large-scale empirical test of the validity of SD scales, we conducted a meta-analysis (k = 41; N = 8980) on the relation between SD scale scores and prosocial behavior in economic games (where acting in a prosocial manner is highly socially desirable). If SD scales measure what they are supposed to (namely, SD bias), they should be negatively linked to prosocial behavior; if SD scales measure socially desirable traits, they should be positively linked to prosocial behavior. Unlike both possibilities, the meta-analytic correlation between SD scores and prosocial behavior was close to zero, suggesting that SD scales neither clearly measure bias nor substantive traits. This conclusion was also supported by moderation analyses considering differences in the implementation of games and the SD scales used. The results further question the validity of SD scales with the implication that scholars and practitioners should refrain from using them.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic games,meta-analysis,prosocial behavior,social desirability,social desirability scales},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5DJT4XQJ/Lanz et al. - 2022 - Are social desirability scales desirable A meta-a.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7UNIYZZU/jopy.html}
}

@techreport{LaPorta1998,
  title = {The {{Quality}} of {{Goverment}}},
  author = {La Porta, Rafael and {Lopez-de-Silanes}, Florencio and Shleifer, Andrei and Vishny, Robert},
  year = {1998},
  month = sep,
  journal = {The Journal of Law, Economics, \& Organization},
  pages = {690--694},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w6727},
  abstract = {The authors argue that the concept of quality of government should be best understood as that of having impartial government institutions. This definition avoids functionalism, ignores the contents of specific policies in favor of the procedures for how they are implemented, and pertain to the output side of the political system. They discuss this concept in relation to several proposed alternative definitions.},
  isbn = {9780080970875},
  keywords = {Administrative effectiveness/efficiency,Corruption,Democracy,Good governance,Impartiality,Quality of government,Rule of law,State capacity}
}

@article{larsenModelingOnsetSymptoms2020,
  title = {Modeling the {{Onset}} of {{Symptoms}} of {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {Larsen, Joseph R. and Martin, Margaret R. and Martin, John D. and Kuhn, Peter and Hicks, James B.},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Frontiers in Public Health},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {473},
  issn = {2296-2565},
  doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2020.00473},
  urldate = {2020-09-11},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WN3WCMN5/Larsen et al. - 2020 - Modeling the Onset of Symptoms of COVID-19.pdf}
}

@article{lauberStigmaPeopleMental2007,
  title = {Stigma towards People with Mental Illness in Developing Countries in {{Asia}}},
  author = {Lauber, Christoph and R{\"o}ssler, Wulf},
  year = {2007},
  month = jan,
  journal = {International Review of Psychiatry},
  volume = {19},
  number = {2},
  pages = {157--178},
  issn = {0954-0261, 1369-1627},
  doi = {10.1080/09540260701278903},
  urldate = {2020-12-16},
  abstract = {Background: There is a wide range of literature on stigmatization and discrimination of people with mental illness. Most studies, however, derive from Western countries. This review aims at summarizing results from developing countries in Asia published between 1996--2006. Method: Medline search focusing on English-speaking literature. Results: Comparable to Western countries, there is a widespread tendency to stigmatize and discriminate people with mental illness in Asia. People with mental illness are considered as dangerous and aggressive which in turn increases the social distance. The role of supernatural, religious and magical approaches to mental illness is prevailing. The pathway to care is often shaped by scepticism towards mental health services and the treatments offered. Stigma experienced from family members is pervasive. Moreover, social disapproval and devaluation of families with mentally ill individuals are an important concern. This holds true particularly with regards to marriage, marital separation and divorce. Psychic symptoms, unlike somatic symptoms, are construed as socially disadvantageous. Thus, somatisation of psychiatric disorders is widespread in Asia. The most urgent problem of mental health care in Asia is the lack of personal and financial resources. Thus, mental health professionals are mostly located in urban areas. This increases the barriers to seek help and contributes to the stigmatization of the mentally ill. The attitude of mental health professionals towards people with mental illness is often stigmatizing. Conclusion: This review revealed that the stigmatization of people with mental illness is widespread in Asia. The features of stigmatization -- beliefs about causes of and attitudes towards mental illness, consequences for help-seeking -- have more commonalities than differences to Western countries.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CKFNAUUZ/Lauber and Rössler - 2007 - Stigma towards people with mental illness in devel.pdf}
}

@techreport{laxminarayanEpidemiologyTransmissionDynamics2020,
  type = {Preprint},
  title = {Epidemiology and Transmission Dynamics of {{COVID-19}} in Two {{Indian}} States},
  author = {Laxminarayan, Ramanan and Wahl, Brian and Dudala, Shankar Reddy and Gopal, K and Mohan, Chandra and Neelima, S and Reddy, K. S. Jawahar and Radhakrishnan, J and Lewnard, Joseph},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  institution = {Epidemiology},
  doi = {10.1101/2020.07.14.20153643},
  urldate = {2020-10-19},
  abstract = {Although most COVID-19 cases have occurred in low-resource countries, there is scarce information on the epidemiology of the disease in such settings. Comprehensive SARS-CoV-2 testing and contact-tracing data from the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh reveal stark contrasts from epidemics affecting high-income countries, with 92.1\% of cases and 59.7\% of deaths occurring among individuals {$<$}65 years old. The per-contact risk of infection is 9.0\% (95\% confidence interval: 7.5-10.5\%) in the household and 2.6\% (1.6-3.9\%) in the community. Superspreading plays a prominent role in transmission, with 5.4\% of cases accounting for 80\% of infected contacts. The case-fatality ratio is 1.3\% (1.0-1.6\%), and median time-to-death is 5 days from testing. Primary data are urgently needed from low- and middle-income countries to guide locally-appropriate control measures.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I2SUB2AI/abd7672_Laxminarayan_SM.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZI9HH2D2/Laxminarayan et al. - 2020 - Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of COVID-19.pdf}
}

@techreport{laxminarayanEpidemiologyTransmissionDynamics2020a,
  type = {Preprint},
  title = {Epidemiology and Transmission Dynamics of {{COVID-19}} in Two {{Indian}} States},
  author = {Laxminarayan, Ramanan and Wahl, Brian and Dudala, Shankar Reddy and Gopal, K and Mohan, Chandra and Neelima, S and Reddy, K. S. Jawahar and Radhakrishnan, J and Lewnard, Joseph},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  institution = {Epidemiology},
  doi = {10.1101/2020.07.14.20153643},
  urldate = {2020-10-19},
  abstract = {Although most COVID-19 cases have occurred in low-resource countries, there is scarce information on the epidemiology of the disease in such settings. Comprehensive SARS-CoV-2 testing and contact-tracing data from the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh reveal stark contrasts from epidemics affecting high-income countries, with 92.1\% of cases and 59.7\% of deaths occurring among individuals {$<$}65 years old. The per-contact risk of infection is 9.0\% (95\% confidence interval: 7.5-10.5\%) in the household and 2.6\% (1.6-3.9\%) in the community. Superspreading plays a prominent role in transmission, with 5.4\% of cases accounting for 80\% of infected contacts. The case-fatality ratio is 1.3\% (1.0-1.6\%), and median time-to-death is 5 days from testing. Primary data are urgently needed from low- and middle-income countries to guide locally-appropriate control measures.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NX2Y98R7/Laxminarayan et al. - 2020 - Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of COVID-19.pdf}
}

@article{lazearSortingExperimentsApplication2012,
  title = {Sorting in {{Experiments}} with {{Application}} to {{Social Preferences}}},
  author = {Lazear, Edward P and Malmendier, Ulrike and Weber, Roberto A},
  year = {2012},
  month = jan,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {136--163},
  issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790},
  doi = {10.1257/app.4.1.136},
  urldate = {2021-03-10},
  abstract = {Individuals sort into and out of economic environments based on their preferences and in response to relative prices. We demonstrate the importance of such sorting for the measurement of social preferences, using two laboratory experiments. First, allowing subjects to avoid environments in which sharing is possible significantly reduces sharing. This reveals the existence of a type of individual who shares reluctantly, preferring to avoid the opportunity to share. Second, after subsidizing the sharing environment, the aggregate amount shared increases, but less is shared, on average, by those who enter. Thus, subsidies intended to induce more sharing have weak effects since they attract those who share the least. (JEL C91, D12, D64)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NW2CSXP2/Lazear et al. - 2012 - Sorting in Experiments with Application to Social .pdf}
}

@article{lazearSortingExperimentsApplication2012a,
  title = {Sorting in {{Experiments}} with {{Application}} to {{Social Preferences}}},
  author = {Lazear, Edward P and Malmendier, Ulrike and Weber, Roberto A},
  year = {2012},
  month = jan,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {136--163},
  issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790},
  doi = {10.1257/app.4.1.136},
  urldate = {2022-02-18},
  abstract = {Individuals sort into and out of economic environments based on their preferences and in response to relative prices. We demonstrate the importance of such sorting for the measurement of social preferences, using two laboratory experiments. First, allowing subjects to avoid environments in which sharing is possible significantly reduces sharing. This reveals the existence of a type of individual who shares reluctantly, preferring to avoid the opportunity to share. Second, after subsidizing the sharing environment, the aggregate amount shared increases, but less is shared, on average, by those who enter. Thus, subsidies intended to induce more sharing have weak effects since they attract those who share the least. (JEL C91, D12, D64)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I4YBLM6L/Lazear et al. - 2012 - Sorting in Experiments with Application to Social .pdf}
}

@article{lazerScienceFakeNews2018,
  title = {The Science of Fake News},
  author = {Lazer, David M. J. and Baum, Matthew A. and Benkler, Yochai and Berinsky, Adam J. and Greenhill, Kelly M. and Menczer, Filippo and Metzger, Miriam J. and Nyhan, Brendan and Pennycook, Gordon and Rothschild, David and Schudson, Michael and Sloman, Steven A. and Sunstein, Cass R. and Thorson, Emily A. and Watts, Duncan J. and Zittrain, Jonathan L.},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {359},
  number = {6380},
  pages = {1094--1096},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.aao2998},
  urldate = {2021-05-28},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A8WHPM59/Lazer et al. - 2018 - The science of fake news.pdf}
}

@article{Leaver2009,
  title = {Bureaucratic Minimal Squawk Behavior: {{Theory}} and Evidence from Regulatory Agencies},
  author = {Leaver, Clare},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {99},
  number = {3},
  pages = {572--607},
  issn = {00028282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.99.3.572},
  abstract = {This paper develops a model in which a desire to avoid criticism prompts otherwise public-spirited bureaucrats to behave inefficiently. Decisions are taken to keep interest groups quiet and to keep mistakes out of the public eye. The policy implications of this "minimal squawk" behavior are at odds with the view that agencies should be structured to minimize the threat of "capture." An empirical test using data from US State Public Utility Commissions rejects the capture hypothesis and is consistent with the squawk hypothesis: longer PUC terms of office are associated with a higher incidence of rate reviews and lower household electricity bills. (JEL D73, L51, L97, L98).},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/S2Z3CX8I/Leaver - 2009 - Bureaucratic Minimal Squawk Behavior Theory and E.pdf}
}

@article{Leaver2019,
  title = {Recruitment, Effort, and Retention Effects of Performance Contracts for Civil Servants: {{Experimental}} Evidence from {{Rwandan}} Primary Schools},
  author = {Leaver, Clare and Ozier, Owen and Serneels, Pieter and Zeitlin, Andrew},
  year = {2019},
  abstract = {Accumulating evidence suggests that pay-for-performance (P4P) contracts can elicit greater effort from incumbent civil servants, but less is known about how these contracts affect the composition of the public sector workforce. We provide the first experimental evidence of the impact of P4P on both the compositional and effort margins. In partnership with the Government of Rwanda, we implemented a 'pay-for-percentile' scheme (Barlevy and Neal 2012) in a novel two-tier experimental design. In the first tier, we randomly assigned teacher labor markets to either P4P or equivalent fixed-wage contracts. In the second tier, we implemented a 'surprise', school-level re-randomization, allowing us to separately identify the compositional effects of advertised P4P contracts and the effort effects of experienced P4P contracts. Our pre-analysis plan sets out a theoretical framework that helps to define a set of hypotheses, and conducts simulations on blinded data to develop high-powered tests. We find that P4P contracts did change the composition of the teaching workforce, drawing in individuals who were more money-oriented, as measured by a framed Dictator Game. But these recruits were not less effective teachers-if anything the reverse. On the effort margin, we observe substantial and statistically significant gains in teacher value added, mirrored in positive effects on teacher presence and observed pedagogy in the classroom. In Year 2, we estimate the total effect of P4P, across compositional and effort margins, to be 0.21 standard deviations of pupil learning. One quarter of this impact can be attributed to selection at the recruitment stage, with the remaining three-quarters arising from increased effort.},
  keywords = {PRELIMINARY AND INCOMPLETE}
}

@article{leaverRecruitmentEffortRetention,
  title = {Recruitment, Effort, and Retention Effects of Performance Contracts for Civil Servants: {{Experimental}} Evidence from {{Rwandan}} Primary Schools},
  author = {Leaver, Clare and Ozier, Owen and Serneels, Pieter and Zeitlin, Andrew},
  pages = {41},
  abstract = {Accumulating evidence suggests that pay-for-performance (P4P) contracts can elicit greater effort from incumbent civil servants, but less is known about how these contracts affect the composition of the public sector workforce. We provide the first experimental evidence of the impact of P4P on both the compositional and effort margins. In partnership with the Government of Rwanda, we implemented a `pay-for-percentile' scheme (Barlevy and Neal 2012) in a novel two-tier experimental design. In the first tier, we randomly assigned teacher labor markets to either P4P or equivalent fixed-wage contracts. In the second tier, we implemented a `surprise', school-level re-randomization, allowing us to separately identify the compositional effects of advertised P4P contracts and the effort effects of experienced P4P contracts. Our pre-analysis plan sets out a theoretical framework that helps to define a set of hypotheses, and conducts simulations on blinded data to develop high-powered tests. We find that P4P contracts did change the composition of the teaching workforce, drawing in individuals who were more money-oriented, as measured by a framed Dictator Game. But these recruits were not less effective teachers---if anything the reverse. On the effort margin, we observe substantial and statistically significant gains in teacher value added, mirrored in positive effects on teacher presence and observed pedagogy in the classroom. In Year 2, we estimate the total effect of P4P, across compositional and effort margins, to be 0.21 standard deviations of pupil learning. One quarter of this impact can be attributed to selection at the recruitment stage, with the remaining three-quarters arising from increased effort.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ME8U7NFI/Leaver et al. - Recruitment, eﬀort, and retention eﬀects of perfor.pdf}
}

@article{leclercEffectCaloricRestriction2020,
  title = {The Effect of Caloric Restriction on Working Memory in Healthy Non-Obese Adults},
  author = {Leclerc, Emilie and Trevizol, Alisson Paulino and Grigolon, Ruth B. and Subramaniapillai, Mehala and McIntyre, Roger S. and Brietzke, Elisa and Mansur, Rodrigo B.},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {CNS Spectrums},
  volume = {25},
  number = {1},
  pages = {2--8},
  issn = {1092-8529, 2165-6509},
  doi = {10.1017/S1092852918001566},
  urldate = {2021-11-14},
  abstract = {Objective. We aim to evaluate the effect of caloric restriction (CR) in cognition by comparing performance in neuropsychological tests for working memory between a group of non-obese healthy subjects doing CR for 2 years with another consuming ad libitum diet (AL). Methods. This study was part of a larger multicenter trial called CALERIE that consisted of a randomized clinical trial with parallel-group comparing 2 years of 25\% CR and AL in 220 volunteers with a BMI between 22 and 28 kg/m2, across 3 sites. The cognitive tests used were the Cambridge Neuropsychological Tests Automated Battery (CANTAB) for Spatial Working Memory (SWM) including the total number of errors (SWMTE) and strategy (SWMS). Included as possible moderators were sleep quality, mood states, perceived stress, and energy expenditure. Analyses were performed at baseline and months 12 and 24. Results. After adjustments, there was a significantly greater improvement in working memory assessed by the SWM for CR individuals, compared to AL. At month 24, it was related mostly to lower protein intake, compared to other macronutrients. Changes in SWM were moderated by changes in sleep quality, physical activity, and energy expenditure. Conclusion. On the long term, CR in healthy individuals seems to have a slightly positive effect on working memory. The study of brain CR targets opens new possibilities to prevent and treat cognitive deficits.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WUMMYGBB/Leclerc et al. - 2020 - The effect of caloric restriction on working memor.pdf}
}

@article{Lecture10Attrition,
  title = {Lecture 10: {{Attrition}} and {{Bounds}}, {{Slide}} 0},
  pages = {48},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9WDR2SZZ/Lecture 10 Attrition and Bounds, Slide 0.pdf}
}

@article{ledesmaDeterminingNumberFactors,
  title = {Determining the {{Number}} of {{Factors}} to {{Retain}} in {{EFA}}: An Easy-to- Use Computer Program for Carrying out {{Parallel Analysis}}},
  author = {Ledesma, Rub{\'e}n Daniel and {Valero-Mora}, Pedro and {de Valencia}, Universidad},
  journal = {Exploratory Factor Analysis},
  volume = {12},
  number = {2},
  pages = {11},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2NITZ6H6/Ledesma et al. - Determining the Number of Factors to Retain in EFA.pdf}
}

@article{Lee2014,
  title = {Intrinsic {{Incentives}}: {{A Field Experiment}} on {{Leveraging Intrinsic Motivation}} in {{Public Service Delivery}}},
  author = {Lee, Scott S.},
  year = {2018},
  abstract = {Although extrinsic and intrinsic motivation likely jointly explain the effort of many agents engaged in public service delivery, canonical models of incentives in firms focus on the former. In the context of a rural health worker program in India, I develop and test a novel mobile phone app designed to increase agents' intrinsic returns to effort. At one year of follow-up, the self-tracking app leads to a 24\% increase in performance as measured by the main job task (home visits). Moreover, the app is most effective when it leverages pre-existing intrinsic motivation: it produces a 41\% increase in performance in the top tercile of intrinsically motivated workers, but no improvement in the bottom tercile. This treatment effect persists over time for the most intrinsically motivated workers, whereas early improvements decay among the least motivated workers. Supplementary evidence suggests that the treatment effect on performance is mediated primarily by making effort more intrinsically rewarding, and not by other mechanisms such as the provision of implicit extrinsic incentives. Despite these effects on worker performance, I find no effect on health outcomes.}
}

@article{leeBenefitsAllEnsuring2011,
  title = {The {{Benefits To All Of Ensuring Equal And Timely Access To Influenza Vaccines In Poor Communities}}},
  author = {Lee, Bruce Y. and Brown, Shawn T. and Bailey, Rachel R. and Zimmerman, Richard K. and Potter, Margaret A. and McGlone, Sarah M. and Cooley, Philip C. and Grefenstette, John J. and Zimmer, Shanta M. and Wheaton, William D. and Quinn, Sandra Crouse and Voorhees, Ronald E. and Burke, Donald S.},
  year = {2011},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Health Affairs},
  volume = {30},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1141--1150},
  issn = {0278-2715, 1544-5208},
  doi = {10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0778},
  urldate = {2020-08-07},
  abstract = {When influenza vaccines are in short supply, allocating vaccines equitably among different jurisdictions can be challenging. But justice is not the only reason to ensure that poorer counties have the same access to influenza vaccines as do wealthier ones. Using a detailed computer simulation model of the Washington, D.C., metropolitan region, we found that limiting or delaying vaccination of residents of poorer counties could raise the total number of influenza infections and the number of new infections per day at the peak of an epidemic throughout the region---even in the wealthier counties that had received more timely and abundant vaccine access. Among other underlying reasons, poorer counties tend to have high-density populations and more children and other higher-risk people per household, resulting in more interactions and both increased transmission of influenza and greater risk for worse influenza outcomes. Thus, policy makers across the country, in poor and wealthy areas alike, have an incentive to ensure that poorer residents have equal access to vaccines.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AB53527Q/Lee et al. - 2011 - The Benefits To All Of Ensuring Equal And Timely A.pdf}
}

@misc{LeeBoundsPractice,
  title = {Lee {{Bounds}} in {{Practice}}},
  urldate = {2024-04-29},
  howpublished = {https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/impactevaluations/lee-bounds-in-practice?CID=WBW\_AL\_BlogNotification\_EN\_EXT},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3DXF5CEN/lee-bounds-in-practice.html}
}

@article{leeEMMIXuskewPackageFitting2013,
  title = {{{EMMIXuskew}}: {{An R Package}} for {{Fitting Mixtures}} of {{Multivariate Skew}} t {{Distributions}} via the {{EM Algorithm}}},
  shorttitle = {{{{\textbf{EMMIXuskew}}}}},
  author = {Lee, Sharon X. and McLachlan, Geoffrey J.},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
  volume = {55},
  number = {12},
  issn = {1548-7660},
  doi = {10.18637/jss.v055.i12},
  urldate = {2021-01-14},
  abstract = {This paper describes an algorithm for fitting finite mixtures of unrestricted Multivariate Skew t (FM-uMST) distributions. The package EMMIXuskew implements a closed-form expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm for computing the maximum likelihood (ML) estimates of the parameters for the (unrestricted) FM-MST model in R. EMMIXuskew also supports visualization of fitted contours in two and three dimensions, and random sample generation from a specified FM-uMST distribution.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9SM65ZQC/Lee and McLachlan - 2013 - EMMIXuskew  An R Package for Fittin.pdf}
}

@article{leeEnginesSARSCoV2Spread2020,
  title = {The Engines of {{SARS-CoV-2}} Spread},
  author = {Lee, Elizabeth C. and Wada, Nikolas I. and Grabowski, M. Kate and Gurley, Emily S. and Lessler, Justin},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {370},
  number = {6515},
  pages = {406--407},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.abd8755},
  urldate = {2020-10-26},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5K884JLH/Lee et al. - 2020 - The engines of SARS-CoV-2 spread.pdf}
}

@article{leeGovernmentInterventionsProductivity1996,
  title = {Government {{Interventions}} and {{Productivity Growth}}},
  author = {Lee, Jong-Wha},
  year = {1996},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Growth},
  volume = {1},
  number = {3},
  eprint = {40215923},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {391--414},
  publisher = {Springer},
  issn = {1381-4338},
  urldate = {2022-12-05},
  abstract = {This article investigates the impact of government industrial policy and trade protection of the manufacturing sector in Korea. Empirical results are provided, using four-period panel data for the years 1963 through 1983, for thirty-eight Korean industries in which trade protection reduced growth rates of labor productivity and total factor productivity, while industrial policies, such as tax incentives and subsidized credit, were not correlated with total factor productivity growth in the promoted sectors. The evidence thus implies that less government intervention in trade is linked to higher productivity growth.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ESYTB493/Lee - 1996 - Government Interventions and Productivity Growth.pdf}
}

@article{leeIntrinsicIncentives,
  title = {Intrinsic {{Incentives}}},
  author = {Lee, Scott S},
  pages = {46},
  abstract = {Although extrinsic and intrinsic motivation likely jointly explain the effort of many agents engaged in public service delivery, canonical models of incentives in firms focus on the former. In the context of a rural health worker program in India, I develop and test a novel mobile phone app designed to increase agents' intrinsic returns to effort. At one year of follow-up, the self-tracking app leads to a 24\% increase in performance as measured by the main job task (home visits). Moreover, the app is most effective when it leverages pre-existing intrinsic motivation: it produces a 41\% increase in performance in the top tercile of intrinsically motivated workers, but no improvement in the bottom tercile. This treatment effect persists over time for the most intrinsically motivated workers, whereas early improvements decay among the least motivated workers. Supplementary evidence suggests that the treatment effect on performance is mediated primarily by making effort more intrinsically rewarding, and not by other mechanisms such as the provision of implicit extrinsic incentives. Despite these effects on worker performance, I find no effect on health outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MYJNX2NJ/Lee - Intrinsic Incentives.pdf}
}

@article{leeLongitudinalRelationshipsAcademic2025,
  title = {Longitudinal Relationships between Academic Self-Control and Achievement Motivation during Different Adolescence Stages.},
  author = {Lee, Minhye and Jang, Yoonsun},
  year = {2025},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Educational Psychology},
  volume = {117},
  number = {2},
  pages = {292--307},
  issn = {1939-2176, 0022-0663},
  doi = {10.1037/edu0000922},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{leeOrdinaryLeastSquares2012,
  title = {Ordinary {{Least Squares Estimation}} of {{Parameters}} in {{Exploratory Factor Analysis With Ordinal Data}}},
  author = {Lee, Chun-Ting and Zhang, Guangjian and Edwards, Michael C.},
  year = {2012},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Multivariate Behavioral Research},
  volume = {47},
  number = {2},
  pages = {314--339},
  issn = {0027-3171, 1532-7906},
  doi = {10.1080/00273171.2012.658340},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LLD2YMV7/Lee et al. - 2012 - Ordinary Least Squares Estimation of Parameters in.pdf}
}

@article{leeTrainingWagesSample2009,
  title = {Training, {{Wages}}, and {{Sample Selection}}: {{Estimating Sharp Bounds}} on {{Treatment Effects}}},
  author = {Lee, David S},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {REVIEW OF ECONOMIC STUDIES},
  pages = {32},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UPAAKTAP/Lee - 2009 - Training, Wages, and Sample Selection Estimating .pdf}
}

@misc{legendsrecoverycentersImportanceBuildingSelfEsteem,
  title = {The {{Importance}} of {{Building Self-Esteem}} in {{Teens}}},
  author = {{Legends Recovery Centers}},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  abstract = {Discover the vital impact of nurturing teen self-esteem for a resilient and flourishing future.},
  howpublished = {https://www.legendsrecovery.com/blog/the-importance-of-building-self-esteem-in-teens},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/558KGF65/the-importance-of-building-self-esteem-in-teens.html}
}

@article{Lehne2018,
  title = {Building Connections: {{Political}} Corruption and Road Construction in {{India}}},
  author = {Lehne, Jonathan and Shapiro, Jacob N. and Vanden Eynde, Oliver},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {131},
  number = {November 2016},
  pages = {62--78},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2017.10.009},
  abstract = {Politically-driven corruption is a pervasive challenge for development, but evidence of its welfare effects are scarce. Using data from a major rural road construction programme in India we document political influence in a setting where politicians have no official role in contracting decisions. Exploiting close elections to identify the causal effect of coming to power, we show that the share of contractors whose name matches that of the winning politician increases by 83\% (from 4\% to 7\%) in the term after a close election compared to the term before. Regression discontinuity estimates at the road level show that political interference raises the cost of road construction and increases the likelihood that roads go missing.},
  keywords = {Corruption,Kinship networks,Political connections,Public procurement},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GZ8SKQFN/Lehne et al. - 2018 - Building connections Political corruption and roa.pdf}
}

@article{leightImpactEarlyChildhood,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Early Childhood Rainfall Shocks}} on the {{Evolution}} of {{Cognitive}} and {{Non-cognitive Skills}}},
  author = {Leight, Jessica and Glewwe, Paul and Park, Albert},
  pages = {48},
  abstract = {This paper is the first to estimate the extent to which early childhood climatic shocks affect both cognitive and non-cognitive skills as measured at multiple points in childhood and adolescence. We assess the impact of rainfall observed in utero and during the first two years of life by analyzing a rich longitudinal study of rural youth in a poor province in China. Our empirical strategy entails estimating the impact of rainfall on various measures of cognitive and non-cognitive skills utilizing a reduced form strategy, conditional on county and year-of-birth fixed effects. The results indicate that there is a significant impact of early shocks, particularly shocks in utero and in the first year of life, on cognitive skills, but that this impact may be declining over time. There is little evidence of any impact on non-cognitive skills. We also present evidence that the declining salience of early shocks is consistent with compensatory strategies employed by parents.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/B2CUIGLW/Leight et al. - The Impact of Early Childhood Rainfall Shocks on t.pdf}
}

@techreport{lemleyEconomicsImprovementIntellectual2016,
  type = {Preprint},
  title = {The {{Economics}} of {{Improvement}} in {{Intellectual Property Law}}},
  author = {Lemley, Mark},
  year = {2016},
  month = aug,
  institution = {SocArXiv},
  doi = {10.31235/osf.io/sjxtz},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {A number of doctrines in modern copyright and patent law attempt to strikesome balance between the rights of original developers and the rights ofsubsequent improvers. Both patents and copyrights are limited in durationand in scope. Each of these limitations provides some freedom of action tosubsequent improvers. Improvers are free to use material that is in thepublic domain because the copyright or patent has expired. They are free toskirt the edges of existing intellectual property rights, for example bytaking the ideas but not the expression from a copyrighted work or"designing around" the claims of a patent. However, improvers cannot alwaysavoid the intellectual property rights of the basic work on which they wishto improve. Some improvements fall within the scope of the preexistingintellectual property right, either because of an expansive definition ofthat right or because economic or technical necessity requires that theimprover hew closely to the work of the original creator in some basicrespect. Here, the improver is at the mercy of the original intellectualproperty owner, unless there is some separate right that expressly allowscopying for the sake of improvement.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YNVJR5HR/Lemley - 2016 - The Economics of Improvement in Intellectual Prope.pdf}
}

@article{Leon2017,
  title = {Risky {{Transportation Choices}} and the {{Value}} of a {{Statistical Life}}},
  author = {Le{\'o}n, Gianmarco and Miguel, Edward},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {202--228},
  issn = {1945-7782},
  doi = {10.1257/app.20160140}
}

@article{Leonard2003,
  title = {African Traditional Healers and Outcome-Contingent Contracts in Health Care},
  author = {Leonard, Kenneth L.},
  year = {2003},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {71},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--22},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/S0304-3878(02)00131-1},
  abstract = {Even with the expansion of modern medicine, African traditional healers remain popular. This paper advances an economic perspective of healers to contribute to an explanation of this phenomenon. An important element of their practice has previously been ignored: Healers use and are able to enforce outcome-contingent contracts. This, in turn, allows them to credibly deliver high quality care. Data on patient choice of health facility from Cameroun shows that patients choose healers over modern facilities for reasons that can be directly traced to the advantages inherent in the use of outcome-contingent contracts. {\copyright} 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
  keywords = {African health care,Asymmetric information,Outcome-contingent contracts,Traditional healers,Traditional medicine},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4KWLPFBN/Leonard - 2003 - African traditional healers and outcome-contingent.pdf}
}

@article{Leonard2003a,
  title = {Bypassing {{Health Centres}} in {{Tanzania}}: {{Revealed Preferences}} for {{Quality}}},
  author = {Leonard, Kenneth L and Mliga, Gilbert R and Haile Mariam, Damen},
  year = {2002},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of African Economies},
  volume = {11},
  number = {4},
  pages = {441--471},
  issn = {0963-8024},
  doi = {10.1093/jae/11.4.441},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IY8KNF8T/Leonard et al. - 2002 - Bypassing Health Centres in Tanzania Revealed Pre.pdf}
}

@article{Leonard2006,
  title = {Outpatient Process Quality Evaluation and the {{Hawthorne Effect}}},
  author = {Leonard, Kenneth and Masatu, Melkiory C.},
  year = {2006},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
  volume = {63},
  number = {9},
  pages = {2330--2340},
  issn = {02779536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.06.003},
  abstract = {We examine the evidence that the behavior of clinicians is impacted by the fact that they are being observed by a research team. Data on the quality of care provided by clinicians in Arusha region of Tanzania show a marked fall in quality over time as new patients are consulted. By conducting detailed interviews with patients who consulted both before and after our research team arrived we are able to show strong evidence of the Hawthorne effect. Patient-reported quality is steady before we arrive, rises significantly (by 13 percentage points) at the moment we arrive and then falls steadily thereafter. We show that quality after we arrive begins to look similar to quality before we arrived between the 10th and 15th consultations. Implications for quality measurement and policy are discussed. {\copyright} 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  keywords = {Audit and feedback,Hawthorne effect,Out patient department quality evaluation,Tanzania},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BG4BFJEQ/Leonard and Masatu - 2006 - Outpatient process quality evaluation and the Hawt.pdf}
}

@article{Leonard2008,
  title = {Is Patient Satisfaction Sensitive to Changes in the Quality of Care? {{An}} Exploitation of the {{Hawthorne}} Effect},
  author = {Leonard, Kenneth L.},
  year = {2008},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of Health Economics},
  volume = {27},
  number = {2},
  pages = {444--459},
  issn = {01676296},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.07.004},
  abstract = {We introduce a new instrument to evaluate the impact of behavior on outcomes when the behavior may be a function of unobserved variables that also affect outcomes. The instrument is introduced through a test of patient sensitivity to increases in the quality of care provided by doctors. We utilize the Hawthorne effect, in which the very presence of a research team causes doctors to provide measurably superior quality care for any type of patient to show that patients respond to this increased quality and are more likely to be very satisfied. Using the Hawthorne effect as an instrument allows us to examine the responsiveness of satisfaction to improvements in quality despite the fact that patient satisfaction is subjective and jointly produced with quality during the course of a consultation. {\copyright} 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  keywords = {Hawthorne effect,Health care quality,Patient satisfaction,Tanzania},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4YITN47K/Leonard - 2008 - Is patient satisfaction sensitive to changes in th.pdf}
}

@article{leonardIdleChatterLearning2009,
  title = {Idle Chatter or Learning? {{Evidence}} of Social Learning about Clinicians and the Health System from Rural {{Tanzania}}},
  shorttitle = {Idle Chatter or Learning?},
  author = {Leonard, Kenneth L. and Adelman, Sarah W. and Essam, Timothy},
  year = {2009},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
  volume = {69},
  number = {2},
  pages = {183--190},
  issn = {02779536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.05.020},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {We examine data from the rural Arusha region in Tanzania in which households are asked to recall the illness episodes of randomly chosen other households in their village. We interviewed 502 randomly selected households from 22 villages in 20 wards of Arusha. We analyze the probability that a household can recall another illness episode as a function of the characteristics of the illness, the location and type of health care chosen and the outcome experienced. We found that households are more likely to recall severe illnesses, illnesses for which good quality care is important, illnesses that resulted in visits to hospitals and illnesses when the patient was not cured. In addition, households are more likely to recall illnesses that resulted in a visit to a facility where the average tenure of clinicians is less than two years. The results suggest that households deliberately collect information in order to learn about clinicians and facilities in their local area. We show evidence that households use this information when they choose whether to visit new health care providers. In particular, households are less likely to visit a new provider when they hear of bad outcomes and more likely to do so when they hear of good outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Doctor quality,Health systems,Learning,Social networks,Tanzania,Trust},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/N7YJ6G5X/Leonard et al. - 2009 - Idle chatter or learning Evidence of social learn.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/V4LRUVZE/Leonard et al. - 2009 - Idle chatter or learning Evidence of social learn.pdf}
}

@article{leonardLearningHealthCare2007,
  title = {Learning in {{Health Care}}: {{Evidence}} of {{Learning}} about {{Clinician Quality}} in {{Tanzania}}},
  shorttitle = {Learning in {{Health Care}}},
  author = {Leonard, Kenneth~L.},
  year = {2007},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Economic Development and Cultural Change},
  volume = {55},
  number = {3},
  pages = {531--555},
  issn = {0013-0079, 1539-2988},
  doi = {10.1086/511192},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C54UAFGI/Leonard - 2007 - Learning in Health Care Evidence of Learning abou.pdf}
}

@article{leroyPerspectiveWhatDoes2019,
  title = {Perspective: {{What Does Stunting Really Mean}}? {{A Critical Review}} of the {{Evidence}}},
  shorttitle = {Perspective},
  author = {Leroy, Jef L and Frongillo, Edward A},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Advances in Nutrition},
  volume = {10},
  number = {2},
  pages = {196--204},
  issn = {2161-8313, 2156-5376},
  doi = {10.1093/advances/nmy101},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {The past decade has seen an unprecedented increase in attention to undernutrition, and drastically reducing child stunting has become a global development objective. The strong focus on linear growth retardation and stunting has enabled successful advocacy for nutrition, but with this focus has come some confusion and misunderstanding about the meaning of linear growth retardation and stunting among researchers, donors, and agencies active in nutrition. Motivated by the belief that a sharp focus will further accelerate progress in reducing undernutrition, we critically reviewed the evidence. The global attention to stunting is based on the premise that any intervention aimed at improving linear growth will subsequently lead to improvements in the correlates of linear growth retardation and stunting. Current evidence and understanding of mechanisms does not support this causal thinking, with 2 exceptions: linear growth retardation is a cause of difficult births and poor birth outcomes. Linear growth retardation is associated with (but does not cause) delayed child development, reduced earnings in adulthood, and chronic diseases. We thus propose distinguishing 2 distinctly different meanings of linear growth retardation and stunting. First, the association between linear growth retardation (or stunting) and other outcomes makes it a useful marker. Second, the causal links with difficult births and poor birth outcomes make linear growth retardation and stunting outcomes of intrinsic value. In many cases a focus on linear growth retardation and stunting is not necessary to improve the well-being of children; in many other cases, it is not sufficient to reach that goal; and for some outcomes, promoting linear growth is not the most cost-efficient strategy. We appeal to donors, program planners, and researchers to be specific in selecting nutrition outcomes and to target those outcomes directly. Adv Nutr 2019;0:1--9.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {birth outcomes,causality,child development,chronic disease,earnings,global development objective,linear growth retardation,marker,stunting,undernutrition},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9YD5AZ4N/Leroy and Frongillo - 2019 - Perspective What Does Stunting Really Mean A Cri.pdf}
}

@techreport{levineImpactRainfallRice2014,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Rainfall}} on {{Rice Output}} in {{Indonesia}}},
  author = {Levine, David and Yang, Dean},
  year = {2014},
  month = jul,
  number = {w20302},
  pages = {w20302},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w20302},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {We estimate the impact of weather variation on agricultural output in Indonesia by examining the impact of local rainfall shocks on rice output at the district level. Our analysis makes use of local meteorological data on rainfall in combination with government administrative data on district-level rice output in the 1990s. We find that deviations from mean local rainfall are positively associated with district-level rice output. 10\% higher rainfall leads metric tons of rice output to be 0.4\% higher on average. The impact of rainfall on rice output occurs contemporaneously (in the same calendar year), rather than with a lag. These results suggest that researchers should be justified in interpreting higher rainfall as a positive contemporaneous shock to local economic conditions in Indonesia.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BDC9N5YA/Levine and Yang - 2014 - The Impact of Rainfall on Rice Output in Indonesia.pdf}
}

@article{levyCoevolutionSegregationPolarized2017,
  title = {The {{Coevolution}} of {{Segregation}}, {{Polarized Beliefs}}, and {{Discrimination}}: {{The Case}} of {{Private}} versus {{State Education}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Coevolution}} of {{Segregation}}, {{Polarized Beliefs}}, and {{Discrimination}}},
  author = {Levy, Gilat and Razin, Ronny},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Microeconomics},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {141--170},
  issn = {1945-7669, 1945-7685},
  doi = {10.1257/mic.20160201},
  urldate = {2021-05-26},
  abstract = {In this paper we analyze the coevolution of segregation into private and state schools, beliefs about the educational merits of different schools, and labor market discrimination. In a dynamic model, we characterize a necessary and sufficient condition on initial levels of segregation and beliefs under which full polarization of beliefs and long-run labor market discrimination are sustainable. The model suggests a new perspective on the long-term effects of different policy interventions, such as integration, school vouchers and policies that are directly targeted toward influencing beliefs. (JEL D83, H75, I21, I24, I28, J71)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2K4Q97FX/Levy and Razin - 2017 - The Coevolution of Segregation, Polarized Beliefs,.pdf}
}

@article{levyEchoChambersTheir2019,
  title = {Echo {{Chambers}} and {{Their Effects}} on {{Economic}} and {{Political Outcomes}}},
  author = {Levy, Gilat and Razin, Ronny},
  year = {2019},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {303--328},
  issn = {1941-1383, 1941-1391},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-030343},
  urldate = {2021-05-25},
  abstract = {In this review, we survey the economics literature on echo chambers. We identify echo chambers as arising from a combination of two phenomena: (a) the choice of individuals to segregate with like-minded ones, i.e., the creation of chambers, and (b) behavioral biases that induce polarization when individuals exchange beliefs in these chambers, i.e., the echo. We summarize the literatures on these two phenomena and suggest how to combine the two literatures to gain insights about the effects of echo chambers on economic and political outcomes. We end by suggesting pathways for future research and discussing policy interventions to alleviate echo chambers.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8VWDJGTN/Levy and Razin - 2019 - Echo Chambers and Their Effects on Economic and Po.pdf}
}

@article{levyEffectsSocialMovements2019,
  title = {The {{Effects}} of {{Social Movements}}: {{Evidence}} from \#{{MeToo}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Effects}} of {{Social Movements}}},
  author = {Levy, Roee and Mattsson, Martin},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3496903},
  urldate = {2024-01-11},
  abstract = {Social movements are associated with large societal changes, but evidence on their causal effects is limited. We study the effect of the MeToo movement on a high-stakes decision---reporting a sexual crime to the police. We construct a new dataset of sexual and non-sexual crimes reported in 30 OECD countries, covering 88\% of the OECD population. We analyze the effect of the MeToo movement by employing a triple-difference strategy over time, across countries, and between crime types. The movement increased reporting of sexual crimes by 10\% during its first six months. The effect is persistent and lasts at least 15 months. Because we find a strong effect on reporting before any major changes to laws or policy took place, we attribute the effect to a change in social norms or information. Using more detailed US data, we show that the movement also increased arrests for sexual crimes in the long run. In contrast to a common criticism of the movement, we do not find evidence for large differences in the effect across racial and socioeconomic groups. Our results suggest that social movements can rapidly change high-stakes personal decisions.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Q8663WIN/Levy and Mattsson - 2019 - The Effects of Social Movements Evidence from #Me.pdf}
}

@article{Lewis1954,
  title = {Economic {{Development}} with {{Unlimited Supplies}} of {{Labour}}},
  author = {Lewis, Arthur W.},
  year = {1954},
  month = may,
  journal = {The Manchester School},
  volume = {22},
  number = {2},
  pages = {139--191},
  issn = {1463-6786},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x},
  abstract = {We report the dramatic story of a 81 year old patient admitted to the intensive care unit following the development of tetanus. This man, perfectly autonomous, used to workin his garden without anti-tetanus immunization coverage. In this article, we report the therapeutic management of tetanus. We emphasize the importance of vaccination which permits to avoid the disease, the mortality and morbidity of which remain high.},
  keywords = {Tetanus,Vaccination},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/J4ACEJNU/Lewis - 1954 - Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of La.pdf}
}

@article{liCategoricalSemiparametricVaryingcoefficient2013,
  title = {Categorical Semiparametric Varying-Coefficient Models},
  author = {Li, Qi and Ouyang, Desheng and Racine, Jeffrey S.},
  year = {2013},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of Applied Econometrics},
  volume = {28},
  number = {4},
  pages = {551--579},
  issn = {08837252},
  doi = {10.1002/jae.1261},
  urldate = {2020-04-08},
  abstract = {Semiparametric varying-coefficient models have become a common fixture in applied data analysis. Existing approaches, however, presume that those variables affecting the coefficients are continuous in nature (or that there exists at least one such continuous variable) which is often not the case. Furthermore, when all variables affecting the coefficients are categorical/discrete, theoretical underpinnings cannot be obtained as a special case of existing approaches and, as such, requires a separate treatment. In this paper we use kernelbased methods that place minimal structure on the underlying mechanism governing parameter variation across categorical variables while providing a consistent and efficient approach that may be of interest to practitioners. One area where such models could be particularly useful is in settings where interactions among the categorical and real-valued predictors consume many (or even exhaust) degrees of freedom for fully parametric models (which is frequently the case in applied settings). Furthermore, we demonstrate that our approach behaves optimally when in fact there is no variation in a model's coefficients across one or more of the categorical variables (i.e. the approach pools over such variables with a high probability). An illustrative application demonstrates potential benefits for applied researchers. Copyright  2011 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R8FNVIZM/Li et al. - 2013 - Categorical semiparametric varying-coefficient mod.pdf}
}

@techreport{Lichand2017,
  title = {Is {{Corruption Good}} for {{Your Health}}?},
  author = {Lichand, Guilherme and Lopes, Marcos F M and Medeiros, Marcelo C},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {58},
  issn = {1473-0189},
  doi = {10.1039/c1lc20637k},
  abstract = {We present a platform for micro particle image velocimetry ({$\mu$}PIV), capable of carrying out full-channel, temperature-controlled, long-term-stable, and automated {$\mu$}PIV-measurement of microchannel acoustophoresis with uncertainties below 5\% and a spatial resolution in the order of 20 {$\mu$}m. A method to determine optimal {$\mu$}PIV-settings for obtaining high-quality results of the spatially inhomogeneous acoustophoretic velocity fields of large dynamical range is presented. In particular we study the dependence of the results on the {$\mu$}PIV interrogation window size and the number of repeated experiments. The {$\mu$}PIV-method was further verified by comparing it with our previously published particle tracking method. Using the {$\mu$}PIV platform we present a series of high-resolution measurements of the acoustophoretic velocity field as a function of the driving frequency, the driving voltage, and the resonator temperature. Finally, we establish a direct and consistent connection between the obtained acoustophoretic velocity fields, and continuous flow mode acoustophoresis, commonly used in applications.},
  pmid = {21989571},
  keywords = {audits,bureaucratic effectiveness,corruption,d72,d78,h41,health,i18,jel codes,k42,mismanagement,o17,public spending},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FJR7IXUL/Lichand et al. - Is Corruption Good For Your Health.pdf}
}

@techreport{lichand2022parent,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {Parent-Bias},
  author = {Lichand, Guilherme and Thibaud, Juliette},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  series = {{{ECON}} - Working Papers},
  number = {369},
  institution = {Department of Economics - University of Zurich},
  abstract = {How do parents plan to and effectively share resources with their children over time? In a lab-in-the-field experiment in Malawi, we show that, for many parents, plans become more generous the further in the future consumption is. These parents are, however, way more likely to reverse prior plans, reallocating away from children's consumption as it gets closer, even when consumption is still in the future. Reallocating from children's future consumption towards one's own -- what we call parent-bias -- cannot be explained by present-bias. Commitment devices designed for present-bias do not mitigate parent-bias. Our findings provide a new explanation for underinvestment in children and inform the design of new interventions to address it.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MIBB2ZIE/ParentBias_Sep_2020.pdf}
}

@article{liHarassmentViolenceMen2017,
  title = {Harassment and {{Violence Among Men Who Have Sex}} with {{Men}} ({{MSM}}) and {{Hijras After Reinstatement}} of {{India}}'s ``{{Sodomy Law}}''},
  author = {Li, Dennis H. and Rawat, Shruta and Rhoton, Jayson and Patankar, Pallav and Ekstrand, Maria L. and Rosser, B. R. Simon and Wilkerson, J. Michael},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Sexuality Research and Social Policy},
  volume = {14},
  number = {3},
  pages = {324--330},
  issn = {1868-9884, 1553-6610},
  doi = {10.1007/s13178-016-0270-9},
  urldate = {2021-08-12},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CHL6BZIF/Li et al. - 2017 - Harassment and Violence Among Men Who Have Sex wit.pdf}
}

@article{limbuImpactInnovativeMenstrual,
  title = {Impact of {{Innovative Menstrual Technology}} and {{Awareness}} on {{Female Empowerment Outcomes}} in {{Rural Nepal}}},
  author = {Limbu, Anjali},
  pages = {58},
  abstract = {In developing countries, menstruation poses two significant challenges for females. First, the resources required for periods are expensive for those in low-income communities. Hence, the absence of such menstrual products lowers females' access to schooling and employment. Next, periods are also heavily stigmatized -- especially in poorer or rural areas. Such taboos surrounding menstruation negatively impacts females' psychological development and hamper their prospects of socialization. Thus, to analyze this issue, we ran a randomized control trial in Nepal, where we provided reusable menstrual pads and / or health seminar to 312 schoolgirls and 100 of their mothers. Our outcomes demonstrate that the reusable pads cause a significant decline in school absenteeism for schoolgirls in our sample. However, we are also able to find a heterogeneous impact of our treatment, where females from poorer households seem to benefit disproportionately from our menstrual resource. In contrast, the health seminars do not impact school attendance, but do create statistically significant increases in the social and psychological wellbeing of the schoolgirls. Finally, we are unable to identify any impact of our treatments on mothers in the sample.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H2PJTSV9/Limbu - Impact of Innovative Menstrual Technology and Awar.pdf}
}

@article{liModelingTimevaryingEffects2018,
  title = {Modeling Time-Varying Effects of Multilevel Risk Factors of Hospitalizations in Patients on Dialysis: {{Modeling Time-Varying Effects}} of {{Multilevel Risk Factors}}},
  shorttitle = {Modeling Time-Varying Effects of Multilevel Risk Factors of Hospitalizations in Patients on Dialysis},
  author = {Li, Yihao and Nguyen, Danh V. and Chen, Yanjun and Rhee, Connie M. and {Kalantar-Zadeh}, Kamyar and {\c S}ent{\"u}rk, Damla},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Statistics in Medicine},
  volume = {37},
  number = {30},
  pages = {4707--4720},
  issn = {02776715},
  doi = {10.1002/sim.7950},
  urldate = {2020-04-08},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/W6N6UELU/Li et al. - 2018 - Modeling time-varying effects of multilevel risk f.pdf}
}

@article{linClusterrandomizedTrialWater2024,
  title = {A Cluster-Randomized Trial of Water, Sanitation, Handwashing and Nutritional Interventions on Stress and Epigenetic Programming},
  author = {Lin, Audrie and Mertens, Andrew N. and Rahman, Md Ziaur and Tan, Sophia T. and Il'yasova, Dora and Spasojevic, Ivan and Ali, Shahjahan and Stewart, Christine P. and Fernald, Lia C. H. and Kim, Lisa and Yan, Liying and Meyer, Ann and Karim, Md Rabiul and Shahriar, Sunny and Shuman, Gabrielle and Arnold, Benjamin F. and Hubbard, Alan E. and Famida, Syeda L. and Akther, Salma and Hossen, Md Saheen and Mutsuddi, Palash and Shoab, Abul K. and Shalev, Idan and Rahman, Mahbubur and Unicomb, Leanne and Heaney, Christopher D. and Kariger, Patricia and Colford, John M. and Luby, Stephen P. and Granger, Douglas A.},
  year = {2024},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  volume = {15},
  number = {1},
  pages = {3572},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2041-1723},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-024-47896-z},
  urldate = {2024-07-12},
  abstract = {A regulated stress response is essential for healthy child growth and development trajectories. We conducted a cluster-randomized trial in rural Bangladesh (funded by the Bill \& Melinda Gates Foundation, ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01590095) to assess the effects of an integrated nutritional, water, sanitation, and handwashing intervention on child health. We previously reported on the primary outcomes of the trial, linear growth and caregiver-reported diarrhea. Here, we assessed additional prespecified outcomes: physiological stress response, oxidative stress, and DNA methylation (N\,=\,759, ages 1--2 years). Eight neighboring pregnant women were grouped into a study cluster. Eight geographically adjacent clusters were block-randomized into the control or the combined nutrition, water, sanitation, and handwashing (N\,+\,WSH) intervention group (receiving nutritional counseling and lipid-based nutrient supplements, chlorinated drinking water, upgraded sanitation, and handwashing with soap). Participants and data collectors were not masked, but analyses were masked. There were 358 children (68 clusters) in the control group and 401 children (63 clusters) in the intervention group. We measured four F2-isoprostanes isomers (iPF(2{$\alpha$})-III; 2,3-dinor-iPF(2{$\alpha$})-III; iPF(2{$\alpha$})-VI; 8,12-iso-iPF(2{$\alpha$})-VI), salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol, and methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) exon 1F promoter including the NGFI-A binding site. Compared with control, the N\,+\,WSH group had lower concentrations of F2-isoprostanes isomers (differences ranging from -0.16 to -0.19\,log\,ng/mg of creatinine, P\,{$<$}\,0.01), elevated post-stressor cortisol (0.24\,log\,{\textmu}g/dl; P\,{$<$}\,0.01), higher cortisol residualized gain scores (0.06\,{\textmu}g/dl; P\,=\,0.023), and decreased methylation of the NGFI-A binding site (-0.04; P\,=\,0.037). The N\,+\,WSH intervention enhanced adaptive responses of the physiological stress system in early childhood.},
  copyright = {2024 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Biomarkers,Developing world,Endocrine system and metabolic diseases,Public health,Stress and resilience},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JTZ64T5H/Lin et al. - 2024 - A cluster-randomized trial of water, sanitation, h.pdf}
}

@article{lindebergPalaeolithicDietImproves2007,
  title = {A {{Palaeolithic}} Diet Improves Glucose Tolerance More than a {{Mediterranean-like}} Diet in Individuals with Ischaemic Heart Disease},
  author = {Lindeberg, S. and J{\"o}nsson, T. and Granfeldt, Y. and Borgstrand, E. and Soffman, J. and Sj{\"o}str{\"o}m, K. and Ahr{\'e}n, B.},
  year = {2007},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Diabetologia},
  volume = {50},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1795--1807},
  issn = {1432-0428},
  doi = {10.1007/s00125-007-0716-y},
  urldate = {2023-08-08},
  abstract = {Most studies of diet in glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes have focused on intakes of fat, carbohydrate, fibre, fruits and vegetables. Instead, we aimed to compare diets that were available during human evolution with more recently introduced ones.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Diet,Evolution,Glucose intolerance,Ischaemic heart disease,Palaeolithic diet,Type 2 diabetes},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PAADDTYE/Lindeberg et al. - 2007 - A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance mor.pdf}
}

@article{liNonParametricTime2011,
  title = {Non-parametric Time-varying Coefficient Panel Data Models with Fixed Effects},
  author = {Li, Degui and Chen, Jia and Gao, Jiti},
  year = {2011},
  month = oct,
  journal = {The Econometrics Journal},
  volume = {14},
  number = {3},
  pages = {387--408},
  issn = {1368-4221, 1368-423X},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1368-423X.2011.00350.x},
  urldate = {2020-04-08},
  abstract = {This paper is concerned with developing a non-parametric time-varying coefficient model with fixed effects to characterize non-stationarity and trending phenomenon in a nonlinear panel data model. We develop two methods to estimate the trend function and the coefficient function without taking the first difference to eliminate the fixed effects. The first one eliminates the fixed effects by taking cross-sectional averages, and then uses a non-parametric local linear method to estimate both the trend and coefficient functions. The asymptotic theory for this approach reveals that although the estimates of both the trend function and the coefficient function are consistent, the estimate of the coefficient function has a rate of convergence of (Th)-1/2, which is slower than (NTh)-1/2 as the rate of convergence for the estimate of the trend function. To estimate the coefficient function more efficiently, we propose a pooled local linear dummy variable approach. This is motivated by a least squares dummy variable method proposed in parametric panel data analysis. This method removes the fixed effects by deducting a smoothed version of cross-time average from each individual. It estimates both the trend and coefficient functions with a rate of convergence of (NTh)-1/2. The asymptotic distributions of both of the estimates are established when T tends to infinity and N is fixed or both T and N tend to infinity. Both the simulation results and real data analysis are provided to illustrate the finite sample behaviour of the proposed estimation methods.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PY45YMUP/Li et al. - 2011 - Non‐parametric time‐varying coefficient panel data.pdf}
}

@article{lipponenRobustAlgorithmHeart2019,
  title = {A Robust Algorithm for Heart Rate Variability Time Series Artefact Correction Using Novel Beat Classification},
  author = {Lipponen, Jukka A. and Tarvainen, Mika P.},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Medical Engineering \& Technology},
  volume = {43},
  number = {3},
  pages = {173--181},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  issn = {0309-1902},
  doi = {10.1080/03091902.2019.1640306},
  urldate = {2022-11-30},
  abstract = {Purpose: Heart rate variability is a commonly used measurement to evaluate functioning of autonomic nervous system, psychophysiological stress, and exercise intensity and recovery. HRV measurements contain artefacts such as extra, missed or misaligned beat detections, which can produce significant distortion on HRV parameters. In this paper, a robust automatic method for artefact detection from HRV time series is proposed.Methods: The proposed detection method is based on time-varying thresholds estimated from distribution of successive RR-interval differences combined with a novel beat classification scheme. The method is validated using simulated extra, missed and misaligned beat detections as well as real artefacts such as atrial and ventricular ectopic beats.Results: The sensitivity of the algorithm to detect simulated missed/extra beats was 100\%. The sensitivity to detect real atrial and ventricular ectopic beats was 96.96\%, the corresponding specificity being 99.94\%. The mean error in HRV parameters after correction was {$<$}2\% for missed and extra beats as well as for misaligned beats generated with large displacement factors. Misaligned beats with smallest displacement factor were the most difficult to detect and resulted in largest HRV parameter errors after correction, largest errors being {$<$}8\%.Conclusions: The HRV artefact correction algorithm presented in this study provided comparable specificity and better sensitivity to detect ectopic beats as compared to state-of-the-art algorithms. The proposed algorithm detects abnormal beats with high accuracy, is relatively easy to implement, and secures reliable HRV analysis by reducing the effect of possible artefacts to tolerable level.},
  pmid = {31314618},
  keywords = {artefact correction,beat classification,ectopic beat,Heart rate variability,HRV}
}

@article{lipponenRobustAlgorithmHeart2019a,
  title = {A Robust Algorithm for Heart Rate Variability Time Series Artefact Correction Using Novel Beat Classification},
  author = {Lipponen, Jukka A. and Tarvainen, Mika P.},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Medical Engineering \& Technology},
  volume = {43},
  number = {3},
  pages = {173--181},
  issn = {1464-522X},
  doi = {10.1080/03091902.2019.1640306},
  abstract = {Purpose: Heart rate variability is a commonly used measurement to evaluate functioning of autonomic nervous system, psychophysiological stress, and exercise intensity and recovery. HRV measurements contain artefacts such as extra, missed or misaligned beat detections, which can produce significant distortion on HRV parameters. In this paper, a robust automatic method for artefact detection from HRV time series is proposed. Methods: The proposed detection method is based on time-varying thresholds estimated from distribution of successive RR-interval differences combined with a novel beat classification scheme. The method is validated using simulated extra, missed and misaligned beat detections as well as real artefacts such as atrial and ventricular ectopic beats. Results: The sensitivity of the algorithm to detect simulated missed/extra beats was 100\%. The sensitivity to detect real atrial and ventricular ectopic beats was 96.96\%, the corresponding specificity being 99.94\%. The mean error in HRV parameters after correction was {$<$}2\% for missed and extra beats as well as for misaligned beats generated with large displacement factors. Misaligned beats with smallest displacement factor were the most difficult to detect and resulted in largest HRV parameter errors after correction, largest errors being {$<$}8\%. Conclusions: The HRV artefact correction algorithm presented in this study provided comparable specificity and better sensitivity to detect ectopic beats as compared to state-of-the-art algorithms. The proposed algorithm detects abnormal beats with high accuracy, is relatively easy to implement, and secures reliable HRV analysis by reducing the effect of possible artefacts to tolerable level.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {31314618},
  keywords = {Algorithms,artefact correction,Artifacts,beat classification,Cardiac Complexes Premature,Databases Factual,ectopic beat,Electrocardiography,Heart Rate,Heart rate variability,HRV,Humans,Reproducibility of Results,Sensitivity and Specificity},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/573HCAGJ/Lipponen and Tarvainen - 2019 - A robust algorithm for heart rate variability time.pdf}
}

@article{Lipscomb2017,
  title = {Decentralization and Pollution Spillovers: {{Evidence}} from the Re-Drawing of County Borders in {{Brazil}}},
  author = {Lipscomb, Molly and Mobarak, Ahmed Mushfiq},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {84},
  number = {1},
  pages = {464--502},
  issn = {1467937X},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdw023},
  abstract = {Decentralization can improve service delivery, but it can also generate externalities across jurisdictional boundaries. We examine the nature and size of water pollution externalities as rivers flow across jurisdictions. Panel data on water pollution in Brazilian rivers coupled with county splits that change the locations of borders allow us to identify the spatial patterns of pollution as rivers approach and cross borders, controlling for fixed effects and trends specific to each location. The theory of externalities predicts that pollution should increase at an increasing rate as the river approaches the downstream exit border, that there should be a structural break in the slope of the pollution function at the border, and that a larger number of managing jurisdictions should exacerbate pollution externalities. We find support for all four predictions in the data. Satellite data on growth in night-time lights along rivers show that local authorities allow more settlements to develop close to rivers in the downstream portions of counties, which is the likely underlying mechanism. The border effects on pollution are not as pronounced when the cost of inter-jurisdictional coordination is lower.},
  keywords = {Decentralization,Inter-jurisdictional externalities,Water pollution},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KX7AW7VE/Lipscomb and Mobarak - 2017 - Decentralization and Pollution Spillovers Evidenc.pdf}
}

@article{liSMOOTHVARYINGCOEFFICIENTESTIMATION2010,
  title = {{{SMOOTH VARYING-COEFFICIENT ESTIMATION AND INFERENCE FOR QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DATA}}},
  author = {Li, Qi and Racine, Jeffrey S.},
  year = {2010},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Econometric Theory},
  volume = {26},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1607--1637},
  issn = {0266-4666, 1469-4360},
  doi = {10.1017/S0266466609990739},
  urldate = {2020-04-08},
  abstract = {We propose a semiparametric varying-coefficient estimator that admits both qualitative and quantitative covariates along with a test for correct specification of parametric varying-coefficient models. The proposed estimator is exceedingly flexible and has a wide range of potential applications including hierarchical (mixed) settings, small area estimation, etc. A data-driven cross-validatory bandwidth selection method is proposed that can handle both the qualitative and quantitative covariates and that can also handle the presence of potentially irrelevant covariates, each of which can result in finite-sample efficiency gains relative to the conventional frequency (sample-splitting) estimator that is often found in such settings. Theoretical underpinnings including rates of convergence and asymptotic normality are provided. Monte Carlo simulations are undertaken to assess the proposed estimator's finite-sample performance relative to the conventional semiparametric frequency estimator and to assess the finite-sample performance of the proposed test for correct parametric specification.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ST2MPQJ7/Li and Racine - 2010 - SMOOTH VARYING-COEFFICIENT ESTIMATION AND INFERENC.pdf}
}

@article{listMultipleHypothesisTesting2019,
  title = {Multiple Hypothesis Testing in Experimental Economics},
  author = {List, John A. and Shaikh, Azeem M. and Xu, Yang},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Experimental Economics},
  volume = {22},
  number = {4},
  pages = {773--793},
  issn = {1386-4157, 1573-6938},
  doi = {10.1007/s10683-018-09597-5},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {The analysis of data from experiments in economics routinely involves testing multiple null hypotheses simultaneously. These different null hypotheses arise naturally in this setting for at least three different reasons: when there are multiple outcomes of interest and it is desired to determine on which of these outcomes a treatment has an effect; when the effect of a treatment may be heterogeneous in that it varies across subgroups defined by observed characteristics and it is desired to determine for which of these subgroups a treatment has an effect; and finally when there are multiple treatments of interest and it is desired to determine which treatments have an effect relative to either the control or relative to each of the other treatments. In this paper, we provide a bootstrap-based procedure for testing these null hypotheses simultaneously using experimental data in which simple random sampling is used to assign treatment status to units. Using the general results in Romano and Wolf (Ann Stat 38:598--633, 2010), we show under weak assumptions that our procedure (1) asymptotically controls the familywise error rate---the probability of one or more false rejections---and (2) is asymptotically balanced in that the marginal probability of rejecting any true null hypothesis is approximately equal in large samples. Importantly, by incorporating information about dependence ignored in classical multiple testing procedures, such as the Bonferroni and Holm corrections, our procedure has much greater ability to detect truly false null hypotheses. In the presence of multiple treatments, we additionally show how to exploit logical restrictions across null hypotheses to further improve power. We illustrate our methodology by revisiting the study by Karlan and List (Am Econ Rev 97(5):1774--1793, 2007) of why people give to charitable causes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Balance,Bootstrap,Experiments,Multiple hypothesis testing,Multiple outcomes,Multiple subgroups,Multiple treatments,Randomized controlled trial},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SJ9VWRAV/List et al. - 2019 - Multiple hypothesis testing in experimental econom.pdf}
}

@article{listNatureExtentDiscrimination2004,
  title = {The {{Nature}} and {{Extent}} of {{Discrimination}} in the {{Marketplace}}: {{Evidence}} from the {{Field}}*},
  shorttitle = {The {{Nature}} and {{Extent}} of {{Discrimination}} in the {{Marketplace}}},
  author = {List, John A.},
  year = {2004},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {119},
  number = {1},
  pages = {49--89},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1162/003355304772839524},
  urldate = {2023-10-15},
  abstract = {Empirical studies have provided evidence that discrimination exists in various markets, but they rarely allow the analyst to draw conclusions concerning the nature of discrimination. By combining data from bilateral negotiations in the Sportscard market with complementary field experiments, this study provides a framework that amends this shortcoming. The experimental design, which includes data gathered from more than 1100 market participants, provides sharp findings: (i) there is a strong tendency for minorities to receive initial and final offers that are inferior to those received by majorities, and (ii) overall, the data indicate that the observed discrimination is not due to animus, but represents statistical discrimination.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/86ACM6VE/List - 2004 - The Nature and Extent of Discrimination in the Mar.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y6SWQVFG/1876078.html}
}

@article{littleWorkingMemoryCapacity2014,
  title = {Working Memory Capacity and Fluid Abilities: The More Difficult the Item, the More More Is Better},
  shorttitle = {Working Memory Capacity and Fluid Abilities},
  author = {Little, Daniel R. and Lewandowsky, Stephan and Craig, Stewart},
  year = {2014},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  volume = {5},
  issn = {1664-1078},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00239},
  urldate = {2020-11-27},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RXVPRM4C/Little et al. - 2014 - Working memory capacity and fluid abilities the m.pdf}
}

@article{Liu2019,
  title = {Industrial Policies in Production Networks},
  author = {Liu, Ernest},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {134},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1883--1948},
  issn = {15314650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjz024},
  abstract = {Many developing economies adopt industrial policies favoring selected sectors. Is there an economic logic to this type of intervention? I analyze industrial policy when economic sectors form a production network via input-output linkages. Market imperfections generate distortionary effects that compound through backward demand linkages, causing upstream sectors to become the sink for imperfections and have the greatest size distortions. My key finding is that the distortion in sectoral size is a sufficient statistic for the social value of promoting that sector; thus, there is an incentive for a well-meaning government to subsidize upstream sectors. Furthermore, sectoral interventions' aggregate effects can be simply summarized, to first order, by the cross-sector covariance between my sufficient statistic and subsidy spending. My sufficient statistic predicts sectoral policies in South Korea in the 1970s and modern-day China, suggesting that sectoral interventions might have generated positive aggregate effects in these economies.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QI8QU96K/Liu - 2019 - Industrial Policies in Production Networks.pdf}
}

@article{liuEffectsGroupCounseling2017,
  title = {Effects of {{Group Counseling Programs}}, {{Cognitive Behavioral Therapy}}, and {{Sports Intervention}} on {{Internet Addiction}} in {{East Asia}}: {{A Systematic Review}} and {{Meta-Analysis}}},
  shorttitle = {Effects of {{Group Counseling Programs}}, {{Cognitive Behavioral Therapy}}, and {{Sports Intervention}} on {{Internet Addiction}} in {{East Asia}}},
  author = {Liu, Jun and Nie, Jing and Wang, Yafeng},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  volume = {14},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1470},
  issn = {1660-4601},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph14121470},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  abstract = {To evaluate the effects of group counseling programs, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and sports intervention on Internet addiction (IA), a systematic search in ten databases was performed to identify eligible studies without language restrictions up to January 2017. A meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA) was performed, respectively. A total of 58 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which included 2871 participants, were incorporated into our meta-analysis. The results showed that group counseling programs, CBT, and sports intervention could significantly reduce IA levels (group counseling program: standardized mean difference (SMD), -1.37; 95\% confidence interval (CI), -1.89 to -0.85; CBT: SMD, -1.88; 95\% CI, -2.53 to -1.23; sports intervention: SMD, -1.70; 95\% CI, -2.14 to -1.26). For group counseling programs, this treatment was more effective in four dimensions of IA, including time management, interpersonal and health issues, tolerance, and compulsive Internet use. For CBT, this treatment yielded a positive change in depression, anxiousness, aggressiveness, somatization, social insecurity, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism. For sports intervention, the significant effects were also observed in all dimensions of the IA scale. Each of group counseling programs, cognitive behavioral therapy, and sports intervention had a significant effect on IA and psychopathological symptoms. Sports intervention could improve withdrawal symptoms especially.},
  copyright = {https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WG45CAYG/Liu et al. - 2017 - Effects of Group Counseling Programs, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Sports Intervention on Inter.pdf}
}

@article{liuWhatDilemmaMoral2013,
  title = {What {{Dilemma}}? {{Moral Evaluation Shapes Factual Belief}}},
  shorttitle = {What {{Dilemma}}?},
  author = {Liu, Brittany S. and Ditto, Peter H.},
  year = {2013},
  month = may,
  journal = {Social Psychological and Personality Science},
  volume = {4},
  number = {3},
  pages = {316--323},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc},
  issn = {1948-5506},
  doi = {10.1177/1948550612456045},
  urldate = {2024-12-16},
  abstract = {Moral dilemmas---like the ``trolley problem'' or real-world examples like capital punishment---result from a conflict between consequentialist and deontological intuitions (i.e., whether ends justify means). The authors contend that people often resolve such moral conflict by aligning factual beliefs about consequences of acts with evaluations of the act's inherent morality (i.e., morality independent of its consequences). In both artificial (Study 1) and real-world (Study 2) dilemmas, the more an act was deemed inherently immoral, the more it was seen as unlikely to produce beneficial consequences and likely to involve harmful costs. Coherence between moral evaluations and factual beliefs increased with greater moral conviction, self-proclaimed topical knowledge, and political conservatism (Study 2). Reading essays about the inherent morality or immorality of capital punishment (Study 3) changed beliefs about its costs and benefits, even though no information about consequences was supplied. Implications for moral reasoning and political conflict are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BRSBZWB2/Liu and Ditto - 2013 - What Dilemma Moral Evaluation Shapes Factual Beli.pdf}
}

@article{livingstoneYoungAdolescentsDigital2017,
  title = {Young Adolescents and Digital Media: Uses, Risks and Opportunities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Rapid Evidence Review},
  author = {Livingstone, Sonia and Nandi, Anulekha and Stoilova, Mariya and Banaji, Shakuntala},
  year = {2017},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z2LVQVPG/Livingstone et al. - Young adolescents and digital media.pdf}
}

@article{Lizzeri2008,
  title = {Parental Guidance and Supervised Learning},
  author = {Lizzeri, Alessandro and Siniscalchi, Marciano},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {123},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1161--1195},
  issn = {00335533},
  doi = {10.1162/qjec.2008.123.3.1161},
  abstract = {We propose a simple theoretical model of supervised learning that is potentially useful to interpret a number of empirical phenomena relevant to the nature-nurture debate. The model captures a basic trade-off between sheltering the child from the consequences of his mistakes and allowing him to learn from experience. We characterize the optimal parenting policy and its comparative-statics properties. We then show that key features of the optimal policy can be useful to interpret provocative findings from behavioral genetics. {\copyright} 2008 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4QW5Y8RZ/Lizzeri and Siniscalchi - PARENTAL GUIDANCE AND SUPERVISED LEARNING.pdf}
}

@article{lloyd-smithCurtailingTransmissionSevere2003,
  title = {Curtailing Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome within a Community and Its Hospital},
  author = {{Lloyd-Smith}, James O. and Galvani, Alison P. and Getz, Wayne M.},
  year = {2003},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences},
  volume = {270},
  number = {1528},
  pages = {1979--1989},
  issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
  doi = {10.1098/rspb.2003.2481},
  urldate = {2020-07-15},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/S2FUD43Q/Lloyd-Smith et al. - 2003 - Curtailing transmission of severe acute respirator.pdf}
}

@article{lloyd-smithMaximumLikelihoodEstimation2007,
  title = {Maximum {{Likelihood Estimation}} of the {{Negative Binomial Dispersion Parameter}} for {{Highly Overdispersed Data}}, with {{Applications}} to {{Infectious Diseases}}},
  author = {{Lloyd-Smith}, James O.},
  editor = {Rees, Mark},
  year = {2007},
  month = feb,
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {e180},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0000180},
  urldate = {2020-10-20},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ISJBA826/Lloyd-Smith - 2007 - Maximum Likelihood Estimation of the Negative Bino.pdf}
}

@article{lloyd-smithSuperspreadingEffectIndividual2005,
  ids = {lloyd-smithSuperspreadingImpactIndividual},
  title = {Superspreading and the Effect of Individual Variation on Disease Emergence},
  author = {{Lloyd-Smith}, J. O. and Schreiber, S. J. and Kopp, P. E. and Getz, W. M.},
  year = {2005},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {438},
  number = {7066},
  pages = {355--359},
  issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/nature04153},
  urldate = {2020-07-08},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9PDEE43T/Lloyd-Smith et al. - 2005 - Superspreading and the effect of individual variat.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H6YIXFLD/supplementary notes.pdf}
}

@article{Logan2009,
  title = {Selected Chiefs, Elected Councillors and Hybrid Democrats: Popular Perspectives on the Co-Existence of Democracy and Traditional Authority},
  author = {Logan, Carolyn},
  year = {2009},
  month = mar,
  journal = {The Journal of Modern African Studies},
  volume = {47},
  number = {1},
  pages = {101--128},
  issn = {0022-278X},
  doi = {10.1017/S0022278X08003674},
  abstract = {The long-standing debate about the proper role for Africa's traditional leaders in contemporary politics has intensified in the last two decades, as efforts to foster democratisation and decentralisation have brought competing claims to power and legitimacy to the fore, especially at the local level. Questions persist as to whether traditional authority and democratic governance are ultimately compatible or contradictory. Can the two be blended into viable and effective hybrid systems? Or do the potentially anti-democratic features of traditional systems present insurmountable obstacles to an acceptable model of integration? Survey data collected by the Afrobarometer indicate that Africans who live under these dual systems of authority do not draw as sharp a distinction between hereditary chiefs and elected local government officials as most analysts would expect. In fact, popular evaluations of selected and elected leaders are strongly and positively linked. They appear to be consistently shaped by each individual's `leadership affect', and by an understanding of chiefs and elected officials as common players in a single, integrated political system, rather than as opponents in a sharply bifurcated one. Moreover, there is no evident conflict between supporting traditional leadership and being a committed and active democrat. Rather than finding themselves trapped between two competing spheres of political authority, Africans appear to have adapted to the hybridisation of their political institutions more seamlessly than many have anticipated or assumed.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/USTTJR25/Logan - 2009 - Selected chiefs, elected councillors and hybrid de.pdf}
}

@article{Logan2013,
  title = {The Roots of Resilience: {{Exploring}} Popular Support for {{African}} Traditional Authorities},
  author = {Logan, Carolyn},
  year = {2013},
  month = jul,
  journal = {African Affairs},
  volume = {112},
  number = {448},
  pages = {353--376},
  issn = {0001-9909},
  doi = {10.1093/afraf/adt025},
  abstract = {African traditional authorities have proved to be highly resilient, remaining just as much a part of the 'modern' political landscape as any legislature or local council. Analysts draw sharply different conclusions as to whether this resilience is rooted in popular legitimacy, or whether it instead derives from either state sanction or state weakness. In short, the question is whether traditional authorities survive and thrive because of the preferences of the mass public, or only at the behest of the state, and in fact in opposition to the popular will. Data collected in 19 countries reveal an intensity of support for traditional authorities that challenges those who argue that these leaders are unwanted and undemocratic. While Africans find these leaders to be flawed, they enjoy widespread popular legitimacy, and most believe that traditional authorities have an important role to play in local governance. The public values the role traditional authorities play in managing and resolving conflict, and their leadership qualities and accessibility to ordinary people. Evidence also suggests that traditional leaders play an important symbolic role as representatives of community identity, unity, continuity, and stability.{\copyright} The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal African Society. All rights reserved.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KSJRFSNP/Logan - 2013 - The roots of resilience Exploring popular support.pdf}
}

@article{longiniContainingLargeBioterrorist2007,
  title = {Containing a Large Bioterrorist Smallpox Attack: A Computer Simulation Approach},
  shorttitle = {Containing a Large Bioterrorist Smallpox Attack},
  author = {Longini, Ira M. and Elizabeth Halloran, M. and Nizam, Azhar and Yang, Yang and Xu, Shufu and Burke, Donald S. and Cummings, Derek A.T. and Epstein, Joshua M.},
  year = {2007},
  month = mar,
  journal = {International Journal of Infectious Diseases},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {98--108},
  issn = {12019712},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2006.03.002},
  urldate = {2020-07-15},
  abstract = {Background: A bioterrorist release of smallpox is a constant threat to the population of the USA and other countries. Design: A stochastic simulation model of the spread of smallpox due to a large bioterrorist attack in a structured population was constructed. Disease natural history parameter estimates, time lines of behavioral activities, and control scenarios were based on the literature and on the consensus opinion of a panel of smallpox experts. Results: The authors found that surveillance and containment, i.e., isolation of known cases and vaccination of their close contacts, would be sufficient to effectively contain a large intentional smallpox release. Given that surveillance and containment measures are in place, preemptive vaccination of hospital workers would further reduce the number of smallpox cases and deaths but would require large numbers of prevaccinations. High levels of reactive mass vaccination after the outbreak begins would further reduce smallpox cases and deaths to a minimum, but would require even larger numbers of vaccinations. Reactive closure of schools would have a minimal effect. Conclusion: A rapid and well-organized response to a bioterrorist attack would be necessary for effective surveillance and containment to control spread. Preemptive vaccination of hospital workers and reactive vaccination of the target population would further limit spread, but at a cost},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/U7BT349M/Longini et al. - 2007 - Containing a large bioterrorist smallpox attack a.pdf}
}

@article{longPoliticalStormsEmergent2020,
  title = {Political Storms: {{Emergent}} Partisan Skepticism of Hurricane Risks},
  shorttitle = {Political Storms},
  author = {Long, Elisa F. and Chen, M. Keith and Rohla, Ryne},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Science Advances},
  volume = {6},
  number = {37},
  pages = {eabb7906},
  issn = {2375-2548},
  doi = {10.1126/sciadv.abb7906},
  urldate = {2022-04-19},
  abstract = {Following conservative media skepticism of hurricane warnings in 2017, a partisan wedge in evacuation behavior rapidly emerged.           ,              Mistrust of scientific evidence and government-issued guidelines is increasingly correlated with political affiliation. Survey evidence has documented skepticism in a diverse set of issues including climate change, vaccine hesitancy, and, most recently, COVID-19 risks. Less well understood is whether these beliefs alter high-stakes behavior. Combining GPS data for 2.7 million smartphone users in Florida and Texas with 2016 U.S. presidential election precinct-level results, we examine how conservative-media dismissals of hurricane advisories in 2017 influenced evacuation decisions. Likely Trump-voting Florida residents were 10 to 11 percentage points less likely to evacuate Hurricane Irma than Clinton voters (34\% versus 45\%), a gap not present in prior hurricanes. Results are robust to fine-grain geographic controls, which compare likely Clinton and Trump voters living within 150 m of each other. The rapid surge in media-led suspicion of hurricane forecasts---and the resulting divide in self-protective measures---illustrates a large behavioral consequence of science denialism.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HWXEYKLC/Long et al. - 2020 - Political storms Emergent partisan skepticism of .pdf}
}

@misc{LongtermReductionImplicit,
  title = {Long-Term Reduction in Implicit Race Bias: {{A}} Prejudice Habit-Breaking Intervention - {{PMC}}},
  urldate = {2023-07-25},
  howpublished = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3603687/},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ITF6SGE8/PMC3603687.html}
}

@article{lopez-de-silanesQualityGovernment,
  title = {The {{Quality}} of {{Government}}},
  author = {{Lopez-de-Silanes}, Florencio and Shleifer, Andrei and Vishny, Robert},
  pages = {58},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5EBS3EHA/Lopez-de-Silanes et al. - The Quality of Government.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HB2M3DD9/Lopez-de-Silanes - The Quality of Government.pdf}
}

@article{lopez-fernandezSpanishAdaptationMobile2012,
  title = {{[Spanish adaptation of the "Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale" for adolescent population]}},
  author = {{L{\'o}pez-Fern{\'a}ndez}, Olatz and {Honrubia-Serrano}, Ma Luisa and {Freixa-Blanxart}, Montserrat},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Adicciones},
  volume = {24},
  number = {2},
  pages = {123--130},
  issn = {0214-4840},
  abstract = {Problematic use of the mobile telephone is an emerging phenomenon in our society, and one which particularly affects the teenage population. Knowledge from research on the problematic use of this technology is necessary, since such use can give rise to a behavioural pattern with addictive characteristics. There are hardly any scales for measuring possible problematic use of mobile phones, and none at all adapted exclusively for the Spanish adolescent population. The scale most widely used internationally is the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS). The aim of the present study is to adapt the MPPUS for use with Spanish adolescents. The Spanish version of the questionnaire was administered to a sample of 1132 adolescents aged 12 to 18. Reliability and factorial validity were comparable to those obtained in adult population, so that the measure of problematic mobile phone use in Spanish teenagers is one-dimensional. A prevalence of 14.8\% of problematic users was detected.},
  langid = {spanish},
  pmid = {22648315},
  keywords = {Adolescent,Behavior Addictive,Cell Phone,Child,Female,Humans,Male,Psychometrics,Spain,Surveys and Questionnaires}
}

@book{LopezBoo2014WP,
  title = {Socio-Economic Status and Early Childhood Cognitive Skills : Is {{Latin America}} Different?},
  author = {Boo, Florencia Lopez},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Young Lives Working Papers},
  issn = {0165-0254},
  doi = {10.1177/0165025416644689},
  isbn = {978-1-909403-41-3}
}

@article{lopezbooSocioeconomicStatusEarly2016,
  title = {Socio-Economic Status and Early Childhood Cognitive Skills: {{A}} Mediation Analysis Using the {{Young Lives}} Panel},
  shorttitle = {Socio-Economic Status and Early Childhood Cognitive Skills},
  author = {Lopez Boo, Florencia},
  year = {2016},
  month = nov,
  journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Development},
  volume = {40},
  number = {6},
  pages = {500--508},
  issn = {0165-0254, 1464-0651},
  doi = {10.1177/0165025416644689},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {caregiver's education,cognitive development,Ethiopia,India,mediators,nutrition,Peru,PPVT,preschool,receptive vocabulary,socioeconomic status,urban residence,Vietnam,Young Lives study},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FCUZYJHB/Lopez Boo - 2016 - Socio-economic status and early childhood cognitiv.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/P9WVWEL4/Lopez Boo - 2016 - Socio-economic status and early childhood cognitiv.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R5DW5GPQ/Lopez Boo - 2016 - Socio-economic status and early childhood cognitiv.pdf}
}

@article{lordBiasedAssimilationAttitude1979,
  title = {Biased {{Assimilation}} and {{Attitude Polarization}}: {{The Effects}} of {{Prior Theories}} on {{Subsequently Considered Evidence}}},
  author = {Lord, Charles G and Ross, Lee and Lepper, Mark R},
  year = {1979},
  pages = {12},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UZUHUCG6/Lord et al. - Biased Assimilation and Attitude Polarization The.pdf}
}

@article{louisVirtuousCycleAgreement2022,
  title = {The {{Virtuous Cycle}} of {{Agreement}}},
  author = {Louis, Philippos and N{\'u}{\~n}ez, Mat{\'i}as and Xefteris, Dimitrios},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {132},
  number = {641},
  pages = {326--360},
  issn = {0013-0133},
  doi = {10.1093/ej/ueab057},
  urldate = {2023-12-18},
  abstract = {Collective choice mechanisms are used by groups to reach decisions in the presence of diverging preferences. But can the employed mechanism affect the degree of post-decision actual agreement (i.e., preference homogeneity) within a group? And if so, which are the features of the choice mechanisms that matter? Since it is difficult to address these questions in natural settings, we employ a theory-driven experiment where, after the group collectively decides on an issue, individual preferences can be properly elicited. We find that decision mechanisms that promote consensual behaviour generate substantially higher levels of post-decision actual agreement compared to outcome-wise identical procedures that incentivise subjects to exaggerate their differences.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IXQ4XC89/Louis et al. - 2022 - The Virtuous Cycle of Agreement.pdf}
}

@article{louryCollegeSelectivityEarnings1995,
  title = {College {{Selectivity}} and {{Earnings}}},
  author = {Loury, Linda Datcher and Garman, David},
  year = {1995},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Labor Economics},
  volume = {13},
  number = {2},
  pages = {289--308},
  issn = {0734-306X, 1537-5307},
  doi = {10.1086/298375},
  urldate = {2024-01-09},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BJDYFG3C/Loury and Garman - 1995 - College Selectivity and Earnings.pdf}
}

@article{loweHasIntergroupContact2024,
  title = {Has {{Intergroup Contact Delivered}}?},
  author = {Lowe, Matt},
  year = {2024},
  abstract = {Intergroup contact is arguably the prejudice-reduction intervention with the most empirical support. However, recent meta-analyses of experimental contact interventions find signs of publication and reporting biases. In an effort to avoid such bias, I carry out a metaanalysis of 34 pre-registered contact experiments, considering only treatment effects on pre-registered primary outcomes. I find limited positive effects of intergroup contact of around one-twentieth of a standard deviation. Contact is more effective at changing behavior and attitudes towards people met than toward the outgroup as a whole. I conclude with suggestions for how contact researchers might make progress on this problem of generalization.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IVANKRAL/Lowe - Has Intergroup Contact Delivered.pdf}
}

@article{lowesEvolutionCultureInstitutions2017,
  title = {The {{Evolution}} of {{Culture}} and {{Institutions}}: {{Evidence From}} the {{Kuba Kingdom}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Evolution}} of {{Culture}} and {{Institutions}}},
  author = {Lowes, Sara and Nunn, Nathan and Robinson, James A. and Weigel, Jonathan L.},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {85},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1065--1091},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ECTA14139},
  urldate = {2024-01-29},
  abstract = {We use variation in historical state centralization to examine the long-term impact of institutions on cultural norms. The Kuba Kingdom, established in Central Africa in the early 17th century by King Shyaam, had more developed state institutions than the other independent villages and chieftaincies in the region. It had an unwritten constitution, separation of political powers, a judicial system with courts and juries, a police force, a military, taxation, and significant public goods provision. Comparing individuals from the Kuba Kingdom to those from just outside the Kingdom, we find that centralized formal institutions are associated with weaker norms of rule following and a greater propensity to cheat for material gain. This finding is consistent with recent models where endogenous investments to inculcate values in children decline when there is an increase in the effectiveness of formal institutions that enforce socially desirable behavior. Consistent with such a mechanism, we find that Kuba parents believe it is less important to teach children values related to rule-following behaviors.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JRWIUTAV/Lowes et al. - 2017 - The Evolution of Culture and Institutions Evidenc.pdf}
}

@article{lowesLegacyColonialMedicine2021,
  title = {The {{Legacy}} of {{Colonial Medicine}} in {{Central Africa}}},
  author = {Lowes, Sara and Montero, Eduardo},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {111},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1284--1314},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20180284},
  urldate = {2022-02-04},
  abstract = {Between 1921 and 1956, French colonial governments organized medical campaigns to treat and prevent sleeping sickness. Villagers were forcibly examined and injected with medications with severe, sometimes fatal, side effects. We digitized 30 years of archival records to document the locations of campaign visits at a granular geographic level for five central African countries. We find that greater campaign exposure reduces vaccination rates and trust in medicine, as measured by willingness to consent to a blood test. We examine relevance for present-day health initiatives; World Bank projects in the health sector are less successful in areas with greater exposure. (JEL F54, I12, I15, I18, N37, N47, Z13)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MBVRX4WK/Lowes and Montero - 2021 - The Legacy of Colonial Medicine in Central Africa.pdf}
}

@article{loweTypesContactField2020,
  title = {Types of {{Contact}}: {{A Field Experiment}} on {{Collaborative}} and {{Adversarial Caste Integration}}},
  author = {Lowe, Matt},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {115},
  abstract = {I estimate the effects of collaborative and adversarial intergroup contact. I randomly assigned Indian men from different castes to participate in cricket leagues or to serve as a control group. League players faced variation in collaborative contact, through random assignment to homogeneous-caste or mixed-caste teams, and adversarial contact, through random assignment of opponents. Collaborative contact increases cross-caste friendships and efficiency in trade, and reduces own-caste favoritism. In contrast, adversarial contact generally reduces cross-caste interaction and efficiency. League participation reduces intergroup differences, suggesting that the positive aspects of intergroup contact more than offset the negative aspects in this setting.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2P9IFHFI/Lowe - A Field Experiment on Collaborative and Adversaria.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/62YJA6KZ/TypesOfContact_AER_OnlineAppendix.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AVK5AYQN/Lowe_TypesOfContact.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BGRIYSR6/Lowe (2021 AER) types of contact.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KR2F46LN/aer.20191780.pdf}
}

@article{lubyEffectHandwashingRecommended2011,
  title = {The {{Effect}} of {{Handwashing}} at {{Recommended Times}} with {{Water Alone}} and {{With Soap}} on {{Child Diarrhea}} in {{Rural Bangladesh}}: {{An Observational Study}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Effect}} of {{Handwashing}} at {{Recommended Times}} with {{Water Alone}} and {{With Soap}} on {{Child Diarrhea}} in {{Rural Bangladesh}}},
  author = {Luby, Stephen P. and Halder, Amal K. and Huda, Tarique and Unicomb, Leanne and Johnston, Richard B.},
  year = {2011},
  month = jun,
  journal = {PLOS Medicine},
  volume = {8},
  number = {6},
  pages = {e1001052},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  issn = {1549-1676},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1001052},
  urldate = {2025-03-25},
  abstract = {By observing handwashing behavior in 347 households from 50 villages across rural Bangladesh in 2007, Stephen Luby and colleagues found that hand washing with soap or hand rinsing without soap before food preparation can both reduce the burden of childhood diarrhea.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Defecation,Diarrhea,Food,Food poisoning,Hand washing,Hygiene,Sanitation,Soaps}
}

@article{lucasReexaminingAdaptationSet2003,
  title = {Reexamining Adaptation and the Set Point Model of Happiness: {{Reactions}} to Changes in Marital Status.},
  shorttitle = {Reexamining Adaptation and the Set Point Model of Happiness},
  author = {Lucas, Richard E. and Clark, Andrew E. and Georgellis, Yannis and Diener, Ed},
  year = {2003},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {84},
  number = {3},
  pages = {527--539},
  issn = {1939-1315, 0022-3514},
  doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.527},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HC869LNP/Lucas et al. - 2003 - Reexamining adaptation and the set point model of .pdf}
}

@article{luciniImpactChronicPsychosocial2005,
  title = {Impact of Chronic Psychosocial Stress on Autonomic Cardiovascular Regulation in Otherwise Healthy Subjects},
  author = {Lucini, Daniela and Di Fede, Gaetana and Parati, Gianfranco and Pagani, Massimo},
  year = {2005},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Hypertension (Dallas, Tex.: 1979)},
  volume = {46},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1201--1206},
  issn = {1524-4563},
  doi = {10.1161/01.HYP.0000185147.32385.4b},
  abstract = {Elevated psychosocial stress might favor the occurrence of cardiovascular disease; however, mechanisms are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that patients (n=126; 44+/-1 years of age) referred to an internal medicine clinic because of symptoms related to chronic psychosocial stress would demonstrate signs of autonomic dysregulation compared with controls (n=132; 42+/-1 years of age). We used autoregressive spectral analysis of RR interval variability to obtain indirect markers of sympathetic and of vagal (respectively, low-frequency and high-frequency components, both expressed in normalized units) oscillatory modulation of sinoatrial node, as well as of sympathetic vasomotor regulation (low-frequency component of systolic arterial pressure variability) and of cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (alpha-index). Higher values of systolic and diastolic arterial pressure (respectively, 124+/-1 versus 117+/-1 mm Hg and 80+/-1 versus 75+/-1 mm Hg; both P{$<$}0.001), altered markers of autonomic regulation (increased normalized low-frequency and reduced high-frequency component of RR variability, P{$<$}0.005; increased-low frequency component of systolic arterial pressure variability, P{$<$}0.002), and reduced baroreflex sensitivity (19.3+/-1.4 versus 23.0+/-2.0 ms/mm Hg; P{$<$}0.05) were observed in patients compared with controls. Autonomic responses to active standing were also blunted in stressed patients. Autonomic markers were significantly correlated to stress perception score and were capable of discriminating between controls and patients with a high degree of accuracy. Chronic real-life stress in humans appears associated to increased arterial pressure and to impaired autonomic regulation of cardiovascular functions. The combination of sympathetic predominance, vagal withdrawal, and blunted baroreflex sensitivity might represent a treatable mechanistic link between psychosocial factors and future incidence of hypertension.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {16203875},
  keywords = {Adult,Autonomic Nervous System,Baroreflex,Blood Pressure,Cardiovascular System,Case-Control Studies,Chronic Disease,Female,Heart Rate,Humans,Male,Posture,Psychology,Sinoatrial Node,Stress Psychological,Surveys and Questionnaires,Sympathetic Nervous System,Vagus Nerve,Vasomotor System},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H9VEXKSW/Lucini et al. - 2005 - Impact of chronic psychosocial stress on autonomic.pdf}
}

@article{Ludema2013,
  title = {Evaluating {{Public Programs}} with {{Close Substitutes}}: {{The Case}} of {{Head Start}}},
  author = {Kline, Patrick and Walters, Christopher R.},
  year = {2016},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {131},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1795--1848},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjw027},
  isbn = {4933197725},
  keywords = {1,2,atlanta,cdc,disease prevention and health,e-cigarettes,ga,georgia,global adult tobacco survey,global tobacco control branch,greece,health,indonesia,malaysia,national center for chronic,nccdphp,office of smoking and,office on smoking and,promotion,qatar,tobacco control,usa}
}

@article{Ludwig2011,
  title = {Mechanism {{Experiments}} and {{Policy Evaluations}}},
  author = {Ludwig, Jens and Kling, Jeffrey R and Mullainathan, Sendhil},
  year = {2011},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume = {25},
  number = {3},
  pages = {17--38},
  issn = {0895-3309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.25.3.17},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IWC23LH4/Ludwig et al. - 2011 - Mechanism Experiments and Policy Evaluations.pdf}
}

@article{ludwigDoesHeadStart2007,
  title = {Does {{Head Start Improve Children}}'s {{Life Chances}}? {{Evidence}} from a {{Regression Discontinuity Design}}},
  shorttitle = {Does {{Head Start Improve Children}}'s {{Life Chances}}?},
  author = {Ludwig, J. and Miller, D. L.},
  year = {2007},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {122},
  number = {1},
  pages = {159--208},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1162/qjec.122.1.159},
  urldate = {2021-01-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2L6L3L3N/Ludwig and Miller - 2007 - Does Head Start Improve Children's Life Chances E.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2LZLSX5Q/QJE_Headstart_2007_0.pdf}
}

@article{ludwigMachineLearningTool2024a,
  title = {Machine {{Learning}} as a {{Tool}} for {{Hypothesis Generation}}},
  author = {Ludwig, Jens and Mullainathan, Sendhil},
  year = {2024},
  month = mar,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {139},
  number = {2},
  pages = {751--827},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjad055},
  urldate = {2024-08-08},
  abstract = {Abstract             While hypothesis testing is a highly formalized activity, hypothesis generation remains largely informal. We propose a systematic procedure to generate novel hypotheses about human behavior, which uses the capacity of machine learning algorithms to notice patterns people might not. We illustrate the procedure with a concrete application: judge decisions about whom to jail. We begin with a striking fact: the defendant's face alone matters greatly for the judge's jailing decision. In fact, an algorithm given only the pixels in the defendant's mug shot accounts for up to half of the predictable variation. We develop a procedure that allows human subjects to interact with this black-box algorithm to produce hypotheses about what in the face influences judge decisions. The procedure generates hypotheses that are both interpretable and novel: they are not explained by demographics (e.g., race) or existing psychology research, nor are they already known (even if tacitly) to people or experts. Though these results are specific, our procedure is general. It provides a way to produce novel, interpretable hypotheses from any high-dimensional data set (e.g., cell phones, satellites, online behavior, news headlines, corporate filings, and high-frequency time series). A central tenet of our article is that hypothesis generation is a valuable activity, and we hope this encourages future work in this largely ``prescientific'' stage of science.},
  copyright = {https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open\_access/funder\_policies/chorus/standard\_publication\_model},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LCUWAQJR/Ludwig and Mullainathan - 2024 - Machine Learning as a Tool for Hypothesis Generati.pdf}
}

@techreport{lukeEconomicDevelopmentNutrition2021,
  title = {Economic {{Development}}, the {{Nutrition Trap}} and {{Metabolic Disease}}},
  author = {Luke, Nancy and Munshi, Kaivan and Oommen, Anu and Singh, Swapnil},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  number = {w29132},
  pages = {w29132},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w29132},
  urldate = {2023-12-10},
  abstract = {This research provides a single explanation for two seemingly unrelated facts that have recently been documented in developing countries: (i) the weak association between nutritional status, which we measure by BMI or weight conditional on height, and income, and (ii) the elevated risk of metabolic disease --diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease -- among normal weight individuals. Our model is based on a set point for BMI that is adapted to local food supply in the pre-modern economy, but which subsequently fails to adjust to rapid economic change. During the process of development, some individuals thus remain at their low-BMI set point, despite the increase in their income (food consumption), while others who have escaped the nutrition trap (but are not necessarily overweight) are at increased risk of metabolic disease. The model and the underlying biological mechanism, which are validated with micro-data from India, Indonesia and Ghana can jointly explain inter-regional (Asia-Africa) differences in nutritional status and the prevalence of diabetes.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A39HSTCB/Luke et al. - 2021 - Economic Development, the Nutrition Trap and Metab.pdf}
}

@article{Lund2010,
  title = {Poverty and Common Mental Disorders in Low and Middle Income Countries: {{A}} Systematic Review},
  author = {Lund, Crick and Breen, Alison and Flisher, Alan J. and Kakuma, Ritsuko and Corrigall, Joanne and Joska, John A. and Swartz, Leslie and Patel, Vikram},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Social Science and Medicine},
  volume = {71},
  number = {3},
  pages = {517--528},
  publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
  issn = {02779536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.027},
  abstract = {In spite of high levels of poverty in low and middle income countries (LMIC), and the high burden posed by common mental disorders (CMD), it is only in the last two decades that research has emerged that empirically addresses the relationship between poverty and CMD in these countries. We conducted a systematic review of the epidemiological literature in LMIC, with the aim of examining this relationship. Of 115 studies that were reviewed, most reported positive associations between a range of poverty indicators and CMD. In community-based studies, 73\% and 79\% of studies reported positive associations between a variety of poverty measures and CMD, 19\% and 15\% reported null associations and 8\% and 6\% reported negative associations, using bivariate and multivariate analyses respectively. However, closer examination of specific poverty dimensions revealed a complex picture, in which there was substantial variation between these dimensions. While variables such as education, food insecurity, housing, social class, socio-economic status and financial stress exhibit a relatively consistent and strong association with CMD, others such as income, employment and particularly consumption are more equivocal. There are several measurement and population factors that may explain variation in the strength of the relationship between poverty and CMD. By presenting a systematic review of the literature, this paper attempts to shift the debate from questions about whether poverty is associated with CMD in LMIC, to questions about which particular dimensions of poverty carry the strongest (or weakest) association. The relatively consistent association between CMD and a variety of poverty dimensions in LMIC serves to strengthen the case for the inclusion of mental health on the agenda of development agencies and in international targets such as the millenium development goals. {\copyright} 2010 Elsevier Ltd.},
  pmid = {20621748},
  keywords = {Anxiety,Depression,Developing countries,Development,Mental health,Poverty,Systematic review},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/B6KS6EZD/Lund et al. - 2010 - Poverty and common mental disorders in low and mid.pdf}
}

@article{Lund2011,
  title = {Poverty and Mental Disorders: {{Breaking}} the Cycle in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries},
  author = {Lund, Crick and De Silva, Mary and Plagerson, Sophie and Cooper, Sara and Chisholm, Dan and Das, Jishnu and Knapp, Martin and Patel, Vikram},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {The Lancet},
  volume = {378},
  number = {9801},
  pages = {1502--1514},
  publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
  issn = {01406736},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60754-X},
  abstract = {Growing international evidence shows that mental ill health and poverty interact in a negative cycle in low-income and middle-income countries. However, little is known about the interventions that are needed to break this cycle. We undertook two systematic reviews to assess the effect of financial poverty alleviation interventions on mental, neurological, and substance misuse disorders and the effect of mental health interventions on individual and family or carer economic status in countries with low and middle incomes. We found that the mental health effect of poverty alleviation interventions was inconclusive, although some conditional cash transfer and asset promotion programmes had mental health benefits. By contrast, mental health interventions were associated with improved economic outcomes in all studies, although the difference was not statistically significant in every study. We recommend several areas for future research, including undertaking of high-quality intervention studies in low-income and middle-income countries, assessment of the macroeconomic consequences of scaling up of mental health care, and assessment of the effect of redistribution and market failures in mental health. This study supports the call to scale up mental health care, not only as a public health and human rights priority, but also as a development priority. {\copyright} 2011 Elsevier Ltd.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/25VHE97T/Lund et al. - 2011 - Poverty and mental disorders breaking the cycle i.pdf}
}

@article{Lund2019,
  title = {Economic Impacts of Mental Health Interventions in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis},
  author = {Lund, Crick and Orkin, Kate and Witte, Marc and Davies, Thandi and Haushofer, Johannes and Bass, Judy and Bolton, Paul and Murray, Sarah and Murray, Laura and Tol, Wietse and Thornicroft, Graham and Patel, Vikram},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Working Paper},
  eprint = {1011.1669v3},
  issn = {1098-6596},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  isbn = {9788578110796},
  pmid = {25246403},
  keywords = {icle}
}

@article{lundeenGrowthFalteringRecovery2014,
  title = {Growth Faltering and Recovery in Children Aged 1--8 Years in Four Low- and Middle-Income Countries: {{Young Lives}}},
  shorttitle = {Growth Faltering and Recovery in Children Aged 1--8 Years in Four Low- and Middle-Income Countries},
  author = {Lundeen, Elizabeth A and Behrman, Jere R and Crookston, Benjamin T and Dearden, Kirk A and Engle, Patrice and Georgiadis, Andreas and Penny, Mary E and Stein, Aryeh D},
  year = {2014},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Public Health Nutrition},
  volume = {17},
  number = {9},
  pages = {2131--2137},
  issn = {1368-9800, 1475-2727},
  doi = {10.1017/S1368980013003017},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Objective: We characterized post-infancy child growth patterns and determined the incidence of becoming stunted and of recovery from stunting. Design: Data came from Young Lives, a longitudinal study of childhood poverty in four low- and middle-income countries. Setting: We analysed length/height measurements for children at ages 1, 5 and 8 years. Subjects: Children (n 7171) in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam. Results: Mean height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) at age 1 year ranged from 21?51 (Ethiopia) to 21?08 (Vietnam). From age 1 to 5 years, mean HAZ increased by 0?27 in Ethiopia (P , 0?001) and decreased among the other cohorts (range: 20?19 (Peru) to 20?32 (India); all P , 0?001). From 5 to 8 years, mean HAZ increased in all cohorts (range: 0?19 (India) to 0?38 (Peru); all P , 0?001). Prevalence of stunting (HAZ,22?0) at 1 year ranged from 21 \% (Vietnam) to 46 \% (Ethiopia). From age 1 to 5 years, stunting prevalence decreased by 15?1 percentage points in Ethiopia (P , 0?001) and increased in the other cohorts (range: 3?0 percentage points (Vietnam) to 5?3 percentage points (India); all P \# 0?001). From 5 to 8 years, stunting prevalence decreased in all cohorts (range: 5?0 percentage points (Vietnam) to 12?7 percentage points (Peru); all P , 0?001). The incidence of becoming stunted between ages 1 to 5 years ranged from 11 \% (Vietnam) to 22 \% (India); between ages 5 to 8 years, it ranged from 3 \% (Peru) to 6 \% (India and Ethiopia). The incidence of recovery from stunting between ages 1 and 5 years ranged from 27 \% (Vietnam) to 53 \% (Ethiopia); between ages 5 and 8 years, it ranged from 30 \% (India) to 47 \% (Ethiopia). Conclusions: We found substantial recovery from early stunting among children in four low- and middle-income countries.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child growth,Growth faltering,Growth recovery,Height-for-age Z-score,Stunting},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6BPE6LEB/Lundeen et al. - 2014 - Growth faltering and recovery in children aged 1–8.pdf}
}

@techreport{lundEffectsMentalHealth2024,
  title = {The {{Effects}} of {{Mental Health Interventions}} on {{Labor Market Outcomes}} in {{Low-}} and {{Middle-Income Countries}}},
  author = {Lund, Crick and Orkin, Kate and Witte, Marc and Walker, John and Davies, Thandi and Haushofer, Johannes and Murray, Sarah and Bass, Judy and Murray, Laura and Tol, Wietse and Patel, Vikram},
  year = {2024},
  month = may,
  number = {w32423},
  pages = {w32423},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w32423},
  urldate = {2024-10-24},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9679KS3C/Lund et al. - 2019 - Economic impacts of mental health interventions in.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9VN2XQ4D/Lund et al. - 2024 - The Effects of Mental Health Interventions on Labo.pdf}
}

@article{Luo2019,
  title = {Can {{Bureaucrats Really Be Paid Like Ceos}}? {{Substitution Between Incentives}} and {{Resources Among School Administrators}} in {{China}}},
  author = {Luo, Renfu and Miller, Grant and Rozelle, Scott and Sylvia, Sean and {Vera-Hern{\'a}ndez}, Marcos},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  volume = {00},
  number = {0},
  pages = {1--37},
  issn = {1542-4766},
  doi = {10.1093/jeea/jvy047},
  abstract = {Unlike performance incentives for private sector managers, little is known about performance incentives for managers in public sector bureaucracies. Through a randomized trial in rural China, we study performance incentives rewarding school administrators for reducing student anemia-as well as complementarity between incentives and orthogonally assigned discretionary resources. Large (but not small) incentives and unrestricted grants both reduced anemia, but incentives were more cost-effective. Although unrestricted grants and small incentives do not interact, grants fully crowd-out the effect of larger incentives. Our findings suggest that performance incentives can be effective in bureaucratic environments, but they are not complementary to discretionary resources.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BZYYFVS7/Luo et al. - 2020 - Can Bureaucrats Really Be Paid Like Ceos Substitu.pdf}
}

@article{Lybbert2018,
  title = {Poverty, Aspirations, and the Economics of Hope},
  author = {Lybbert, Travis J. and Wydick, Bruce},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Economic Development and Cultural Change},
  volume = {66},
  number = {4},
  pages = {709--753},
  issn = {00130079},
  doi = {10.1086/696968},
  abstract = {We propose a framework for understanding the role of hope and aspirations in economic development. We review literature related to hope from philosophy, theology, and psychology, as well its relationship to emerging work on aspirations in development economics. We then build an economic model of hope based on recent psychology literature that understands hope as a function of aspirations, agency, and pathways. This model of hope illustrates the vital role hope can play in the realization of causal effects from development interventions and how these effects emerge from the impact and interaction of three constituent elements of hope. By clarifying definitions and relationships among these concepts and by leveraging relevant work from other disciplines, we aim to create a framework within which economists can engage in rigorous empirical and experimental work that seeks to better understand the role of hope and aspirations in economic development.},
  keywords = {aspirations,d03,davis,department of agricultural and,development,edu,email,hope,jel codes,lybbert,o12,poverty,professor,resource economics,self-efficacy,tlybbert,ucdavis,university of california at,z12,z13},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VP9ES4UD/Lybbert and Wydick - 2018 - Poverty, Aspirations, and the Economics of Hope.pdf}
}

@article{lyonValueSimilarityNorm2023,
  title = {Value {{Similarity}} and {{Norm Change}}: {{Null Effects}} and {{Backlash}} to {{Messaging}} on {{Same-Sex Rights}} in {{Uganda}}},
  shorttitle = {Value {{Similarity}} and {{Norm Change}}},
  author = {Lyon, Nicholas},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
  volume = {56},
  number = {5},
  pages = {694--725},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc},
  issn = {0010-4140},
  doi = {10.1177/00104140221115173},
  urldate = {2023-08-19},
  abstract = {Many socially conservative settings oppose pro-LGBT+ advocacy because of its perceived threat to ``traditional values.'' Can messaging on these issues from sources considered to have similar values be more effective than messaging from sources considered to have different values? This research uses the move towards legal protection of certain LGBT+ rights in Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, and South Africa to understand whether signals of changing social norms from African sources are better able to shift perspectives of those elsewhere on the continent than primes from Western sources. Using a survey experiment conducted in Uganda, I show that neither one-off messaging from African sources nor one-off messaging from Western sources shifts beliefs or behavior on LGBT+ issues. Rather, these messages produce backlash to both African and Western sources. This work highlights the challenges of attempting to rapidly change perspectives on LGBT+ issues in the most socially conservative settings.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PMDQIU6U/Lyon - 2023 - Value Similarity and Norm Change Null Effects and.pdf}
}

@article{lyonValueSimilarityNorm2023a,
  title = {Value {{Similarity}} and {{Norm Change}}: {{Null Effects}} and {{Backlash}} to {{Messaging}} on {{Same-Sex Rights}} in {{Uganda}}},
  shorttitle = {Value {{Similarity}} and {{Norm Change}}},
  author = {Lyon, Nicholas},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Comparative Political Studies},
  volume = {56},
  number = {5},
  pages = {694--725},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc},
  issn = {0010-4140},
  doi = {10.1177/00104140221115173},
  urldate = {2023-08-19},
  abstract = {Many socially conservative settings oppose pro-LGBT+ advocacy because of its perceived threat to ``traditional values.'' Can messaging on these issues from sources considered to have similar values be more effective than messaging from sources considered to have different values? This research uses the move towards legal protection of certain LGBT+ rights in Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, and South Africa to understand whether signals of changing social norms from African sources are better able to shift perspectives of those elsewhere on the continent than primes from Western sources. Using a survey experiment conducted in Uganda, I show that neither one-off messaging from African sources nor one-off messaging from Western sources shifts beliefs or behavior on LGBT+ issues. Rather, these messages produce backlash to both African and Western sources. This work highlights the challenges of attempting to rapidly change perspectives on LGBT+ issues in the most socially conservative settings.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{m.destekRelationshipFinancialDevelopment2020,
  title = {The Relationship between Financial Development and Income Inequality in {{Turkey}}},
  author = {{M. Destek} and {Avik Sinha} and {Samuel Asumadu Sarkodie}},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Structures},
  volume = {9},
  doi = {10.1186/s40008-020-0187-6}
}

@article{m.klawitterEffectsStateLocal1998,
  title = {The Effects of State and Local Antidiscrimination Policies on Earnings for Gays and Lesbians},
  author = {{M. Klawitter} and {Victor Byers Flatt}},
  year = {1998},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Policy Analysis and Management},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {658--686},
  doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1520-6688(199823)17:4<658::AID-PAM4>3.0.CO;2-P}
}

@article{macchiavelloValueRelationshipsEvidence2015,
  title = {The {{Value}} of {{Relationships}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Supply Shock}} to {{Kenyan Rose Exports}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Value}} of {{Relationships}}},
  author = {Macchiavello, Rocco and Morjaria, Ameet},
  year = {2015},
  month = sep,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {105},
  number = {9},
  pages = {2911--2945},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20120141},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9XESDVUG/Macchiavello and Morjaria - 2015 - The Value of Relationships Evidence from a Supply.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CK4AF3IK/Macchiavello and Morjaria - 2015 - The Value of Relationships Evidence from a Supply.pdf}
}

@article{macciniWeatherHealthSchooling2009,
  title = {Under the {{Weather}}: {{Health}}, {{Schooling}}, and {{Economic Consequences}} of {{Early-Life Rainfall}}},
  shorttitle = {Under the {{Weather}}},
  author = {Maccini, Sharon and Yang, Dean},
  year = {2009},
  month = may,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {99},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1006--1026},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.99.3.1006},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {,climate,education,health,human capital,schooling},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A4PVH2KI/20060760_app.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UPD738IG/Maccini and Yang - 2009 - Under the Weather Health, Schooling, and Economic.pdf}
}

@book{macedoDeliberativePoliticsEssays1999,
  title = {Deliberative Politics: Essays on Democracy and Disagreement},
  shorttitle = {Deliberative Politics},
  editor = {Macedo, Stephen},
  year = {1999},
  series = {Practical and Professional Ethics Series},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  address = {New York},
  isbn = {978-0-19-513191-8 978-0-19-513199-4},
  langid = {english},
  lccn = {JC423 .D3895 1999},
  keywords = {Compromise (Ethics),Democracy,Forums (Discussion and debate),Political ethics,Representative government and representation},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FNGGBSKF/Macedo - 1999 - Deliberative politics essays on democracy and dis.pdf}
}

@article{mackieSocialIdentificationEffects1986,
  title = {Social Identification Effects in Group Polarization},
  author = {Mackie, Diane M.},
  year = {1986},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {50},
  number = {4},
  pages = {720--728},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address = {US},
  issn = {1939-1315},
  doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.50.4.720},
  abstract = {Tested a model of group polarization derived from social identity theory, proposing that if group members conform to group norms, attitude polarization could occur only if group members perceive those norms as more extreme than they "objectively" are. In Exp I, 60 undergraduates perceived attitude-relevant information attributed to speakers who were categorized as a group as representing a more extreme position of the issue than when the same information was attributed to noncategorized individuals. Attitude polarization occurred when Ss believed the information came from their in-group. As predicted, this polarization resulted from Ss' adoption of the "extremitized" in-group norm. In Exp II, categorization was manipulated by focusing 42 Ss on their group performance or on their individual performance. When Ss were focused on their group membership, group norms were perceived as more extreme, and attitude polarization due to conformity to these extremitized norms occurred. When Ss were focused on their individual performance, no extremitization occurred, and attitudes shifted to a more neutral position on the issue. (34 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Collective Behavior,Group Dynamics,Social Perception},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MRS2K6GE/Mackie - 1986 - Social identification effects in group polarizatio.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CJ6HE5GW/1986-21915-001.html}
}

@article{macours2024menstrual,
  title = {Menstrual Stigma, Hygiene, and Human Capital: {{Experimental}} Evidence from Madagascar},
  author = {Macours, Karen and Rueda, Julieta Vera and Webb, Duncan},
  year = {2024},
  month = mar
}

@article{macoursCashTransfersBehavioral2012,
  title = {Cash {{Transfers}}, {{Behavioral Changes}}, and {{Cognitive Development}} in {{Early Childhood}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Experiment}}},
  author = {Macours, Karen and Schady, Norbert and Vakis, Renos},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {applied economics},
  volume = {4},
  number = {2},
  pages = {27},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LH4L26IU/Macours et al. - 2012 - Cash Transfers, Behavioral Changes, and Cognitive .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y4SHX8U3/Macours et al. - 2012 - Cash Transfers, Behavioral Changes, and Cognitive .pdf}
}

@article{macoursTransfersDiversificationHousehold2019,
  ids = {macoursTransfersDiversificationHousehold},
  title = {Transfers, {{Diversification}} and {{Household Risk Strategies}}: {{Can}} Productive Safety Nets Help Households Manage Climatic Variability?},
  author = {Macours, Karen and Premand, Patrick and Vakis, Renos},
  year = {2019},
  pages = {60},
  abstract = {Despite increasing climatic variability and frequent weather shocks in many developing countries, there is little evidence on effective policies that help poor agricultural households manage risk. This paper presents experimental evidence on a program in rural Nicaragua aimed at improving households' risk-management through income diversification. The intervention targeted agricultural households exposed to weather shocks and combined a one-year conditional cash transfer with vocational training or a productive investment grant. We identify the relative impact of each complementary package based on randomized assignment, and analyze how impacts vary by exposure to exogenous drought shocks. The results show that both complementary interventions provide protection against weather shocks two years after the program ended. Households that received the productive investment grant also had higher average consumption levels. The complementary interventions facilitated income smoothing through diversification of economic activities, as such offering better protection from shocks compared to beneficiaries of the basic conditional cash transfer and control households. Relaxing capital constraints induced investments in non-agricultural businesses, while relaxing skills constraints increased wage work and migration in response to shocks. These results show that combining safety nets with productive interventions relaxing skill or capital constraints can help households manage climatic variability.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{macoursTransfersDiversificationHousehold2022,
  title = {Transfers, {{Diversification}} and {{Household Risk Strategies}}: {{Can Productive Safety Nets Help Households Manage Climatic Variability}}?},
  shorttitle = {Transfers, {{Diversification}} and {{Household Risk Strategies}}},
  author = {Macours, Karen and Premand, Patrick and Vakis, Renos},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {132},
  number = {647},
  pages = {2438--2470},
  issn = {0013-0133, 1468-0297},
  doi = {10.1093/ej/ueac018},
  urldate = {2022-12-06},
  abstract = {Abstract             We present experimental evidence on a programme aimed at improving households' risk management through income diversification. The intervention targeted rural Nicaraguan households exposed to weather variability and combined a one-year conditional cash transfer with vocational training or a productive investment grant. Both complementary interventions provided protection against weather shocks two years after the programme ended. Households that received the productive investment grant also had higher average consumption levels. The complementary interventions facilitated income smoothing and diversification of economic activities. Relaxing capital constraints induced investments in non-agricultural businesses, while relaxing skills constraints increased wage work and migration in response to shocks.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EIX9GXML/Macours et al. - Transfers, Diversification and Household Risk Stra.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G8732JHW/Macours et al. - Transfers, Diversification and Household Risk Stra.pdf}
}

@article{madestamPoliticalProtestsMatter2013,
  title = {Do {{Political Protests Matter}}? {{Evidence}} from the {{Tea Party Movement}}*},
  shorttitle = {Do {{Political Protests Matter}}?},
  author = {Madestam, Andreas and Shoag, Daniel and Veuger, Stan and {Yanagizawa-Drott}, David},
  year = {2013},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {128},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1633--1685},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjt021},
  urldate = {2022-10-22},
  abstract = {Can protests cause political change, or are they merely symptoms of underlying shifts in policy preferences? We address this question by studying the Tea Party movement in the United States, which rose to prominence through coordinated rallies across the country on Tax Day, April 15, 2009. We exploit variation in rainfall on the day of these rallies as an exogenous source of variation in attendance. We show that good weather at this initial, coordinating event had significant consequences for the subsequent local strength of the movement, increased public support for Tea Party positions, and led to more Republican votes in the 2010 midterm elections. Policy making was also affected, as incumbents responded to large protests in their district by voting more conservatively in Congress. Our estimates suggest significant multiplier effects: an additional protester increased the number of Republican votes by a factor well above 1. Together our results show that protests can build political movements that ultimately affect policy making and that they do so by influencing political views rather than solely through the revelation of existing political preferences.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4K7BMEN8/qje%2Fqjt021.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7YUWSUYI/1849540.html}
}

@article{magis-weinbergContextDevelopmentDigital2021,
  title = {Context, {{Development}}, and {{Digital Media}}: {{Implications}} for {{Very Young Adolescents}} in {{LMICs}}},
  shorttitle = {Context, {{Development}}, and {{Digital Media}}},
  author = {{Magis-Weinberg}, Luc{\'i}a and Ballonoff Suleiman, Ahna and Dahl, Ronald E.},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  volume = {12},
  pages = {632713},
  issn = {1664-1078},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2021.632713},
  abstract = {The rapidly expanding universe of information, media, and learning experiences available through digital technology is creating unique opportunities and vulnerabilities for children and adolescents. These issues are particularly salient during the developmental window at the transition from childhood into adolescence. This period of early adolescence is a time of formative social and emotional learning experiences that can shape identity development in both healthy and unhealthy ways. Increasingly, many of these foundational learning experiences are occurring in on-line digital environments. These expanding vulnerabilities and opportunities are being further amplified for young adolescents growing up in low resourced settings around the world. Cultural and contextual factors influence access, use, and appropriation of digital technology. Further, neurobehavioral changes associated with the onset of puberty often coincide with entry into social media and more autonomous use of technology. In low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs), disparities in access, use, and appropriation of digital media can amplify prevailing economic gaps, and compound gender inequalities during early adolescence. In LMICs, adolescents are often the early adopters of mobile technology and social media platforms. While the impact of social media on the well-being, particularly mental health, of young adolescents has been a focus of research in high-income countries (HICs), much less is known about the impacts of social media use on young adolescents in LMICs. In this paper, we review what is known about the interaction between digital media and early adolescent development. We highlight crucial gaps in the evidence in LMICs; and describe some hypotheses and areas for future research to address these compelling issues.},
  langid = {english},
  pmcid = {PMC8097039},
  pmid = {33967899},
  keywords = {digital media,Global South,LMICs,social media,very young adolescents},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/35Y4T8SF/Magis-Weinberg et al. - 2021 - Context, Development, and Digital Media Implicati.pdf}
}

@article{Magruder2018,
  title = {An {{Assessment}} of {{Experimental Evidence}} on {{Agricultural Technology Adoption}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
  author = {Magruder, Jeremy},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Annual Review of Resource Economics},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {299--316},
  issn = {1941-1340},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-resource-100517-023202},
  abstract = {This article reviews recent results on technology adoption in developing countries, primarily from field experiments. It focuses on studies that highlight three constraints to adoption: credit, insurance, and information. Interventions supplying credit are consistently effective in spurring technology adoption for a minority of farmers, while interventions supplying insurance have had more mixed results. This review suggests that one mitigating factor on demand for both of these products is incomplete information, which adds additional uninsurable risk to the technology adoption decision. A broad group of studies identify the presence of strong informational frictions. The review concludes with some potential directions for future research.},
  keywords = {economic development,field experiments,technology adoption},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZUWAYMMY/Magruder - 2018 - An Assessment of Experimental Evidence on Agricult.pdf}
}

@article{mahajanUsingTelemedicineCOVID192020,
  title = {Using {{Telemedicine During}} the {{COVID-19 Pandemic}}},
  author = {Mahajan, Vidushi and Singh, Tanvi and Azad, Chandrika},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Indian Pediatrics},
  volume = {57},
  number = {7},
  pages = {658--661},
  issn = {0974-7559},
  doi = {10.1007/s13312-020-1895-6},
  urldate = {2024-09-23},
  abstract = {Telemedicine is the delivery of health care services using information or communication technology. In the current pandemic scenario, telemedicine can supplement health-care delivery in the absence of in-person visit. The Government of India has recently launched the e-sanjeevani OPD, a National teleconsultation service, which has been adopted by many state governments as mandatory for health-care providers. With Indian Medical Association issuing an advisory against the use of telemedicine except in few situations, a lot of confusion exists in the mind of a pediatrician. Despite the uncertain situation, we have to remember that other diseases shall not stall in the face of a pandemic. Since telemedicine is an evolving subject, training of medical professionals, clear guidelines and good quality internet service systems will go a long way in increasing the acceptability of telemedicine in the Indian population. We herein discuss issues related to using telemedicine during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Guidelines,SARS-CoV-2,Telecommunication,Teleconsultation},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4Z58ZNXP/Mahajan et al. - 2020 - Using Telemedicine During the COVID-19 Pandemic.pdf}
}

@article{majorSocialPsychologyStigma2005,
  title = {The {{Social Psychology}} of {{Stigma}}},
  author = {Major, Brenda and O'Brien, Laurie T.},
  year = {2005},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
  volume = {56},
  number = {1},
  pages = {393--421},
  issn = {0066-4308, 1545-2085},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137},
  urldate = {2021-12-17},
  abstract = {This chapter addresses the psychological effects of social stigma. Stigma directly affects the stigmatized via mechanisms of discrimination, expectancy confirmation, and automatic stereotype activation, and indirectly via threats to personal and social identity. We review and organize recent theory and empirical research within an identity threat model of stigma. This model posits that situational cues, collective representations of one's stigma status, and personal beliefs and motives shape appraisals of the significance of stigma-relevant situations for well-being. Identity threat results when stigma-relevant stressors are appraised as potentially harmful to one's social identity and as exceeding one's coping resources. Identity threat creates involuntary stress responses and motivates attempts at threat reduction through coping strategies. Stress responses and coping efforts affect important outcomes such as self-esteem, academic achievement, and health. Identity threat perspectives help to explain the tremendous variability across people, groups, and situations in responses to stigma.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H8V2AYSB/Major and O'Brien - 2005 - The Social Psychology of Stigma.pdf}
}

@article{Malamud2016,
  title = {Interactions between Family and School Environments: Evidence of Dynamic Complementarities?},
  author = {Malamud, Ofer and {Pop-Eleches}, Cristian and Urquiola, Miguel},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Nber},
  number = {22112},
  pages = {1--52},
  doi = {10.3386/w22112},
  abstract = {This paper explores whether conditions during early childhood affect the productivity of later human capital investments. We use Romanian administrative data to ask if the benefit of access to better schools is larger for children who experienced better family environments because their parents had access to abortion. We combine regression discontinuity and differences-in-differences designs to estimate impacts on a high-stakes school-leaving exam. Although we find that access to abortion and access to better schools each have positive impacts, we do not find evidence of significant interactions between these shocks. While these results suggest the absence of dynamic complementarities in human capital formation, survey data suggest that they may also reflect behavioral responses by students and parents.},
  keywords = {Children,Economics of Education}
}

@techreport{malamudInteractionsFamilySchool2016,
  title = {Interactions {{Between Family}} and {{School Environments}}: {{Evidence}} on {{Dynamic Complementarities}}?},
  shorttitle = {Interactions {{Between Family}} and {{School Environments}}},
  author = {Malamud, Ofer and {Pop-Eleches}, Cristian and Urquiola, Miguel},
  year = {2016},
  month = mar,
  number = {w22112},
  pages = {w22112},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w22112},
  urldate = {2020-03-12},
  abstract = {This paper explores whether conditions during early childhood affect the productivity of later human capital investments. We use Romanian administrative data to ask if the benefit of access to better schools is larger for children who experienced better family environments because their parents had access to abortion. We combine regression discontinuity and differences-indifferences designs to estimate impacts on a high-stakes school-leaving exam. Although we find that access to abortion and access to better schools each have positive impacts, we do not find evidence of significant interactions between these shocks. While these results suggest the absence of dynamic complementarities in human capital formation, survey data suggest that they may also reflect behavioral responses by students and parents.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HPXB2NCL/Malamud et al. - 2016 - Interactions Between Family and School Environment.pdf}
}

@misc{malaniEvaluatingPricingHealth2024,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {Evaluating and {{Pricing Health Insurance}} in {{Lower-income Countries}}: {{A Field Experiment}} in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Evaluating and {{Pricing Health Insurance}} in {{Lower-income Countries}}},
  author = {Malani, Anup and Kinnan, Cynthia and Conti, Gabriella and Imai, Kosuke and Miller, Morgen and Swaminathan, Shailender and Voena, Alessandra and Woda, Bartosz},
  year = {2024},
  month = mar,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {32239},
  eprint = {32239},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w32239},
  urldate = {2024-09-15},
  abstract = {Universal health coverage is a widely shared goal across lower-income countries. We conducted a large-scale, 4-year trial that randomized premiums and subsidies for India's first national, public hospital insurance program, called RSBY. We find substantial demand ({$\sim$} 60\% uptake) even when consumers were charged a price equal to the premium the government paid for insurance. We also find substantial adverse selection into insurance at positive prices. Insurance enrollment increases insurance utilization, partly due to spillovers from use of insurance by neighbors. However, healthcare utilization does not rise substantially, suggesting the primary benefit of insurance is financial. Many enrollees attempted to use insurance but failed, suggesting that learning is critical to the success of public insurance. We find very few statistically significant impacts of insurance access or enrollment on health. Because there is substantial willingness-to- pay for insurance, and given how distortionary it is to raise revenue in the Indian context, we calculate that our sample population should be charged a premium for RSBY between 67-95\% of average costs (INR 528-1052, \$30-60) rather than a zero premium to maximize the marginal value of public funds.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JEZGLZAH/Malani et al. - 2024 - Evaluating and Pricing Health Insurance in Lower-i.pdf}
}

@misc{malaniEvaluatingPricingHealth2024a,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {Evaluating and {{Pricing Health Insurance}} in {{Lower-income Countries}}: {{A Field Experiment}} in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Evaluating and {{Pricing Health Insurance}} in {{Lower-income Countries}}},
  author = {Malani, Anup and Kinnan, Cynthia and Conti, Gabriella and Imai, Kosuke and Miller, Morgen and Swaminathan, Shailender and Voena, Alessandra and Woda, Bartosz},
  year = {2024},
  month = mar,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {32239},
  eprint = {32239},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w32239},
  urldate = {2024-09-23},
  abstract = {Universal health coverage is a widely shared goal across lower-income countries. We conducted a large-scale, 4-year trial that randomized premiums and subsidies for India's first national, public hospital insurance program, called RSBY. We find substantial demand ({$\sim$} 60\% uptake) even when consumers were charged a price equal to the premium the government paid for insurance. We also find substantial adverse selection into insurance at positive prices. Insurance enrollment increases insurance utilization, partly due to spillovers from use of insurance by neighbors. However, healthcare utilization does not rise substantially, suggesting the primary benefit of insurance is financial. Many enrollees attempted to use insurance but failed, suggesting that learning is critical to the success of public insurance. We find very few statistically significant impacts of insurance access or enrollment on health. Because there is substantial willingness-to- pay for insurance, and given how distortionary it is to raise revenue in the Indian context, we calculate that our sample population should be charged a premium for RSBY between 67-95\% of average costs (INR 528-1052, \$30-60) rather than a zero premium to maximize the marginal value of public funds.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X9NDFQRC/Malani et al. - 2024 - Evaluating and Pricing Health Insurance in Lower-i.pdf}
}

@article{mallettSeeingTheirEyes2008,
  title = {Seeing {{Through Their Eyes}}: {{When Majority Group Members Take Collective Action}} on {{Behalf}} of an {{Outgroup}}},
  shorttitle = {Seeing {{Through Their Eyes}}},
  author = {Mallett, Robyn K. and Huntsinger, Jeffrey R. and Sinclair, Stacey and Swim, Janet K.},
  year = {2008},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Group Processes \& Intergroup Relations},
  volume = {11},
  number = {4},
  pages = {451--470},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
  issn = {1368-4302},
  doi = {10.1177/1368430208095400},
  urldate = {2023-09-11},
  abstract = {We examined majority group members' collective action on behalf of a minority group, focusing on the role of outgroup perspective taking and group-based guilt. As expected, outgroup perspective taking was positively associated with heterosexuals' collective action in response to hate crimes against non-heterosexuals and Whites' action in response to hate crimes against Blacks (Studies 1 and 2). This association was partially mediated by group-based guilt (Studies 2 and 3). We also examined the role of group-based anger; although it directly related to collective action, it did not mediate the association between perspective taking and collective action. Finally, we manipulated outgroup perspective taking to demonstrate its causal role in the subsequent outcomes (Study 3).},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L2NEUVZS/Mallett et al. - 2008 - Seeing Through Their Eyes When Majority Group Mem.pdf}
}

@article{malLetUsLive2015,
  title = {Let {{Us}} to {{Live}}: {{Social Exclusion}} of {{Hijra Community}}},
  shorttitle = {Let {{Us}} to {{Live}}},
  author = {Mal, Sibsankar},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {108},
  issn = {2249-7315},
  doi = {10.5958/2249-7315.2015.00084.2},
  urldate = {2023-05-18},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{malMolestationBengaliHijras,
  title = {Molestation of the {{Bengali Hijras}} of {{India}}: {{Case}} of Hiatus between Social Support and Mental Depression},
  shorttitle = {Molestation of the {{Bengali Hijras}} of {{India}}},
  author = {Mal},
  urldate = {2023-05-18},
  abstract = {Journal of Mental Health and Human Behaviour,India},
  howpublished = {https://www.jmhhb.org/article.asp?issn=0971-8990;year=2018;volume=23;issue=2;spage=99;epage=107;aulast=Mal},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CZZPJJ77/article.html}
}

@article{malMolestationBengaliHijras2018,
  title = {Molestation of the {{Bengali Hijras}} of {{India}}: {{Case}} of Hiatus between Social Support and Mental Depression},
  shorttitle = {Molestation of the {{Bengali Hijras}} of {{India}}},
  author = {Mal, Sibsankar},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Mental Health and Human Behaviour},
  volume = {23},
  number = {2},
  pages = {99},
  issn = {0971-8990},
  doi = {10.4103/jmhhb.jmhhb_18_19},
  urldate = {2023-05-18},
  abstract = {Background: The Hijra community has evolved to form a unique subculture within the Indian society. They are particularly vulnerable to adverse mental health outcomes, such as depression. They are socially excluded and deprived from social well-being. Objectives: This study examined mental health outcomes, androgyny-related molestation, perceived social support, and predictors of depression among Bengali Hijras of India. Methodology: An exploratory cum descriptive research design with a nonprobability purposive sampling was adopted including the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support to assess depression. Results: Overall, 80\% of Hijras reported at least one instance of molestation; around 69\% approved depressive omens. Social support emerged as the most significant predictor of depressive syndromes (P {$<$} 0.05), whereby Bengali Hijras experiencing higher levels of overall perceived social support tended to approve lower levels of depressive syndromes. Discussion: Contrary to expectations, molestation did not reach statistical significance as an independent risk factor of depression (P = 0.058), whereas some other Hijra-specific predictors were found to be statistically significantly associated with depressive symptoms (P {$<$} 0.05). The pervasiveness of molestation, depression, and suicidal attempts represents a major health concern and highlights the necessity to facilitate prosperity-sensitive, health-care dispensation. Conclusion: The study suggests that perceptions of social support among Bengali Hijras have very important implications upon one's likelihood of experiencing depressive symptoms. Therefore, this study may support the implementation of programs or actions to improve the mental health of Bengali Hijras.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{maluccioImpactImprovingNutrition2009,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Improving Nutrition During Early Childhood}} on {{Education}} among {{Guatemalan Adults}}},
  author = {Maluccio, John A. and Hoddinott, John and Behrman, Jere R. and Martorell, Reynaldo and Quisumbing, Agnes R. and Stein, Aryeh D.},
  year = {2009},
  month = apr,
  journal = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {119},
  number = {537},
  pages = {734--763},
  issn = {0013-0133},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1468-0297.2009.02220.x},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4R88KPL9/Maluccio et al. - 2009 - The Impact of Improving Nutrition During Early Chi.pdf}
}

@article{mamelund1918PandemicMorbidity2018,
  title = {1918 Pandemic Morbidity: {{The}} First Wave Hits the Poor, the Second Wave Hits the Rich},
  shorttitle = {1918 Pandemic Morbidity},
  author = {Mamelund, Svenn-Erik},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  journal = {Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  pages = {307--313},
  issn = {17502640},
  doi = {10.1111/irv.12541},
  urldate = {2020-08-07},
  abstract = {Background: Whether morbidity from the 1918-\-19 influenza pandemic discriminated by socioeconomic status has remained a subject of debate for 100 years. In lack of data to study this issue, the recent literature has hypothesized that morbidity was ``socially neutral.'' Objectives: To study the associations between influenza-\-like illness (ILI) and socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and wave during the 1918-\-19 influenza pandemic. Methods: Availability of incidence data on the 1918-\-19 pandemic is scarce, in particular for waves other than the ``fall wave'' October-\-December 1918. Here, an overlooked survey from Bergen, Norway (n = 10 633), is used to study differences in probabilities of ILI and ILI probability ratios by apartment size as a measure of SES and gender for 3 waves including the waves prior to and after the ``fall wave.'' Results: Socioeconomic status was negatively associated with ILI in the first wave, but positively associated in the second wave. At all SES levels, men had the highest ILI in the summer, while women had the highest ILI in the fall. There were no SES or gender differences in ILI in the winter of 1919. Conclusions: For the first time, it is documented a crossover in the role of socioeconomic status in 1918 pandemic morbidity. The poor came down with influenza first, while the rich with less exposure in the first wave had the highest morbidity in the second wave. The study suggests that the socioeconomically disadvantaged should be prioritized if vaccines are of limited availability in a future pandemic.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H8NDZVSI/Mamelund - 2018 - 1918 pandemic morbidity The first wave hits the p.pdf}
}

@article{mancosuShortBetterEvaluating2019,
  title = {`{{Short}} Is {{Better}}'. {{Evaluating}} the {{Attentiveness}} of {{Online Respondents Through Screener Questions}} in a {{Real Survey Environment}}},
  author = {Mancosu, Moreno and Ladini, Riccardo and Vezzoni, Cristiano},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de M{\'e}thodologie Sociologique},
  volume = {141},
  number = {1},
  pages = {30--45},
  issn = {0759-1063, 2070-2779},
  doi = {10.1177/0759106318812788},
  urldate = {2021-05-05},
  abstract = {In online surveys, the control of respondents is almost absent: for this reason, the use of screener questions or ``screeners'' has been suggested to evaluate respondent attention.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9N9RNB2A/Mancosu et al. - 2019 - ‘Short is Better’. Evaluating the Attentiveness of.pdf}
}

@article{manheimerPaleolithicNutritionMetabolic2015,
  title = {Paleolithic Nutrition for Metabolic Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Paleolithic Nutrition for Metabolic Syndrome},
  author = {Manheimer, Eric W and Van Zuuren, Esther J and Fedorowicz, Zbys and Pijl, Hanno},
  year = {2015},
  month = oct,
  journal = {The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition},
  volume = {102},
  number = {4},
  pages = {922--932},
  issn = {00029165},
  doi = {10.3945/ajcn.115.113613},
  urldate = {2023-08-08},
  abstract = {Background: Paleolithic nutrition, which has attracted substantial public attention lately because of its putative health benefits, differs radically from dietary patterns currently recommended in guidelines, particularly in terms of its recommendation to exclude grains, dairy, and nutritional products of industry. Objective: We evaluated whether a Paleolithic nutritional pattern improves risk factors for chronic disease more than do other dietary interventions. Design: We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the Paleolithic nutritional pattern with any other dietary pattern in participants with one or more of the 5 components of metabolic syndrome. Two reviewers independently extracted study data and assessed risk of bias. Outcome data were extracted from the first measurement time point (\#6 mo). A random-effects model was used to estimate the average intervention effect. The quality of the evidence was rated with the use of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Results: Four RCTs that involved 159 participants were included. The 4 control diets were based on distinct national nutrition guidelines but were broadly similar. Paleolithic nutrition resulted in greater short-term improvements than did the control diets (random-effects model) for waist circumference (mean difference: 22.38 cm; 95\% CI: 24.73, 20.04 cm), triglycerides (20.40 mmol/L; 95\% CI: 20.76, 20.04 mmol/L), systolic blood pressure (23.64 mm Hg; 95\% CI: 27.36, 0.08 mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure (22.48 mm Hg; 95\% CI: 24.98, 0.02 mm Hg), HDL cholesterol (0.12 mmol/L; 95\% CI: 20.03, 0.28 mmol/L), and fasting blood sugar (20.16 mmol/L; 95\% CI: 20.44, 0.11 mmol/L). The quality of the evidence for each of the 5 metabolic components was moderate. The home-delivery (n = 1) and dietary recommendation (n = 3) RCTs showed similar effects with the exception of greater improvements in triglycerides relative to the control with the home delivery. None of the RCTs evaluated an improvement in quality of life. Conclusions: The Paleolithic diet resulted in greater short-term improvements in metabolic syndrome components than did guidelinebased control diets. The available data warrant additional evaluations of the health benefits of Paleolithic nutrition. This systematic review was registered at PROSPERO (www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO) as CRD42014015119. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102:922--32.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5XWERXJW/1-s2.0-S000291652313718X-mmc1-sup1-tables1-s3.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WBL3N5V4/Manheimer et al. - 2015 - Paleolithic nutrition for metabolic syndrome syst.pdf}
}

@article{maniaciCaringCarelessnessParticipant2014,
  title = {Caring about Carelessness: {{Participant}} Inattention and Its Effects on Research},
  shorttitle = {Caring about Carelessness},
  author = {Maniaci, Michael R. and Rogge, Ronald D.},
  year = {2014},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {61--83},
  issn = {00926566},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jrp.2013.09.008},
  urldate = {2021-05-05},
  abstract = {The current studies examined the adverse effects of inattentive responding on compliance with study tasks, data quality, correlational analyses, experimental manipulations, and statistical power. Results suggested that 3--9\% of respondents engaged in highly inattentive responding, forming latent classes consistent with prior work that converged across existing indices (e.g., long-string index, multivariate outliers, even--odd consistency, psychometric synonyms and antonyms) and new measures of inattention (the Attentive Responding Scale and the Directed Questions Scale). Inattentive respondents provided selfreport data of markedly poorer quality, sufficient to obscure meaningful regression results as well as the effects of experimental manipulations. Screening out inattentive respondents improved statistical power, helping to mitigate the notable drops in power and estimated effect sizes caused by inattention. {\'O} 2013 Published by Elsevier Inc.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DEYFLBEK/Maniaci and Rogge - 2014 - Caring about carelessness Participant inattention.pdf}
}

@article{maniPovertyImpedesCognitive2013,
  title = {Poverty {{Impedes Cognitive Function}}},
  author = {Mani, A. and Mullainathan, S. and Shafir, E. and Zhao, J.},
  year = {2013},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {341},
  number = {6149},
  pages = {976--980},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1238041},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adult,Agriculture,Cognition,Female,Financial Management,Humans,Male,Poverty,Poverty: psychology,Public Policy},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MEEBP4WY/Mani et al. - 2013 - Poverty Impedes Cognitive Function.pdf}
}

@misc{manningAutomatedSocialScience2024,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {Automated {{Social Science}}: {{Language Models}} as {{Scientist}} and {{Subjects}}},
  shorttitle = {Automated {{Social Science}}},
  author = {Manning, Benjamin S. and Zhu, Kehang and Horton, John J.},
  year = {2024},
  month = apr,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {32381},
  eprint = {32381},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w32381},
  urldate = {2024-07-21},
  abstract = {We present an approach for automatically generating and testing, in silico, social scientific hypotheses. This automation is made possible by recent advances in large language models (LLM), but the key feature of the approach is the use of structural causal models. Structural causal models provide a language to state hypotheses, a blueprint for constructing LLM-based agents, an experimental design, and a plan for data analysis. The fitted structural causal model becomes an object available for prediction or the planning of follow-on experiments. We demonstrate the approach with several scenarios: a negotiation, a bail hearing, a job interview, and an auction. In each case, causal relationships are both proposed and tested by the system, finding evidence for some and not others. We provide evidence that the insights from these simulations of social interactions are not available to the LLM purely through direct elicitation. When given its proposed structural causal model for each scenario, the LLM is good at predicting the signs of estimated effects, but it cannot reliably predict the magnitudes of those estimates. In the auction experiment, the in silico simulation results closely match the predictions of auction theory, but elicited predictions of the clearing prices from the LLM are inaccurate. However, the LLM's predictions are dramatically improved if the model can condition on the fitted structural causal model. In short, the LLM knows more than it can (immediately) tell.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PWAK6XLP/Manning et al. - 2024 - Automated Social Science Language Models as Scien.pdf}
}

@article{marchaisProSocialDeterminantsViolent2022,
  title = {The {{Pro-Social Determinants}} of {{Violent Collective Action}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Participation}} in {{Militias}} in {{Eastern Congo}}},
  author = {Marchais, Gauthier and Mugaruka, Christian Mastaki and S{\'a}nchez De La Sierra, Ra{\'u}l and Quihang Wu, David},
  year = {2022},
  abstract = {Why does violent collective action succeed? We conduct a series of surveys reconstructing the history of violent collective action covering twenty years (1994-2014) of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo's civil conflict. The surveys include one of the largest violent social movements of the region, which formed at the time of our survey. For a sample of 6,809 individuals, we construct a comprehensive history of participation in violent organizations and of their communities. We document several facts about participation in violent collective action: (i) militias---armed organizations that emerge from rural communities with community-oriented missions, predominate all other violent organizations; (ii) while militias offer little material rewards, militias' combatants joined them with the purported motivation to protect (or exact revenge for) their communities against threats of violence by actors perceived to be foreign; (iii) using quasi-experimental variation induced by a military policy which drastically reduced the state's ability to protect entire communities, we show that violent threats against the community lead to the formation of violent social movement chapters, fueled by spikes in participation from people who purportedly joined voluntarily, and by people who reported to be socially coerced, sparked by community leader efforts to mobilize participation; (iv) attacks by armed groups perceived to be foreign against an individual's community are associated with a subsequent increase in the probability that the individual joins a militia chapter purportedly motivated by the desire for revenge, to protect the community; this effect is particularly strong if their kin was also attacked, in which case they join with the purported motive to protect the family; (v) using shocks to the demand for gold, a valuable mineral that cannot easily be taxed by armed groups, we document that one such attack in the kin induces motivations to join a militia whose opportunity cost equals 8 times the yearly p.c. income. Our findings suggest that, alongside selfish strategic motivations, parochial altruism and community coercion are crucial in explaining the origins, and success, of violent collective action.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/43GMGCVU/Marchais and Mugaruka - The Pro-Social Determinants of Violent Collective .pdf}
}

@inproceedings{markovich2020dynamic,
  title = {Dynamic Persuasion: Decay and Accumulation of Partisan Media Persuasion},
  author = {Markovich, Zachary and Baum, Matthew A and Berinsky, Adam J and {de Benedictis-Kessner}, Justin and Yamamoto, Teppei},
  year = {2020},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HWLEJB7Y/media_multiwave.pdf}
}

@article{marojuRoleTelemedicineDigital2023,
  title = {Role of {{Telemedicine}} and {{Digital Technology}} in {{Public Health}} in {{India}}: {{A Narrative Review}}},
  shorttitle = {Role of {{Telemedicine}} and {{Digital Technology}} in {{Public Health}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Maroju, Revathi G and Choudhari, Sonali G and Shaikh, Mohammed Kamran and Borkar, Sonali K and Mendhe, Harshal},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Cureus},
  issn = {2168-8184},
  doi = {10.7759/cureus.35986},
  urldate = {2024-09-23},
  abstract = {There are still many areas of India without proper medical facilities. In such a setting, technology can play a facilitating role, particularly in reaching out to remote locations and offering a greater standard of care at a lower cost. The method of treating and diagnosing patients remotely through communication networks is known as telemedicine. When more patients get access to telemedicine, payers take more notice of how much less expensive it is than traditional medicine, and doctors are aware of its benefits. Telemedicine is a more beneficial technology that can expand access to preventive treatment and may lead to long-term health. Telemedicine has the potential to greatly affect public health. This paper reviews the current state of the art of telemedicine in India. Nearly 50 years ago, telemedicine was shrugged off as a complicated, expensive, and inefficient technology. Because of how quickly the information technology and telecommunications disciplines are advancing, telemedicine is today a viable, dependable, and useful technique. Practitioners and medical experts from a variety of fields have experienced success with telemedicine. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for strong primary healthcare networks for a more effective public health response during health emergencies and exposed the fragmentation of healthcare delivery systems. Although primary care is the first point of contact between the general public and the healthcare system, it has not recently grown much focus or funding. Even in the post-COVID-19 environment, telemedicine offers the potential to get through enduring barriers to primary care in India, such as a shortage of qualified medical professionals, issues with access, and the cost of in-person care. Telemedicine has the power to speed up the delivery of universal health coverage while strengthening primary care. There is a widening gap between people and those who offer basic health services as the population in India has grown, and the average lifespan has increased. Telemedicine helps with palliative care, early identification, a better cure, prevention, and rehabilitation in the treatment of cancer. Due to a shortage of primary care delivery networks and referral units, secondary and tertiary care facilities' health systems are overworked. To successfully use telemedicine, proper planning and operating processes are required. Thus, the development and implementation of telemedicine will improve patient care and India's primary healthcare system in the future. Finally, telemedicine's cost-effectiveness will likely be its most significant outcome.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M5SWSIX7/Maroju et al. - 2023 - Role of Telemedicine and Digital Technology in Pub.pdf}
}

@article{marshPowerPositiveDeviance2004,
  title = {The Power of Positive Deviance},
  author = {Marsh, David R and Schroeder, Dirk G and Dearden, Kirk A and Sternin, Jerry and Sternin, Monique},
  year = {2004},
  month = nov,
  journal = {BMJ},
  volume = {329},
  number = {7475},
  pages = {1177--1179},
  issn = {0959-8138, 1468-5833},
  doi = {10.1136/bmj.329.7475.1177},
  urldate = {2020-12-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/T2BBZZ2L/Marsh et al. - 2004 - The power of positive deviance.pdf}
}

@article{marshPowerPositiveDeviance2004a,
  title = {The Power of Positive Deviance},
  author = {Marsh, David R and Schroeder, Dirk G and Dearden, Kirk A and Sternin, Jerry and Sternin, Monique},
  year = {2004},
  month = nov,
  journal = {BMJ : British Medical Journal},
  volume = {329},
  number = {7475},
  pages = {1177--1179},
  issn = {0959-8138},
  urldate = {2024-01-31},
  abstract = {Identifying individuals with better outcome than their peers (positive deviance) and enabling communities to adopt the behaviours that explain the improved outcome are powerful methods of producing change},
  pmcid = {PMC527707},
  pmid = {15539680},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZQQVAKGN/Marsh et al. - 2004 - The power of positive deviance.pdf}
}

@article{Martin2017,
  title = {In with the Big, out with the Small: {{Removing}} Small- Scale Reservations in {{India}}},
  author = {Martin, Leslie A. and Nataraj, Shanthi and Harrison, Ann E.},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {107},
  number = {2},
  pages = {354--386},
  issn = {00028282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20141335},
  abstract = {An ongoing debate in employment policy is whether promoting small and medium enterprises creates jobs. We use the elimination of small- scale industry (SSI) promotion in India to address this question. For 60 years, SSI promotion in India focused on reserving certain products for manufacture by small and medium enterprises. We identify the consequences for employment growth, investment, output, productivity, and wages of dismantling India's SSI reservations. We exploit variation in the timing of de- reservation across products and also measure the long- run impact of national SSI policy changes using variation in pretreatment exposure at the district level. Districts more exposed to de- reservation experienced higher employment and output growth. Entrants into the de- reserved product spaces and incumbents that were previously constrained by the size restrictions drove the increase in growth. The results suggest that dismantling India's SSI policies encouraged overall employment growth.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XVRRA54C/Martin et al. - 2017 - In with the Big, Out with the Small Removing Smal.pdf}
}

@article{martinBiasCableNews2017,
  title = {Bias in {{Cable News}}: {{Persuasion}} and {{Polarization}}},
  shorttitle = {Bias in {{Cable News}}},
  author = {Martin, Gregory J. and Yurukoglu, Ali},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {107},
  number = {9},
  pages = {2565--2599},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20160812},
  urldate = {2022-04-19},
  abstract = {We measure the persuasive effects of slanted news and tastes for like-minded news, exploiting cable channel positions as exogenous shifters of cable news viewership. Channel positions do not correlate with demographics that predict viewership and voting, nor with local satellite viewership. We estimate that Fox News increases Republican vote shares by 0.3 points among viewers induced into watching 2.5 additional minutes per week by variation in position. We then estimate a model of voters who select into watching slanted news, and whose ideologies evolve as a result. We use the model to assess the growth over time of Fox News influence, to quantitatively assess media-driven polarization, and to simulate alternative ideological slanting of news channels. (JEL D72, L82)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TNM9BSQF/Martin and Yurukoglu - 2017 - Bias in Cable News Persuasion and Polarization.pdf}
}

@article{martinCanTranscranialDirect2013,
  title = {Can Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhance Outcomes from Cognitive Training? {{A}} Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Participants},
  shorttitle = {Can Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhance Outcomes from Cognitive Training?},
  author = {Martin, Donel M. and Liu, Rose and Alonzo, Angelo and Green, Melissa and Player, Michael J. and Sachdev, Perminder and Loo, Colleen K.},
  year = {2013},
  month = oct,
  journal = {International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology},
  volume = {16},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1927--1936},
  issn = {1469-5111, 1461-1457},
  doi = {10.1017/S1461145713000539},
  urldate = {2022-09-22},
  abstract = {Computer-administered cognitive training (CT) tasks are a common component of cognitive remediation treatments. There is growing evidence that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), when given during cognitive tasks, improves performance. This randomized, controlled trial explored the potential synergistic effects of CT combined with tDCS in healthy participants. Altogether, 60 healthy participants were randomized to receive either active or sham tDCS administered during training on an adaptive CT task (dual n-back task), or tDCS alone, over 10 daily sessions. Cognitive testing (working memory, processing speed, executive function, reaction time) was conducted at baseline, end of the 10 sessions, and at 4-wk follow-up to examine potential transfer effects to non-trained tasks. Altogether, 54 participants completed the study. Over the 10 `online' sessions, participants in the active tDCS+CT condition performed more accurately on the CT task than participants who received sham tDCS+CT. The performance enhancing effect, however, was present only during tDCS and did not result in greater learning (i.e. improvement over sessions) on the CT task. These results confirm prior reports of enhancement of cognitive function during tDCS stimulation. At follow-up, the active tDCS+CT group, but not the sham tDCS+CT group, showed greater gains on a non-trained test of attention and working memory than the tDCS-only group (p {$<$} 0.01). Although this gain can mainly be attributable to training, this result suggests that active tDCS may have a role in further enhancing outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YJQEE9KX/Martin et al. - 2013 - Can transcranial direct current stimulation enhanc.pdf}
}

@article{martinez-bravoVaccinesWeTrust2021,
  title = {In {{Vaccines We Trust}}? {{The Effects}} of the {{CIA}}'s {{Vaccine Ruse}} on {{Immunization}} in {{Pakistan}}},
  shorttitle = {In {{Vaccines We Trust}}?},
  author = {{Martinez-Bravo}, Monica and Stegmann, Andreas},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  pages = {jvab018},
  issn = {1542-4766, 1542-4774},
  doi = {10.1093/jeea/jvab018},
  urldate = {2022-02-04},
  abstract = {Abstract             In July 2011, the Pakistani public learnt that the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had used a vaccination campaign as cover to capture Osama Bin Laden. The Taliban leveraged on this information and launched an anti-vaccine propaganda campaign to discredit vaccines and vaccination workers. We evaluate the effects of these events on immunization by implementing a difference-in-differences strategy across cohorts and districts. We find that vaccination rates declined between 23\% and 39\% in districts in the 90th percentile of Islamist support relative to those in the 10th percentile. These results suggest that information discrediting vaccination campaigns can negatively affect trust in health services and demand for immunization.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JX43N9N8/Martinez-Bravo and Stegmann - 2021 - In Vaccines We Trust The Effects of the CIA’s Vac.pdf}
}

@techreport{martinWelfareCostsCatastrophes2019,
  title = {Welfare {{Costs}} of {{Catastrophes}}: {{Lost Consumption}} and {{Lost Lives}}},
  shorttitle = {Welfare {{Costs}} of {{Catastrophes}}},
  author = {Martin, Ian W.R. and Pindyck, Robert},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  number = {w26068},
  pages = {w26068},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w26068},
  urldate = {2020-04-14},
  abstract = {Most of the literature on the economics of catastrophes assumes that such events cause a reduction in the stream of consumption, as opposed to widespread fatalities. Here we show how to incorporate death in a model of catastrophe avoidance, and how a catastrophic loss of life can be expressed as a welfare-equivalent drop in wealth or consumption. We examine how potential fatalities affect the policy interdependence of catastrophic events and "willingness to pay" (WTP) to avoid them. Using estimates of the "value of a statistical life" (VSL), we find the WTP to avoid major pandemics, and show it is large (10\% or more of annual consumption) and partly driven by the risk of macroeconomic contractions. Likewise, the risk of pandemics significantly increases the WTP to reduce consumption risk. Our work links the VSL and consumption disaster literatures.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MN8N35EA/Martin and Pindyck - 2019 - Welfare Costs of Catastrophes Lost Consumption an.pdf}
}

@misc{masih2012ummeedlive,
  title = {Ummeed Live 2012: {{Third}} Gender Leadership Development Project},
  author = {Masih, P. and Singh, G. and Mishra, R.},
  year = {2012},
  howpublished = {Raipur, Chhattisgarh}
}

@book{Maskus2000,
  title = {Intellectual Property Rights in the Global Economy},
  author = {Maskus, Keith E. (Keith Eugene)},
  year = {2000},
  publisher = {Institute for International Economics},
  urldate = {2019-01-17},
  abstract = {Introduction: the issue is deeper than American movies -- A road map for the TRIPs ahead -- Globalization and the economics of intellectual property rights: dancing the dual distortion -- The global effects of intellectual property rights: measuring what cannot be seen -- Intellectual property rights and economic development: patents, growth, and growing pains -- The global policy framework: intellectual property rights and wrongs -- Benefiting from intellectual property protection: take the medicine, but get some exercise, too -- Conclusions and policy recommendations: are we there yet?},
  isbn = {978-0-88132-282-8}
}

@article{matavelliWeDontTalk2023,
  title = {We {{Don}}'t {{Talk About Boys}}: {{An Experiment}} on {{Masculinity Norms}} in {{Brazil}}},
  author = {Matavelli, Ieda},
  year = {2023},
  abstract = {This paper provides causal evidence on the role of communication in shaping misperceptions about masculinity norms among 2,249 Brazilian teenagers. In this setting, a majority of students overestimate the share of classmates who hold traditional views of masculinity with respect to emotional vulnerability and the use of violence. I randomly assigned students to a one-time moderated discussion group to learn peers' opinions about these masculinity beliefs. The discussion groups reduced misperceptions about classmates' beliefs by at least 50\% in the very short-run. The effects are similar whether students self-selected into speaking, or were randomly selected. Results persist after 3 weeks, especially for boys, which indicates that girls communicate more than boys about masculinity after the discussions. I also show that discussion groups reduce boys' own agreement with traditional views of masculinity, both in the short- and medium-run, potentially suggesting the presence of a feedback loop between misperceptions and first-order beliefs among adolescents. Finally, using an embedded survey experiment, I provide suggestive evidence that the potential revelation of survey responses to classmates increases boys' self-reports of masculine behaviors in the control group, but these increases are fully offset by the masculinity discussion groups.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XGYILI95/Matavelli-JMP-Masculinity.pdf}
}

@article{Matheka2013a,
  title = {Overview of Influenza Virus Infections in {{Kenya}}: {{Past}}, Present and Future},
  author = {Matheka, Duncan Mwangangi and Mokaya, Jolynne and Maritim, Marybeth},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Pan African Medical Journal},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {2--5},
  issn = {19378688},
  doi = {10.11604/pamj.2013.14.138.2612},
  abstract = {The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that acute lower respiratory infections account for 4 million deaths per year. The rates are even higher in developing countries. Influenza, a virus causing respiratory infections, has widely been studied in developed countries. However, there is paucity of data on its epidemiology, seasonality and burden in most developing countries. In the contrary, Kenya (a developing country) has an elaborate national epidemio-surveillance network for influenza, where a lot of data is generated on the epidemiology and seasonality of influenza in Kenya and the East African region. Several steps have been taken to control influenza in Kenya, including vaccination and surveillance programs. However, some challenges still exist. This article explores the pattern of influenza and existing interventions in Kenya, and highlights suggestions on what can be done to adequately control this virus in future. {\copyright} Duncan Mwangangi Matheka et al.},
  keywords = {Influenza,Kenya,Pandemic,Surveillance network},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I9KRYZ68/Matheka et al. - 2013 - Overview of influenza virus infections in Kenya p.pdf}
}

@article{mathenyReducingRiskHuman2007,
  title = {Reducing the {{Risk}} of {{Human Extinction}}: {{Reducing}} the {{Risk}} of {{Human Extinction}}},
  shorttitle = {Reducing the {{Risk}} of {{Human Extinction}}},
  author = {Matheny, Jason G.},
  year = {2007},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Risk Analysis},
  volume = {27},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1335--1344},
  issn = {02724332},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1539-6924.2007.00960.x},
  urldate = {2020-04-21},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FVUNEVIR/Matheny - 2007 - Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction Reducing th.pdf}
}

@article{maulRethinkingTraditionalMethods2017,
  title = {Rethinking {{Traditional Methods}} of {{Survey Validation}}},
  author = {Maul, Andrew},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives},
  volume = {15},
  number = {2},
  pages = {51--69},
  issn = {1536-6367, 1536-6359},
  doi = {10.1080/15366367.2017.1348108},
  urldate = {2023-04-02},
  abstract = {It is commonly believed that self-report, survey-based instruments can be used to measure a wide range of psychological attributes, such as selfcontrol, growth mindsets, and grit. Increasingly, such instruments are being used not only for basic research but also for supporting decisions regarding educational policy and accountability. The validity of such instruments is typically investigated using a classic set of methods, including the examination of reliability coefficients, factor or principal components analyses, and correlations between scores on the instrument and other variables. However, these techniques may fall short of providing the kinds of rigorous, potentially falsifying tests of relevant hypotheses commonly expected in scientific research. This point is illustrated via a series of studies in which respondents were presented with survey items deliberately constructed to be uninterpretable, but the application of the aforementioned validation procedures nonetheless returned favorable-appearing results. In part, this disconnect may be traceable to the way in which operationalist modes of thinking in the social sciences have reinforced the perception that attributes do not need to be defined independently of particular sets of testing operations. It is argued that affairs might be improved via greater attention to the manner in which definitions of psychological attributes are articulated and greater openness to treating beliefs about the existence and measurability of psychological attributes as hypotheses rather than assumptions---in other words, as beliefs potentially subject to revision.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RH4ZKVWY/Maul - 2017 - Rethinking Traditional Methods of Survey Validatio.pdf}
}

@article{mavrychClaudeChatGPTCopilot2025,
  title = {Claude, {{ChatGPT}}, {{Copilot}}, and {{Gemini Performance}} versus {{Students}} in {{Different Topics}} of {{Neuroscience}}},
  author = {Mavrych, Volodymyr and Yaqinuddin, Ahmed and Bolgova, Olena},
  year = {2025},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Advances in Physiology Education},
  issn = {1522-1229},
  doi = {10.1152/advan.00093.2024},
  abstract = {Despite extensive studies on large language models and their capability to respond to questions from various licensed exams, there has been limited focus on employing chatbots for specific subjects within the medical curriculum, specifically medical neuroscience. This research compared the performances of Claude 3.5 Sonnet (Anthropic), GPT-3.5, GPT-4-1106 (OpenAI), Copilot free version (Microsoft), and Gemini 1.5 Flash (Google) versus students on MCQs from the medical neuroscience course database to evaluate chatbots reliability. 5 successive attempts of each chatbot to answer 200 USMLE-style questions were evaluated based on accuracy, relevance, and comprehensiveness. MCQs were categorized into 12 categories/topics. The results indicated that at the current level of development, selected AI-driven chatbots, on average, can accurately answer 67.2\% of MCQs from the medical neuroscience course, which is 7.4\% below the students' average. However, Claude and GPT-4 outperformed other chatbots with 83\% and 81.7\% correct answers, which is better than the average student result. They followed by Copilot - 59.5\%, GPT-3.5 - 58.3\%, and Gemini - 53.6\%. Concerning different categories, Neurocytology, Embryology, and Diencephalon were the three best topics, with average results of 78.1\% - 86.7\%, and the lowest results were Brainstem, Special senses, and Cerebellum, with 54.4\% - 57.7\% correct answers. Our study suggested that Claude and GPT-4 are currently two of the most evolved chatbots. They exhibit proficiency in answering MCQs related to neuroscience that surpasses that of the average medical student. This breakthrough indicates a significant milestone in how AI can supplement and enhance educational tools and techniques.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {39824512},
  keywords = {ChatGPT,Claude,Copilot,Gemini,Neuroscience}
}

@article{mavrychClaudeChatGPTCopilot2025a,
  title = {Claude, {{ChatGPT}}, {{Copilot}}, and {{Gemini Performance}} versus {{Students}} in {{Different Topics}} of {{Neuroscience}}},
  author = {Mavrych, Volodymyr and Yaqinuddin, Ahmed and Bolgova, Olena},
  year = {2025},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Advances in Physiology Education},
  pages = {advan.00093.2024},
  issn = {1043-4046, 1522-1229},
  doi = {10.1152/advan.00093.2024},
  urldate = {2025-03-27},
  abstract = {Despite extensive studies on large language models and their capability to respond to questions from various licensed exams, there has been limited focus on employing chatbots for specific subjects within the medical curriculum, specifically medical neuroscience. This research compared the performances of Claude 3.5 Sonnet (Anthropic), GPT-3.5, GPT-4-1106 (OpenAI), Copilot free version (Microsoft), and Gemini 1.5 Flash (Google) versus students on MCQs from the medical neuroscience course database to evaluate chatbots reliability. 5 successive attempts of each chatbot to answer 200 USMLE-style questions were evaluated based on accuracy, relevance, and comprehensiveness. MCQs were categorized into 12 categories/topics. The results indicated that at the current level of development, selected AI-driven chatbots, on average, can accurately answer 67.2\% of MCQs from the medical neuroscience course, which is 7.4\% below the students' average. However, Claude and GPT-4 outperformed other chatbots with 83\% and 81.7\% correct answers, which is better than the average student result. They followed by Copilot - 59.5\%, GPT-3.5 - 58.3\%, and Gemini - 53.6\%. Concerning different categories, Neurocytology, Embryology, and Diencephalon were the three best topics, with average results of 78.1\% - 86.7\%, and the lowest results were Brainstem, Special senses, and Cerebellum, with 54.4\% - 57.7\% correct answers. Our study suggested that Claude and GPT-4 are currently two of the most evolved chatbots. They exhibit proficiency in answering MCQs related to neuroscience that surpasses that of the average medical student. This breakthrough indicates a significant milestone in how AI can supplement and enhance educational tools and techniques.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G4GR2JZC/Mavrych et al. - 2025 - Claude, ChatGPT, Copilot, and Gemini Performance versus Students in Different Topics of Neuroscience.pdf}
}

@article{Mayer-foulkes2004,
  title = {The {{Effect}} of {{Financial Development}} on {{Convergence}}: {{Theory}} and {{Evidence}}*},
  author = {Aghion, Philippe and Howitt, Peter and {Mayer-Foulkes}, David},
  year = {2005},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {120},
  number = {1},
  pages = {173--222},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1162/qjec.2005.120.1.173},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2XAYULJN/Aghion et al. - 2005 - The Effect of Financial Development on Convergence.pdf}
}

@article{maySimulationVariabilityExtremes2004,
  title = {Simulation of the Variability and Extremes of Daily Rainfall during the {{Indian}} Summer Monsoon for Present and Future Times in a Global Time-Slice Experiment},
  author = {May, W.},
  year = {2004},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Climate Dynamics},
  volume = {22},
  number = {2-3},
  pages = {183--204},
  issn = {0930-7575, 1432-0894},
  doi = {10.1007/s00382-003-0373-x},
  urldate = {2020-08-03},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M8ZJV8ME/May - 2004 - Simulation of the variability and extremes of dail.pdf}
}

@article{mazumderIntergenerationalHumanCapital2019,
  title = {Intergenerational {{Human Capital Spillovers}}: {{Indonesia}}'s {{School Construction}} and {{Its Effects}} on the {{Next Generation}}},
  shorttitle = {Intergenerational {{Human Capital Spillovers}}},
  author = {Mazumder, Bhashkar and {Rosales-Rueda}, Maria and Triyana, Margaret},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  journal = {AEA Papers and Proceedings},
  volume = {109},
  pages = {243--249},
  issn = {2574-0768, 2574-0776},
  doi = {10.1257/pandp.20191059},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I734E2QD/Mazumder et al. - 2019 - Intergenerational Human Capital Spillovers Indone.pdf}
}

@techreport{mazumderSocialInterventionsHealth2019,
  title = {Social Interventions, Health and Wellbeing: {{The}} Long-Term and Intergenerational Effects of a School Construction Program},
  shorttitle = {Social Interventions, Health and Wellbeing},
  author = {Mazumder, Bhashkar and Rosales, Maria Fernanda and Triyana, Margaret},
  year = {2019},
  institution = {Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago},
  doi = {10.21033/wp-2019-09},
  urldate = {2020-11-23},
  abstract = {We analyze the long-run and intergenerational effects of a large-scale school building project (INPRES) that took place in Indonesia between 1974 and 1979. Specifically, we link the geographic rollout of INPRES to longitudinal data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey covering two generations. We find that individuals exposed to the program have better health later in life along multiple measures. We also find that the children of those exposed experience improved health and educational outcomes and that these effects are generally stronger for maternal exposure than paternal exposure. We find some evidence that household resources, neighborhood quality, and assortative mating may explain a portion of our results. Our findings highlight the importance of considering the long-run and multigenerational benefits when evaluating the costs and benefits of social interventions in a middle-income country.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EXSBGHJ3/Mazumder et al. - 2019 - Social interventions, health and wellbeing The lo.pdf}
}

@article{mazzeoMitigatingHarmsSocial2024,
  title = {Mitigating {{Harms}} of {{Social Media}} for {{Adolescent Body Image}} and {{Eating Disorders}}: {{A Review}}},
  shorttitle = {Mitigating {{Harms}} of {{Social Media}} for {{Adolescent Body Image}} and {{Eating Disorders}}},
  author = {Mazzeo, Suzanne E and Weinstock, Madison and Vashro, Taylor Nadine and Henning, Taryn and Derrigo, Karly},
  year = {2024},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Psychology Research and Behavior Management},
  volume = {17},
  pages = {2587--2601},
  issn = {1179-1578},
  doi = {10.2147/PRBM.S410600},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  abstract = {Social media has negative effects on adolescent body image and disordered eating behaviors, yet adolescents are unlikely to discontinue engaging with these platforms. Thus, it is important to identify strategies that can reduce the harms of social media on adolescent mental health. This article reviews research on social media and adolescent body image, and discusses strategies to reduce risks associated with social media use. Topics covered include interventions aimed at mitigating social media's negative impacts, the body-positivity movement, and policies regulating adolescents' social media use. Overall, this review highlights specific factors (such as staffing, duration, modality, facilitator training, and cultural sensitivity) to consider when designing and implementing social media interventions targeting adolescents. This review also discusses psychosocial outcomes associated with body positivity on social media. Finally, policy efforts to reduce the negative impact of social media on adolescents' body image and eating behaviors are described. In sum, there is a strong need to conduct further research identifying optimal approaches to reduce the harms of social media for adolescent body image and eating behavior.},
  pmcid = {PMC11229793},
  pmid = {38978847},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RV84YXYU/Mazzeo et al. - 2024 - Mitigating Harms of Social Media for Adolescent Body Image and Eating Disorders A Review.pdf}
}

@article{mcadamsAttitudinalTheoryExpressive2001,
  title = {An {{Attitudinal Theory}} of {{Expressive Law}}},
  author = {McAdams, Richard H.},
  year = {2001},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.253331},
  urldate = {2021-07-07},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AC847UPF/McAdams - 2001 - An Attitudinal Theory of Expressive Law.pdf}
}

@article{mcadamsFocalPointTheory2000,
  title = {Focal {{Point Theory}} of {{Expressive Law}}},
  author = {McAdams, Richard H},
  year = {2000},
  journal = {VirginiaLaw Review},
  volume = {86},
  pages = {83},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LYHDUYB5/McAdams - Focal Point Theory of Expressive Law.pdf}
}

@article{mcadamsNormsLawEconomics2004,
  title = {Norms in {{Law}} and {{Economics}}},
  author = {McAdams, Richard H. and Rasmusen, Eric Bennett},
  year = {2004},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.580843},
  urldate = {2021-07-06},
  abstract = {Everyone realizes the importance of social norms as guides to behavior and substitutes or complements for law. Coming up with a paradigm for analyzing norms, however, has been surprisingly difficult, as has systematic empirical study. In this chapter of the Handbook of Law and Economics, edited by A. Mitchell Polinsky and Steven Shavell and forthcoming in 2005, we survey the topic.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/59JS4DS4/McAdams and Rasmusen - 2004 - Norms in Law and Economics.pdf}
}

@article{mcaloonIncubationPeriodCOVID192020,
  title = {Incubation Period of {{COVID-19}}: A Rapid Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Research},
  shorttitle = {Incubation Period of {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {McAloon, Conor and Collins, {\'A}ine and Hunt, Kevin and Barber, Ann and Byrne, Andrew W and Butler, Francis and Casey, Miriam and Griffin, John and Lane, Elizabeth and McEvoy, David and Wall, Patrick and Green, Martin and O'Grady, Luke and More, Simon J},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {BMJ Open},
  volume = {10},
  number = {8},
  pages = {e039652},
  issn = {2044-6055, 2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039652},
  urldate = {2020-10-22},
  abstract = {Objectives{\enspace} The aim of this study was to conduct a rapid systematic review and meta-\-analysis of estimates of the incubation period of COVID-19. Design{\enspace} Rapid systematic review and meta-\-analysis of observational research. Setting{\enspace} International studies on incubation period of COVID-19. Participants{\enspace} Searches were carried out in PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Cochrane Library as well as the preprint servers MedRxiv and BioRxiv. Studies were selected for meta-\-analysis if they reported either the parameters and CIs of the distributions fit to the data, or sufficient information to facilitate calculation of those values. After initial eligibility screening, 24 studies were selected for initial review, nine of these were shortlisted for meta-\-analysis. Final estimates are from meta-\-analysis of eight studies. Primary outcome measures{\enspace} Parameters of a lognormal distribution of incubation periods. Results{\enspace} The incubation period distribution may be modelled with a lognormal distribution with pooled mu and sigma parameters (95\% CIs) of 1.63 (95\% CI 1.51 to 1.75) and 0.50 (95\% CI 0.46 to 0.55), respectively. The corresponding mean (95\% CIs) was 5.8 (95\% CI 5.0 to 6.7) days. It should be noted that uncertainty increases towards the tail of the distribution: the pooled parameter estimates (95\% CIs) resulted in a median incubation period of 5.1 (95\% CI 4.5 to 5.8) days, whereas the 95th percentile was 11.7 (95\% CI 9.7 to 14.2) days. Conclusions{\enspace} The choice of which parameter values are adopted will depend on how the information is used, the associated risks and the perceived consequences of decisions to be taken. These recommendations will need to be revisited once further relevant information becomes available. Accordingly, we present an R Shiny app that facilitates updating these estimates as new data become available.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JJTFE9JM/McAloon et al. - 2020 - Incubation period of COVID-19 a rapid systematic .pdf}
}

@article{McCauley2015,
  title = {African {{Borders}} as {{Sources}} of {{Natural Experiments Promise}} and {{Pitfalls}}},
  author = {McCauley, John F. and Posner, Daniel N.},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Political Science Research and Methods},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2},
  pages = {409--418},
  issn = {2049-8470},
  doi = {10.1017/psrm.2014.37},
  abstract = {Africa's arbitrary country borders have been seized upon as sources of ``natural experiments'': having randomly assigned people to different country treatments, differences in outcomes on either side of the border can then be attributed to the institutions, demographics, or policies put in place in each country. While methodologically attractive, the use of African borders as sources of natural experiments presents several potential pitfalls. We describe these pitfalls---some common to all studies that employ jurisdictional boundaries, some unique to African borders---and offer guidelines for overcoming them. We conclude that African cross-border studies can provide research advantages similar to well-executed comparative case studies, but that they frequently offer weaker inferential leverage than is claimed.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/S6QBX2AP/McCauley and Posner - 2015 - African Borders as Sources of Natural Experiments .pdf}
}

@article{mccrae2001effects,
  title = {Effects of Acquiescence on Personality Factor Structures},
  author = {McCrae, R R and Herbst, Jeffrey H and Costa Jr, Paul T},
  year = {2001},
  journal = {Personality and temperament: Genetics, evolution, and structure},
  pages = {217--231}
}

@article{mccraryEffectFemaleEducation2011,
  title = {The {{Effect}} of {{Female Education}} on {{Fertility}} and {{Infant Health}}: {{Evidence}} from {{School Entry Policies Using Exact Date}} of {{Birth}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Effect}} of {{Female Education}} on {{Fertility}} and {{Infant Health}}},
  author = {McCrary, Justin and Royer, Heather},
  year = {2011},
  month = feb,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {101},
  number = {1},
  pages = {158--195},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.101.1.158},
  urldate = {2020-11-24},
  abstract = {This paper uses age-at-school-entry policies to identify the effect of female education on fertility and infant health. We focus on sharp contrasts in schooling, fertility, and infant health between women born just before and after the school entry date. School entry policies affect female education and the quality of a woman's mate and have generally small, but possibly heterogeneous, effects on fertility and infant health. We argue that school entry policies manipulate primarily the education of young women at risk of dropping out of school. (JEL I12, I21, J13, J16)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZWNGKZWF/McCrary and Royer - 2011 - The Effect of Female Education on Fertility and In.pdf}
}

@article{Mckelway2019,
  title = {Vicious and {{Virtuous Cycles}}: {{Self-Efficacy}} and {{Employment}} of {{Women}} in {{India}} *},
  author = {McKelway, Madeline},
  year = {2019},
  abstract = {India's female labor force participation rate is among the lowest in the world. This paper shows that self-efficacy, a central concept in psychology that refers to beliefs in own ability to attain desired outcomes, can help explain this phenomenon. I outline a model in which women's low self-efficacy constrains their employment and is self-reinforcing, and then test the model using a two-step experiment. In the model, low self-efficacy creates a vicious cycle: it keeps women from trying to work, which keeps them from learning whether they could. Even if they try, low self-efficacy can make women less likely to attribute positive outcomes to their own merit, further constraining self-efficacy. My experiment provides women an intervention in generalized self-efficacy (GSE). I cross-randomize an intervention to reduce family members' opposition to women's employment, a key external constraint to women's work. I then randomize job offers amongst those who sign up for a local job. There are four main findings. First, I document gains in women's GSE from the GSE intervention. Second, the GSE intervention increases women's employment. Third, reducing external constraints raises employment, but there are no gains from combining the two interventions. Fourth, receiving a job offer raises GSE, but only for those assigned GSE treatment. Taken together, my results suggest that intervening in women's GSE when employment opportunities are available can spark a virtuous cycle.}
}

@article{mckelwayViciousVirtuousCycles,
  title = {Vicious and {{Virtuous Cycles}}: {{Self-Efficacy}} and {{Employment}} of {{Women}} in {{India}}},
  author = {McKelway, Madeline},
  pages = {70},
  abstract = {Women's labor force participation is far below men's worldwide. I use a multi-stage field experiment in India to investigate whether low generalized self-efficacy (GSE) could constrain women's employment and be self-reinforcing. GSE is a key concept in psychology that refers to beliefs in own ability to attain desired outcomes. I outline a model in which low GSE can create a vicious cycle: it keeps women from trying to work and thus from learning whether they could. My experiment provides women a psychosocial intervention to raise GSE. I cross-randomize an intervention to reduce family members' opposition to women's employment, a key external constraint to women's work. I subsequently randomize job offers amongst those who sign up for a local job. There are four main findings. First, I document gains in women's GSE from the GSE intervention. Second, the GSE intervention increases women's employment. Third, reducing external constraints raises employment, but there are no gains from combining the two interventions. Fourth, receiving a job offer raises GSE. Taken together, my results suggest that increasing women's GSE when women have the ability to work can spark a virtuous cycle.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L6INRC7U/McKelway - Vicious and Virtuous Cycles Self-Eﬃcacy and Emplo.pdf}
}

@article{mckelwayWomenEmploymentIndia2020,
  title = {Women's {{Employment}} in {{India}}: {{Intra-Household}} and {{Intra-Personal Constraints}}},
  author = {McKelway, Madeline},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {60},
  abstract = {India's female labor force participation rate is among the lowest in the world. Research suggests many women in India want to work, husbands' opposition to their work is a key constraint, and husbands can be persuaded that their wives should work. But if women want to work and their husbands are persuadable, why do women not persuade them? This paper suggests that doing so requires a general sense of self-confidence that is lacking among women in India. My experiment offered women in rural Uttar Pradesh a psychosocial intervention to raise generalized self-efficacy (GSE), or beliefs in own ability to attain desired outcomes. The intervention produced a persistent gain in GSE. I cross-randomized whether women's families were shown a video promotion of women's work. The promotion given alone increased short-run employment, consistent with families being persuadable. The GSE intervention on its own also raised shortrun employment, and data suggest a key channel was giving women confidence to persuade their families. Short-run employment under both treatments is no different than under neither and, for some comparisons, significantly lower than under either alone; intervening in the household appears to be a delicate endeavor. I find no effects on long-run employment, suggesting it is harder to persuade families that women should stay in the workplace than enter it.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WGQXMFWP/McKelway - Women’s Employment in India Intra-Household and I.pdf}
}

@article{McKenzie2012,
  title = {Beyond Baseline and Follow-up: {{The}} Case for More {{T}} in Experiments},
  author = {McKenzie, David},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {99},
  number = {2},
  pages = {210--221},
  publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.01.002},
  abstract = {The vast majority of randomized experiments in economics rely on a single baseline and single follow-up survey. While such a design is suitable for study of highly autocorrelated and relatively precisely measured outcomes in the health and education domains, it is unlikely to be optimal for measuring noisy and relatively less autocorrelated outcomes such as business profits, and household incomes and expenditures. Taking multiple measurements of such outcomes at relatively short intervals allows one to average out noise, increasing power. When the outcomes have low autocorrelation and budget is limited, it can make sense to do no baseline at all. Moreover, I show how for such outcomes, more power can be achieved with multiple follow-ups than allocating the same total sample size over a single follow-up and baseline. I also highlight the large gains in power from ANCOVA analysis rather than difference-in-differences analysis when autocorrelations are low. {\copyright} 2012 Elsevier B.V.},
  keywords = {Multiple measurements,Program evaluation,Randomized experiments},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZACRG5DA/McKenzie - 2012 - Beyond baseline and follow-up The case for more T.pdf}
}

@article{McKenzie2014,
  title = {What Are We Learning from Business Training and Entrepreneurship Evaluations around the Developing World?},
  author = {McKenzie, David and Woodruff, Christopher},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {World Bank Research Observer},
  volume = {29},
  number = {1},
  pages = {48--82},
  issn = {02573032},
  doi = {10.1093/wbro/lkt007},
  abstract = {Business training programs are a popular policy option to improve the performance of enterprises around the world, and the number of rigorous impact evaluations of these programs is growing. A critical review reveals that many evaluations suffer from small sample sizes, measure impacts only within a year of training, and experience problems with survey attrition and measurement that limit the conclusions one can draw. Over these short time horizons, there are relatively modest effects of training on the survivorship of existing firms. However, there is stronger evidence that training programs help prospective owners launch new businesses more quickly. Most studies find that existing firm owners implement some of the practices taught in training, but the magnitudes of the improvement to practices is often modest. Few studies find significant impacts on profits or sales, although some studies with greater statistical power have done so. There is little evidence to guide policymakers regarding whether any identified effects are due to trained firms drawing sales from competing businesses rather than through productivity improvements or to guide the development of the provision of training at market prices. We conclude by summarizing some directions and key questions for future studies. {\copyright} The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK. All rights reserved.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9XQ4JZEC/McKenzie and Woodruff - 2014 - What Are We Learning from Business Training and En.pdf}
}

@article{McKenzie2017,
  title = {Business Practices in Small Firms in Developing Countries},
  author = {McKenzie, David and Woodruff, Christopher},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Management Science},
  volume = {63},
  number = {9},
  pages = {2967--2981},
  issn = {15265501},
  doi = {10.1287/mnsc.2016.2492},
  abstract = {Management has a large effect on the productivity of medium and large firms. But does management matter in micro and small firms, where the majority of the labor force in developing countriesworks?We develop 26 questions that measure business practices in marketing, stock-keeping, record-keeping, and financial planning. These questions have been administered in surveys in Bangladesh, Chile, Ghana, Kenya, Mexico, Nigeria, and Sri Lanka. We show that variation in business practices explains as much of the variation in outcomes-sales, profits, and labor productivity and total factor productivity-in microenterprises as in larger enterprises. Panel data from three countries indicate that better business practices predict higher survival rates and faster sales growth. The association of business practices with firm outcomes is robust to including numerous measures of the owner's human capital. We find that owners with higher human capital, children of entrepreneurs, and firms with employees employ better business practices.},
  keywords = {Business practices,Management,Productivity,Small enterprises},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BU7Y8MB2/McKenzie and Woodruff - Business Practices in Small Firms in Developing Co.pdf}
}

@article{McKenzie2019,
  title = {Small {{Firm Death}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
  author = {McKenzie, David and Paffhausen, Anna Luisa},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  volume = {101},
  number = {4},
  pages = {645--657},
  issn = {0034-6535},
  doi = {10.1162/rest_a_00798},
  abstract = {We collate sixteen panel surveys from twelve developing countries to develop stylized facts from over 14,000 firms on how much firm death there is, which types of these firms are most likely to die, and why they die. Small firms die at an average rate of 8.2\% per year. Death rates are higher in richer countries, for younger firms and less profitable firms, and for firms run by youth. We also find that firm death need not mean permanent exit from self-employment for the firm owner.},
  keywords = {d22,firm death,jel codes,l26,microenterprise dynamics,o12,o17,survival}
}

@article{mclaughlinHowWhatsAppFuels2010,
  title = {How {{WhatsApp Fuels Fake News}} and {{Violence}} in {{India}}},
  author = {McLaughlin, Timothy},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Wired},
  issn = {1059-1028},
  urldate = {2021-11-11},
  abstract = {The messaging app owned by Facebook has become a major channel for hate speech and false stories in India. The government is demanding changes.},
  chapter = {tags},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BS3HQL7Z/how-whatsapp-fuels-fake-news-and-violence-in-india.html}
}

@article{mcmichaelWaterSanitationHygiene2019,
  title = {Water, {{Sanitation}} and {{Hygiene}} ({{WASH}}) in {{Schools}} in {{Low-Income Countries}}: {{A Review}} of {{Evidence}} of {{Impact}}},
  shorttitle = {Water, {{Sanitation}} and {{Hygiene}} ({{WASH}}) in {{Schools}} in {{Low-Income Countries}}},
  author = {McMichael, Celia},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  volume = {16},
  number = {3},
  pages = {359},
  issn = {1660-4601},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph16030359},
  urldate = {2023-11-01},
  abstract = {Many schools in low-income countries have inadequate access to water facilities, sanitation and hygiene promotion. A systematic review of literature was carried out that aimed to identify and analyse the impact of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions (WASH) in schools in low-income countries. Published peer reviewed literature was systematically screened during March to June 2018 using the databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. There were no publication date restrictions. Thirty-eight peer reviewed papers were identified that met the inclusion criteria. The papers were analysed in groups, based on four categories of reported outcomes: (i) reduction of diarrhoeal disease and other hygiene-related diseases in school students; (ii) improved WASH knowledge, attitudes and hygiene behaviours among students; (iii) reduced disease burden and improved hygiene behaviours in students' households and communities; (iv) improved student enrolment and attendance. The typically unmeasured and unreported `output' and/or `exposure' of program fidelity and adherence was also examined. Several studies provide evidence of positive disease-related outcomes among students, yet other assessments did not find statistically significant differences in health or indicated that outcomes are dependent on the nature and context of interventions. Thirteen studies provide evidence of changes in WASH knowledge, attitudes and behaviours, such as hand-washing with soap. Further research is required to understand whether and how school-based WASH interventions might improve hygiene habits and health among wider family and community members. Evidence of the impact of school-based WASH programs in reducing student absence from school was mixed. Ensuring access to safe and sufficient water and sanitation and hygiene promotion in schools has great potential to improve health and education and to contribute to inclusion and equity, yet delivering school-based WASH intervention does not guarantee good outcomes. While further rigorous research will be of value, political will and effective interventions with high program fidelity are also key.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IVZISKZN/McMichael - 2019 - Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Schools in.pdf}
}

@book{mcraneyHowMindsChange2022,
  title = {How Minds Change: The New Science of Belief, Opinion and Persuasion},
  shorttitle = {How Minds Change},
  author = {McRaney, David},
  year = {2022},
  publisher = {oneworld},
  address = {London},
  isbn = {978-1-78607-164-4},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{meadeIdentifyingCarelessResponses2012,
  title = {Identifying Careless Responses in Survey Data.},
  author = {Meade, Adam W. and Craig, S. Bartholomew},
  year = {2012},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Psychological Methods},
  volume = {17},
  number = {3},
  pages = {437--455},
  issn = {1939-1463, 1082-989X},
  doi = {10.1037/a0028085},
  urldate = {2021-05-05},
  abstract = {When data are collected via anonymous Internet surveys, particularly under conditions of obligatory participation (such as with student samples), data quality can be a concern. However, little guidance exists in the published literature regarding techniques for detecting careless responses. Previously several potential approaches have been suggested for identifying careless respondents via indices computed from the data, yet almost no prior work has examined the relationships among these indicators or the types of data patterns identified by each. In 2 studies, we examined several methods for identifying careless responses, including (a) special items designed to detect careless response, (b) response consistency indices formed from responses to typical survey items, (c) multivariate outlier analysis, (d) response time, and (e) self-reported diligence. Results indicated that there are two distinct patterns of careless response (random and nonrandom) and that different indices are needed to identify these different response patterns. We also found that approximately 10\%--12\% of undergraduates completing a lengthy survey for course credit were identified as careless responders. In Study 2, we simulated data with known random response patterns to determine the efficacy of several indicators of careless response. We found that the nature of the data strongly influenced the efficacy of the indices to identify careless responses. Recommendations include using identified rather than anonymous responses, incorporating instructed response items before data collection, as well as computing consistency indices and multivariate outlier analysis to ensure high-quality data.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZPM5HICR/Meade and Craig - 2012 - Identifying careless responses in survey data..pdf}
}

@article{meagerAggregatingDistributionalTreatment2022,
  title = {Aggregating {{Distributional Treatment Effects}}: {{A Bayesian Hierarchical Analysis}} of the {{Microcredit Literature}}},
  shorttitle = {Aggregating {{Distributional Treatment Effects}}},
  author = {Meager, Rachael},
  year = {2022},
  month = jun,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {112},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1818--1847},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20181811},
  urldate = {2024-04-16},
  abstract = {Expanding credit access in developing contexts could help some households while harming others. Microcredit studies show different effects at different quantiles of household profit, including some negative effects; yet these findings also differ across studies. I develop new Bayesian hierarchical models to aggregate the evidence on these distributional effects for mixture-type outcomes such as household profit. Applying them to microcredit, I find a precise zero effect from the fifth to seventy-fifth quantiles, and uncertain yet large effects on the upper tails, particularly for households with business experience. These quantile estimates are more reliable than averages because the data are fat tailed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Banks,Corporate Finance and Governance Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Financial Economics,Depository Institutions,Micro Finance Institutions,Mortgages Household Finance: Household Saving Borrowing Debt and Wealth Firm Performance: Size Diversification and Scope Economic Development: Financial Markets,Saving and Capital Investment},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/N8S5DL8U/Meager - 2022 - Aggregating Distributional Treatment Effects A Ba.pdf}
}

@techreport{meghirMigrationInformalInsurance2019,
  title = {Migration and {{Informal Insurance}}},
  author = {Meghir, Costas and Mobarak, Ahmed Mushfiq and Mommaerts, Corina and Morten, Melanie},
  year = {2019},
  month = jul,
  number = {w26082},
  pages = {w26082},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w26082},
  urldate = {2020-06-23},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2DSRNWD8/Meghir et al. - 2019 - Migration and Informal Insurance.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KC2G67UK/meghir2019.pdf}
}

@article{mejeanIntergenerationalEquityCatastrophic,
  title = {Intergenerational Equity under Catastrophic Climate Change},
  author = {M{\'e}jean, Aur{\'e}lie and Pottier, Antonin and Zuber, St{\'e}phane and Fleurbaey, Marc},
  pages = {46},
  abstract = {Climate change raises the issue of intergenerational equity. As climate change threatens irreversible and dangerous impacts, possibly leading to extinction, the most relevant trade-off may not be between present and future consumption, but between present consumption and the mere existence of future generations. To investigate this trade-off, we build an integrated assessment model that explicitly accounts for the risk of extinction of future generations. We compare different climate policies, which change the probability of catastrophic outcomes yielding an early extinction, within the class of variable population utilitarian social welfare functions. We show that the risk of extinction is the main driver of the preferred policy over climate damages. We analyze the role of inequality aversion and population ethics. Usually a preference for large populations and a low inequality aversion favour the most ambitious climate policy, although there are cases where the effect of inequality aversion is reversed.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/N48TLSV7/Méjean et al. - Intergenerational equity under catastrophic climat.pdf}
}

@article{mellbergLongtermEffectsPalaeolithictype2014,
  title = {Long-Term Effects of a {{Palaeolithic-type}} Diet in Obese Postmenopausal Women: A Two-Year Randomized Trial},
  shorttitle = {Long-Term Effects of a {{Palaeolithic-type}} Diet in Obese Postmenopausal Women},
  author = {Mellberg, Caroline and Sandberg, Susanne and Ryberg, Mats and Eriksson, Marie and Brage, S{\"o}ren and Larsson, Christel and Olsson, Tommy and Lindahl, Bernt},
  year = {2014},
  month = mar,
  journal = {European journal of clinical nutrition},
  volume = {68},
  number = {3},
  pages = {350--357},
  issn = {0954-3007},
  doi = {10.1038/ejcn.2013.290},
  urldate = {2023-08-08},
  abstract = {Background/Objectives Short-term studies have suggested beneficial effects of a Palaeolithic-type diet (PD) on body weight and metabolic balance. We now report long-term effects in obese postmenopausal women of a PD on anthropometric measurements and metabolic balance, in comparison with a diet according to the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR). Subjects/Methods Seventy obese postmenopausal women (mean age 60 years, body mass index 33 kg/m2) were assigned to an ad libitum PD or NNR diet in a 2-year randomized controlled trial. The primary outcome was change in fat mass as measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results Both groups significantly decreased total fat mass at 6 months (-6.5 and -2.6 kg) and 24 months (-4.6 and -2.9 kg), with a more pronounced fat loss in the PD group at 6 months (P{$<$}0.001), but not at 24 months (P=0.095). Waist circumference and sagittal diameter also decreased in both groups, with a more pronounced decrease in the PD group at 6 months (-11.1 vs. -5.8 cm, P=0.001 and -3.7 vs. -2.0 cm, P{$<$}0.001, respectively). Triglyceride levels decreased significantly more at 6 and 24 months in the PD group versus the NNR group (P{$<$}0.001 and P=0.004). Nitrogen excretion did not differ between groups. Conclusions A PD has greater beneficial effects versus an NNR diet regarding fat mass, abdominal obesity and triglyceride levels in obese postmenopausal women; effects not fully sustained for anthropometric measurements at 24 months. Adherence to protein intake was poor in the PD group. The long-term consequences of these changes remain to be studied.},
  pmcid = {PMC4216932},
  pmid = {24473459},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4VA6TN8J/Mellberg et al. - 2014 - Long-term effects of a Palaeolithic-type diet in o.pdf}
}

@article{Mellick2015,
  title = {Neuroeconomics for the {{Study}} of {{Social Cognition}} in {{Adolescent Depression}}},
  author = {Mellick, William and Sharp, Carla and Ernst, Monique},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice},
  volume = {22},
  number = {3},
  pages = {255--276},
  issn = {14682850},
  doi = {10.1111/cpsp.12106},
  abstract = {Traditional social-cognitive approaches for investigating interpersonal problems in adolescent depression are limited. An important functional domain studied in adolescent depression is reward, but experimental paradigms have largely been nonsocial. In this article, we propose the methods and concepts of neuroeconomics may address this gap. We begin by discussing a well-established social reward model for vulnerability to adolescent depression. We then show how neuroeconomics may extend this model by offering the tools to examine the mechanics of social exchanges, in behavioral and neural terms, that maintain (or pose vulnerability to) depression. In doing so, we propose a neuroeconomic model of adolescent depression in which depression is defined as a perturbation of interpersonal motivational/reward exchange. This model serves to guide future research.},
  keywords = {Adolescent depression,Neuroeconomics,Social cognition},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5PUQ2UIV/Mellick et al. - 2015 - Neuroeconomics for the Study of Social Cognition i.pdf}
}

@article{melVolCXXIIINovember,
  title = {Vol. {{CXXIII November}} 2008 {{Issue}} 4},
  author = {Mel, Suresh De and Mckenzie, David and Woodruff, Christopher},
  journal = {QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS},
  pages = {44},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/99FCF2NN/Mel et al. - Vol. CXXIII November 2008 Issue 4.pdf}
}

@article{melVolCXXIIINovembera,
  title = {Vol. {{CXXIII November}} 2008 {{Issue}} 4},
  author = {Mel, Suresh De and Mckenzie, David and Woodruff, Christopher},
  journal = {QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS},
  pages = {44},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{mercier2020not,
  title = {Not Born Yesterday: {{The}} Science of Who We Trust and What We Believe},
  author = {Mercier, Hugo},
  year = {2020},
  publisher = {Princeton University Press}
}

@article{mesoudiCulturalEvolutionReview2016,
  title = {Cultural {{Evolution}}: {{A Review}} of {{Theory}}, {{Findings}} and {{Controversies}}},
  shorttitle = {Cultural {{Evolution}}},
  author = {Mesoudi, Alex},
  year = {2016},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Evolutionary Biology},
  volume = {43},
  number = {4},
  pages = {481--497},
  issn = {0071-3260, 1934-2845},
  doi = {10.1007/s11692-015-9320-0},
  urldate = {2022-09-05},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MHGTPVTC/Mesoudi - 2016 - Cultural Evolution A Review of Theory, Findings a.pdf}
}

@misc{Messages,
  title = {Messages},
  urldate = {2024-08-02},
  howpublished = {https://www.upwork.com/ab/messages/rooms/room\_d99c8b5354cf07fdd54604c862dab93b?pageTitle=Muhammad\%20Kamil\&companyReference=1559470648299896833\&sidebar=true},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/V3UA4ZAG/room_d99c8b5354cf07fdd54604c862dab93b.html}
}

@misc{Messagesa,
  title = {Messages},
  urldate = {2024-08-02},
  howpublished = {https://www.upwork.com/ab/messages/rooms/room\_d99c8b5354cf07fdd54604c862dab93b?pageTitle=Muhammad\%20Kamil\&companyReference=1559470648299896833\&sidebar=true},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IGRGRYVC/room_d99c8b5354cf07fdd54604c862dab93b.html}
}

@article{mianPartisanBiasEconomic2021,
  title = {Partisan {{Bias}}, {{Economic Expectations}}, and {{Household Spending}}},
  author = {Mian, Atif and Sufi, Amir and Khoshkhou, Nasim},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  pages = {1--46},
  issn = {0034-6535, 1530-9142},
  doi = {10.1162/rest_a_01056},
  urldate = {2022-04-19},
  abstract = {The well-documented rise in political polarization among the U.S. electorate over the past 20 years has been accompanied by a substantial increase in the effect of partisan bias on survey-based measures of economic expectations. Individuals have a more optimistic view on future economic conditions when they are more closely affiliated with the party that controls the White House, and this tendency has increased significantly over time. Individuals report a large shift in economic expectations based on partisan affiliation after the 2008 and 2016 elections, but administrative data on spending shows no effect of these shifts on actual household spending (JEL: D12, E21, E71).},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZZM8CXLJ/Mian et al. - 2021 - Partisan Bias, Economic Expectations, and Househol.pdf}
}

@article{michaeliPeerPressureBiased2017,
  title = {From {{Peer Pressure}} to {{Biased Norms}}},
  author = {Michaeli, Moti and Spiro, Daniel},
  year = {2017},
  month = feb,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Microeconomics},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {152--216},
  issn = {1945-7669, 1945-7685},
  doi = {10.1257/mic.20150151},
  urldate = {2022-02-20},
  abstract = {This paper studies a coordination game between a continuum of players with heterogeneous tastes who perceive peer pressure when behaving differently from each other. It characterizes the conditions under which a social norm---a mode of behavior followed by many---exists in equilibrium and the patterns of norm compliance. The emergent norm may be biased compared to the average taste in society, yet endogenously upheld by the population. Strikingly, a biased norm will, under some circumstances, be more sustainable than a non-biased norm, which may explain the bias of various social and religious norms. (JEL D11, Z12, Z13)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I2PLUGLB/Michaeli and Spiro - 2017 - From Peer Pressure to Biased Norms.pdf}
}

@article{Michalopoulos2014,
  title = {National {{Institutions}} and {{Subnational Development}} in {{Africa}}},
  author = {Michalopoulos, Stelios and Papaioannou, Elias},
  year = {2014},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {129},
  number = {1},
  pages = {151--213},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjt029},
  abstract = {We investigate the role of national institutions on subnational African development in a novel framework that accounts both for local geography and cultural-genetic traits. We exploit the fact that the political boundaries in the eve of African independence partitioned more than two hundred ethnic groups across adjacent countries subjecting similar cultures, residing in homogeneous geographic areas, to different formal institutions. Using both a matching-type and a spatial regression discontinuity approach we show that differences in countrywide institutional structures across the national border do not explain within-ethnicity differences in economic performance, as captured by satellite images of light density. The average non-effect of national institutions on ethnic development masks considerable heterogeneity partially driven by the diminishing role of national institutions in areas further from the capital cities.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8J4LKVUF/Michalopoulos and Papaioannou - 2014 - National Institutions and Subnational Development .pdf}
}

@article{Michalopoulos2018,
  title = {Historical {{Legacies}} and {{African Development}}},
  author = {Michalopoulos, Stelios and Papaioannou, Elias},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  issn = {0898-2937},
  doi = {10.3386/w25278},
  abstract = {As Africa's role on the global stage is rising, so does the need to understand the shadow of history on the continent's economy and polity. We discuss recent works that shed light on Africa's colonial and precolonial legacies. The emerging corpus is remarkably interdisciplinary. Archives, ethnographic materials, georeferenced censuses, surveys, and satellite imagery are some of the sources often combined to test influential conjectures put forward in African historiography. Exploiting within-country variation and employing credible, albeit mostly local, identification techniques, this recent literature has uncovered strong evidence of historical continuity as well as instances of rupture in the evolution of the African economy. The exposition proceeds in reverse chronological order. Starting from the colonial period, which has been linked to almost all of Africa's post-independence maladies, we first review works that uncover the lasting legacies of colonial investments in infrastructure and human capital and quantify the role of various extractive institutions, such as indirect rule and oppression associated with concessionary agreements. Second, we discuss the long-lasting impact of the "Scramble for Africa" which led to ethnic partitioning and the creation of artificial modern states. Third, we cover studies on the multi-faceted legacy of the slave trades. Fourth, we analyze the contemporary role of various precolonial, ethnic-specific, institutional and social traits, such as political centralization. We conclude by offering some thoughts on what we view as open questions.},
  keywords = {Africa,Borders,Development,Economic Development,Economic Development Innovation Technological Ch,Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity,Economic History,Economywide Country Studies,Ethnicity,General,History,Human Capital,institutions,Institutions and Growth,Political Centralization,Regional and Urban History,Slavery}
}

@article{michalopoulosFolklore2021,
  title = {Folklore},
  author = {Michalopoulos, Stelios and Xue, Melanie Meng},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {136},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1993--2046},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjab003},
  urldate = {2022-09-23},
  abstract = {Abstract             Folklore is the collection of traditional beliefs, customs, and stories of a community passed through the generations by word of mouth. We introduce to economics a unique catalog of oral traditions spanning approximately 1,000 societies. After validating the catalog's content by showing that the groups' motifs reflect known geographic and social attributes, we present two sets of applications. First, we illustrate how to fill in the gaps and expand upon a group's ethnographic record, focusing on political complexity, high gods, and trade. Second, we discuss how machine learning and human classification methods can help shed light on cultural traits, using gender roles, attitudes toward risk, and trust as examples. Societies with tales portraying men as dominant and women as submissive tend to relegate their women to subordinate positions in their communities, both historically and today. More risk-averse and less entrepreneurial people grew up listening to stories wherein competitions and challenges are more likely to be harmful than beneficial. Communities with low tolerance toward antisocial behavior, captured by the prevalence of tricksters being punished, are more trusting and prosperous today. These patterns hold across groups, countries, and second-generation immigrants. Overall, the results highlight the significance of folklore in cultural economics, calling for additional applications.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FTHEXRET/Michalopoulos and Xue - 2021 - Folklore.pdf}
}

@misc{MicrodevelopmentResearchLast,
  title = {Microdevelopment Research in the Last 20 Years: What Have We Learned?},
  shorttitle = {Microdevelopment Research in the Last 20 Years},
  journal = {Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study},
  urldate = {2024-08-28},
  abstract = {Monday, 11 March 2024 ---Friday, 15 March 2024 @ All Day - The 2019 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel rewarded the experimental approach to alleviating global poverty. This approach took roots in development economics in the early 2000s and has completely transformed research -- in development and beyond. Today development economics is a vibrant field. Experiments and quasi-experiments are combined with [...]},
  howpublished = {https://stias.ac.za/events/nobel-symposium-in-economic-sciences-microdevelopment-research-in-the-last-20-years/},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/P4DKK9TW/nobel-symposium-in-economic-sciences-microdevelopment-research-in-the-last-20-years.html}
}

@misc{MicroMacroDevelopment,
  title = {From {{Micro}} to {{Macro Development}} - {{American Economic Association}}},
  urldate = {2023-06-13},
  howpublished = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jel.20211537\&from=f},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WXFHEELW/articles.html}
}

@article{Miguel2004,
  title = {Tribe or {{Nation}}? {{Nation Building}} and {{Public Goods}} in {{Kenya}} versus {{Tanzania}}},
  author = {Miguel, Edward},
  year = {2004},
  journal = {World Politics},
  volume = {56},
  number = {3},
  pages = {327--362},
  issn = {0043-8871},
  doi = {10.1017/s0043887100004330},
  abstract = {This article examines how government policies affect ethnic relations by comparing outcomes across two nearby districts, one in Kenya and one in Tanzania, using colonial-era boundary placement as a ``natural experiment.'' Despite similar geography and historical legacies, governments in Kenya and Tanzania have followed radically different language, education, and local institutional policies, with Tanzania consistently pursuing more serious nation building. The evidence suggests that nation building has allowed diverse communities in rural Tanzania to achieve considerably better local public goods outcomes than diverse communities in Kenya. To illustrate, while Kenyan communities at mean levels of diversity have 25 percent less local school funding than homogeneous communities on average, the comparable figure in the Tanzanian district is near zero. The Kenya-Tanzania comparison provides empirical evidence that serious reforms can ameliorate social divisions and suggests that nation-building should take a place on policy agendas, especially in Africa.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8FPPB395/Miguel - 2004 - Tribe or Nation Nation Building and Public Goods .pdf}
}

@article{miguelWormsIdentifyingImpacts,
  title = {Worms: {{Identifying Impacts}} on {{Education}} and {{Health}} in the {{Presence}} of {{Treatment Externalities}}},
  author = {Miguel, Edward and Kremer, Michael},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E9X3D83P/Miguel and Kremer - Worms Identifying Impacts on Education and Health in the Presence of Treatment Externalities.pdf}
}

@article{mihoDiffusionGenderNorms2023,
  title = {Diffusion of {{Gender Norms}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Stalin}}'s {{Ethnic Deportations}}},
  author = {Miho, Antonela and Jarotschkin, Alexandra and Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina},
  year = {2023},
  abstract = {We study horizontal between-group cultural transmission using Stalin's ethnic deportations as a historical experiment. Over 2 million Soviet citizens, mostly Germans and Chechens, were forcibly relocated from the western to eastern parts of the USSR during WWII solely based on ethnicity. As a result, the native population of the deportation destinations was exogenously exposed to groups with drastically different gender norms and behavior. We combine historical and contemporary data to document that present-day gender equality in labor force participation, business leadership, and fertility as well as pro-gender-equality attitudes are higher among local native population of deportation destinations with a larger presence of Protestant compared to Muslim deportees. The effects are stronger for culturally closer groups and when adopting deportee norms is less costly. The results cannot be explained by selection, vertical cultural transmission, or deportee impact on the local economy. The evidence strongly suggests that gender norms diffused horizontally from deportees to the local population through imitation and learning.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6B9UJQLG/Miho et al. - Diffusion of Gender Norms Evidence from Stalin's .pdf}
}

@book{mikulincerAPAHandbookPersonality2015,
  title = {{{APA}} Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology, {{Volume}} 3: {{Interpersonal}} Relations.},
  shorttitle = {{{APA}} Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology, {{Volume}} 3},
  editor = {Mikulincer, Mario and Shaver, Phillip R. and Simpson, Jeffry A. and Dovidio, John F.},
  year = {2015},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address = {Washington},
  doi = {10.1037/14344-000},
  urldate = {2022-09-25},
  isbn = {978-1-4338-1703-8},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DLLF4YLK/Mikulincer et al. - 2015 - APA handbook of personality and social psychology,.pdf}
}

@book{milanovic2016global,
  title = {Global {{Inequality}}: {{A New Approach}} for the {{Age}} of {{Globalization}}},
  author = {Milanovic, B},
  year = {2016},
  publisher = {Harvard University Press},
  isbn = {978-0-674-73713-6}
}

@article{Miller2011,
  title = {The Impact of the {{Social Cash Transfer Scheme}} on Food Security in {{Malawi}}},
  author = {Miller, Candace M. and Tsoka, Maxton and Reichert, Kathryn},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {Food Policy},
  volume = {36},
  number = {2},
  pages = {230--238},
  publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
  issn = {03069192},
  doi = {10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.020},
  abstract = {The Malawi Social Cash Transfer Scheme (SCTS) was launched in 2006 to improve food security by directly providing cash transfers to the country's most destitute households. Although government-implemented cash transfer schemes have gained popularity throughout Latin America, these schemes are just emerging in Africa. While where there is evidence of the beneficial impact of cash transfers on food security from Latin American countries, there is a dearth of evidence from resource poor countries in Africa.In order to fill this gap, we conducted a longitudinal, randomized community control study of the pilot SCTS in Mchinji, Malawi from March 2007 to April 2008. In this study, we describe the impact of approximately US\$14 per month on food security among recipient households compared to control households using indicators of food consumption and expenditures and dietary diversity.We present compelling evidence, whereby each of the tested outcomes yields large effect sizes that are highly statistically significant, demonstrating a sizeable impact of cash transfers on food security and food diversity in rural Malawi. The SCTS appears to be an effective tool within the National Social Welfare Policy for improving food security in the country's destitute households. {\copyright} 2010 Elsevier Ltd.},
  keywords = {Africa,Cash transfer,Food expenditures,Food security,Impact evaluation,Social protection},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5Y9U3T8E/Miller - 2011 - The impact of the Social Cash Transfer Scheme on f.pdf}
}

@article{millettAssessingDifferentialImpacts2020,
  title = {Assessing Differential Impacts of {{COVID-19}} on Black Communities},
  author = {Millett, Gregorio A. and Jones, Austin T. and Benkeser, David and Baral, Stefan and Mercer, Laina and Beyrer, Chris and Honermann, Brian and Lankiewicz, Elise and Mena, Leandro and Crowley, Jeffrey S. and Sherwood, Jennifer and Sullivan, Patrick S.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Annals of Epidemiology},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {37--44},
  issn = {10472797},
  doi = {10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.05.003},
  urldate = {2020-09-11},
  abstract = {Purpose: Given incomplete data reporting by race, we used data on COVID-19 cases and deaths in U.S. counties to describe racial disparities in COVID-19 disease and death and associated determinants. Methods: Using publicly available data (accessed April 13, 2020), predictors of COVID-19 cases and deaths were compared between disproportionately ( 13\%) black and all other ({$<$}13\% black) counties. Rate ratios were calculated, and population attributable fractions were estimated using COVID-19 cases and deaths via zero-inflated negative binomial regression model. National maps with county-level data and an interactive scatterplot of COVID-19 cases were generated. Results: Nearly 90\% of disproportionately black counties (656/677) reported a case and 49\% (330/677) reported a death versus 81\% (1987/2465) and 28\% (684/2465), respectively, for all other counties. Counties with higher proportions of black people have higher prevalence of comorbidities and greater air pollution. Counties with higher proportions of black residents had more COVID-19 diagnoses (Rate Ratio (RR): 1.24, 95\% confidence interval: 1.17e1.33) and deaths (RR: 1.18, 95\% confidence interval: 1.00e1.40), after adjusting for county-level characteristics such as age, poverty, comorbidities, and epidemic duration. COVID-19 deaths were higher in disproportionally black rural and small metro counties. The population attributable fraction of COVID-19 diagnosis due to lack of health insurance was 3.3\% for counties with less than 13\% black residents and 4.2\% for counties with greater than or equal to 13\% black residents. Conclusions: Nearly 20\% of U.S. counties are disproportionately black, and they accounted for 52\% of COVID-19 diagnoses and 58\% of COVID-19 deaths nationally. County-level comparisons can both inform COVID-19 responses and identify epidemic hot spots. Social conditions, structural racism, and other factors elevate risk for COVID-19 diagnoses and deaths in black communities.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8LAQMJFC/Millett et al. - 2020 - Assessing differential impacts of COVID-19 on blac.pdf}
}

@article{millettExistentialRiskCostEffective2017,
  title = {Existential {{Risk}} and {{Cost-Effective Biosecurity}}},
  author = {Millett, Piers and {Snyder-Beattie}, Andrew},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Health Security},
  volume = {15},
  number = {4},
  pages = {373--383},
  issn = {2326-5094, 2326-5108},
  doi = {10.1089/hs.2017.0028},
  urldate = {2020-03-24},
  abstract = {In the decades to come, advanced bioweapons could threaten human existence. Although the probability of human extinction from bioweapons may be low, the expected value of reducing the risk could still be large, since such risks jeopardize the existence of all future generations. We provide an overview of biotechnological extinction risk, make some rough initial estimates for how severe the risks might be, and compare the cost-effectiveness of reducing these extinctionlevel risks with existing biosecurity work. We find that reducing human extinction risk can be more cost-effective than reducing smaller-scale risks, even when using conservative estimates. This suggests that the risks are not low enough to ignore and that more ought to be done to prevent the worst-case scenarios.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BK82Q8U7/Millett and Snyder-Beattie - 2017 - Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity.pdf}
}

@article{minichRealworldAdolescentSmartphone2024,
  title = {Real-World Adolescent Smartphone Use Is Associated with Improvements in Mood: {{An}} Ecological Momentary Assessment Study},
  shorttitle = {Real-World Adolescent Smartphone Use Is Associated with Improvements in Mood},
  author = {Minich, Matt and Moreno, Megan},
  year = {2024},
  month = may,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {19},
  number = {5},
  pages = {e0298422},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0298422},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  abstract = {Objective Rates of adolescent mood disorders and adolescent smartphone use have risen in parallel, leading some to suggest that smartphone use might have detrimental effects on adolescents' moods. Alternatively, it is possible that adolescents turn to smartphone use when experiencing negative mood. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between adolescent smartphone use and mood using a longitudinal methodology that measured both in real-time. Method This study used an Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) procedure completed by 253 12-17-year old participants from across the United States. Participants received short surveys delivered to their smartphones at random points throughout the day. Measures included real-time, in-situ assessments of smartphone use, current mood, and mood before smartphone use. Results Based on tests of a multilevel regression model, adolescent moods were positively associated with smartphone use ({$\beta$} = 0.261, F(1,259.49) = 19.120, p {$<$} 0.001), and that mood was positively associated with the length of phone use sessions (length of phone use {$\beta$} = 0.100, F(1, 112.88) = 5.616, p = 0.020). Participants also reported significant changes in mood during phone use, such that moods before phone use were significantly lower than moods during phone use (MChange = 0.539, t(2491) = 23.174, p {$<$} 0.001). Change in mood (mood before minus mood during phone use) was positively associated with the length of smartphone use sessions ({$\beta$} = 0.097, F(1,122.20) = 4.178, p = 0.043), such that participants who had a higher change in mood were more likely to report a longer length of smartphone use. Conclusions Findings suggest that adolescent smartphone use is positively associated with mood. This finding may suggest that adolescents use smartphones for mood modification, which aligns with an understanding of smartphone use as potentially addictive behavior.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adolescents,Behavioral addiction,Cell phones,Depression,Emotions,Mental health and psychiatry,Social media,Surveys},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G4UDGYUK/Minich and Moreno - 2024 - Real-world adolescent smartphone use is associated with improvements in mood An ecological momentar.pdf}
}

@misc{minnesotapopulationcenterIntegratedPublicUse2020,
  title = {Integrated {{Public Use Microdata Series}}, {{International}}: {{Version}} 7.1. {{Indonesia Census Data}} (1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010)},
  author = {{Minnesota Population Center}},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {IPUMS},
  doi = {10.18128/D020.V7.1},
  howpublished = {https://international.ipums.org/international/gis\_harmonized\_2nd.shtml}
}

@article{minsonDoGooderDerogationDisparaging2012,
  title = {Do-{{Gooder Derogation}}: {{Disparaging Morally Motivated Minorities}} to {{Defuse Anticipated Reproach}}},
  shorttitle = {Do-{{Gooder Derogation}}},
  author = {Minson, Julia A. and Monin, Beno{\^i}t},
  year = {2012},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Social Psychological and Personality Science},
  volume = {3},
  number = {2},
  pages = {200--207},
  issn = {1948-5506, 1948-5514},
  doi = {10.1177/1948550611415695},
  urldate = {2022-06-13},
  abstract = {Two studies document do-gooder derogation (the putting down of morally motivated others), by studying the reactions of meat eaters to vegetarians. In Study 1, 47\% of participants freely associated negative terms with vegetarians and the valence of the words was negatively related to how much participants expected vegetarians to see themselves as morally superior to nonvegetarians. In Study 2, we manipulated the salience of anticipated moral reproach by varying whether participants reported these expectations before or after rating vegetarians. As predicted, participants rated vegetarians less positively after imagining their moral judgment of meat eaters. These studies empirically document the backlash reported by moral minorities and trace it back to resentment by the mainstream against feeling morally judged.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/N4UCAZ92/Minson and Monin - 2012 - Do-Gooder Derogation Disparaging Morally Motivate.pdf}
}

@misc{mishraPharmacyProximityPeriod2024,
  title = {Pharmacy {{Proximity}} and {{Period Poverty}}: {{Assessing}} the {{Impact}} of {{Subsidized Menstrual Product Availability}} on {{Menstrual Management}} and {{Educational Outcomes}}},
  shorttitle = {Pharmacy {{Proximity}} and {{Period Poverty}}},
  author = {Mishra, Dibya Deepta and Sethi, Ritika},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4882296},
  urldate = {2024-07-27},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VVG5N5QR/JEBO-D-24-01006.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YB2K8SHJ/Mishra and Sethi - 2024 - Pharmacy Proximity and Period Poverty Assessing t.pdf}
}

@article{mobarak2016,
  title = {Seasonal Migration to Increase Incomes of Poor Households in {{Bangladesh}}},
  author = {Mobarak, Ahmed Mushfiq and Ali Akram, Agha},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Bangladesh Priorities, Copenhagen Consensus Center}
}

@article{mobiusSocialLearningEconomics2014,
  title = {Social {{Learning}} in {{Economics}}},
  author = {Mobius, Markus and Rosenblat, Tanya},
  year = {2014},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {827--847},
  issn = {1941-1383, 1941-1391},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-economics-120213-012609},
  urldate = {2022-03-12},
  abstract = {Social learning is a rapidly growing field for empirical and theoretical research in economics. We encounter social learning in many economically important phenomena, such as the adoption of new products and technologies or job search in labor markets. We review the existing empirical and theoretical literatures and argue that they have evolved largely independently of each other. This suggests several directions for future research that can help bridge the gap between both literatures. For example, the theory literature has come up with several models of social learning, ranging from na{\"i}ve DeGroot models to sophisticated Bayesian models whose assumptions and predictions need to be empirically tested. Alternatively, empiricists have often observed that social learning is more localized than existing theory models assume, and that information can decay along a transmission path. Incorporating these findings into our models might require theorists to look beyond asymptotic convergence in social learning.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3KIS6B5B/Mobius and Rosenblat - 2014 - Social Learning in Economics.pdf}
}

@article{mohananEffectLargeScaleSocial2016,
  title = {Effect {{Of A Large-Scale Social Franchising And Telemedicine Program On Childhood Diarrhea And Pneumonia Outcomes In India}}},
  author = {Mohanan, Manoj and Babiarz, Kimberly S. and {Goldhaber-Fiebert}, Jeremy D. and Miller, Grant and {Vera-Hern{\'a}ndez}, Marcos},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Health Affairs},
  volume = {35},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1800--1809},
  publisher = {Health Affairs},
  issn = {0278-2715},
  doi = {10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0481},
  urldate = {2024-11-04},
  abstract = {Despite the rapid growth of social franchising, there is little evidence on its population impact in the health sector. Similar in many ways to private-sector commercial franchising, social franchising can be found in sectors with a social objective, such as health care. This article evaluates the World Health Partners (WHP) Sky program, a large-scale social franchising and telemedicine program in Bihar, India. We studied appropriate treatment for childhood diarrhea and pneumonia and associated health care outcomes. We used multivariate difference-in-differences models to analyze data on 67,950 children ages five and under in 2011 and 2014. We found that the WHP-Sky program did not improve rates of appropriate treatment or disease prevalence. Both provider participation and service use among target populations were low. Our results do not imply that social franchising cannot succeed; instead, they underscore the importance of understanding factors that explain variation in the performance of social franchises. Our findings also highlight, for donors and governments in particular, the importance of conducting rigorous impact evaluations of new and potentially innovative health care delivery programs before investing in scaling them up.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VTLWXLAI/Mohanan et al. - 2016 - Effect Of A Large-Scale Social Franchising And Tel.pdf}
}

@article{mohananInformationFacilitationInterventions2020,
  title = {Information and {{Facilitation Interventions}} for {{Accountability}} in {{Health}} and {{Nutrition}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Trial}} in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Information and {{Facilitation Interventions}} for {{Accountability}} in {{Health}} and {{Nutrition}}},
  author = {Mohanan, Manoj and Rajan, Vikram S. and Swanson, Kendal and Thirumurthy, Harsha},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3544786},
  urldate = {2024-10-30},
  abstract = {Community-based accountability interventions have shown potential to improve delivery of public services, but there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of such interventions when implemented at scale by developing country governments. We study the effectiveness of social accountability interventions implemented by the Indian state government of Uttar Pradesh aimed at improving delivery of primary health and nutrition services to children and pregnant women. Using a villagelevel randomized trial design, we investigate two key mechanisms through which accountability interventions are hypothesized to improve healthcare delivery and health outcomes: information provision about health service entitlements and facilitation of collective action for community monitoring. We find large improvements in immunization rates, treatment of childhood diarrhea, and institutional delivery rates, modest improvements in child nutritional outcomes, and no effects on child mortality. Overall, the effects of information combined with facilitation are larger and statistically significant more often than that of providing information alone. We also find evidence of gender disparities with most of the average effects being driven by improvements among boys, with little to no effect of accountability interventions among girls.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R8E4ITU2/Mohanan et al. - 2020 - Information and Facilitation Interventions for Acc.pdf}
}

@article{mohananQualityHealthCare2016,
  title = {Quality {{Of Health Care In India}}: {{Challenges}}, {{Priorities}}, {{And The Road Ahead}}},
  shorttitle = {Quality {{Of Health Care In India}}},
  author = {Mohanan, Manoj and Hay, Katherine and Mor, Nachiket},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Health Affairs},
  volume = {35},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1753--1758},
  publisher = {Health Affairs},
  issn = {0278-2715},
  doi = {10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0676},
  urldate = {2024-11-04},
  abstract = {India's health care sector provides a wide range of quality of care, from globally acclaimed hospitals to facilities that deliver care of unacceptably low quality. Efforts to improve the quality of care are particularly challenged by the lack of reliable data on quality and by technical difficulties in measuring quality. Ongoing efforts in the public and private sectors aim to improve the quality of data, develop better measures and understanding of the quality of care, and develop innovative solutions to long-standing challenges. We summarize priorities and the challenges faced by efforts to improve the quality of care. We also highlight lessons learned from recent efforts to measure and improve that quality, based on the articles on quality of care in India that are published in this issue of           Health Affairs           . The rapidly changing profile of diseases in India and rising chronic disease burden make it urgent for state and central governments to collaborate with researchers and agencies that implement programs to improve health care to further the quality agenda.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A5LBF2HZ/Mohanan et al. - 2016 - Quality Of Health Care In India Challenges, Prior.pdf}
}

@article{molhoDirectIndirectPunishment2020,
  title = {Direct and Indirect Punishment of Norm Violations in Daily Life},
  author = {Molho, Catherine and Tybur, Joshua M. and Van Lange, Paul A. M. and Balliet, Daniel},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {3432},
  issn = {2041-1723},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-17286-2},
  urldate = {2021-12-21},
  abstract = {Abstract                            Across societies, humans punish norm violations. To date, research on the antecedents and consequences of punishment has largely relied upon agent-based modeling and laboratory experiments. Here, we report a longitudinal study documenting punishment responses to norm violations in daily life (               k               \,=\,1507;               N               \,=\,257) and test pre-registered hypotheses about the antecedents of direct punishment (i.e., confrontation) and indirect punishment (i.e., gossip and social exclusion). We find that people use confrontation versus gossip in a context-sensitive manner. Confrontation is more likely when punishers have been personally victimized, have more power, and value offenders more. Gossip is more likely when norm violations are severe and when punishers have less power, value offenders less, and experience disgust. Findings reveal a complex punishment psychology that weighs the benefits of adjusting others' behavior against the risks of retaliation.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X5UGA659/Molho et al. - 2020 - Direct and indirect punishment of norm violations .pdf}
}

@article{monfredaFarmingPlanetGeographic2008,
  title = {Farming the Planet: 2. {{Geographic}} Distribution of Crop Areas, Yields, Physiological Types, and Net Primary Production in the Year 2000: {{GLOBAL CROP AREAS AND YIELDS IN}} 2000},
  shorttitle = {Farming the Planet},
  author = {Monfreda, Chad and Ramankutty, Navin and Foley, Jonathan A.},
  year = {2008},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  volume = {22},
  number = {1},
  pages = {n/a-n/a},
  issn = {08866236},
  doi = {10.1029/2007GB002947},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GB002947 doi:10.102},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UQFYAYUQ/Monfreda et al. - 2008 - Farming the planet 2. Geographic distribution of .pdf}
}

@article{moninHolierMeThreatening2007,
  title = {{Holier than me? Threatening Social Comparison in the Moral Domain}},
  author = {Monin, Beno{\^i}t},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {Revue internationale de psychologie sociale},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  pages = {53--68},
  publisher = {Presses universitaires de Grenoble},
  address = {FONTAINE},
  issn = {9782706114052},
  langid = {french},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y27VMSMP/Kuyper - 2007 - Special issue on social comparison.pdf}
}

@article{moninMoralCredentialsExpression,
  title = {Moral {{Credentials}} and the {{Expression}} of {{Prejudice}}},
  author = {Monin, Benoit and Miller, Dale T},
  pages = {11},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E73NUV27/Monin and Miller - Moral Credentials and the Expression of Prejudice.pdf}
}

@article{moninRejectionMoralRebels2008,
  title = {The Rejection of Moral Rebels: {{Resenting}} Those Who Do the Right Thing.},
  shorttitle = {The Rejection of Moral Rebels},
  author = {Monin, Beno{\^i}t and Sawyer, Pamela J. and Marquez, Matthew J.},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {95},
  number = {1},
  pages = {76--93},
  issn = {1939-1315, 0022-3514},
  doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.76},
  urldate = {2022-06-13},
  abstract = {Four studies document the rejection of moral rebels. In Study 1, participants who made a counterattitudinal speech disliked a person who refused on principle to do so, but uninvolved observers preferred this rebel to an obedient other. In Study 2, participants taking part in a racist task disliked a rebel who refused to go along, but mere observers did not. This rejection was mediated by the perception that rebels would reject obedient participants (Study 3), but did not occur when participants described an important trait or value beforehand (Study 4). Together, these studies suggest that rebels are resented when their implicit reproach threatens the positive self-image of individuals who did not rebel.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LMISTHMV/Monin et al. - 2008 - The rejection of moral rebels Resenting those who.pdf}
}

@article{montgomerySanitaryPadInterventions2012,
  title = {Sanitary {{Pad Interventions}} for {{Girls}}' {{Education}} in {{Ghana}}: {{A Pilot Study}}},
  shorttitle = {Sanitary {{Pad Interventions}} for {{Girls}}' {{Education}} in {{Ghana}}},
  author = {Montgomery, Paul and Ryus, Caitlin R. and Dolan, Catherine S. and Dopson, Sue and Scott, Linda M.},
  year = {2012},
  month = oct,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {7},
  number = {10},
  pages = {e48274},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0048274},
  urldate = {2023-11-22},
  abstract = {Background Increased education of girls in developing contexts is associated with a number of important positive health, social, and economic outcomes for a community. The event of menarche tends to coincide with girls' transitions from primary to secondary education and may constitute a barrier for continued school attendance and performance. Following the MRC Framework for Complex Interventions, a pilot controlled study was conducted in Ghana to assess the role of sanitary pads in girls' education. Methods A sample of 120 schoolgirls between the ages of 12 and 18 from four villages in Ghana participated in a non-randomized trial of sanitary pad provision with education. The trial had three levels of treatment: provision of pads with puberty education; puberty education alone; or control (no pads or education). The primary outcome was school attendance. Results After 3 months, providing pads with education significantly improved attendance among participants, (lambda 0.824, F = 3.760, p{$<$}.001). After 5 months, puberty education alone improved attendance to a similar level (M = 91.26, SD = 7.82) as sites where pads were provided with puberty education (Rural M = 89.74, SD = 9.34; Periurban M = 90.54, SD = 17.37), all of which were higher than control (M = 84.48, SD = 12.39). The total improvement through pads with education intervention after 5 months was a 9\% increase in attendance. After 3 months, providing pads with education significantly improved attendance among participants. The changes in attendance at the end of the trial, after 5 months, were found to be significant by site over time. With puberty education alone resulting in a similar attendance level. Conclusion This pilot study demonstrated promising results of a low-cost, rapid-return intervention for girls' education in a developing context. Given the considerable development needs of poorer countries and the potential of young women there, these results suggest that a large-scale cluster randomized trial is warranted. Trial Registration Pan African Clinical Trials Registry PACTR201202000361337},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economics of training and education,Health economics,Menarche,Pilot studies,Puberty,Schools,Socioeconomic aspects of health,Teachers},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F6ZSXWTH/Montgomery et al. - 2012 - Sanitary Pad Interventions for Girls' Education in.pdf}
}

@techreport{morettiIntellectualSpoilsWar2019,
  title = {The {{Intellectual Spoils}} of {{War}}? {{Defense R}}\&{{D}}, {{Productivity}} and {{International Spillovers}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Intellectual Spoils}} of {{War}}?},
  author = {Moretti, Enrico and Steinwender, Claudia and Van Reenen, John},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  number = {w26483},
  pages = {w26483},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w26483},
  urldate = {2022-09-29},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H2RUW3M4/Moretti et al. - 2019 - The Intellectual Spoils of War Defense R&D, Produ.pdf}
}

@article{morrisPoliticalCorrectness2001,
  title = {Political {{Correctness}}},
  author = {Morris, Stephen},
  year = {2001},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {109},
  number = {2},
  pages = {231--265},
  publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
  issn = {0022-3808},
  doi = {10.1086/319554},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {An informed advisor wishes to convey her valuable information to an uninformed decision maker with identical preferences. Thus she has a current incentive to truthfully reveal her information. But if the decision maker thinks that the advisor might be biased in favor of one decision and the advisor does not wish to be thought to be biased, the advisor has a reputational incentive to lie. If the advisor is sufficiently concerned about her reputation, no information is conveyed in equilibrium. In a repeated version of this game, the advisor will care (instrumentally) about her reputation simply because she wants her valuable and unbiased advice to have an impact on future decisions.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RYXKMJXD/Morris - 2001 - Political Correctness.pdf}
}

@article{mortenTemporaryMigrationEndogenous2019,
  title = {Temporary {{Migration}} and {{Endogenous Risk Sharing}} in {{Village India}}},
  author = {Morten, Melanie},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {127},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--46},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/700763},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {When people can self-insure via migration, they may have less need for informal risk sharing. At the same time, informal insurance may reduce the need to migrate. To understand the joint determination of migration and risk sharing I study a dynamic model of risk sharing with limited commitment frictions and endogenous temporary migration. First, I characterize the model. Second, I structurally estimate the model using the new ICRISAT panel from rural India. Third, I introduce a rural employment scheme. The policy reduces migration and decreases risk sharing, lowering the welfare gain of the policy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {d,d12,d52,d91,dissertation at yale university,dynamic con-,edu,i am,india,internal migration,jel classification,limited commitment,memorten,o12,on my ph,r23,risk sharing,rural,stanford,this paper is based,tracts,urban},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9J6XIJ5Y/Morten - 2019 - Temporary Migration and Endogenous Risk Sharing in.pdf}
}

@book{mortonExperimentalPoliticalScience2010,
  title = {Experimental {{Political Science}} and the {{Study}} of {{Causality}}: {{From Nature}} to the {{Lab}}},
  shorttitle = {Experimental {{Political Science}} and the {{Study}} of {{Causality}}},
  author = {Morton, Rebecca B. and Williams, Kenneth C.},
  year = {2010},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  address = {Cambridge},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511762888},
  urldate = {2021-05-04},
  isbn = {978-0-511-76288-8},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/D2RTT588/Morton and Williams - 2010 - Experimental Political Science and the Study of Ca.pdf}
}

@article{mortonSystematicReviewMetaanalysis2018,
  title = {A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of the Effect of Protein Supplementation on Resistance Training-Induced Gains in Muscle Mass and Strength in Healthy Adults},
  author = {Morton, Robert W. and Murphy, Kevin T. and McKellar, Sean R. and Schoenfeld, Brad J. and Henselmans, Menno and Helms, Eric and Aragon, Alan A. and Devries, Michaela C. and Banfield, Laura and Krieger, James W. and Phillips, Stuart M.},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  journal = {British Journal of Sports Medicine},
  volume = {52},
  number = {6},
  pages = {376--384},
  issn = {1473-0480},
  doi = {10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608},
  abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We performed a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression to determine if dietary protein supplementation augments resistance exercise training (RET)-induced gains in muscle mass and strength. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search of Medline, Embase, CINAHL and SportDiscus. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Only randomised controlled trials with RET {$\geq$}6\,weeks in duration and dietary protein supplementation. DESIGN: Random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions with four a priori determined covariates. Two-phase break point analysis was used to determine the relationship between total protein intake and changes in fat-free mass (FFM). RESULTS: Data from 49 studies with 1863 participants showed that dietary protein supplementation significantly (all p{$<$}0.05) increased changes (means (95\% CI)) in: strength-one-repetition-maximum (2.49\,kg (0.64, 4.33)), FFM (0.30\,kg (0.09, 0.52)) and muscle size-muscle fibre cross-sectional area (CSA; 310\,{\textmu}m2 (51, 570)) and mid-femur CSA (7.2\,mm2 (0.20, 14.30)) during periods of prolonged RET. The impact of protein supplementation on gains in FFM was reduced with increasing age (-0.01\,kg (-0.02,-0.00), p=0.002) and was more effective in resistance-trained individuals (0.75\,kg (0.09, 1.40), p=0.03). Protein supplementation beyond total protein intakes of 1.62\,g/kg/day resulted in no further RET-induced gains in FFM. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION: Dietary protein supplementation significantly enhanced changes in muscle strength and size during prolonged RET in healthy adults. Increasing age reduces and training experience increases the efficacy of protein supplementation during RET. With protein supplementation, protein intakes at amounts greater than {\textasciitilde}1.6\,g/kg/day do not further contribute RET-induced gains in FFM.},
  langid = {english},
  pmcid = {PMC5867436},
  pmid = {28698222},
  keywords = {Adult,Dietary Proteins,Dietary Supplements,growth,Humans,hypertrophy,Muscle Skeletal,Muscle Strength,performance. leucine,Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic,Regression Analysis,Resistance Training,supplement,whey},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FKJJXAM4/Morton et al. - 2018 - A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regres.pdf}
}

@article{mosconaAGRICULTURALDEVELOPMENTSTRUCTURAL,
  title = {{{AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE}}, {{WITHIN AND ACROSS COUNTRIES}}},
  author = {Moscona, Jacob},
  pages = {53},
  abstract = {The impact of agricultural productivity growth at the sub-national and national levels could be very different. While empirical analysis of agricultural development often focuses on withincountry variation, standard models of structural change highlight mechanisms that operate at the country level. This study exploits rapid technological development during the Green Revolution (1960-1990) to estimate the causal effect of agricultural productivity growth on structural change both within and across countries. Across districts in India, agricultural productivity growth spurred employment and land use in the agricultural sector and reduced urbanization and the size of the non-farm labor force, particularly in manufacturing. Using an analogous identification strategy across countries, I find qualitatively similar effects -- agricultural productivity growth increased national land use and labor in agriculture and reduced urbanization. I find no evidence that agricultural productivity growth increased national income; if anything, the effect is negative, particularly for low-income countries. Agricultural productivity growth during the Green Revolution impeded structural change both at the sub-national and national level.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {agricultural productivity,economic development,green revolu-,structural change},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2SNM5PBI/Moscona - AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE, WI.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L5PNJTSD/Moscona - AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE, WI.pdf}
}

@article{mosconaManagementAidConflict2023,
  title = {The {{Management}} of {{Aid}} and {{Conflict}} in {{Africa}}},
  author = {Moscona, Jacob},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4575081},
  urldate = {2025-03-26},
  abstract = {This study investigates the relationship between the management of development aid and violent conflict in Africa. I exploit variation in World Bank project management quality driven by the assignment of project leaders of varying ability, combined with geo-coded data on all projects linked to performance report cards. I find that better project management reduces violent conflict across sub-national aid receiving regions. Poorly-managed projects increase conflict while well-managed projects do the opposite. Project monitoring is particularly important, and management matters most in regions with a recent history of warfare and for large projects that involve the transfer of appropriable resources.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M3FEBDNL/Moscona - 2023 - The Management of Aid and Conflict in Africa.pdf}
}

@article{moscoviciGroupPolarizerAttitudes1969,
  title = {The Group as a Polarizer of Attitudes},
  author = {Moscovici, Serge and Zavalloni, Marisa},
  year = {1969},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {12},
  number = {2},
  pages = {125--135},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address = {US},
  issn = {1939-1315},
  doi = {10.1037/h0027568},
  abstract = {Made comparisons of opinion and judgment ratings of experimental Ss in individual and collective situations. 140 male secondary school students comprised the sample. Group discussions to consensus resulted in statistically significant shifts toward the extremes of the scales. This polarization effect also characterized Ss' postconsensus individual ratings. These results challenged 2 widely held assumptions: (1) that group judgments are less extreme than individual judgments, and (2) that the "risky shift" phenomenon is a content-bound exception to the averaging tendency of the group. A reinterpretation of available data suggests that a normative commitment may be the underlying variable responsible for polarization effects. (34 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Attitudes,Group Dynamics,Interpersonal Influences,Judgment},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PE3K5LA8/Moscovici and Zavalloni - 1969 - The group as a polarizer of attitudes.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UDRTP3LH/1969-12889-001.html}
}

@article{moshesemyonovEthnicDiscriminationIncome1990,
  title = {Ethnic {{Discrimination}} and the {{Income}} of {{Majority-Group Workers}}.},
  author = {{Moshe Semyonov} and {Y. Cohen}},
  year = {1990},
  month = feb,
  journal = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {55},
  pages = {107},
  doi = {10.2307/2095706}
}

@article{moslehSelfreportedWillingnessShare2020,
  title = {Self-Reported Willingness to Share Political News Articles in Online Surveys Correlates with Actual Sharing on {{Twitter}}},
  author = {Mosleh, Mohsen and Pennycook, Gordon and Rand, David G.},
  editor = {Jankowski, Jaros{\l}aw},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {15},
  number = {2},
  pages = {e0228882},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0228882},
  urldate = {2021-05-28},
  abstract = {There is an increasing imperative for psychologists and other behavioral scientists to understand how people behave on social media. However, it is often very difficult to execute experimental research on actual social media platforms, or to link survey responses to online behavior in order to perform correlational analyses. Thus, there is a natural desire to use selfreported behavioral intentions in standard survey studies to gain insight into online behavior. But are such hypothetical responses hopelessly disconnected from actual sharing decisions? Or are online survey samples via sources such as Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) so different from the average social media user that the survey responses of one group give little insight into the on-platform behavior of the other? Here we investigate these issues by examining 67 pieces of political news content. We evaluate whether there is a meaningful relationship between (i) the level of sharing (tweets and retweets) of a given piece of content on Twitter, and (ii) the extent to which individuals (total N = 993) in online surveys on MTurk reported being willing to share that same piece of content. We found that the same news headlines that were more likely to be hypothetically shared on MTurk were also shared more frequently by Twitter users, r = .44. For example, across the observed range of MTurk sharing fractions, a 20 percentage point increase in the fraction of MTurk participants who reported being willing to share a news headline on social media was associated with 10x as many actual shares on Twitter. We also found that the correlation between sharing and various features of the headline was similar using both MTurk and Twitter data. These findings suggest that self-reported sharing intentions collected in online surveys are likely to provide some meaningful insight into what content would actually be shared on social media.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R32QVKTC/Mosleh et al. - 2020 - Self-reported willingness to share political news .pdf}
}

@article{mossongSocialContactsMixing2008,
  title = {Social {{Contacts}} and {{Mixing Patterns Relevant}} to the {{Spread}} of {{Infectious Diseases}}},
  author = {Mossong, Jo{\"e}l and Hens, Niel and Jit, Mark and Beutels, Philippe and Auranen, Kari and Mikolajczyk, Rafael and Massari, Marco and Salmaso, Stefania and Tomba, Gianpaolo Scalia and Wallinga, Jacco and Heijne, Janneke and {Sadkowska-Todys}, Malgorzata and Rosinska, Magdalena and Edmunds, W. John},
  editor = {Riley, Steven},
  year = {2008},
  month = mar,
  journal = {PLoS Medicine},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  pages = {e74},
  issn = {1549-1676},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.0050074},
  urldate = {2020-10-13},
  abstract = {Background Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases transmitted by the respiratory or close-contact route (e.g., pandemic influenza) is increasingly being used to determine the impact of possible interventions. Although mixing patterns are known to be crucial determinants for model outcome, researchers often rely on a priori contact assumptions with little or no empirical basis. We conducted a population-based prospective survey of mixing patterns in eight European countries using a common paper-diary methodology. Methods and Findings 7,290 participants recorded characteristics of 97,904 contacts with different individuals during one day, including age, sex, location, duration, frequency, and occurrence of physical contact. We found that mixing patterns and contact characteristics were remarkably similar across different European countries. Contact patterns were highly assortative with age: schoolchildren and young adults in particular tended to mix with people of the same age. Contacts lasting at least one hour or occurring on a daily basis mostly involved physical contact, while short duration and infrequent contacts tended to be nonphysical. Contacts at home, school, or leisure were more likely to be physical than contacts at the workplace or while travelling. Preliminary modelling indicates that 5- to 19-year-olds are expected to suffer the highest incidence during the initial epidemic phase of an emerging infection transmitted through social contacts measured here when the population is completely susceptible. Conclusions To our knowledge, our study provides the first large-scale quantitative approach to contact patterns relevant for infections transmitted by the respiratory or close-contact route, and the results should lead to improved parameterisation of mathematical models used to design control strategies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HXVAE3D5/Mossong et al. - 2008 - Social Contacts and Mixing Patterns Relevant to th.PDF}
}

@article{mottusComparabilitySelfReportedConscientiousness2012,
  title = {Comparability of {{Self-Reported Conscientiousness Across}} 21 {{Countries}}: {{Comparability}} of Self-Reports across Cultures},
  shorttitle = {Comparability of {{Self-Reported Conscientiousness Across}} 21 {{Countries}}},
  author = {M{\~o}ttus, Ren{\'e} and Allik, J{\"u}ri and Realo, Anu and Pullmann, Helle and Rossier, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Zecca, Gregory and {Ah-Kion}, Jennifer and {Amoussou-Y{\'e}y{\'e}}, D{\'e}nis and B{\"a}ckstr{\"o}m, Martin and Barkauskiene, Rasa and Barry, Oumar and Bhowon, Uma and Bj{\"o}rklund, Fredrik and Bochaver, Aleksandra and Bochaver, Konstantin and Bruin, Gideon P. and Cabrera, Helena F. and Chen, Sylvia Xiaohua and Church, A. Timothy and Ciss{\'e}, Daouda Dougoumal{\'e} and Dahourou, Donatien and Feng, Xiaohang and Guan, Yanjun and Hwang, Hyi-Sung and Idris, Fazilah and Katigbak, Marcia S. and Kuppens, Peter and Kwiatkowska, Anna and Laurinavicius, Alfredas and Mastor, Khairul Anwar and Matsumoto, David and Riemann, Rainer and Schug, Joanna and Simpson, Brian and Ng Tseung, Caroline},
  year = {2012},
  month = may,
  journal = {European Journal of Personality},
  volume = {26},
  number = {3},
  pages = {303--317},
  issn = {08902070},
  doi = {10.1002/per.840},
  urldate = {2020-04-27},
  abstract = {In cross-national studies, mean levels of self-reported phenomena are often not congruent with more objective criteria. One prominent explanation for such findings is that people make self-report judgements in relation to culture-specific standards (often called the reference group effect), thereby undermining the cross-cultural comparability of the judgements. We employed a simple method called anchoring vignettes in order to test whether people from 21 different countries have varying standards for Conscientiousness, a Big Five personality trait that has repeatedly shown unexpected nation-level relationships with external criteria. Participants rated their own Conscientiousness and that of 30 hypothetical persons portrayed in short vignettes. The latter type of ratings was expected to reveal individual differences in standards of Conscientiousness. The vignettes were rated relatively similarly in all countries, suggesting no substantial culture-related differences in standards for Conscientiousness. Controlling for the small differences in standards did not substantially change the rankings of countries on mean self-ratings or the predictive validities of these rankings for objective criteria. These findings are not consistent with mean self-rated Conscientiousness scores being influenced by culture-specific standards. The technique of anchoring vignettes can be used in various types of studies to assess the potentially confounding effects of reference levels. Copyright \# 2011 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2NGA8MTE/Mõttus et al. - 2012 - Comparability of Self-Reported Conscientiousness A.pdf}
}

@article{mousaBuildingSocialCohesion2020,
  title = {Building Social Cohesion between {{Christians}} and {{Muslims}} through Soccer in Post-{{ISIS Iraq}}},
  author = {Mousa, Salma},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {369},
  number = {6505},
  pages = {866--870},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.abb3153},
  urldate = {2021-05-25},
  abstract = {Can intergroup contact build social cohesion after war? I randomly assigned Iraqi Christians displaced by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) to an all-Christian soccer team or to a team mixed with Muslims. The intervention improved behaviors toward Muslim peers: Christians with Muslim teammates were more likely to vote for a Muslim (not on their team) to receive a sportsmanship award, register for a mixed team next season, and train with Muslims 6 months after the intervention. The intervention did not substantially affect behaviors in other social contexts, such as patronizing a restaurant in Muslim-dominated Mosul or attending a mixed social event, nor did it yield consistent effects on intergroup attitudes. Although contact can build tolerant behaviors toward peers within an intervention, building broader social cohesion outside of it is more challenging.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VLWEZRKL/Mousa - 2020 - Building social cohesion between Christians and Mu.pdf}
}

@article{mousaBuildingSocialCohesion2020a,
  title = {Building Social Cohesion between {{Christians}} and {{Muslims}} through Soccer in Post-{{ISIS Iraq}}},
  author = {Mousa, Salma},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {369},
  number = {6505},
  pages = {866--870},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.abb3153},
  urldate = {2021-11-10},
  abstract = {Can intergroup contact build social cohesion after war? I randomly                         assigned Iraqi Christians displaced by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria                         (ISIS) to an all-Christian soccer team or to a team mixed with Muslims. The                         intervention improved behaviors toward Muslim peers: Christians with Muslim                         teammates were more likely to vote for a Muslim (not on their team) to                         receive a sportsmanship award, register for a mixed team next season, and                         train with Muslims 6 months after the intervention. The intervention did not                         substantially affect behaviors in other social contexts, such as patronizing                         a restaurant in Muslim-dominated Mosul or attending a mixed social event,                         nor did it yield consistent effects on intergroup attitudes. Although                         contact can build tolerant behaviors toward peers within an intervention,                         building broader social cohesion outside of it is more challenging.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3EATZH5E/Mousa - 2020 - Building social cohesion between Christians and Mu.pdf}
}

@article{Moutoussis2017,
  title = {Computation in {{Psychotherapy}}, or {{How Computational Psychiatry Can Aid Learning-Based Psychological Therapies}}},
  author = {Moutoussis, Michael and Shahar, Nitzan and Hauser, Tobias U. and Dolan, Raymond J.},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Computational Psychiatry},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {1--21},
  doi = {10.1162/cpsy_a_00014},
  abstract = {Learning-based therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, are used worldwide, and their efficacy is endorsed by health and research funding agencies. However, the mechanisms behind both their...},
  keywords = {avoidance,bayesian inference,belief updating,cognitive-behavioral,computational psychiatry,exposure-with-response-prevention,learning,mentalization-based therapy,near-miss disaster,reinforcement,therapy,therapy failure},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KVN3H9RD/Moutoussis et al. - 2017 - Computation in Psychotherapy, or How Computational.pdf}
}

@misc{mozurGenocideIncitedFacebook2018,
  title = {A {{Genocide Incited}} on {{Facebook}}, {{With Posts From Myanmar}}'s {{Military}} - {{The New York Times}}},
  author = {Mozur, Paul},
  year = {2018},
  urldate = {2021-11-11},
  howpublished = {https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/technology/myanmar-facebook-genocide.html},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/558BQIM9/myanmar-facebook-genocide.html}
}

@article{mradEffectsIntellectualProperty2017,
  title = {The Effects of Intellectual Property Rights Protection in the Technology Transfer Context on Economic Growth: The Case of Developing Countries},
  shorttitle = {The Effects of Intellectual Property Rights Protection in the Technology Transfer Context on Economic Growth},
  author = {Mrad, Fatma},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Journal of Innovation Economics},
  volume = {23},
  number = {2},
  pages = {33},
  issn = {2032-5355},
  doi = {10.3917/jie.023.0033},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {The objective of this paper is to estimate an econometric model for analyzing the effects of intellectual property rights (IPRs) on technology transfer through the importation of capital goods, and on economic growth in 48\,developing countries, signatories to the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights of the WTO, by using the simultaneous-equations model estimated by Seemingly Unrelated Regressionsduring the period 1970--2009. Our empirical results show that IPR protection positively affects economic growth in developing countries by attracting foreign technology embodied in capital goods. In addition, a developing country's membership of the WTO promotes and encourages technology transfer through the liberalization of international trade.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8I2RXK7Z/Mrad - 2017 - The effects of intellectual property rights protec.pdf}
}

@article{mughalSystematicReviewValidated2020,
  title = {A Systematic Review of Validated Screening Tools for Anxiety Disorders and {{PTSD}} in Low to Middle Income Countries},
  author = {Mughal, Anisa Y. and Devadas, Jackson and Ardman, Eric and Levis, Brooke and Go, Vivian F. and Gaynes, Bradley N.},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {BMC Psychiatry},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  pages = {338},
  issn = {1471-244X},
  doi = {10.1186/s12888-020-02753-3},
  urldate = {2024-06-29},
  abstract = {Background: Anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) contribute significantly to disability adjusted life years in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs). Screening has been proposed to improve identification and management of these disorders, but little is known about the validity of screening tools for these disorders. We conducted a systematic review of validated screening tools for detecting anxiety and PTSD in LMICs. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health and PsychINFO were searched (inception-April 22, 2020). Eligible studies (1) screened for anxiety disorders and/or PTSD; (2) reported sensitivity and specificity for a given cut-off value; (3) were conducted in LMICs; and (4) compared screening results to diagnostic classifications based on a reference standard. Screening tool, cut-off, disorder, region, country, and clinical population were extracted for each study, and we assessed study quality. Accuracy results were organized based on screening tool, cut-off, and specific disorder. Accuracy estimates for the same cut-off for the same screening tool and disorder were combined via meta-analysis. Results: Of 6322 unique citations identified, 58 articles including 77 screening tools were included. There were 46, 19 and 12 validations for anxiety, PTSD, and combined depression and anxiety, respectively. Continentally, Asia had the most validations (35). Regionally, South Asia (11) had the most validations, followed by South Africa (10) and West Asia (9). The Kessler-10 (7) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 item scale (GAD-7) (6) were the most commonly validated tools for anxiety disorders, while the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (3) and Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (3) were the most commonly validated tools for PTSD. Most studies (29) had the lowest quality rating (unblinded). Due to incomplete reporting, we could meta-analyze results from only two studies, which involved the GAD-7 (cut-off {$\geq$}10, pooled sensitivity = 76\%, pooled specificity = 64\%). Conclusion: Use of brief screening instruments can bring much needed attention and research opportunities to various at-risk LMIC populations. However, many have been validated in inadequately designed studies, precluding any general recommendation for specific tools in LMICs. Locally validated screening tools for anxiety and PTSD need further evaluation in well-designed studies to assess whether they can improve the detection and management of these common disorders. Trial registration: PROSPERO registry number CRD42019121794.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XG8RBC8G/Mughal et al. - 2020 - A systematic review of validated screening tools f.pdf}
}

@misc{mukandPoliticalEconomyIdeas2018,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {The {{Political Economy}} of {{Ideas}}: {{On Ideas Versus Interests}} in {{Policymaking}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Political Economy}} of {{Ideas}}},
  author = {Mukand, Sharun and Rodrik, Dani},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {24467},
  eprint = {24467},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w24467},
  urldate = {2022-10-22},
  abstract = {We develop a conceptual framework to highlight the role of ideas as a catalyst for policy and institutional change. We make an explicit distinction between ideas and vested interests and show how they feed into each other. In doing so the paper integrates the Keynes-Hayek perspective on the importance of ideas with the currently more fashionable Stigler-Becker (interests only) approach to political economy. We distinguish between two kinds of ideational politics -- the battle among different worldviews on the efficacy of policy (worldview politics) versus the politics of victimhood, pride and identity (identity politics). Political entrepreneurs discover identity and policy `memes' (narratives, cues, framing) that shift beliefs about how the world works or a person's belief of who he is (i.e. identity). Our framework identifies a complementarity between worldview politics and identity politics and illustrates how they may reinforce each other. In particular, an increase in identity polarization may be associated with a shift in views about how the world works. Furthermore, an increase in income inequality is likely to result in a greater incidence of ideational politics. Finally, we show how ideas may not just constrain, but also `bite' the interests that helped propagate them in the first instance.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/J7YXBILN/Mukand and Rodrik - 2018 - The Political Economy of Ideas On Ideas Versus In.pdf}
}

@article{mukasaContraceptionSupplyChain2017,
  title = {Contraception Supply Chain Challenges: A Review of Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income Countries},
  shorttitle = {Contraception Supply Chain Challenges},
  author = {Mukasa, Bakali and Ali, Moazzam and Farron, Madeline and de Weerdt, Renee Van},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {The European Journal of Contraception \& Reproductive Health Care},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  issn = {1362-5187},
  urldate = {2024-07-17},
  abstract = {Purpose: To identify and assess factors determining the functioning of supply chain systems for modern contraception in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and to identify challenges contribu...},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2017 World Health Organization. Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M2KANS9C/Mukasa et al. - 2017 - Contraception supply chain challenges a review of.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AF6WZCDH/13625187.2017.html}
}

@article{mulderDistinctMorphologiesArterial2022,
  title = {Distinct Morphologies of Arterial Waveforms Reveal Preload-, Contractility-, and Afterload-deficient Hemodynamic Instability: {{An}} in Silico Simulation Study},
  shorttitle = {Distinct Morphologies of Arterial Waveforms Reveal Preload-, Contractility-, and Afterload-deficient Hemodynamic Instability},
  author = {Mulder, Marijn P. and Broom{\'e}, Michael and Donker, Dirk W. and Westerhof, Berend~E.},
  year = {2022},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Physiological Reports},
  volume = {10},
  number = {7},
  pages = {e15242},
  issn = {2051-817X},
  doi = {10.14814/phy2.15242},
  urldate = {2024-03-28},
  abstract = {Hemodynamic instability is frequently present in critically ill patients, primarily caused by a decreased preload, contractility, and/or afterload. We hypothesized that peripheral arterial blood pressure waveforms allow to differentiate between these underlying causes. In this in-silico experimental study, a computational cardiovascular model was used to simulate hemodynamic instability by decreasing blood volume, left ventricular contractility or systemic vascular resistance, and additionally adaptive and compensatory mechanisms. From the arterial pressure waveforms, 45 features describing the morphology were discerned and a sensitivity analysis and principal component analysis were performed, to quantitatively investigate their discriminative power. During hemodynamic instability, the arterial waveform morphology changed distinctively, for example, the slope of the systolic upstroke having a sensitivity of 2.02 for reduced preload, 0.80 for reduced contractility, and -0.02 for reduced afterload. It was possible to differentiate between the three underlying causes based on the derived features, as demonstrated by the first two principal components explaining 99\% of the variance in waveforms. The features with a high correlation coefficient ({$>$}0.25) to these principal components are describing the systolic up- and downstroke, and the anacrotic and dicrotic notches of the waveforms. In this study, characteristic peripheral arterial waveform morphologies were identified that allow differentiation between deficits in preload, contractility, and afterload causing hemodynamic instability. These findings are confined to an in silico simulation and warrant further experimental and clinical research in order to prove clinical usability in daily practice., In this in-silico simulation study, characteristic peripheral arterial pressure waveform morphologies were identified that allow differentiation between deficits in preload, contractility, and afterload causing hemodynamic instability.},
  pmcid = {PMC9004248},
  pmid = {35412023},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FQNJCD6L/Mulder et al. - 2022 - Distinct morphologies of arterial waveforms reveal.pdf}
}

@book{mullainathan2013scarcity,
  title = {Scarcity: {{Why Having Too Little Means So Much}}},
  author = {Mullainathan, S and Shafir, E},
  year = {2013},
  publisher = {{Henry Holt and Company}},
  isbn = {978-1-4299-4345-1}
}

@article{mullainathanMarketNews2005,
  title = {The {{Market}} for {{News}}},
  author = {Mullainathan, Sendhil and Shleifer, Andrei},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {THE AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW},
  volume = {95},
  number = {4},
  pages = {52},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZN74LGNQ/Mullainathan and Shleifer - 2005 - The Market for News.pdf}
}

@article{mullenIngroupBiasFunction1992,
  title = {Ingroup Bias as a Function of Salience, Relevance, and Status: {{An}} Integration},
  shorttitle = {Ingroup Bias as a Function of Salience, Relevance, and Status},
  author = {Mullen, Brian and Brown, Rupert and Smith, Colleen},
  year = {1992},
  month = mar,
  journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
  volume = {22},
  number = {2},
  pages = {103--122},
  issn = {00462772, 10990992},
  doi = {10.1002/ejsp.2420220202},
  urldate = {2021-05-25},
  abstract = {This paper reports the results of a meta-analytic integration of the results of137 tests of the ingroup bias hypothesis. Overall, the ingroup bias effect was highly significant and of moderate magnitude. Several theoretically informative determinants of the ingroup bias effect were established. This ingroup bias effect was significantly stronger when the ingroup was made salient (by virtue of proportionate size and by virtue of reality of the group categorization). A significant interaction between the reality of the group categorization and the relative status of the ingroup revealed a slight decrease in the ingroup bias effect as afunction of status in real groups, and a significant increase in the ingroup bias effect as afunction ofstatus in artificialgroups. Finally, an interaction between item relevance and ingroup status was observed, such that higher status groups exhibited more ingroup bias on more relevant attributes, whereas lower status groups exhibited more ingroup bias on less relevant attributes. Discussion considers the implications of these results f o r current theory and future research involving the ingroup bias effect.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WZJFYHUG/Mullen et al. - 1992 - Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance,.pdf}
}

@article{mullerFANNINGFLAMESHATE2020,
  title = {{{FANNING THE FLAMES OF HATE}}: {{SOCIAL MEDIA AND HATE CRIME}}},
  author = {M{\"u}ller, Karsten and Schwarz, Carlo},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  pages = {37},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L6GPKTAN/Müller and Schwarz - 2020 - FANNING THE FLAMES OF HATE SOCIAL MEDIA AND HATE .pdf}
}

@misc{mullerHashtagHateCrime2020,
  type = {{{SSRN Scholarly Paper}}},
  title = {From {{Hashtag}} to {{Hate Crime}}: {{Twitter}} and {{Anti-Minority Sentiment}}},
  shorttitle = {From {{Hashtag}} to {{Hate Crime}}},
  author = {M{\"u}ller, Karsten and Schwarz, Carlo},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  number = {3149103},
  address = {Rochester, NY},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3149103},
  urldate = {2023-07-06},
  abstract = {We study whether social media can contribute to hatred against minorities with a focus on Donald Trump's political rise. To establish causality, we construct an instrument for Twitter usage based on the platform's early adopters at the South by Southwest (SXSW) festival in 2007, who were crucial for Twitter's diffusion across US counties. Instrumenting with the home counties of SXSW followers who joined in March 2007, while controlling for the counties of SXSW followers who joined before the festival, we find that a one standard deviation increase in Twitter usage is associated with a 32\% larger increase in anti-Muslim hate crimes since the 2016 presidential primaries. Further, Trump's tweets about Islam-related topics predict increases in xenophobic tweets by his followers, cable news attention paid to Muslims, and hate crimes on the following days. These correlations persist in an instrumental variable framework exploiting that Trump is more likely to tweet about Muslims on days he plays golf.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Hate Crimes,Minorities,Muslims,Social Media,Twitter},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PZLXXYUZ/Müller and Schwarz - 2020 - From Hashtag to Hate Crime Twitter and Anti-Minor.pdf}
}

@article{mummoloDemandEffectsSurvey2019,
  title = {Demand {{Effects}} in {{Survey Experiments}}: {{An Empirical Assessment}}},
  shorttitle = {Demand {{Effects}} in {{Survey Experiments}}},
  author = {Mummolo, Jonathan and Peterson, Erik},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  volume = {113},
  number = {2},
  pages = {517--529},
  issn = {0003-0554, 1537-5943},
  doi = {10.1017/S0003055418000837},
  urldate = {2021-10-21},
  abstract = {Survey experiments are ubiquitous in social science. A frequent critique is that positive results in these studies stem from experimenter demand effects (EDEs)---bias that occurs when participants infer the purpose of an experiment and respond so as to help confirm a researcher's hypothesis. We argue that online survey experiments have several features that make them robust to EDEs, and test for their presence in studies that involve over 12,000 participants and replicate five experimental designs touching on all empirical political science subfields. We randomly assign participants information about experimenter intent and show that providing this information does not alter the treatment effects in these experiments. Even financial incentives to respond in line with researcher expectations fail to consistently induce demand effects. Research participants exhibit a limited ability to adjust their behavior to align with researcher expectations, a finding with important implications for the design and interpretation of survey experiments.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DK4SGLWU/Mummolo and Peterson - 2019 - Demand Effects in Survey Experiments An Empirical.pdf}
}

@article{munevarMythDualConsciousness,
  title = {The {{Myth}} of {{Dual Consciousness}} in the {{Split Brain}}:},
  author = {Munevar, Gonzalo},
  pages = {6},
  abstract = {In his Nobel acceptance lecture in 1981, Roger Sperry, who was awarded the Prize for Physiology or Medicine, argued that his research and that of his collaborators had demonstrated that the right hemisphere of split-brain patients had a rich cognitive and emotional life that might be said to rival that of the left hemisphere in many respects. This cemented the belief that two consciousness may exist side by side, so to speak. Such a belief is not uncommon, even amongst distinguished researchers. It arose in great part because some split-brain patients have been afflicted by the ``wild-hand syndrome,'' in which the patient, say, would reach for an object with his right hand, only to have the left hand block or undue the action. This phenomenon made a strong impression on many observers, who then concluded that the two hemispheres, each with its own consciousness, were in conflict with each other. However, many considerations from psychology and neuroscience lead to a simpler and more nuanced explanation without recourse to extraordinary claims: The different hemispheres are conscious at different times, depending on the task. For example, in classical experiments by Gazzaniga and LeDoux, it seems obvious that the split-brain patient is not conscious of what his right hemisphere has processed. It is not merely that the patient is not able to verbalize his experience, or that he is confused. For the patient is quite confident, indeed adamant, that he has seen nothing, and even resorts to confabulation to explain his choices. Whatever mental process takes place in the right hemisphere clearly meets the McGovern-Baars operational criteria to qualify as an unconscious process. Moreover, lesions to the SMA also create the ``alien hand syndrome'' without any mysterious dual consciousness. The case of split-brain patients operates on similar mechanisms.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FTIJ2LVD/Munevar - The Myth of Dual Consciousness in the Split Brain.pdf}
}

@article{mungerTweetmentEffectsTweeted2017,
  title = {Tweetment {{Effects}} on the {{Tweeted}}: {{Experimentally Reducing Racist Harassment}}},
  shorttitle = {Tweetment {{Effects}} on the {{Tweeted}}},
  author = {Munger, Kevin},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Political Behavior},
  volume = {39},
  number = {3},
  pages = {629--649},
  issn = {1573-6687},
  doi = {10.1007/s11109-016-9373-5},
  urldate = {2023-07-06},
  abstract = {I conduct an experiment which examines the impact of group norm promotion and social sanctioning on racist online harassment. Racist online harassment de-mobilizes the minorities it targets, and the open, unopposed expression of racism in a public forum can legitimize racist viewpoints and prime ethnocentrism. I employ an intervention designed to reduce the use of anti-black racist slurs by white men on Twitter. I collect a sample of Twitter users who have harassed other users and use accounts I control (``bots'') to sanction the harassers. By varying the identity of the bots between in-group (white man) and out-group (black man) and by varying the number of Twitter followers each bot has, I find that subjects who were sanctioned by a high-follower white male significantly reduced their use of a racist slur. This paper extends findings from lab experiments to a naturalistic setting using an objective, behavioral outcome measure and a continuous 2-month data collection period. This represents an advance in the study of prejudiced behavior.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Online harassment,Randomized field experiment,Social identity,Social media}
}

@article{munshiCasteIndianEconomy2019,
  title = {Caste and the {{Indian Economy}}},
  author = {Munshi, Kaivan},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  volume = {57},
  number = {4},
  pages = {781--834},
  issn = {0022-0515},
  doi = {10.1257/jel.20171307},
  urldate = {2024-12-13},
  abstract = {Caste plays a role at every stage of an Indian's economic life, in school, university, the labor market, and into old age. The influence of caste extends beyond private economic activity into the public sphere, where caste politics determines access to public resources. The aggregate evidence indicates that there has been convergence in education, occupations, income, and access to public resources across caste groups in the decades after independence. Some of this convergence is likely due to affirmative action, but caste-based networks could also have played an equalizing role by exploiting the opportunities that became available in a globalizing economy. Ethnic networks were once active in many advanced economies but ceased to be salient once markets developed. With economic development, it is possible that caste networks will cease to be salient in India. The affirmative action programs may also be rolled back and (statistical) discrimination in urban labor markets may come to an end if and when there is convergence across caste groups. In the interim period, however, it is important to understand the positive and negative consequences of caste involvement across a variety of spheres in the Indian economy. (JEL G22, J15, J71, O15, O17, Z13)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z5BDAF7D/Munshi - 2019 - Caste and the Indian Economy.pdf}
}

@article{munshiNetworksMisallocationInsurance2016,
  title = {Networks and {{Misallocation}}: {{Insurance}}, {{Migration}}, and the {{Rural-Urban Wage Gap}}},
  shorttitle = {Networks and {{Misallocation}}},
  author = {Munshi, Kaivan and Rosenzweig, Mark},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {106},
  number = {1},
  pages = {46--98},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20131365},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/63MULH98/Munshi and Rosenzweig - 2016 - Networks and Misallocation Insurance, Migration, .pdf}
}

@article{Muralidharan2016,
  title = {Building State Capacity: {{Evidence}} from Biometric Smartcards in {{Indi}}},
  author = {Muralidharan, Karthik and Niehaus, Paul and Sukhtankar, Sandip},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {106},
  number = {10},
  pages = {2895--2929},
  issn = {00028282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20141346},
  abstract = {Antipoverty programs in developing countries are often difficult to implement; in particular, many governments lack the capacity to deliver payments securely to targeted beneficiaries. We evaluate the impact of biometrically authenticated payments infrastructure ("Smartcards") on beneficiaries of employment (NREGS) and pension (SSP) programs in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, using a large-scale experiment that randomized the rollout of Smartcards over 157 subdistricts and 19 million people. We find that, while incompletely implemented, the new system delivered a faster, more predictable, and less corrupt NREGS payments process without adversely affecting program access. For each of these outcomes, treatment group distributions first-order stochastically dominated those of the control group. The investment was cost-effective, as time savings to NREGS beneficiaries alone were equal to the cost of the intervention, and there was also a significant reduction in the "leakage" of funds between the government and beneficiaries in both NREGS and SSP programs. Beneficiaries overwhelmingly preferred the new system for both programs. Overall, our results suggest that investing in secure payments infrastructure can significantly enhance "state capacity" to implement welfare programs in developing countries.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/STPVQJCJ/Muralidharan et al. - 2016 - Building State Capacity Evidence from Biometric S.pdf}
}

@incollection{Muralidharan2017,
  title = {Field {{Experiments}} in {{Education}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Field Experiments}}},
  author = {Muralidharan, K.},
  editor = {Banerjee, Abhijit and Duflo, Esther},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {323--385},
  doi = {10.1016/bs.hefe.2016.09.004},
  abstract = {The study of education in developing countries has been transformed by the rapid increase in the feasibility and prevalence of field experiments over the past 15 years. This paper comprises three main sections. First, it illustrates the very broad range of research questions regarding education in developing countries that have been addressed using field experiments, and summarizes the most important patterns of findings from this body of research. Second, it discusses some of the limitations of field experiments and strategies for mitigating them through better design. Third, it provides a practical toolkit on design, implementation, measurement and data collection, analysis, and interpretation of field experiments in education. The main goal for this chapter is to serve as a reference for students, researchers, and practitioners by summarizing lessons learned, highlighting key open questions for future research, and providing guidance on how to design and implement high-quality field experiments in education in a way that maximizes what we learn from them.},
  keywords = {development,education,experimental design,field experiments,synthesis,toolkit},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A58E9YSC/Muralidharan - Field Experiments in Education in Developing Count.pdf}
}

@article{Muralidharan2017a,
  title = {Cycling to School: {{Increasing}} Secondary School Enrollment for Girls in {{India}}},
  author = {Muralidharan, Karthik and Prakash, Nishith},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {321--350},
  issn = {19457790},
  doi = {10.1257/app.20160004},
  abstract = {We study the impact of an innovative program in the Indian state of Bihar that aimed to reduce the gender gap in secondary school enrollment by providing girls who continued to secondary school with a bicycle that would improve access to school. Using data from a large representative household survey, we employ a triple difference approach (using boys and the neighboring state of Jharkhand as comparison groups) and find that being in a cohort that was exposed to the Cycle program increased girls' age-appropriate enrollment in secondary school by 32 percent and reduced the corresponding gender gap by 40 percent. We also find an 18 percent increase in the number of girls who appear for the high-stakes secondary school certificate exam, and a 12 percent increase in the number of girls who pass it. Parametric and non-parametric decompositions of the triple-difference estimate as a function of distance to the nearest secondary school show that the increases in enrollment mostly took place in villages that were further away from a secondary school, suggesting that the mechanism of impact was the reduction in the time and safety cost of school attendance made possible by the bicycle. We also find that the Cycle program was much more cost effective at increasing girls' secondary school enrollment than comparable conditional cash transfer programs in South Asia.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3KQWXJ36/Muralidharan and Prakash - 2017 - Cycling to School Increasing Secondary School Enr.pdf}
}

@article{Muralidharan2017b,
  title = {The Fiscal Cost of Weak Governance: {{Evidence}} from Teacher Absence~in~{{India}}},
  author = {Muralidharan, Karthik and Das, Jishnu and Holla, Alaka and Mohpal, Aakash},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {145},
  pages = {116--135},
  publisher = {The Authors.},
  issn = {00472727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.11.005},
  abstract = {The relative return to strategies that augment inputs versus those that reduce inefficiencies remains a key open question for education policy in low-income countries. Using a new nationally-representative panel dataset of schools across 1297 villages in India, we show that the large public investments in education over the past decade have led to substantial improvements in input-based measures of school quality, but only a modest reduction in inefficiency as measured by teacher absence. In our data, 23.6\% of teachers were absent during unannounced school visits, and we estimate that the salary cost of unauthorized teacher absence is \$1.5~billion/year. We find two robust correlations in the nationally-representative panel data that corroborate findings from smaller-scale experiments. First, reductions in student-teacher ratios are correlated with increased teacher absence. Second, increases in the frequency of school monitoring are strongly correlated with lower teacher absence. Using these results, we show that reducing inefficiencies by increasing the frequency of monitoring could be over ten times more cost effective at increasing the effective student-teacher ratio than hiring more teachers. Thus, policies that decrease the inefficiency of public education spending are likely to yield substantially higher marginal returns than those that augment inputs.},
  keywords = {Education,Governance,India,Monitoring,State capacity,Teacher absence,Teacher absenteeism},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FQDXYQWN/Muralidharan et al. - 2017 - The fiscal cost of weak governance Evidence from .pdf}
}

@techreport{Muralidharan2018,
  title = {Improving {{Last-Mile Service Delivery}} Using {{Phone-Based Monitoring}}},
  author = {Muralidharan, Karthik and Niehaus, Paul and Sukhtankar, Sandip and Weaver, Jeffrey},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {NBER Working paper},
  volume = {34},
  number = {11},
  pages = {e77-e77},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w25298},
  abstract = {Improving ``last-mile'' public service delivery is a recurring challenge in developing countries. Could the widespread adoption of mobile phones provide a simple, cost-effective means for improvement?We use an at-scale experiment to evaluate the impact of a phone-based monitoring system on a program that transferred nearly a billion dollars to 5.7 million Indian farmers. In selected jurisdictions, officials were informed that program implementation would be measured via calls with beneficiaries. This led to a 3.9\% increase in farmers receiving transfers on time, and a 1.5\% increase overall. The program was highly cost-effective, costing 3.6 cents for each additional dollar delivered.},
  keywords = {asia,c parthasarathi,especially mr,have been possible without,including kartik srivastava,india,k ramakrishna rao and,mobile phones,mr,of telangana,of the j-pal south,officials in the government,research program,service delivery,state capacity,the efforts and inputs,the payments and governance,this paper would not,ucsd project team in,we are grateful to},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/34PTTFVC/Muralidharan et al. - 2018 - Improving Last-Mile Service Delivery using Phone-B.pdf}
}

@misc{Muralidharan2019,
  title = {Public {{Sector Personnel Management}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
  author = {Muralidharan, Karthik},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {NBER Reporter},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4HK7Q6RG/Muralidharan - Public Sector Personnel Management in Developing C.pdf}
}

@article{Muralidharan2019a,
  title = {Disrupting Education? {{Experimental}} Evidence on Technology-Aided Instruction in {{India}}},
  author = {Muralidharan, Karthik and Singh, Abhijeet and Ganimian, Alejandro J.},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {109},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1426--1460},
  issn = {19447981},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20171112},
  abstract = {We study the impact of a personalized technology-aided after-school instruction program in middle-school grades in urban India using a lottery that provided winners with free access to the program. Lottery winners scored 0.37 {$\sigma$} higher in math and 0.23 {$\sigma$} higher in Hindi over just a 4.5-month period. IV estimates suggest that attending the program for 90 days would increase math and Hindi test scores by 0.6 {$\sigma$} and 0.39 {$\sigma$} respectively. We find similar absolute test score gains for all students, but much greater relative gains for academically-weaker students. Our results suggest that well-designed, technology-aided instruction programs can sharply improve productivity in delivering education.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F6JLLXWS/Muralidharan et al. - 2019 - Disrupting Education Experimental Evidence on Tec.pdf}
}

@book{muralidharan2024accelerating,
  title = {Accelerating India's Development: A State-Led Roadmap for Effective Governance},
  author = {Muralidharan, K.},
  year = {2024},
  publisher = {Penguin Random House India Private Limited},
  isbn = {978-93-5708-765-0}
}

@article{muralidharanAggregateEffectSchool2015,
  title = {The {{Aggregate Effect}} of {{School Choice}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Two-Stage Experiment}} in {{India}} *},
  author = {Muralidharan, Karthik and Sundararaman, Venkatesh},
  year = {2015},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {130},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1011--1066},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjv013},
  abstract = {We present experimental evidence on the impact of a school choice program in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh that provided students with a voucher to finance attending a private school of their choice. The study design featured a unique two-stage lottery-based allocation of vouchers that created both student-level and market-level experiments, which allows us to study the individual and the aggregate effects of school choice (including spillovers). After two and four years of the program, we find no difference between test scores of lottery winners and losers on Telugu (native language), math, English, and science/social studies, suggesting that the large cross-sectional differences in test scores across public and private schools mostly reflect omitted variables. However, private schools also teach Hindi, which is not taught by the public schools, and lottery winners have much higher test scores in Hindi. Furthermore, the mean cost per student in the private schools in our sample was less than a third of the cost in public schools. Thus, private schools in this setting deliver slightly better test score gains than their public counterparts (better on Hindi and same in other subjects), and do so at a substantially lower cost per student. Finally, we find no evidence of spillovers on public school students who do not apply for the voucher, or on private school students, suggesting that the positive effects on voucher winners did not come at the expense of other students.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XWF3VM7A/Muralidharan and Sundararaman - 2015 - The Aggregate Effect of School Choice Evidence fr.pdf}
}

@article{muralidharanFactorialDesignsModel2023,
  title = {Factorial {{Designs}}, {{Model Selection}}, and ({{Incorrect}}) {{Inference}} in {{Randomized Experiments}}},
  author = {Muralidharan, Karthik and Romero, Mauricio and W{\"u}thrich, Kaspar},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  pages = {1--44},
  issn = {0034-6535},
  doi = {10.1162/rest_a_01317},
  urldate = {2023-07-07},
  abstract = {Factorial designs are widely used to study multiple treatments in one experiment. While t-tests using a fully-saturated ``long'' model provide valid inferences, ``short'' model t-tests (that ignore interactions) yield higher power if interactions are zero, but incorrect inferences otherwise. Of 27 factorial experiments published in top-5 journals (2007--2017), 19 use the short model. After including interactions, over half of their results lose significance. Based on recent econometric advances, we show that power improvements over the long model are possible. We provide practical guidance for the design of new experiments and the analysis of completed experiments.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5L5WVU5V/Muralidharan et al. - 2023 - Factorial Designs, Model Selection, and (Incorrect.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RV3VAY5K/Factorial-Designs-Model-Selection-and-Incorrect.html}
}

@article{Murgai2016,
  title = {Is Work Fare Cost-Effective against Poverty in a Poor Labor-Surplus Economy?},
  author = {Murgai, Rinku and Ravallion, Martin and {van de Walle}, Dominique},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {World Bank Economic Review},
  volume = {30},
  number = {3},
  pages = {413--445},
  issn = {1564698X},
  doi = {10.1093/wber/lhv038},
  abstract = {Workfare has often seemed an attractive option for making self-targeted transfers to poor people. But is this incentive argument strong enough in practice to prefer unproductive workfare to even untargeted cash transfers? A nonparametric survey-based method is used to assess the cost-effectiveness of a large workfare scheme in a poor state of India with high unemployment. Forgone earnings are evident but fall short of market wages. For the same budget, unproductive workfare has less impact on poverty than either a basic-income scheme or transfers tied to the government's assignment of ration cards. The productivity of workfare is thus crucial to its justification as an antipoverty policy. JEL codes: I32, I38.}
}

@article{murgaiWorkfareCostEffectivePoverty,
  title = {Is {{Workfare Cost-Effective}} against {{Poverty}} in a {{Poor Labor-Surplus Economy}}?},
  author = {Murgai, Rinku and Ravallion, Martin and {van de Walle}, Dominique},
  pages = {44},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JGJIZSW7/Murgai et al. - Is Workfare Cost-Effective against Poverty in a Po.pdf}
}

@article{murphyValueHealthLongevity2006,
  title = {The {{Value}} of {{Health}} and {{Longevity}}},
  author = {Murphy, Kevin~M. and Topel, Robert~H.},
  year = {2006},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {114},
  number = {5},
  pages = {871--904},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/508033},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BT7C5DQJ/Murphy, Topel - 2006 - The Value of Health and Longevity(2).pdf}
}

@misc{murthy2023social,
  title = {Social Media and Youth Mental Health: {{The US}} Surgeon General's Advisory; 2023},
  author = {Murthy, V},
  year = {2023}
}

@article{musekiwaMetaAnalysisEffectSizes2016,
  title = {Meta-{{Analysis}} of {{Effect Sizes Reported}} at {{Multiple Time Points Using General Linear Mixed Model}}},
  author = {Musekiwa, Alfred and Manda, Samuel O. M. and Mwambi, Henry G. and Chen, Ding-Geng},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {11},
  number = {10},
  pages = {e0164898},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0164898},
  urldate = {2024-07-31},
  abstract = {Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies combines effect sizes measured at pre-determined time points. The most common approach involves performing separate univariate meta-analyses at individual time points. This simplistic approach ignores dependence between longitudinal effect sizes, which might result in less precise parameter estimates. In this paper, we show how to conduct a meta-analysis of longitudinal effect sizes where we contrast different covariance structures for dependence between effect sizes, both within and between studies. We propose new combinations of covariance structures for the dependence between effect size and utilize a practical example involving meta-analysis of 17 trials comparing postoperative treatments for a type of cancer, where survival is measured at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months post randomization. Although the results from this particular data set show the benefit of accounting for within-study serial correlation between effect sizes, simulations are required to confirm these results.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cancer chemotherapy,Cancer treatment,Covariance,Glioma,Longitudinal studies,Metaanalysis,Radiation therapy,Randomized controlled trials},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A3F2JA3W/Musekiwa et al. - 2016 - Meta-Analysis of Effect Sizes Reported at Multiple.pdf}
}

@article{muthukrishnaProblemTheory2019,
  title = {A Problem in Theory},
  author = {Muthukrishna, Michael and Henrich, Joseph},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},
  volume = {3},
  number = {3},
  pages = {221--229},
  issn = {2397-3374},
  doi = {10.1038/s41562-018-0522-1},
  urldate = {2022-09-02},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YUGN5PAY/Muthukrishna and Henrich - 2019 - A problem in theory.pdf}
}

@article{myersDiscussionEffectsRacial1970,
  title = {Discussion {{Effects}} on {{Racial Attitudes}}},
  author = {Myers, David G. and Bishop, George D.},
  year = {1970},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {169},
  number = {3947},
  pages = {778--779},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.169.3947.778},
  urldate = {2023-05-31},
  abstract = {We predicted that discussion would enhance dominant group values, leading to increased polarization between homogeneously composed groups of high-, medium-, and low-prejudice high school subjects. In an experimental condition, group members made individual attitude judgments, discussed them, and remade judgments. Control groups discussed irrelevant materials before responding again to the attitude items. As predicted, discussion of the racial attitude items with others having similar attitudes significantly increased the gap between high- and low-prejudice groups.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8ZQ4YL9R/Myers and Bishop - 1970 - Discussion Effects on Racial Attitudes.pdf}
}

@article{myersGroupPolarizationPhenomenon1976,
  title = {The Group Polarization Phenomenon.},
  author = {Myers, David G. and Lamm, Helmut},
  year = {1976},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
  volume = {83},
  number = {4},
  pages = {602--627},
  issn = {1939-1455, 0033-2909},
  doi = {10.1037/0033-2909.83.4.602},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {Experiments exploring the effects of group discussion on attitudes, jury decisions, ethical decisions, judgments, person perceptions, negotiations, and risk taking (other than the choice-dilemmas task) are generally consistent with a "group polarization" hypothesis, derived from the risky-shift literature. Recent attempts to explain the phenomenon fall mostly into one of three theoretical approaches: (a) group decision rules, especially majority rule (which is contradicted by available data), (b) interpersonal comparisons (for which there is mixed support), and (c) informational influence (for which there is strong support). A conceptual scheme is presented which integrates the latter two viewpoints and suggests how attitudes develop in a social context.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{myersGroupPolarizationPhenomenon1976a,
  title = {The Group Polarization Phenomenon.},
  author = {Myers, David G. and Lamm, Helmut},
  year = {1976},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
  volume = {83},
  number = {4},
  pages = {602--627},
  issn = {1939-1455, 0033-2909},
  doi = {10.1037/0033-2909.83.4.602},
  urldate = {2023-05-31},
  abstract = {Experiments exploring the effects of group discussion on attitudes, jury decisions, ethical decisions, judgments, person perceptions, negotiations, and risk taking (other than the choice-dilemmas task) are generally consistent with a "group polarization" hypothesis, derived from the risky-shift literature. Recent attempts to explain the phenomenon fall mostly into one of three theoretical approaches: (a) group decision rules, especially majority rule (which is contradicted by available data), (b) interpersonal comparisons (for which there is mixed support), and (c) informational influence (for which there is strong support). A conceptual scheme is presented which integrates the latter two viewpoints and suggests how attitudes develop in a social context.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{myersGroupPolarizationPhenomenon1976b,
  title = {The Group Polarization Phenomenon},
  author = {Myers, David G. and Lamm, Helmut},
  year = {1976},
  journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
  volume = {83},
  pages = {602--627},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address = {US},
  issn = {1939-1455},
  doi = {10.1037/0033-2909.83.4.602},
  abstract = {Experiments exploring the effects of group discussion on attitudes, jury decisions, ethical decisions, judgments, person perceptions, negotiations, and risk taking (other than the choice-dilemmas task) are generally consistent with a "group polarization" hypothesis, derived from the risky-shift literature. Recent attempts to explain the phenomenon fall mostly into 1 of 3 theoretical approaches: (a) group decision rules, especially majority rule (which is contradicted by available data); (b) interpersonal comparisons (for which there is mixed support); and (c) informational influence (for which there is strong support). A conceptual scheme is presented which integrates the latter 2 viewpoints and suggests how attitudes develop in a social context. (41/2 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Attitude Formation,Decision Making,Group Dynamics,Risk Taking,Social Perception},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LF4JHIY8/1976-26005-001.html}
}

@article{myersGroupPolarizationPhenomenon1976c,
  title = {The Group Polarization Phenomenon},
  author = {Myers, David G. and Lamm, Helmut},
  year = {1976},
  journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
  volume = {83},
  pages = {602--627},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address = {US},
  issn = {1939-1455},
  doi = {10.1037/0033-2909.83.4.602},
  abstract = {Experiments exploring the effects of group discussion on attitudes, jury decisions, ethical decisions, judgments, person perceptions, negotiations, and risk taking (other than the choice-dilemmas task) are generally consistent with a "group polarization" hypothesis, derived from the risky-shift literature. Recent attempts to explain the phenomenon fall mostly into 1 of 3 theoretical approaches: (a) group decision rules, especially majority rule (which is contradicted by available data); (b) interpersonal comparisons (for which there is mixed support); and (c) informational influence (for which there is strong support). A conceptual scheme is presented which integrates the latter 2 viewpoints and suggests how attitudes develop in a social context. (41/2 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Attitude Formation,Decision Making,Group Dynamics,Risk Taking,Social Perception},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NA33VHU9/Myers and Lamm - 1976 - The group polarization phenomenon.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F6U6ST9I/1976-26005-001.html}
}

@article{nabweraMenstrualHygieneManagement2021,
  title = {Menstrual Hygiene Management Practices and Associated Health Outcomes among School-Going Adolescents in Rural {{Gambia}}},
  author = {Nabwera, Helen M. and Shah, Vishna and Neville, Rowena and Sosseh, Fatou and Saidykhan, Mariama and Faal, Fatou and Sonko, Bakary and Keita, Omar and Schmidt, Wolf-Peter and Torondel, Belen},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {16},
  number = {2},
  pages = {e0247554},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0247554},
  urldate = {2023-11-20},
  abstract = {Inadequate menstrual hygiene management (MHM) practices have been associated with adverse health outcomes. This study aimed to describe MHM practices among schoolgirls from rural Gambia and assess risk factors associated with urogenital infections and depressive symptoms. A cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescent schoolgirls in thirteen schools in rural Gambia. A questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographics, MHM practices and clinical symptoms of reproductive and urinary tract infections (UTIs). A modified Beck Depression Inventory-II was used to screen for depressive symptoms. Mid-stream urine samples were collected to assess for UTIs. Modified Poisson regression analysis was used to determine risk factors for symptoms of urogenital infections and depression among adolescent girls. Three hundred and fifty-eight girls were recruited. Although, 63\% of the girls attended schools providing free disposable pads, reusable cloths/towels were the commonest absorbent materials used. Heavy menstrual bleeding was associated with depressive symptoms (adjusted prevalence ratio, aPR 1.4 [95\% CI 1.0, 1.9]), while extreme menstrual pain (aPR 1.3 [95\% CI 1.2, 1,4]), accessing sanitary pads in school (aPR 1.4 [95\% CI 1.2, 1.5]) and less access to functional water source at school (aPR 1.4 [95\% CI 1.3, 1.6]) were associated with UTI symptoms. Conversely, privacy in school toilets (aPR 0.6 [95\% CI 0.5, 0.7]) was protective for UTI symptoms. Heavy menstrual bleeding (aPR 1.4 [95\% CI 1.1, 2.0]) and taking {$<$}30 minutes to collect water at home were associated with RTI symptoms (aPR 1.2 [95\% CI 1.0, 1.5]) while availability of soap in school toilets (aPR 0.6 [95\% CI 0.5, 0.8] was protective for RTI symptoms. Interventions to ensure that schoolgirls have access to private sanitation facilities with water and soap both at school and at home could reduce UTI and RTI symptoms. More attention is also needed to support girls with heavy menstrual bleeding and pain symptoms.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adolescents,Hemorrhage,Hygiene,Pain,Sanitation,Schools,Urinary tract infections,Urine},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EG983TAH/Nabwera et al. - 2021 - Menstrual hygiene management practices and associa.pdf}
}

@article{nakahashiAdaptiveSocialLearning2012,
  title = {Adaptive {{Social Learning Strategies}} in {{Temporally}} and {{Spatially Varying Environments}}: {{How Temporal}} vs. {{Spatial Variation}}, {{Number}} of {{Cultural Traits}}, and {{Costs}} of {{Learning Influence}} the {{Evolution}} of {{Conformist-Biased Transmission}}, {{Payoff-Biased Transmission}}, and {{Individual Learning}}},
  shorttitle = {Adaptive {{Social Learning Strategies}} in {{Temporally}} and {{Spatially Varying Environments}}},
  author = {Nakahashi, Wataru and Wakano, Joe Yuichiro and Henrich, Joseph},
  year = {2012},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Human Nature},
  volume = {23},
  number = {4},
  pages = {386--418},
  issn = {1045-6767, 1936-4776},
  doi = {10.1007/s12110-012-9151-y},
  urldate = {2022-09-02},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E6HSJ249/Nakahashi et al. - 2012 - Adaptive Social Learning Strategies in Temporally .pdf}
}

@article{Narayan2008,
  title = {Childhood {{Obesity}} and {{Cognitive Achievement}}},
  author = {Black, Nicole and Johnston, David W. and Peeters, Anna},
  year = {2015},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Health Economics},
  volume = {24},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1082--1100},
  issn = {10579230},
  doi = {10.1002/hec.3211},
  keywords = {10.1002/hec.3211 and childhood,academic achievement,childhood,cognitive ability,obesity,panel data},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y7U6CYY3/Black et al. - 2015 - Childhood Obesity and Cognitive Achievement CHILD.pdf}
}

@book{NarrativeEconomics2019,
  title = {Narrative {{Economics}}},
  year = {Tue, 10/01/2019 - 12:00},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {From Nobel Prize--winning economist and New York Times bestselling author Robert Shiller, a groundbreaking account of how stories help drive economic events---and why financial panics can spread like epidemic viruses},
  isbn = {978-0-691-18229-2},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WIVT5D45/narrative-economics.html}
}

@article{national2017study,
  title = {Study on Human Rights of Transgender as a Third Gender},
  author = {{Kerala Development Society}},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {The National Human Rights Commission},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/B3X68XGM/National Human Rights Commission - 2017 - Study on human rights of transgender as a third ge.pdf}
}

@misc{nationalsamplesurveyofficeindiaHCEMonthlyCapita2012,
  title = {{{HCE}}: {{Monthly}} per {{Capita Consumer Expenditure}}: {{Average}}: {{Tamil Nadu}}: {{Urban}}: {{Food}} {\textbar} {{Economic Indicators}} {\textbar} {{CEIC}}},
  author = {{National Sample Survey Office, India}},
  year = {2012},
  urldate = {2024-02-15},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KRZLWH96/hce-monthly-per-capita-consumer-expenditure-average-tamil-nadu-urban-food.html}
}

@article{nawiRiskProtectiveFactors2021,
  title = {Risk and Protective Factors of Drug Abuse among Adolescents: A Systematic Review},
  shorttitle = {Risk and Protective Factors of Drug Abuse among Adolescents},
  author = {Nawi, Azmawati Mohammed and Ismail, Rozmi and Ibrahim, Fauziah and Hassan, Mohd Rohaizat and Manaf, Mohd Rizal Abdul and Amit, Noh and Ibrahim, Norhayati and Shafurdin, Nurul Shafini},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {BMC Public Health},
  volume = {21},
  number = {1},
  pages = {2088},
  issn = {1471-2458},
  doi = {10.1186/s12889-021-11906-2},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  abstract = {Drug abuse is detrimental, and excessive drug usage is a worldwide problem. Drug usage typically begins during adolescence. Factors for drug abuse include a variety of protective and risk factors. Hence, this systematic review aimed to determine the risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents worldwide.},
  keywords = {Drug abuse substance adolescent,Protective factor,Risk factor},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IVQ3RZNA/Nawi et al. - 2021 - Risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents a systematic review.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QDXL4VFM/s12889-021-11906-2.html}
}

@article{naylorAssessingRisksClimate2007,
  title = {Assessing Risks of Climate Variability and Climate Change for {{Indonesian}} Rice Agriculture},
  author = {Naylor, R. L. and Battisti, D. S. and Vimont, D. J. and Falcon, W. P. and Burke, M. B.},
  year = {2007},
  month = may,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {104},
  number = {19},
  pages = {7752--7757},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.0701825104},
  urldate = {2020-05-26},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DFWI3H6S/Naylor et al. - 2007 - Assessing risks of climate variability and climate.pdf}
}

@article{Neggers2018,
  title = {Enfranchising Your Own? {{Experimental}} Evidence on Bureaucrat Diversity and Election Bias in {{India}}},
  author = {Neggers, Yusuf},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {108},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1288--1321},
  issn = {00028282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20170404},
  abstract = {This paper investigates the effects of polling station administrator diversity on elections in India, using a natural experiment: the random assignment of government officials to teams managing stations on election day, together with surveys conducted with voters and election officers. I demonstrate that changes in the religious and caste composition of officer teams impact voting at the polling station level, causing shifts in coalition vote shares large enough to influence election outcomes. Effects are strongest when officers have greater discretion over the voting process. I also provide evidence suggesting own-group favoritism by election personnel as one relevant mechanism.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/K37I5PS7/Neggers - 2018 - Enfranchising Your Own Experimental Evidence on B.pdf}
}

@article{neillCascadeEffectsHeterogeneous2005,
  title = {Cascade {{Effects}} in {{Heterogeneous Populations}}},
  author = {Neill, Daniel B.},
  year = {2005},
  month = may,
  journal = {Rationality and Society},
  volume = {17},
  number = {2},
  pages = {191--241},
  issn = {1043-4631, 1461-7358},
  doi = {10.1177/1043463105051633},
  urldate = {2022-02-20},
  abstract = {We present a model of sequential choice which explains the emergence and persistence of unpopular, inefficient behavioral norms in society. We model individuals as na{\i}{\textasciidieresis}ve Bayesian norm followers, rational agents whose subjective expected utility is increased by adherence to an established norm. Agents use Bayesian reasoning to combine their private preferences and prior beliefs with empirical observations of others' decisions. When agents must infer the preferences of others from observation, this can result in negative cascades, causing the majority of agents to choose a dispreferred action (because they believe, incorrectly, that they are following the majority preference). We demonstrate that negative cascades can result even when the degree of conformity is relatively low, and under a wide range of conditions (including heterogeneity in preferences, priors, and impact of public opinion). This allows us to present a general model of how rational norm-following behavior can occur, and how unpopular norms might emerge, in real populations with heterogeneous preferences and beliefs.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M3CJNH2U/Neill - 2005 - Cascade Effects in Heterogeneous Populations.pdf}
}

@article{nelsonEarlyAdversityCritical2020,
  title = {Early {{Adversity}} and {{Critical Periods}}: {{Neurodevelopmental Consequences}} of {{Violating}} the {{Expectable Environment}}},
  shorttitle = {Early {{Adversity}} and {{Critical Periods}}},
  author = {Nelson, Charles A. and {Gabard-Durnam}, Laurel J.},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Trends in Neurosciences},
  volume = {43},
  number = {3},
  pages = {133--143},
  issn = {0166-2236},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tins.2020.01.002},
  urldate = {2022-11-15},
  abstract = {It is now widely recognized that children exposed to adverse life events in the first years of life are at increased risk for a variety of neural, behavioral, and psychological sequelae. As we discuss in this paper, adverse events represent a violation of the expectable environment. If such violations occur during a critical period of brain development, the detrimental effects of early adversity are likely to be long lasting. Here we discuss the various ways adversity becomes neurobiologically embedded, and how the timing of such adversity plays an important role in determining outcomes. We conclude our paper by offering recommendations for how to elucidate the neural mechanisms responsible for the behavioral sequelae and how best to model the effects of early adversity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adverse childhood experiences},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BA4HFYW3/Nelson and Gabard-Durnam - 2020 - Early Adversity and Critical Periods Neurodevelop.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6G7KIBA8/S0166223620300035.html}
}

@article{nguyenSelfreportedCOVID19Vaccine2022,
  title = {Self-Reported {{COVID-19}} Vaccine Hesitancy and Uptake among Participants from Different Racial and Ethnic Groups in the {{United States}} and {{United Kingdom}}},
  author = {Nguyen, Long H. and Joshi, Amit D. and Drew, David A. and Merino, Jordi and Ma, Wenjie and Lo, Chun-Han and Kwon, Sohee and Wang, Kai and Graham, Mark S. and Polidori, Lorenzo and Menni, Cristina and Sudre, Carole H. and {Anyane-Yeboa}, Adjoa and Astley, Christina M. and Warner, Erica T. and Hu, Christina Y. and Selvachandran, Somesh and Davies, Richard and Nash, Denis and Franks, Paul W. and Wolf, Jonathan and Ourselin, Sebastien and Steves, Claire J. and Spector, Tim D. and Chan, Andrew T.},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {636},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2041-1723},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-022-28200-3},
  urldate = {2022-02-04},
  abstract = {Worldwide, racial and ethnic minorities have been disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 with increased risk of infection, its related complications, and death. In the initial phase of population-based vaccination in the United States (U.S.) and United Kingdom (U.K.), vaccine hesitancy may result in differences in uptake. We performed a cohort study among U.S. and U.K. participants who volunteered to take part in the smartphone-based COVID Symptom Study (March 2020-February 2021) and used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios of vaccine hesitancy and uptake. In the U.S. (n\,=\,87,388), compared to white participants, vaccine hesitancy was greater for Black and Hispanic participants and those reporting more than one or other race. In the U.K. (n\,=\,1,254,294), racial and ethnic minority participants showed similar levels of vaccine hesitancy to the U.S. However, associations between participant race and ethnicity and levels of vaccine uptake were observed to be different in the U.S. and the U.K. studies. Among U.S. participants, vaccine uptake was significantly lower among Black participants, which persisted among participants that self-reported being vaccine-willing. In contrast, statistically significant racial and ethnic disparities in vaccine uptake were not observed in the U.K sample. In this study of self-reported vaccine hesitancy and uptake, lower levels of vaccine uptake in Black participants in the U.S. during the initial vaccine rollout may be attributable to both hesitancy and disparities in access.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Epidemiology,Risk factors,Social sciences},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GCS6I6FV/Nguyen et al. - 2022 - Self-reported COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and uptak.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AYV4Q3UC/s41467-022-28200-3.html}
}

@article{Nichols1982,
  title = {Targeting {{Transfers}} through {{Restrictions}} on {{Recipients}}},
  author = {Nichols, By Albert L and Zeckhauser, Richard J},
  year = {1982},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {72},
  number = {2},
  pages = {1--7},
  doi = {10.2307/1802361},
  isbn = {3906390268},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/P5DI77VP/Nichols and Zeckhauser - Targeting Transfers through Restrictions on Recipi.pdf}
}

@article{niederleManagingSelfConfidenceTheory,
  title = {Managing {{Self-Confidence}}: {{Theory}} and {{Experimental Evidence}}},
  author = {Niederle, Muriel and Niehaus, Paul and Rosenblat, Tanya S and Mobius, Markus},
  pages = {55},
  abstract = {We use a series of experiments to understand whether and how people's beliefs about their own abilities are biased relative to the Bayesian benchmark, and how these beliefs then affect behavior. We find that subjects systematically and substantially over-weight positive feedback relative to negative (asymmetry) and also update too little overall (conservatism). These biases are substantially less pronounced in an ego-free control experiment. Updating does retain enough of the structure of Bayes' rule to let us model it coherently in an optimizing framework in which, interestingly, asymmetry and conservatism emerge as complementary biases. We also find that exogenous changes in beliefs affect subjects' decisions to enter into a competition, and do so similarly for more and less biased subjects, suggesting that people cannot ``undo'' their biases when the time comes to decide.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NVKQU9AK/Niederle et al. - Managing Self-Conﬁdence Theory and Experimental E.pdf}
}

@article{niehausFilteredSocialLearning2011,
  title = {Filtered {{Social Learning}}},
  author = {Niehaus, Paul},
  year = {2011},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {119},
  number = {4},
  pages = {686--720},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/662627},
  urldate = {2021-05-25},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WD6WPR8U/Niehaus - 2011 - Filtered Social Learning.pdf}
}

@article{nielsenWhenChoicesAre,
  title = {When {{Choices Are Mistakes}}},
  author = {Nielsen, Kirby and Rehbeck, John},
  pages = {76},
  abstract = {Using a laboratory experiment, we identify whether decision-makers consider it a mistake to violate canonical choice axioms. To do this, we incentivize subjects to report axioms they want their decisions to satisfy. Then, subjects make lottery choices which might conflict with their axiom preferences. In instances of conflict, we give subjects the opportunity to re-evaluate their decisions. We find that many individuals want to follow canonical axioms and revise their choices to be consistent with the axioms. In a shorter online experiment, we show correlations of mistakes with response times and measures of cognition.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IP4J55FY/Nielsen and Rehbeck - When Choices Are Mistakes.pdf}
}

@article{nilssonAlcoholAvailabilityPrenatal2017,
  title = {Alcohol {{Availability}}, {{Prenatal Conditions}}, and {{Long-Term Economic Outcomes}}},
  author = {Nilsson, J. Peter},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {125},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1149--1207},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/692694},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X4JQUVPA/Nilsson - 2017 - Alcohol Availability, Prenatal Conditions, and Lon.pdf}
}

@article{noelle-neumannSpiralSilenceTheory1974,
  title = {The {{Spiral}} of {{Silence A Theory}} of {{Public Opinion}}},
  author = {{Noelle-Neumann}, Elisabeth},
  year = {1974},
  journal = {Journal of Communication},
  volume = {24},
  number = {2},
  pages = {43--51},
  issn = {1460-2466},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1460-2466.1974.tb00367.x},
  urldate = {2025-02-18},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/J5KEMNGV/Noelle-Neumann - 1974 - The Spiral of Silence A Theory of Public Opinion.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/B5NJBCF2/j.1460-2466.1974.tb00367.html}
}

@article{Nordhaus2002a,
  title = {The {{Health}} of {{Nations}}: {{The Contribution}} of {{Improve Health}} to {{Living Standards}}},
  author = {Nordhaus, William D.},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {b},
  issn = {00029378},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ajog.2013.03.003},
  isbn = {0002-9378},
  pmid = {23499884},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8WVKMWF6/Nordhaus - 2002 - The Health of Nations The Contribution of Improve Health to Living Standards(2).pdf}
}

@article{nordhausReviewSternReview2007,
  title = {A {{Review}} of the {{Stern Review}} on the {{Economics}} of {{Climate Change}}},
  author = {Nordhaus, William D},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  pages = {59},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GDLY5EGE/Nordhaus - 2007 - A Review of the Stern Review on the Economics of C.pdf}
}

@misc{NotableSelfHelpPsychology,
  title = {Notable {{Self-Help}} \& {{Psychology Books}} of 2024, Recommended by {{Cal Flyn}} {\textbar} {{Readwise}}},
  urldate = {2024-11-23},
  howpublished = {https://read.readwise.io/feed/unseen/read/01jd4kwdah89daaea9pq06rm1h},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y5VGJY2R/01jd4kwdah89daaea9pq06rm1h.html}
}

@article{Nourani2019,
  title = {Multi-Object {{Social Learning}} and {{Technology Adoption}} in {{Ghana}}: {{Learning}} from {{Friends}} and {{Reacting}} to {{Acquaintances}}},
  author = {Nourani, Vesall},
  year = {2019},
  keywords = {beliefs,c31,d83,d85,department of economics,distance,economic development,edu,email,jel classification numbers,knowledge,massachusetts institute of technology,mit,o33,o35,q12,q16,risk sharing,social,social learning,social networks,strong ties,technology adoption,the author thanks,vnourani,weak ties,z13},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A8NJJUAI/Nourani - Multi-object Social Learning and Technology Adopti.pdf}
}

@article{Nunn2009,
  title = {The {{Importance}} of {{History}} for {{Economic Development}}},
  author = {Nunn, Nathan},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {65--92},
  issn = {1941-1383},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.economics.050708.143336},
  abstract = {This article provides a survey of a growing body of empirical evidence that points toward the important long-term effects that historic events can have on economic development. The most recent studies, using microlevel data and more sophisticated identification techniques, have moved beyond testing whether history matters and attempt to identify exactly why history matters. The most commonly examined channels include institutions, culture, knowledge and technology, and movements between multiple equilibria. The article concludes with a discussion of the questions that remain and the direction of current research in the literature.},
  keywords = {colonialism,culture,institutions,norms,path dependence},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GN5TFVAI/Nunn - The Importance of History for Economic Development.pdf}
}

@article{Nunn2010,
  title = {Religious Conversion in {{Colonial Africa}}},
  author = {Nunn, Nathan},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {100},
  number = {2},
  pages = {147--152},
  issn = {00028282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.100.2.147},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XDJH6W23/Nunn - 2010 - Religious Conversion in Colonial Africa.pdf}
}

@techreport{Nunn2021,
  title = {Religion as a Source of Social and Moral Development: {{Evidence}} from the Pentecostal Revolution in {{Africa}}},
  author = {Nunn, Nathan and Wiegel, Jason},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {John Templeton Grant}
}

@article{nunnRethinkingEconomicDevelopment2019,
  title = {Rethinking Economic Development},
  author = {Nunn, Nathan},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'{\'e}conomique},
  volume = {52},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1349--1373},
  issn = {0008-4085, 1540-5982},
  doi = {10.1111/caje.12406},
  urldate = {2022-10-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6GVV8M4M/Nunn - 2019 - Rethinking economic development.pdf}
}

@book{nuttbrockTransgenderSexWork2018,
  title = {Transgender {{Sex Work}} and {{Society}}},
  author = {Nuttbrock, Larry},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  publisher = {Columbia University Press},
  abstract = {This is the only book that systematically examines transgender sex work in the United States and globally. Bringing together perspectives from a rich range of disciplines and experiences, it is an invaluable resource on issues related to commercial sex in the transgender community and in the lives of trans sex workers, including mental health, substance use, relationship dynamics, encounters with the criminal justice system, and opportunities and challenges in the realm of public health.The volume covers trans sex workers' interactions with health, social service, and mental-health agencies, featuring more than forty contributors from across the globe. Synthesizing introductions by the editor help organize and put into context a vast and scattered research and empirical literature. The book is essential for researchers, health practitioners, and policy analysts in the areas of sex-work research, HIV/AIDS, and LGBTQ/gender studies.},
  googlebooks = {sqyLDwAAQBAJ},
  isbn = {978-1-939594-23-5},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Medical / Public Health,Social Science / LGBTQ+ Studies / Gay Studies,Social Science / Prostitution & Sex Trade}
}

@article{nybladeCombatingHIVStigma2009,
  title = {Combating {{HIV}} Stigma in Health Care Settings: What Works?},
  shorttitle = {Combating {{HIV}} Stigma in Health Care Settings},
  author = {Nyblade, Laura and Stangl, Anne and Weiss, Ellen and Ashburn, Kim},
  year = {2009},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of the International AIDS Society},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {15},
  issn = {1758-2652},
  doi = {10.1186/1758-2652-12-15},
  urldate = {2022-02-04},
  abstract = {The purpose of this review paper is to provide information and guidance to those in the health care setting about why it is important to combat HIV-related stigma and how to successfully address its causes and consequences within health facilities. Research shows that stigma and discrimination in the health care setting and elsewhere contributes to keeping people, including health workers, from accessing HIV prevention, care and treatment services and adopting key preventive behaviours.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CBU96XFG/Nyblade et al. - 2009 - Combating HIV stigma in health care settings what.pdf}
}

@article{nybladeStigmaHealthFacilities2019,
  title = {Stigma in Health Facilities: Why It Matters and How We Can Change It},
  shorttitle = {Stigma in Health Facilities},
  author = {Nyblade, Laura and Stockton, Melissa A. and Giger, Kayla and Bond, Virginia and Ekstrand, Maria L. and Lean, Roger Mc and Mitchell, Ellen M. H. and Nelson, La Ron E. and Sapag, Jaime C. and Siraprapasiri, Taweesap and Turan, Janet and Wouters, Edwin},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {BMC Medicine},
  volume = {17},
  number = {1},
  pages = {25},
  issn = {1741-7015},
  doi = {10.1186/s12916-019-1256-2},
  urldate = {2022-02-04},
  abstract = {Stigma in health facilities undermines diagnosis, treatment, and successful health outcomes. Addressing stigma is fundamental to delivering quality healthcare and achieving optimal health. This correspondence article seeks to assess how developments over the past 5\,years have contributed to the state of programmatic knowledge---both approaches and methods---regarding interventions to reduce stigma in health facilities, and explores the potential to concurrently address multiple health condition stigmas. It is supported by findings from a systematic review of published articles indexed in PubMed, Psychinfo and Web of Science, and in the United States Agency for International Development's Development Experience Clearinghouse, which was conducted in February 2018 and restricted to the past 5\,years. Forty-two studies met inclusion criteria and provided insight on interventions to reduce HIV, mental illness, or substance abuse stigma. Multiple common approaches to address stigma in health facilities emerged, which were implemented in a variety of ways. The literature search identified key gaps including a dearth of stigma reduction interventions in health facilities that focus on tuberculosis, diabetes, leprosy, or cancer; target multiple cadres of staff or multiple ecological levels; leverage interactive technology; or address stigma experienced by health workers. Preliminary results from ongoing innovative responses to these gaps are also described.},
  keywords = {Discrimination,Health facilities,Intervention,Programs,Reduction,Stigma},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9GYE7BAN/Nyblade et al. - 2019 - Stigma in health facilities why it matters and ho.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5UJQQI2J/s12916-019-1256-2.html}
}

@article{obrienAgeAutosValue2018,
  title = {Age, Autos, and the Value of a Statistical Life},
  author = {O'Brien, James},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Risk and Uncertainty},
  volume = {57},
  number = {1},
  pages = {51--79},
  issn = {0895-5646, 1573-0476},
  doi = {10.1007/s11166-018-9285-3},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {The value of a statistical life (VSL) is used to assign a dollar value to the benefits of health and safety regulations. Many of those regulations disproportionately benefit older people, but most estimates of the VSL come from hedonic wage regressions with few older workers and no retirees. Using automobile purchase decisions, I estimate a VSL for individuals from the age of 18 up to the age of 85. Combining information on vehicle holdings and use, household attributes, used vehicle prices, crash test results, and yearly fatal accidents for each make, model, and vintage automobile, I calculate a separate willingness to pay for reduced mortality for different age groups. I find a significant inverted-U shape to the age-VSL function that ranges from \$1.5 to \$19.2 million (in 2009 dollars). The shape and magnitude of the vehicle-based ageVSL relationship corroborate labor market estimates and extend the age range of revealed preference evidence on the relationship between age and the VSL.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Senior discount,Value of statistical life,Vehicle choice,VSL},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GAKFDRNX/O’Brien - 2018 - Age, autos, and the value of a statistical life.pdf}
}

@book{OConnell2009,
  title = {Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders among Young People: {{Progress}} and Possibilities},
  author = {O'Connell, Mary Ellen and Boat, Thomas and Warner, Kenneth E.},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities},
  doi = {10.17226/12480},
  abstract = {Mental health and substance use disorders among children, youth, and young adults are major threats to the health and well-being of younger populations which often carryover into adulthood. The costs of treatment for mental health and addictive disorders, which create an enormous burden on the affected individuals, their families, and society, have stimulated increasing interest in prevention practices that can impede the onset or reduce the severity of the disorders. Prevention practices have emerged in a variety of settings, including programs for selected at-risk populations (such as children and youth in the child welfare system), school-based interventions, interventions in primary care settings, and community services designed to address a broad array of mental health needs and populations. Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People updates a 1994 Institute of Medicine book, Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders, focusing special attention on the research base and program experience with younger populations that have emerged since that time. Researchers, such as those involved in prevention science, mental health, education, substance abuse, juvenile justice, health, child and youth development, as well as policy makers involved in state and local mental health, substance abuse, welfare, education, and justice will depend on this updated information on the status of research and suggested directions for the field of mental health and prevention of disorders.},
  isbn = {0-309-12674-6}
}

@article{odgersGreatRewiringSocial2024,
  title = {The Great Rewiring: Is Social Media Really behind an Epidemic of Teenage Mental Illness?},
  shorttitle = {The Great Rewiring},
  author = {Odgers, Candice L.},
  year = {2024},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {628},
  number = {8006},
  pages = {29--30},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  doi = {10.1038/d41586-024-00902-2},
  urldate = {2024-12-13},
  abstract = {The evidence is equivocal on whether screen time is to blame for rising levels of teen depression and anxiety --- and rising hysteria could distract us from tackling the real causes.},
  copyright = {2024 Springer Nature Limited},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Depression,Public health,Society},
  annotation = {Bandiera\_abtest: a\\
Cg\_type: Book Review\\
Subject\_term: Society, Depression, Public health},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9HBMHZSC/Odgers - 2024 - The great rewiring is social media really behind .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3VTGJIJX/d41586-024-00902-2.html}
}

@incollection{odonoghueReferenceDependentPreferences2018,
  title = {Reference-{{Dependent Preferences}}},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Behavioral Economics}}: {{Applications}} and {{Foundations}} 1},
  author = {O'Donoghue, Ted and Sprenger, Charles},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {1--77},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/bs.hesbe.2018.07.003},
  urldate = {2022-03-03},
  isbn = {978-0-444-63374-3},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LYGTPC8C/O'Donoghue and Sprenger - 2018 - Reference-Dependent Preferences.pdf}
}

@article{odriscollPositivePrejudiceEthnic1985,
  title = {{Positive Prejudice in Ethnic Attitudes: Australian Data}},
  shorttitle = {{Positive Prejudice in Ethnic Attitudes}},
  author = {O'Driscoll, Michael P. and Feather, Norman T.},
  year = {1985},
  journal = {International Journal of Psychology},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  pages = {95--107},
  issn = {1464-066X},
  doi = {10.1002/j.1464-066X.1985.tb00016.x},
  urldate = {2023-09-11},
  abstract = {An experiment was conducted to determine whether members of a majority ethnic group would exhibit positive prejudice in their attitudes toward an ethnic minority. Subjects were given written communications which evaluated Aborigines and white Australians either favourably or unfavourably. The occurrence of positive prejudice was assessed by examining subjects' overall agreement with each communication as a whole and their level of agreement with specific descriptions which comprised the communications. Results confirmed the existence of positive prejudice in these responses, but also indicated that subjects' reactions to the communications were influenced by the predispositional variable of ethnocentrism. The study further investigated whether positive prejudice is limited to responses illustrating minimal commitment or whether it forms a central component of inter-ethnic attitudes. Analysis of delayed recall of the specific descriptions from the written communications and of agreement with an independent ethnic attitudes questionnaire suggested that positive prejudice does not generalize beyond short-term, inconsequential reactions. The implications of these findings and the relevance of the positive prejudice concept are discussed.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 1985 International Union of Psychological Science},
  langid = {french},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L27SSPLK/j.1464-066X.1985.tb00016.html}
}

@article{ofosuSamesexMarriageLegalization2019,
  title = {Same-Sex Marriage Legalization Associated with Reduced Implicit and Explicit Antigay Bias},
  author = {Ofosu, Eugene K. and Chambers, Michelle K. and Chen, Jacqueline M. and Hehman, Eric},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {116},
  number = {18},
  pages = {8846--8851},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1806000116},
  urldate = {2021-12-08},
  abstract = {The current research tested whether the passing of government legislation, signaling the prevailing attitudes of the local majority, was associated with changes in citizens' attitudes. Specifically, with {$\sim$}1 million responses over a 12-y window, we tested whether state-by-state same-sex marriage legislation was associated with decreases in antigay implicit and explicit bias. Results across five operationalizations consistently provide support for this possibility. Both implicit and explicit bias were decreasing before same-sex marriage legalization, but decreased at a sharper rate following legalization. Moderating this effect was whether states passed legislation locally. Although states passing legislation experienced a greater decrease in bias following legislation, states that never passed legislation demonstrated increased antigay bias following federal legalization. Our work highlights how government legislation can inform individuals' attitudes, even when these attitudes may be deeply entrenched and socially and politically volatile.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JKEFI4HI/Ofosu et al. - 2019 - Same-sex marriage legalization associated with red.pdf}
}

@article{ofosuSamesexMarriageLegalization2019a,
  title = {Same-Sex Marriage Legalization Associated with Reduced Implicit and Explicit Antigay Bias},
  author = {Ofosu, Eugene K. and Chambers, Michelle K. and Chen, Jacqueline M. and Hehman, Eric},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {116},
  number = {18},
  pages = {8846--8851},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1806000116},
  urldate = {2021-11-02},
  abstract = {The current research tested whether the passing of government legislation, signaling the prevailing attitudes of the local majority, was associated with changes in citizens' attitudes. Specifically, with {$\sim$}1 million responses over a 12-y window, we tested whether state-by-state same-sex marriage legislation was associated with decreases in antigay implicit and explicit bias. Results across five operationalizations consistently provide support for this possibility. Both implicit and explicit bias were decreasing before same-sex marriage legalization, but decreased at a sharper rate following legalization. Moderating this effect was whether states passed legislation locally. Although states passing legislation experienced a greater decrease in bias following legislation, states that never passed legislation demonstrated increased antigay bias following federal legalization. Our work highlights how government legislation can inform individuals' attitudes, even when these attitudes may be deeply entrenched and socially and politically volatile.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2TM8AV99/Ofosu et al. - 2019 - Same-sex marriage legalization associated with red.pdf}
}

@article{ohDoesIdentityAffect,
  title = {Does {{Identity Affect Labor Supply}}?},
  author = {Oh, Suanna},
  pages = {77},
  abstract = {Does identity---one's concept of self---influence economic behavior in the labor market? I investigate this question in rural India, focusing on the effect of caste identity on labor supply. In a field experiment, casual laborers belonging to different castes choose whether to take up various real job offers. All offers involve working on a default manufacturing task and an additional task. The additional task changes across offers, is performed in private, and differs in its association with specific castes. Workers' average take-up rate of offers is 23 percentage points lower if offers involve working on tasks that are associated with castes that rank higher than their own. This gap increases to 47 pp if the castes associated with the relevant offers rank lower than workers' own in the caste hierarchy. Responses to job offers are invariant to whether or not workers' choices are publicized, suggesting that the role of identity itself---rather than social image---is paramount. Using a supplementary experiment, I show that 43\% of workers refuse to spend ten minutes working on tasks associated with other castes, even when offered ten times their daily wage. This paper's findings indicate that identity may be an important constraint on labor supply, contributing to misallocation of talent in the economy.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2TZRBRIU/Oh - Does Identity Aﬀect Labor Supply.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9XSRPWDT/OnlineAppendix_Identity_LaborSupply.pdf}
}

@article{okekeHealthcareBeginningLife2020,
  title = {Healthcare at the Beginning of Life and Child Survival: {{Evidence}} from a Cash Transfer Experiment in {{Nigeria}}},
  shorttitle = {Healthcare at the Beginning of Life and Child Survival},
  author = {Okeke, Edward N. and Abubakar, Isa S.},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {143},
  pages = {102426},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.102426},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Households in poor countries are encouraged (and sometimes coerced) to increase investments in formal health care services during pregnancy and childbirth. Is this good policy? The answer to a large extent depends on its effects on child welfare. We study the effects of a cash transfer program in Nigeria in which households were offered a payment of \$14 conditioned on uptake of health services. We show that the transfer led to a large increase in uptake and a substantial increase in child survival driven by a decrease in in-utero child deaths. We present evidence suggesting that the key driver is prenatal health investments.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9LPHHQ45/Okeke and Abubakar - 2020 - Healthcare at the beginning of life and child surv.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/B4DMQCME/Okeke and Abubakar - 2020 - Healthcare at the beginning of life and child surv.pdf}
}

@article{olaniranStockoutsEssentialMedicines2022,
  title = {Stock-Outs of Essential Medicines among Community Health Workers ({{CHWs}}) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries ({{LMICs}}): A Systematic Literature Review of the Extent, Reasons, and Consequences},
  shorttitle = {Stock-Outs of Essential Medicines among Community Health Workers ({{CHWs}}) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries ({{LMICs}})},
  author = {Olaniran, Abimbola and Briggs, Jane and Pradhan, Ami and Bogue, Erin and Schreiber, Benjamin and Dini, Hannah Sarah and Hurkchand, Hitesh and Ballard, Madeleine},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Human Resources for Health},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  pages = {58},
  issn = {1478-4491},
  doi = {10.1186/s12960-022-00755-8},
  urldate = {2024-07-17},
  abstract = {This paper explores the extent of community-level stock-out of essential medicines among community health workers (CHWs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and identifies the reasons for and consequences of essential medicine stock-outs.},
  keywords = {Community health workers,Frontline health workers,Health system,Stock out,Supply chain,Universal health coverage},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GQ67MSLM/Olaniran et al. - 2022 - Stock-outs of essential medicines among community .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GY55VYZJ/s12960-022-00755-8.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7CQKHIUL/s12960-022-00755-8.html}
}

@article{Olken2016,
  title = {I. {{Introduction Tax}} Systems in Developing Countries Collect Substantially Less Revenue as a Share of {{GDP}} than Do Their Counterparts In},
  author = {Olken, Benjamin A},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  pages = {219--271},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjv042.Advance}
}

@misc{onuchicRecentContributionsTheories2023,
  title = {Recent {{Contributions}} to {{Theories}} of {{Discrimination}}},
  author = {Onuchic, Paula},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  number = {arXiv:2205.05994},
  eprint = {2205.05994},
  primaryclass = {econ},
  publisher = {arXiv},
  urldate = {2024-01-09},
  abstract = {This paper surveys the literature on theories of discrimination, focusing mainly on new contributions. Recent theories expand on the traditional taste-based and statistical discrimination frameworks by considering specific features of learning and signaling environments, often using novel information- and mechanism-design language; analyzing learning and decision making by algorithms; and introducing agents with behavioral biases and misspecified beliefs. This survey also attempts to narrow the gap between the economic perspective on ``theories of discrimination'' and the broader study of discrimination in the social science literature. In that respect, I first contribute by identifying a class of models of discriminatory institutions, made up of theories of discriminatory social norms and discriminatory institutional design. Second, I discuss issues relating to the measurement of discrimination, and the classification of discrimination as bias or statistical, direct or systemic, and accurate or inaccurate.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Economics - Theoretical Economics},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HMIAXZZ4/Onuchic - 2023 - Recent Contributions to Theories of Discrimination.pdf}
}

@article{oppenheimerInstructionalManipulationChecks2009,
  title = {Instructional Manipulation Checks: {{Detecting}} Satisficing to Increase Statistical Power},
  shorttitle = {Instructional Manipulation Checks},
  author = {Oppenheimer, Daniel M. and Meyvis, Tom and Davidenko, Nicolas},
  year = {2009},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
  volume = {45},
  number = {4},
  pages = {867--872},
  issn = {00221031},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.009},
  urldate = {2021-05-05},
  abstract = {Participants are not always as diligent in reading and following instructions as experimenters would like them to be. When participants fail to follow instructions, this increases noise and decreases the validity of their data. This paper presents and validates a new tool for detecting participants who are not following instructions -- the Instructional manipulation check (IMC). We demonstrate how the inclusion of an IMC can increase statistical power and reliability of a dataset.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MDIE3UD9/Oppenheimer et al. - 2009 - Instructional manipulation checks Detecting satis.pdf}
}

@article{orbenTeenagersScreensSocial2020,
  title = {Teenagers, Screens and Social Media: A Narrative Review of Reviews and Key Studies},
  shorttitle = {Teenagers, Screens and Social Media},
  author = {Orben, Amy},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology},
  volume = {55},
  number = {4},
  pages = {407--414},
  issn = {1433-9285},
  doi = {10.1007/s00127-019-01825-4},
  urldate = {2024-10-31},
  abstract = {In light of growing concerns about an increasingly digital adolescence, the academic field investigating how digital technologies affect adolescents' psychological well-being is growing rapidly. In the last years, much research has amassed, and this has been summarised in over 80 systematic reviews and meta-analyses.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adolescents,Digital technology use,Review,Screen time,Social media,Well-being},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XWKIB9BR/Orben - 2020 - Teenagers, screens and social media a narrative r.pdf}
}

@inbook{ordMoralImperativeCostEffectiveness2019,
  title = {The {{Moral Imperative Toward Cost-Effectiveness}} in {{Global Health}}},
  booktitle = {Effective {{Altruism}}},
  author = {Ord, Toby},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  pages = {29--36},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  doi = {10.1093/oso/9780198841364.003.0002},
  urldate = {2020-03-17},
  abstract = {Getting good value for the money with scarce resources is a substantial moral issue for global health. This claim may be surprising to some, since conversations on the ethics of global health often focus on moral concerns about justice, fairness, and freedom. But outcomes and consequences are also of central moral importance in setting priorities. In this essay, Toby Ord explores the moral relevance of cost-effectiveness, a major tool for capturing the relationship between resources and outcomes, by illustrating what is lost in moral terms for global health when cost-effectiveness is ignored. For example, the least effective HIV/AIDS intervention produces less than 0.1 percent of the value of the most effective. In practical terms, this can mean hundreds, thousands, or millions of additional deaths due to a failure to prioritize. Ultimately, the author suggests that creating an active process of reviewing and analyzing global health interventions to deliver the bulk of global health funds to the very best.},
  collaborator = {Ord, Toby},
  isbn = {978-0-19-884136-4 978-0-19-188142-8},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TLXG7G7F/Ord - 2019 - The Moral Imperative Toward Cost-Effectiveness in .pdf}
}

@techreport{orr2003moving,
  type = {Report},
  title = {Moving to Opportunity: {{Interim}} Impacts Evaluation},
  author = {Orr, Larry and Ferris, Judith D and Jacob, Robin and Beecroft, Erik and Sanbonmatsu, Lisa and Katz, Lawrence F and Liebman, Jeffrey B and Kling, Jeffrey R},
  year = {2003},
  address = {Washington D.C},
  institution = {U.S. Dept. of HUD}
}

@article{ortolevaOverconfidencePoliticalBehavior2015,
  title = {Overconfidence in {{Political Behavior}}},
  author = {Ortoleva, Pietro and Snowberg, Erik},
  year = {2015},
  month = feb,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {105},
  number = {2},
  pages = {504--535},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20130921},
  urldate = {2022-04-19},
  abstract = {This paper studies, theoretically and empirically, the role of overconfidence in political behavior. Our model of overconfidence in beliefs predicts that overconfidence leads to ideological extremeness, increased voter turnout, and stronger partisan identification. The model also makes nuanced predictions about the patterns of ideology in society. These predictions are tested using unique data that measure the overconfidence and standard political characteristics of a nationwide sample of over 3,000 adults. Our numerous predictions find strong support in these data. In particular, we document that overconfidence is a substantively and statistically important predictor of ideological extremeness, voter turnout, and partisan identification. (JEL C83, D03, D72, D83)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6VI67CUX/Ortoleva and Snowberg - 2015 - Overconfidence in Political Behavior.pdf}
}

@article{Oster2019,
  title = {Unobservable {{Selection}} and {{Coefficient Stability}}: {{Theory}} and {{Evidence}}},
  author = {Oster, Emily},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Journal of Business and Economic Statistics},
  volume = {37},
  number = {2},
  pages = {187--204},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  issn = {15372707},
  doi = {10.1080/07350015.2016.1227711},
  abstract = {A common approach to evaluating robustness to omitted variable bias is to observe coefficient movements after inclusion of controls. This is informative only if selection on observables is informative about selection on unobservables. Although this link is known in theory in existing literature, very few empirical articles approach this formally. I develop an extension of the theory that connects bias explicitly to coefficient stability. I show that it is necessary to take into account coefficient and R-squared movements. I develop a formal bounding argument. I show two validation exercises and discuss application to the economics literature. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.},
  keywords = {Coefficient stability,Omitted variable bias,Selection},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MARZN6IM/Oster - 2017 - Unobservable Selection and Coefficient Stability .pdf}
}

@article{osterDETERMINANTSTECHNOLOGYADOPTION2012,
  title = {{{DETERMINANTS OF TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION}}: {{PEER EFFECTS IN MENSTRUAL CUP TAKE-UP}}},
  shorttitle = {{{DETERMINANTS OF TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION}}},
  author = {Oster, Emily and Thornton, Rebecca},
  year = {2012},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  volume = {10},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1263--1293},
  issn = {15424766},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1542-4774.2012.01090.x},
  urldate = {2020-11-13},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F6LV3729/Oster and Thornton - 2012 - DETERMINANTS OF TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION PEER EFFECTS .pdf}
}

@article{osterMenstruationSanitaryProducts2011,
  title = {Menstruation, {{Sanitary Products}}, and {{School Attendance}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Randomized Evaluation}}},
  shorttitle = {Menstruation, {{Sanitary Products}}, and {{School Attendance}}},
  author = {Oster, Emily and Thornton, Rebecca},
  year = {2011},
  month = jan,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {3},
  number = {1},
  pages = {91--100},
  issn = {1945-7782, 1945-7790},
  doi = {10.1257/app.3.1.91},
  urldate = {2020-11-13},
  abstract = {Policy-makers have cited menstruation and lack of sanitary products as barriers to girls' schooling. We evaluate these claims using a randomized evaluation of sanitary products provision to girls in Nepal. We report two findings. First, menstruation has a very small impact on school attendance. We estimate that girls miss a total of 0.4 days in a 180 day school year. Second, improved sanitary technology has no effect on reducing this (small) gap. Girls who randomly received sanitary products were no less likely to miss school during their period. We can reject (at the 1 percent level) the claim that better menstruation products close the attendance gap. (JEL I21, J13, J16, O12)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JK93GZQ8/Oster and Thornton - 2011 - Menstruation, Sanitary Products, and School Attend.pdf}
}

@misc{osterWhyCoronavirusExposure,
  title = {Why Coronavirus Exposure Testing Needs to Be Randomized},
  author = {Oster, Emily},
  journal = {Slate},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MUXN3RNE/Why coronavirus exposure testing needs to be randomized..pdf}
}

@misc{ourworldindataMalnutritionShareChildren,
  title = {Malnutrition: {{Share}} of Children Who Are Stunted},
  shorttitle = {Malnutrition},
  author = {{Our World in Data}},
  journal = {Our World in Data},
  urldate = {2022-11-23},
  abstract = {The share of children younger than five years old that are defined as stunted. Stunting is when a child is significantly shorter than the average for their age, as a consequence of poor nutrition and/or repeated infection.},
  howpublished = {https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-children-younger-than-5-who-suffer-from-stunting},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/73A32KMU/share-of-children-younger-than-5-who-suffer-from-stunting.html}
}

@article{owidhungerandundernourishment,
  title = {Hunger and Undernourishment},
  author = {Roser, Max and Ritchie, Hannah},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Our World in Data}
}

@article{p.connorIncomeInequalityWhiteonBlack2019,
  title = {Income {{Inequality}} and {{White-on-Black Racial Bias}} in the {{United States}}: {{Evidence From Project Implicit}} and {{Google Trends}}},
  author = {{P. Connor} and {Vasilis Sarafidis} and {M. Zyphur} and {D. Keltner} and {Serena Chen}},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Psychological Science},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {205--222},
  doi = {10.1177/0956797618815441}
}

@article{pachankisHowManySexual2019,
  title = {How Many Sexual Minorities Are Hidden? {{Projecting}} the Size of the Global Closet with Implications for Policy and Public Health},
  shorttitle = {How Many Sexual Minorities Are Hidden?},
  author = {Pachankis, John E. and Br{\"a}nstr{\"o}m, Richard},
  editor = {Shiu, Cheng-Shi},
  year = {2019},
  month = jun,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {14},
  number = {6},
  pages = {e0218084},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0218084},
  urldate = {2021-08-12},
  abstract = {Because sexual orientation concealment can exact deep mental and physical health costs and dampen the public visibility necessary for advancing equal rights, estimating the proportion of the global sexual minority population that conceals its sexual orientation represents a matter of public health and policy concern. Yet a historic lack of cross-national datasets of sexual minorities has precluded accurate estimates of the size of the global closet. We extrapolated the size of the global closet (i.e., the proportion of the global sexual minority population who conceals its sexual orientation) using a large sample of sexual minorities collected across 28 countries and an objective index of structural stigma (i.e., discriminatory national laws and policies affecting sexual minorities) across 197 countries. We estimate that the majority (83.0\%) of sexual minorities around the world conceal their sexual orientation from all or most people and that country-level structural stigma can serve as a useful predictor of the size of each country's closeted sexual minority population. Our analysis also predicts that eliminating structural stigma would drastically reduce the size of the global closet. Given its costs to individual health and social equality, the closet represents a considerable burden on the global sexual minority population. The present projection suggests that the surest route to improving the wellbeing of sexual minorities worldwide is through reducing structural forms of inequality. Yet, another route to alleviating the personal and societal toll of the closet is to develop public health interventions that sensitively reach the closeted sexual minority population in high-stigma contexts worldwide. An important goal of this projection, which relies on data from Europe, is to spur future research from non-Western countries capable of refining the estimate of the association between structural stigma and sexual orientation concealment using local experiences of both.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/S6GBRSTQ/Pachankis and Bränström - 2019 - How many sexual minorities are hidden Projecting .pdf}
}

@article{pachankisPsychologicalImplicationsConcealing2007,
  title = {The Psychological Implications of Concealing a Stigma: {{A}} Cognitive-Affective-Behavioral Model.},
  shorttitle = {The Psychological Implications of Concealing a Stigma},
  author = {Pachankis, John E.},
  year = {2007},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
  volume = {133},
  number = {2},
  pages = {328--345},
  issn = {1939-1455, 0033-2909},
  doi = {10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.328},
  urldate = {2021-08-12},
  abstract = {Many assume that individuals with a hidden stigma escape the difficulties faced by individuals with a visible stigma. However, recent research has shown that individuals with a concealable stigma also face considerable stressors and psychological challenges. The ambiguity of social situations combined with the threat of potential discovery makes possessing a concealable stigma a difficult predicament for many individuals. The increasing amount of research on concealable stigmas necessitates a cohesive model for integrating relevant findings. This article offers a cognitive--affective-- behavioral process model for understanding the psychological implications of concealing a stigma. It ends with discussion of potential points of intervention in the model as well as potential future routes for investigation of the model.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LHS7ZH56/Pachankis - 2007 - The psychological implications of concealing a sti.pdf}
}

@article{padulaWhyOnlyTest2020,
  title = {Why {{Only Test Symptomatic Patients}}? {{Consider Random Screening}} for {{COVID-19}}},
  shorttitle = {Why {{Only Test Symptomatic Patients}}?},
  author = {Padula, William V.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Applied Health Economics and Health Policy},
  volume = {18},
  number = {3},
  pages = {333--334},
  issn = {1175-5652, 1179-1896},
  doi = {10.1007/s40258-020-00579-4},
  urldate = {2020-07-14},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/S8LPTFEC/Padula - 2020 - Why Only Test Symptomatic Patients Consider Rando.pdf}
}

@misc{pageCommunicationGames2024,
  title = {Communication Games},
  author = {Page, Lionel},
  year = {2024},
  month = feb,
  urldate = {2024-04-07},
  abstract = {The cooperative nature of communication},
  howpublished = {https://www.optimallyirrational.com/p/communication-games},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E74KTRK2/communication-games.html}
}

@article{pagninEfficacyECTDepression2004,
  title = {Efficacy of {{ECT}} in {{Depression}}: {{A Meta-Analytic Review}}},
  shorttitle = {Efficacy of {{ECT}} in {{Depression}}},
  author = {Pagnin, Daniel and {de Queiroz}, Val{\'e}ria and Pini, Stefano and Cassano, Giovanni Battista},
  year = {2004},
  month = mar,
  journal = {The Journal of ECT},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1},
  pages = {13},
  issn = {1095-0680},
  urldate = {2025-03-16},
  abstract = {Summary:~           This study analyzed the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in depression by means a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials that compared ECT with simulated ECT or placebo or antidepressant drugs and by a complementary meta-analytic review of nonrandomized controlled trials that compared ECT with antidepressants drugs. The review revealed a significant superiority of ECT in all comparisons: ECT versus simulated ECT, ECT versus placebo, ECT versus antidepressants in general, ECT versus TCAs and ECT versus MAOIs. The nonrandomized controlled trials also revealed a significant statistical difference in favor of ECT when confronted with antidepressants drugs. Data analyzed suggest that ECT is a valid therapeutic tool for treatment of depression, including severe and resistant forms.},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WJD7DP3G/efficacy_of_ect_in_depression__a_meta_analytic.4.html}
}

@article{paluckChangingClimatesConflict2016,
  title = {Changing Climates of Conflict: {{A}} Social Network Experiment in 56 Schools},
  shorttitle = {Changing Climates of Conflict},
  author = {Paluck, Elizabeth Levy and Shepherd, Hana and Aronow, Peter M.},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {113},
  number = {3},
  pages = {566--571},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1514483113},
  urldate = {2020-11-13},
  abstract = {Theories of human behavior suggest that individuals attend to the behavior of certain people in their community to understand what is socially normative and adjust their own behavior in response. An experiment tested these theories by randomizing an anticonflict intervention across 56 schools with 24,191 students. After comprehensively measuring every school's social network, randomly selected seed groups of 20--32 students from randomly selected schools were assigned to an intervention that encouraged their public stance against conflict at school. Compared with control schools, disciplinary reports of student conflict at treatment schools were reduced by 30\% over 1 year. The effect was stronger when the seed group contained more ``social referent'' students who, as network measures reveal, attract more student attention. Network analyses of peer-to-peer influence show that social referents spread perceptions of conflict as less socially normative.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WFQXJSJ6/Paluck et al. - 2016 - Changing climates of conflict A social network ex.pdf}
}

@article{paluckContactHypothesisReevaluated2019,
  title = {The Contact Hypothesis Re-Evaluated},
  author = {Paluck, Elizabeth Levy and Green, Seth A. and Green, Donald P.},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Behavioural Public Policy},
  volume = {3},
  number = {02},
  pages = {129--158},
  issn = {2398-063X, 2398-0648},
  doi = {10.1017/bpp.2018.25},
  urldate = {2020-10-12},
  abstract = {This paper evaluates the state of contact hypothesis research from a policy perspective. Building on Pettigrew and Tropp's (2006) influential metaanalysis, we assemble all intergroup contact studies that feature random assignment and delayed outcome measures, of which there are 27 in total, nearly two-thirds of which were published following the original review. We find the evidence from this updated dataset to be consistent with Pettigrew and Tropp's (2006) conclusion that contact ``typically reduces prejudice.'' At the same time, our meta-analysis suggests that contact's effects vary, with interventions directed at ethnic or racial prejudice generating substantially weaker effects. Moreover, our inventory of relevant studies reveals important gaps, most notably the absence of studies addressing adults' racial or ethnic prejudices, an important limitation for both theory and policy. We also call attention to the lack of research that systematically investigates the scope conditions suggested by Allport (1954) under which contact is most influential. We conclude that these gaps in contact research must be addressed empirically before this hypothesis can reliably guide policy.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/T5QHJCWS/Paluck et al. - 2019 - The contact hypothesis re-evaluated.pdf}
}

@article{paluckPrejudiceReductionProgress2021,
  title = {Prejudice {{Reduction}}: {{Progress}} and {{Challenges}}},
  shorttitle = {Prejudice {{Reduction}}},
  author = {Paluck, Elizabeth Levy and Porat, Roni and Clark, Chelsey S. and Green, Donald P.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
  volume = {72},
  number = {1},
  pages = {533--560},
  issn = {0066-4308, 1545-2085},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-psych-071620-030619},
  urldate = {2021-04-21},
  abstract = {The past decade has seen rapid growth in research that evaluates methods for reducing prejudice. This essay reviews 418 experiments reported in 309 manuscripts from 2007 to 2019 to assess which approaches work best and why. Our quantitative assessment uses meta-analysis to estimate average effects. Our qualitative assessment calls attention to landmark studies that are noteworthy for sustained interventions, imaginative measurement, and transparency. However, 76\% of all studies evaluate light touch interventions, the long-term impact of which remains unclear. The modal intervention uses mentalizing as a salve for prejudice. Although these studies report optimistic conclusions, we identify troubling indications of publication bias that may exaggerate effects. Furthermore, landmark studies often find limited effects, which suggests the need for further theoretical innovation or synergies with other kinds of psychological or structural interventions. We conclude that much research effort is theoretically and empirically ill-suited to provide actionable, evidence-based recommendations for reducing prejudice.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5WH7IAUV/Paluck et al. - 2021 - Prejudice Reduction Progress and Challenges.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/D2CGAZBF/ps72_paluck_supmat.pdf}
}

@article{paluckPrejudiceReductionWhat2009,
  title = {Prejudice {{Reduction}}: {{What Works}}? {{A Review}} and {{Assessment}} of {{Research}} and {{Practice}}},
  shorttitle = {Prejudice {{Reduction}}},
  author = {Paluck, Elizabeth Levy and Green, Donald P.},
  year = {2009},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
  volume = {60},
  number = {1},
  pages = {339--367},
  issn = {0066-4308, 1545-2085},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163607},
  urldate = {2021-05-21},
  abstract = {This article reviews the observational, laboratory, and field experimental literatures on interventions for reducing prejudice. Our review places special emphasis on assessing the methodological rigor of existing research, calling attention to problems of design and measurement that threaten both internal and external validity. Of the hundreds of studies we examine, a small fraction speak convincingly to the questions of whether, why, and under what conditions a given type of intervention works. We conclude that the causal effects of many widespread prejudice-reduction interventions, such as workplace diversity training and media campaigns, remain unknown. Although some intergroup contact and cooperation interventions appear promising, a much more rigorous and broad-ranging empirical assessment of prejudicereduction strategies is needed to determine what works.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2K2AW6JW/Paluck and Green - 2009 - Prejudice Reduction What Works A Review and Asse.pdf}
}

@article{paluckReducingIntergroupPrejudice2009,
  title = {Reducing Intergroup Prejudice and Conflict Using the Media: {{A}} Field Experiment in {{Rwanda}}.},
  shorttitle = {Reducing Intergroup Prejudice and Conflict Using the Media},
  author = {Paluck, Elizabeth Levy},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {96},
  number = {3},
  pages = {574--587},
  issn = {1939-1315, 0022-3514},
  doi = {10.1037/a0011989},
  urldate = {2022-05-25},
  abstract = {Can the media reduce intergroup prejudice and conflict? Despite the high stakes of this question, understanding of the mass media's role in shaping prejudiced beliefs, norms, and behavior is limited. A yearlong field experiment in Rwanda tested the impact of a radio soap opera featuring messages about reducing intergroup prejudice, violence, and trauma in 2 fictional Rwandan communities. Compared with a control group who listened to a health radio soap opera, listeners' perceptions of social norms and their behaviors changed with respect to intermarriage, open dissent, trust, empathy, cooperation, and trauma healing. However, the radio program did little to change listeners' personal beliefs. Group discussion and emotion were implicated in the process of media influence. Taken together, the results point to an integrated model of behavioral prejudice and conflict reduction that prioritizes the communication of social norms over changes in personal beliefs.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6SFUW54S/a0011989 (1).pdf}
}

@article{Pande2009,
  title = {Institutions and Development: {{A}} View from Below},
  author = {Pande, Rohini and Udry, Christopher},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {Advances in Economics and Econometrics: Theory and Applications, Ninth World Congress, Volume II},
  pages = {349--412},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9781139052276.016},
  abstract = {In this paper we argue for greater exploitation of synergies between research on specific institutions based on micro-data and the big questions posed by the institutions and growth literature. To date, the macroeconomic literature on institutions and growth has largely relied on cross-country regression evidence. This has provided compelling evidence for a causal link between a cluster of `good' institutions and more rapid long run growth. However, an inability to disentangle the effects of specific institutional channels on growth or to understand the impact of institutional change on growth will limit further progress using a cross-country empirical strategy. We suggest two research programs based on micro-data that have significant potential. The first uses policy-induced variation in specific institutions within countries to understand how these institutions influence economic activity. The second exploits the fact that the incentives provided by a given institutional context often vary with individuals' economic and political status. Variations in how individuals respond to the same institution can be used to both identify how institutions affect economic outcomes and to understand how institutional change arises in response to changing economic and demographic pressures.},
  isbn = {9781139052276},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HF86C88X/Pande and Udry - Institutions and Development A View from Below.pdf}
}

@article{pandeCanDemocracyWork2020,
  title = {Can Democracy Work for the Poor?},
  author = {Pande, Rohini},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {369},
  number = {6508},
  pages = {1188--1192},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.abb4912},
  urldate = {2020-11-08},
  abstract = {Millions of the world's poorest people now live in middle-income democracies that, in theory, could use their resources to end extreme poverty. However, citizens in those countries have not succeeded in using the vote to ensure adequate progressive redistribution. Interventions aiming to provide the economically vulnerable with needed resources must go beyond assisting them directly, they must also improve democratic institutions so that vulnerable populations themselves can push their representatives to implement redistributive policies. Here, I review the literature on such interventions and then consider the ``democracy catch-22'': How can the poor secure greater democratic influence when the existing democratic playing field is tilted against them?},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BPBM4TG8/Pande - 2020 - Can democracy work for the poor.pdf}
}

@article{paoliniNegativeIntergroupContact2010,
  title = {Negative {{Intergroup Contact Makes Group Memberships Salient}}: {{Explaining Why Intergroup Conflict Endures}}},
  shorttitle = {Negative {{Intergroup Contact Makes Group Memberships Salient}}},
  author = {Paolini, Stefania and Harwood, Jake and Rubin, Mark},
  year = {2010},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
  volume = {36},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1723--1738},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc},
  issn = {0146-1672},
  doi = {10.1177/0146167210388667},
  urldate = {2023-12-01},
  abstract = {Drawing from the intergroup contact model and self-categorization theory, the authors advanced the novel hypothesis of a valence-salience effect, whereby negative contact causes higher category salience than positive contact. As predicted, in a laboratory experiment of interethnic contact, White Australians (N = 49) made more frequent and earlier reference to ethnicity when describing their ethnic contact partner if she had displayed negative (vs. positive, neutral) nonverbal behavior. In a two-wave experimental study of retrieved intergenerational contact, American young adults (N = 240) reported age to be more salient during negative (vs. positive) contact and negative contact predicted increased episodic and chronic category salience over time. Some evidence for the reverse salience-valence effect was also found. Because category salience facilitates contact generalization, these results suggest that intergroup contact is potentially biased toward worsening intergroup relations; further implications for theory and policy making are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3W9XAC82/Paolini et al. - 2010 - Negative Intergroup Contact Makes Group Membership.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QML5S9Y5/0146167210388667.pdf}
}

@article{paradkarPrimaryStudyDetection2015,
  title = {Primary Study for Detection of Arterial Blood Pressure Waveform Components},
  author = {Paradkar, Neeraj and Chowdhury, Shubhajit Roy},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference},
  volume = {2015},
  pages = {1959--1962},
  issn = {2694-0604},
  doi = {10.1109/EMBC.2015.7318768},
  abstract = {The paper presents a technique to detect significant systolic peaks, the percussion (P) and tidal peak (T) and diastolic peak (D) from the arterial blood pressure (ABP) waveform. The technique is aimed at robust detection even in presence of significant noise. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) based dominant period extraction of the ABP waveform followed by wavelet transform and local peak detection is applied to detect the points of interest. MIMIC-II ABP databse serves as a training dataset to select SVD and wavelet transform parameters and CSL Benchmark database is used to analyze the technique. Salient systolic peak detection for the CSL dataset was performed with positive predictive value and sensitivity figures of 98.48\% and 99.24\% respectively.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {26736668},
  keywords = {Algorithms,Arterial Pressure,Artifacts,Humans,Signal Processing Computer-Assisted,Wavelet Analysis},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z9PAPUMU/Paradkar and Chowdhury - 2015 - Primary study for detection of arterial blood pres.pdf}
}

@misc{park2014british,
  title = {British {{Social Attitudes}} 31},
  author = {Park, Alison and Bryson, Caroline and Curtis, John},
  year = {2014},
  publisher = {NatCen London}
}

@article{parkIntegratingDepressionAlcohol2023,
  title = {Integrating {{Depression}} and {{Alcohol Use Care Into Primary Care}} in {{Low-}} and {{Middle-Income Countries}}: {{A Meta-Analysis}}},
  shorttitle = {Integrating {{Depression}} and {{Alcohol Use Care Into Primary Care}} in {{Low-}} and {{Middle-Income Countries}}},
  author = {Park, Sena and Cubillos, Leonardo and {Martinez-Camblor}, Pablo and Bartels, Sophia M. and Torrey, William C. and John, Deepak T. and Cepeda, Magda and Bell, Kathleen and Castro, Sergio and {Su{\'a}rez-Obando}, Fernando and {Uribe-Restrepo}, Jos{\'e} Miguel and {G{\'o}mez-Restrepo}, Carlos and Marsch, Lisa A.},
  year = {2023},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Psychiatric Services},
  volume = {74},
  number = {9},
  pages = {950--962},
  publisher = {American Psychiatric Publishing},
  issn = {1075-2730},
  doi = {10.1176/appi.ps.20220267},
  urldate = {2024-03-26},
  abstract = {Objective: Evaluation of the effectiveness of integration of depression and alcohol use disorder care into primary health care in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is limited. The authors aimed to quantify the effectiveness of integrating mental health care into primary care by examining depression and alcohol use disorder outcomes. The study updates a previous systematic review summarizing research on care integration in LMICs. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, the authors included studies from the previous review and studies published from 2017 to 2020 that included adults with alcohol use disorder or depression. Studies were evaluated for type of integration model with the typology developed previously. A meta-analysis using a random-effects model to assess effectiveness of integrated interventions was conducted. Meta-regression analyses to examine the impact of study characteristics on depression and alcohol use disorder outcomes were conducted. Results: In total, 49 new articles were identified, and 74 articles from the previous and current studies met inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. Overall random effect sizes were 0.28 (95\% CI=0.22--0.35) and 0.17 (95\% CI=0.11--0.24) for studies targeting care integration for depression or for alcohol use disorder, respectively, into primary care in LMICs. High heterogeneity within and among studies was observed. No significant association was found between country income level and depression and alcohol use outcomes. However, differences in effect sizes between types of integration model were statistically significant (p{$<$}0.001). Conclusions: Integration of mental health care into primary health care in LMICs was found to improve depression and alcohol use disorder outcomes. This evidence should be considered when designing interventions to improve mental health screening and treatment in LMICs.},
  keywords = {Alcoholism,Behavioral medicine,Depression,Integrated care,Primary care,Service delivery systems}
}

@article{parkReconcilingEarlyoutbreakEstimates2020,
  title = {Reconciling Early-Outbreak Estimates of the Basic Reproductive Number and Its Uncertainty: Framework and Applications to the Novel Coronavirus ({{SARS-CoV-2}}) Outbreak},
  shorttitle = {Reconciling Early-Outbreak Estimates of the Basic Reproductive Number and Its Uncertainty},
  author = {Park, Sang Woo and Bolker, Benjamin M. and Champredon, David and Earn, David J. D. and Li, Michael and Weitz, Joshua S. and Grenfell, Bryan T. and Dushoff, Jonathan},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Journal of The Royal Society Interface},
  volume = {17},
  number = {168},
  pages = {20200144},
  issn = {1742-5689, 1742-5662},
  doi = {10.1098/rsif.2020.0144},
  urldate = {2020-11-28},
  abstract = {A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged as a global threat in December 2019. As the epidemic progresses, disease modellers continue to focus on estimating the basic reproductive number                                                                                                                        R                                                                                        0                                                                                       ---the average number of secondary cases caused by a primary case in an otherwise susceptible population. The modelling approaches and resulting estimates of                                                                                                                        R                                                                                        0                                                                                       during the beginning of the outbreak vary widely, despite relying on similar data sources. Here, we present a statistical framework for comparing and combining different estimates of                                                                                                                        R                                                                                        0                                                                                       across a wide range of models by decomposing the basic reproductive number into three key quantities: the exponential growth rate, the mean generation interval and the generation-interval dispersion. We apply our framework to early estimates of                                                                                                                        R                                                                                        0                                                                                       for the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, showing that many                                                                                                                        R                                                                                        0                                                                                       estimates are overly confident. Our results emphasize the importance of propagating uncertainties in all components of                                                                                                                        R                                                                                        0                                                                                       , including the shape of the generation-interval distribution, in efforts to estimate                                                                                                                        R                                                                                        0                                                                                       at the outset of an epidemic.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/K4YLN759/Park et al. - 2020 - Reconciling early-outbreak estimates of the basic .pdf}
}

@book{parthasarathyDeliberativeInequalityTextAsData2017,
  title = {Deliberative {{Inequality}}: {{A Text-As-Data Study Of Tamil Nadu}}'s {{Village Assemblies}}},
  shorttitle = {Deliberative {{Inequality}}},
  author = {Parthasarathy, Ramya and Rao, Vijayendra and Palaniswamy, Nethra},
  year = {2017},
  month = jun,
  publisher = {World Bank, Washington, DC},
  doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-8119},
  urldate = {2022-10-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/35KX52FN/Parthasarathy et al. - 2017 - Deliberative Inequality A Text-As-Data Study Of T.pdf}
}

@article{parthasarathyUnheardVoicesChallenge,
  title = {Unheard {{Voices}}: {{The Challenge}} of {{Inducing Women}}'s {{Civic Speech}}},
  author = {Parthasarathy, Ramya and Rao, Vijayendra and Palaniswamy, Nethra},
  pages = {38},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XGA8E833/Parthasarathy et al. - e Challenge of Inducing Women’s Civic Speech.pdf}
}

@article{pashaPositiveEarlyLife2018,
  title = {Positive {{Early Life Rainfall Shocks}} and {{Adult Mental Health}}},
  author = {Pasha, Mochamad and Rockmore, Marc and Tan, Chih Ming},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3129776},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {We study the effect of early life exposure to above average levels of rainfall on adult mental health. While we find no effect from pre-natal exposure, post-natal positive rainfall shocks decrease average Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CESD) mental health scores by 15 percent and increase the likelihood of depression by 5 percent, a more than 20 percent increase relative to the mean. These effects are limited to females. We rule out prenatal stress and income shocks as pathways and find evidence suggestive of increased exposure to disease.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {012,Climate Change,Early Life Shocks,Fetal Origins,I15,Indonesia,Mental Health,Rainfall},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G57SIUJS/Pasha et al. - 2018 - Positive Early Life Rainfall Shocks and Adult Ment.pdf}
}

@article{Patel2000,
  title = {The Need for Treatment Evidence for Common Mental Disorders in Developing Countries},
  author = {Patel, V.},
  year = {2000},
  journal = {Psychological Medicine},
  volume = {30},
  number = {4},
  pages = {743--746},
  issn = {00332917},
  doi = {10.1017/S0033291799002147},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TY79D9I5/Patel - 2000 - The need for treatment evidence for common mental .pdf}
}

@article{Patel2016,
  title = {The Magnitude of and Health System Responses to the Mental Health Treatment Gap in Adults in {{India}} and {{China}}},
  author = {Patel, Vikram and Xiao, Shuiyuan and Chen, Hanhui and Hanna, Fahmy and Jotheeswaran, A. T. and Luo, Dan and Parikh, Rachana and Sharma, Eesha and Usmani, Shamaila and Yu, Yu and Druss, Benjamin G. and Saxena, Shekhar},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {The Lancet},
  volume = {388},
  number = {10063},
  pages = {3074--3084},
  publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
  issn = {1474547X},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00160-4},
  abstract = {This Series paper describes the first systematic effort to review the unmet mental health needs of adults in China and India. The evidence shows that contact coverage for the most common mental and substance use disorders is very low. Effective coverage is even lower, even for severe disorders such as psychotic disorders and epilepsy. There are vast variations across the regions of both countries, with the highest treatment gaps in rural regions because of inequities in the distribution of mental health resources, and variable implementation of mental health policies across states and provinces. Human and financial resources for mental health are grossly inadequate with less than 1\% of the national health-care budget allocated to mental health in either country. Although China and India have both shown renewed commitment through national programmes for community-oriented mental health care, progress in achieving coverage is far more substantial in China. Improvement of coverage will need to address both supply-side barriers and demand-side barriers related to stigma and varying explanatory models of mental disorders. Sharing tasks with community-based workers in a collaborative stepped-care framework is an approach that is ripe to be scaled up, in particular through integration within national priority health programmes. India and China need to invest in increasing demand for services through active engagement with the community, to strengthen service user leadership and ensure that the content and delivery of mental health programmes are culturally and contextually appropriate.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/N8MLCP2W/Patel et al. - 2016 - The magnitude of and health system responses to th.pdf}
}

@article{Patel2017,
  title = {The {{Healthy Activity Program}} ({{HAP}}), a Lay Counsellor-Delivered Brief Psychological Treatment for Severe Depression, in Primary Care in {{India}}: A Randomised Controlled Trial},
  author = {Patel, Vikram and Weobong, Benedict and Weiss, Helen A. and Anand, Arpita and Bhat, Bhargav and Katti, Basavraj and Dimidjian, Sona and Araya, Ricardo and Hollon, Steve D. and King, Michael and Vijayakumar, Lakshmi and Park, A-La and McDaid, David and Wilson, Terry and Velleman, Richard and Kirkwood, Betty R. and Fairburn, Christopher G.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  journal = {The Lancet},
  volume = {389},
  number = {10065},
  pages = {176--185},
  issn = {01406736},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31589-6},
  abstract = {Background Although structured psychological treatments are recommended as first-line interventions for depression, only a small fraction of people globally receive these treatments because of poor access in routine primary care. We assessed the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a brief psychological treatment (Healthy Activity Program [HAP]) for delivery by lay counsellors to patients with moderately severe to severe depression in primary health-care settings. Methods In this randomised controlled trial, we recruited participants aged 18--65 years scoring more than 14 on the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) indicating moderately severe to severe depression from ten primary health centres in Goa, India. Pregnant women or patients who needed urgent medical attention or were unable to communicate clearly were not eligible. Participants were randomly allocated (1:1) to enhanced usual care (EUC) alone or EUC combined with HAP in randomly sized blocks (block size four to six [two to four for men]), stratified by primary health centre and sex, and allocation was concealed with use of sequential numbered opaque envelopes. Physicians providing EUC were masked. Primary outcomes were depression symptom severity on the Beck Depression Inventory version II and remission from depression (PHQ-9 score of {$<$}10) at 3 months in the intention-to-treat population, assessed by masked field researchers. Secondary outcomes were disability, days unable to work, behavioural activation, suicidal thoughts or attempts, intimate partner violence, and resource use and costs of illness. We assessed serious adverse events in the per-protocol population. This trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, number ISRCTN95149997. Findings Between Oct 28, 2013, and July 29, 2015, we enrolled and randomly allocated 495 participants (247 [50\%] to the EUC plus HAP group [two of whom were subsequently excluded because of protocol violations] and 248 [50\%] to the EUC alone group), of whom 466 (95\%) completed the 3 month primary outcome assessment (230 [49\%] in the EUC plus HAP group and 236 [51\%] in the EUC alone group). Participants in the EUC plus HAP group had significantly lower symptom severity (Beck Depression Inventory version II in EUC plus HAP group 19{$\cdot$}99 [SD 15{$\cdot$}70] vs 27{$\cdot$}52 [13{$\cdot$}26] in EUC alone group; adjusted mean difference -7{$\cdot$}57 [95\% CI -10{$\cdot$}27 to -4{$\cdot$}86]; p{$<$}0{$\cdot$}0001) and higher remission (147 [64\%] of 230 had a PHQ-9 score of {$<$}10 in the HAP plus EUC group vs 91 [39\%] of 236 in the EUC alone group; adjusted prevalence ratio 1{$\cdot$}61 [1{$\cdot$}34--1{$\cdot$}93]) than did those in the EUC alone group. EUC plus HAP showed better results than did EUC alone for the secondary outcomes of disability (adjusted mean difference -2{$\cdot$}73 [--4{$\cdot$}39 to -1{$\cdot$}06]; p=0{$\cdot$}001), days out of work (-2{$\cdot$}29 [--3{$\cdot$}84 to -0{$\cdot$}73]; p=0{$\cdot$}004), intimate partner physical violence in women (0{$\cdot$}53 [0{$\cdot$}29--0{$\cdot$}96]; p=0{$\cdot$}04), behavioural activation (2{$\cdot$}17 [1{$\cdot$}34--3{$\cdot$}00]; p{$<$}0{$\cdot$}0001), and suicidal thoughts or attempts (0{$\cdot$}61 [0{$\cdot$}45--0{$\cdot$}83]; p=0{$\cdot$}001). The incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained was \$9333 (95\% CI 3862--28 169; 2015 international dollars), with an 87\% chance of being cost-effective in the study setting. Serious adverse events were infrequent and similar between groups (nine [4\%] in the EUC plus HAP group vs ten [4\%] in the EUC alone group; p=1{$\cdot$}00). Interpretation HAP delivered by lay counsellors plus EUC was better than EUC alone was for patients with moderately severe to severe depression in routine primary care in Goa, India. HAP was readily accepted by this previously untreated population and was cost-effective in this setting. HAP could be a key strategy to reduce the treatment gap for depressive disorders, the leading mental health disorder worldwide. Funding Wellcome Trust.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Q8EXMIXW/Patel et al. - 2017 - The Healthy Activity Program (HAP), a lay counsell.pdf}
}

@article{patilEffectIndiaTotal2014,
  title = {The {{Effect}} of {{India}}'s {{Total Sanitation Campaign}} on {{Defecation Behaviors}} and {{Child Health}} in {{Rural Madhya Pradesh}}: {{A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Effect}} of {{India}}'s {{Total Sanitation Campaign}} on {{Defecation Behaviors}} and {{Child Health}} in {{Rural Madhya Pradesh}}},
  author = {Patil, Sumeet R. and Arnold, Benjamin F. and Salvatore, Alicia L. and Briceno, Bertha and Ganguly, Sandipan and Jr, John M. Colford and Gertler, Paul J.},
  year = {2014},
  month = aug,
  journal = {PLOS Medicine},
  volume = {11},
  number = {8},
  pages = {e1001709},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  issn = {1549-1676},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.1001709},
  urldate = {2023-11-22},
  abstract = {Sumeet Patil and colleagues conduct a cluster randomized controlled trial to measure the effect of India's Total Sanitation Campaign in Madhya Pradesh on the availability of individual household latrines, defecation behaviors, and child health. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Anemia,Child health,Children,Defecation,Diarrhea,Parasitic diseases,Sanitation,Water resources},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QUEGEPML/Patil et al. - 2014 - The Effect of India's Total Sanitation Campaign on.pdf}
}

@article{Paxson2010,
  title = {Does Money Matter? The Effects of Cash Transfers on Child Development in Rural {{Ecuador}}},
  author = {Paxson, Christina and Schady, Norbert},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Economic Development and Cultural Change},
  volume = {59},
  number = {1},
  pages = {187--229},
  issn = {00130079},
  doi = {10.1086/655458},
  pmid = {20821896},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WAAG8G4K/Paxson and Schady - 2010 - Does Money Matter The Effects of Cash Transfers o.pdf}
}

@article{Payton2008,
  title = {The {{Positive Impact}} of {{Social}} and {{Emotional Learning}} for {{Kindergarten}} to {{Eighth-Grade Students}}: {{Findings}} from {{Three Scientific Reviews}}},
  author = {Payton, John and Weissberg, Roger P. and Durlak, Joseph A. and Dymnicki, Allison B. and Taylor, Rebecca D. and Schellinger, Kriston B. and Pachan, Molly},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {CASEL},
  pages = {12},
  abstract = {This report summarizes results from three large-scale reviews of research on the impact of social and emotional learning (SEL) programs on elementary- and middle-school students --- that is, programs that seek to promote various social and emotional skills. Collectively the three reviews included 317 studies and involved 324,303 children. SEL programs yielded multiple benefi ts in each review and were effective in both school and after-school settings and for students with and without behavioral and emotional problems. They were also effective across the K-8 grade range and for racially and ethnically diverse students from urban, rural, and suburban settings. SEL programs improved students' social-emotional skills, attitudes about self and others, connection to school, positive social behavior, and academic performance; they also reduced students' conduct problems and emotional distress. Comparing results from these reviews to fi ndings obtained in reviews of interventions by other research teams suggests that SEL programs are among the most successful youth-development pro- grams offered to school-age youth. Furthermore, school staff (e.g., teachers, student support staff) carried out SEL programs effectively, indicating that they can be incor- porated into routine educational practice. In addition, SEL programming improved students' achievement test scores by 11 to 17 percentile points, indicating that they offer students a practical educational benefi t. Given these positive fi ndings, we recom- mend that federal, state, and local policies and practices encourage the broad imple- mentation of well-designed, evidence-based SEL programs during and after school. Introduction},
  keywords = {CASEL,SEL,social and emotional learning}
}

@misc{PDFPinkWork,
  title = {[{{PDF}}] {{Pink Work}}: {{Same-Sex Marriage}}, {{Employment}} and {{Discrimination}} {\textbar} {{Semantic Scholar}}},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  howpublished = {https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Pink-Work\%3A-Same-Sex-Marriage\%2C-Employment-and-Sansone/7dd42522eb9c3c3c9b1ea7ee5e80d73cb50faeff},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WS68BG3K/7dd42522eb9c3c3c9b1ea7ee5e80d73cb50faeff.html}
}

@misc{PDFSocialNorms,
  title = {[{{PDF}}] {{Social}} Norms and the Expression and Suppression of Prejudice: The Struggle for Internalization. {\textbar} {{Semantic Scholar}}},
  urldate = {2023-07-06},
  howpublished = {https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Social-norms-and-the-expression-and-suppression-of-Crandall-Eshleman/6cd6574da8fb5c72c662ad8aea6ff1e8e6fce4bd},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QM7C3LN4/6cd6574da8fb5c72c662ad8aea6ff1e8e6fce4bd.html}
}

@article{pelzlGoodMineBad2018,
  title = {Good {{Mine}}, {{Bad Mine}}: {{Natural Resource Heterogeneity}} and {{Dutch Disease}} in {{Indonesia}}},
  shorttitle = {Good {{Mine}}, {{Bad Mine}}},
  author = {Pelzl, Paul and Poelhekke, Steven},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3256382},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {We analyse the local effect of exogenous shocks to the value of mineral deposits at the district level in Indonesia using a panel of manufacturing plants. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to model and estimate the effect of heterogeneity in natural resource extraction methods. We find that in areas where mineral extraction is relatively capital-intensive, mining booms cause virtually no upward pressure on manufacturing earnings per worker, and both producers of traded and local goods benefit from mining booms in terms of employment. In contrast, labour-intensive mining booms drive up local manufacturing wages such that producers of traded goods reduce employment. This source of heterogeneity helps to explain the mixed evidence for `Dutch disease' effects in the literature. In addition, we find no evidence that fiscal revenue sharing between sub-national districts leads to any spillovers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {CESifo Working Paper no. 7284,dutch disease,Indonesia,labour intensity,mining,natural resources},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/876H6SS6/Pelzl and Poelhekke - 2018 - Good Mine, Bad Mine Natural Resource Heterogeneit.pdf}
}

@article{pennycookPsychologyFakeNews2021,
  title = {The {{Psychology}} of {{Fake News}}},
  author = {Pennycook, Gordon and Rand, David G.},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
  volume = {25},
  number = {5},
  pages = {388--402},
  issn = {13646613},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.007},
  urldate = {2021-05-31},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LQZ8857V/1-s2.0-S1364661321000516-main.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RXMVFKFU/Pennycook and Rand - 2021 - The Psychology of Fake News.pdf}
}

@article{pennycookShiftingAttentionAccuracy2021,
  title = {Shifting Attention to Accuracy Can Reduce Misinformation Online},
  author = {Pennycook, Gordon and Epstein, Ziv and Mosleh, Mohsen and Arechar, Antonio A. and Eckles, Dean and Rand, David G.},
  year = {2021},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {592},
  number = {7855},
  pages = {590--595},
  issn = {0028-0836, 1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-021-03344-2},
  urldate = {2021-05-28},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JNXH887C/Pennycook et al. - 2021 - Shifting attention to accuracy can reduce misinfor.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RSFZ7CA6/Pennycook et al. - 2021 - Shifting attention to accuracy can reduce misinfor.pdf}
}

@article{perez-alvarezDoesHumanCapital2023,
  title = {Does {{Human Capital Influence}} the {{Gender Gap}} in {{Earnings}}? {{Evidence}} from {{Four Developing Countries}}},
  author = {{Perez-Alvarez}, Marcello and Porter, Catherine and Ramachandran, Anvita},
  year = {2023},
  abstract = {This paper investigates the relationship between human capital and the gender gap in earnings in four developing countries. We use high-quality panel data spanning 12 years from Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam, to construct latent stocks of cognitive and non-cognitive skills measured during adolescence. We investigate the relationship between these skills and subsequent earnings acquired in early adulthood, thereby avoiding common challenges of measurement error and simultaneity issues. Our results suggest that women earn significantly less than men in all four countries, even after accounting for differences in carefully constructed skill endowments. Interestingly, the gender gap in earnings decreases at higher cognitive skill levels in two out of the four countries. We find that these country-level variations are driven by differences in employment status as opposed to differences in earnings among the employed, and may reflect differences in unpaid care work. We further explore how the gender earnings gap varies in the context of the COVID-19 crisis. While earnings decreased for both men and women during this period, the pre-pandemic relationships between human capital and gender gaps persisted and were strengthened. By comparing the same youth cohort in different countries and periods, we elucidate the contexts under which human capital can become a force of gender convergence in the labour markets of developing countries.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GJN7CDHA/Perez-Alvarez et al. - Does Human Capital Influence the Gender Gap in Ear.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PI8G3S4S/Perez-Alvarez_et_al_2023_Does_human_capital.pdf}
}

@article{perez-trugliaEffectsIncomeTransparency2020,
  title = {The {{Effects}} of {{Income Transparency}} on {{Well-Being}}: {{Evidence}} from a {{Natural Experiment}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Effects}} of {{Income Transparency}} on {{Well-Being}}},
  author = {{Perez-Truglia}, Ricardo},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {110},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1019--1054},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20160256},
  urldate = {2024-10-24},
  abstract = {In 2001, Norwegian tax records became easily accessible online, allowing everyone in the country to observe the incomes of everyone else. According to the income comparisons model, this change in transparency can widen the gap in well-being between richer and poorer individuals. Using survey data from 1985--2013 and multiple identification strategies, we show that the higher transparency increased the gap in happiness between richer and poorer individuals by 29 percent, and it increased the life satisfaction gap by 21 percent. We provide back-of-the-envelope estimates of the importance of income comparisons, and discuss implications for the ongoing debate on transparency policies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {includes inheritance and gift taxes General Welfare,Personal Income Wealth and Their Distributions Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies,Well-Being Tax Law},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YKIV4Y28/Perez-Truglia - 2020 - The Effects of Income Transparency on Well-Being .pdf}
}

@article{perkinsUnderstandingAssociationStunting2017,
  title = {Understanding the Association between Stunting and Child Development in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: {{Next}} Steps for Research and Intervention},
  shorttitle = {Understanding the Association between Stunting and Child Development in Low- and Middle-Income Countries},
  author = {Perkins, Jessica M. and Kim, Rockli and Krishna, Aditi and McGovern, Mark and Aguayo, Victor M. and Subramanian, S.V.},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
  volume = {193},
  pages = {101--109},
  issn = {02779536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.039},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child development,Cognition,Cognitive ability,Fine motor,Gross motor,Height,Psychosocial skills,Stunting,Undernutrition},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WAWCFEST/Perkins et al. - 2017 - Understanding the association between stunting and.pdf}
}

@article{perreaultBayesianApproachEvolution2012,
  title = {A {{Bayesian}} Approach to the Evolution of Social Learning},
  author = {Perreault, Charles and Moya, Cristina and Boyd, Robert},
  year = {2012},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Evolution and Human Behavior},
  volume = {33},
  number = {5},
  pages = {449--459},
  issn = {10905138},
  doi = {10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.12.007},
  urldate = {2022-09-02},
  abstract = {There has been much interest in understanding the evolution of social learning. Investigators have tried to understand when natural selection will favor individuals who imitate others, how imitators should deal with the fact that available models may exhibit different behaviors, and how social and individual learning should interact. In all of this work, social learning and individual learning have been treated as alternative, conceptually distinct processes. Here we present a Bayesian model in which both individual and social learning arise from a single inferential process. Individuals use Bayesian inference to combine social and nonsocial cues about the current state of the environment. This model indicates that natural selection favors individuals who place heavy weight on social cues when the environment changes slowly or when its state cannot be well predicted using nonsocial cues. It also indicates that a conformist bias should be a universal aspect of social learning.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HY277CYG/Perreault et al. - 2012 - A Bayesian approach to the evolution of social lea.pdf}
}

@article{PersistenceConsequencesSlave,
  title = {The {{Persistence}} and {{Consequences}} of {{Slave Identities}} in {{Nkanuland}}, {{Nigeria}}:  {{Some Preliminary Evidence}}}
}

@article{Persson2016,
  title = {The Limits of Career Concerns in Federalism: {{Evidence}} from {{China}}},
  author = {Persson, Petra and Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  volume = {14},
  number = {2},
  pages = {338--374},
  issn = {15424774},
  doi = {10.1111/jeea.12142},
  abstract = {Performance-based promotion schemes in administrative hierarchies have limitations. Chinese provincial leaders, despite facing strong career concerns, make different policy decisions depending on their career backgrounds. Provincial party secretaries who have risen from low to high positions within the province they govern ("locals") spend a higher share of budgetary resources on education and health care and invest less in construction infrastructure than party secretaries who have made their most significant career advancements in other provinces ("outsiders"). Identification comes from variation in central leadership and term limits. As the promotion mechanism rewards infrastructure investments, locals are less likely to be promoted at the end of the term. We explore various mechanisms and provide evidence that the difference between locals and outsiders is not driven by knowledge or experience. Several pieces of evidence suggest that locals cater to low-level provincial elites, who helped them rise to power. Thus, local career trajectories limit the power of career concerns by fostering competing allegiances.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AEGGE8R9/Persson and Zhuravskaya - 2016 - THE LIMITS OF CAREER CONCERNS IN FEDERALISM EVIDE.pdf}
}

@article{perssonFamilyRupturesStress2018,
  title = {Family {{Ruptures}}, {{Stress}}, and the {{Mental Health}} of the {{Next Generation}}},
  author = {Persson, Petra and {Rossin-Slater}, Maya},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {108},
  number = {4-5},
  pages = {1214--1252},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20141406},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YGHTD3EN/Persson and Rossin-Slater - 2018 - Family Ruptures, Stress, and the Mental Health of .pdf}
}

@article{pettigrewIntergroupContactTheory1998,
  title = {Intergroup {{Contact Theory}}},
  author = {Pettigrew, Thomas F.},
  year = {1998},
  journal = {Annual Review of Psychology},
  volume = {49},
  number = {1},
  pages = {65--85},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {Allport specified four conditions for optimal intergroup contact: equal group status within the situation, common goals, intergroup cooperation and authority support. Varied research supports the hypothesis, but four problems remain. 1. A selection bias limits cross-sectional studies, since prejudiced people avoid intergroup contact. Yet research finds that the positive effects of cross-group friendship are larger than those of the bias. 2. Writers overburden the hypothesis with facilitating, but not essential, conditions. 3. The hypothesis fails to address process. The chapter proposes four processes: learning about the outgroup, changed behavior, affective ties, and ingroup reappraisal. 4. The hypothesis does not specify how the effects generalize to other situations, the outgroup or uninvolved outgroups. Acting sequentially, three strategies enhance generalization---decategorization, salient categorization, and recategorization. Finally, both individual differences and societal norms shape intergroup contact effects. The chapter outlines a longitudinal intergroup contact theory. It distinguishes between essential and facilitating factors, and emphasizes different outcomes for different stages of contact.},
  pmid = {15012467},
  keywords = {affective ties,group categorization,ingroup reappraisal},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YGR2BKE7/Pettigrew - 1998 - Intergroup Contact Theory.pdf}
}

@article{pettigrewMetaanalyticTestIntergroup2006,
  title = {A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory.},
  author = {Pettigrew, Thomas F. and Tropp, Linda R.},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {90},
  number = {5},
  pages = {751--783},
  issn = {1939-1315, 0022-3514},
  doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751},
  urldate = {2023-08-30},
  abstract = {The present article presents a meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. With 713 independent samples from 515 studies, the meta-analysis finds that intergroup contact typically reduces intergroup prejudice. Multiple tests indicate that this finding appears not to result from either participant selection or publication biases, and the more rigorous studies yield larger mean effects. These contact effects typically generalize to the entire outgroup, and they emerge across a broad range of outgroup targets and contact settings. Similar patterns also emerge for samples with racial or ethnic targets and samples with other targets. This result suggests that contact theory, devised originally for racial and ethnic encounters, can be extended to other groups. A global indicator of Allport's optimal contact conditions demonstrates that contact under these conditions typically leads to even greater reduction in prejudice. Closer examination demonstrates that these conditions are best conceptualized as an interrelated bundle rather than as independent factors. Further, the meta-analytic findings indicate that these conditions are not essential for prejudice reduction. Hence, future work should focus on negative factors that prevent intergroup contact from diminishing prejudice as well as the development of a more comprehensive theory of intergroup contact.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{pettigrewMetaanalyticTestIntergroup2006a,
  title = {A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory.},
  author = {Pettigrew, Thomas F. and Tropp, Linda R.},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {90},
  number = {5},
  pages = {751--783},
  issn = {1939-1315, 0022-3514},
  doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751},
  urldate = {2023-08-30},
  abstract = {The present article presents a meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. With 713 independent samples from 515 studies, the meta-analysis finds that intergroup contact typically reduces intergroup prejudice. Multiple tests indicate that this finding appears not to result from either participant selection or publication biases, and the more rigorous studies yield larger mean effects. These contact effects typically generalize to the entire outgroup, and they emerge across a broad range of outgroup targets and contact settings. Similar patterns also emerge for samples with racial or ethnic targets and samples with other targets. This result suggests that contact theory, devised originally for racial and ethnic encounters, can be extended to other groups. A global indicator of Allport's optimal contact conditions demonstrates that contact under these conditions typically leads to even greater reduction in prejudice. Closer examination demonstrates that these conditions are best conceptualized as an interrelated bundle rather than as independent factors. Further, the meta-analytic findings indicate that these conditions are not essential for prejudice reduction. Hence, future work should focus on negative factors that prevent intergroup contact from diminishing prejudice as well as the development of a more comprehensive theory of intergroup contact.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{pettigrewMetaanalyticTestIntergroup2006b,
  title = {A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory.},
  author = {Pettigrew, Thomas F. and Tropp, Linda R.},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {90},
  number = {5},
  pages = {751--783},
  issn = {1939-1315, 0022-3514},
  doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751},
  urldate = {2023-08-30},
  abstract = {The present article presents a meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. With 713 independent samples from 515 studies, the meta-analysis finds that intergroup contact typically reduces intergroup prejudice. Multiple tests indicate that this finding appears not to result from either participant selection or publication biases, and the more rigorous studies yield larger mean effects. These contact effects typically generalize to the entire outgroup, and they emerge across a broad range of outgroup targets and contact settings. Similar patterns also emerge for samples with racial or ethnic targets and samples with other targets. This result suggests that contact theory, devised originally for racial and ethnic encounters, can be extended to other groups. A global indicator of Allport's optimal contact conditions demonstrates that contact under these conditions typically leads to even greater reduction in prejudice. Closer examination demonstrates that these conditions are best conceptualized as an interrelated bundle rather than as independent factors. Further, the meta-analytic findings indicate that these conditions are not essential for prejudice reduction. Hence, future work should focus on negative factors that prevent intergroup contact from diminishing prejudice as well as the development of a more comprehensive theory of intergroup contact.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{pew2019politically,
  title = {In a Politically Polarized Era, Sharp Divides in Both Partisan Coalitions},
  author = {Center, Pew Research},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Author},
  publisher = {December},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4P37ACU9/In a Politically Polarized Era, Sharp Divides in Both Partisan Coalitions _ Pew Research Center.pdf}
}

@phdthesis{phdthesis,
  title = {Spanish Adaptation of "Social Skills Improvement System-Rating Scales" in Elementary Education},
  author = {Losada, Lidia},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec
}

@phdthesis{phdthesis,
  title = {Spanish Adaptation of "Social Skills Improvement System-Rating Scales" in Elementary Education},
  author = {Losada, Lidia},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec
}

@article{phelpsStatisticalTheoryRacism1972,
  title = {The {{Statistical Theory}} of {{Racism}} and {{Sexism}}},
  author = {Phelps, Edmund S.},
  year = {1972},
  journal = {The American Economic Review},
  volume = {62},
  number = {4},
  eprint = {1806107},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {659--661},
  publisher = {American Economic Association},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3Q2VQ7HQ/Phelps - 1972 - The Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism.pdf}
}

@article{phillips-howardMenstrualCupsSanitary2016,
  title = {Menstrual Cups and Sanitary Pads to Reduce School Attrition, and Sexually Transmitted and Reproductive Tract Infections: A Cluster Randomised Controlled Feasibility Study in Rural {{Western Kenya}}},
  shorttitle = {Menstrual Cups and Sanitary Pads to Reduce School Attrition, and Sexually Transmitted and Reproductive Tract Infections},
  author = {{Phillips-Howard}, Penelope A. and Nyothach, Elizabeth and Ter Kuile, Feiko O. and Omoto, Jackton and Wang, Duolao and Zeh, Clement and Onyango, Clayton and Mason, Linda and Alexander, Kelly T. and Odhiambo, Frank O. and Eleveld, Alie and Mohammed, Aisha and {van Eijk}, Anna M. and Edwards, Rhiannon Tudor and Vulule, John and Faragher, Brian and Laserson, Kayla F.},
  year = {2016},
  month = nov,
  journal = {BMJ open},
  volume = {6},
  number = {11},
  pages = {e013229},
  issn = {2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013229},
  abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Conduct a feasibility study on the effect of menstrual hygiene on schoolgirls' school and health (reproductive/sexual) outcomes. DESIGN: 3-arm single-site open cluster randomised controlled pilot study. SETTING: 30 primary schools in rural western Kenya, within a Health and Demographic Surveillance System. PARTICIPANTS: Primary schoolgirls 14-16\>years, experienced 3 menses, no precluding disability, and resident in the study area. INTERVENTIONS: 1 insertable menstrual cup, or monthly sanitary pads, against 'usual practice' control. All participants received puberty education preintervention, and hand wash soap during intervention. Schools received hand wash soap. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary: school attrition (drop-out, absence); secondary: sexually transmitted infection (STI) (Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoea), reproductive tract infection (RTI) (bacterial vaginosis, Candida albicans); safety: toxic shock syndrome, vaginal Staphylococcus aureus. RESULTS: Of 751 girls enrolled 644 were followed-up for a median of 10.9\>months. Cups or pads did not reduce school dropout risk (control=8.0\%, cups=11.2\%, pads=10.2\%). Self-reported absence was rarely reported and not assessable. Prevalence of STIs in the end-of-study survey among controls was 7.7\% versus 4.2\% in the cups arm (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 0.48, 0.24 to 0.96, p=0.039), 4.5\% with pads (aPR=0.62; 0.37 to 1.03, p=0.063), and 4.3\% with cups and pads pooled (aPR=0.54, 0.34 to 0.87, p=0.012). RTI prevalence was 21.5\%, 28.5\% and 26.9\% among cup, pad and control arms, 71\% of which were bacterial vaginosis, with a prevalence of 14.6\%, 19.8\% and 20.5\%, per arm, respectively. Bacterial vaginosis was less prevalent in the cups (12.9\%) compared with pads (20.3\%, aPR=0.65, 0.44 to 0.97, p=0.034) and control (19.2\%, aPR=0.67, 0.43 to 1.04, p=0.075) arm girls enrolled for 9\>months or longer. No adverse events were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Provision of menstrual cups and sanitary pads for {$\sim$}1 school-year was associated with a lower STI risk, and cups with a lower bacterial vaginosis risk, but there was no association with school dropout. A large-scale trial on menstrual cups is warranted. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN17486946; Results.},
  langid = {english},
  pmcid = {PMC5168542},
  pmid = {27881530},
  keywords = {Absenteeism,adolescent,Adolescent,Feasibility Studies,Female,Humans,Kenya,Linear Models,menstrual cups,menstrual hygiene management,Menstrual Hygiene Products,Multivariate Analysis,Pilot Projects,reproductive tract infections,Reproductive Tract Infections,Rural Population,Schools,sexual and reproductive health,Sexually Transmitted Diseases,sexually transmitted infections,Student Dropouts,Students,Vaginosis Bacterial},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QQJWTQBI/Phillips-Howard et al. - 2016 - Menstrual cups and sanitary pads to reduce school .pdf}
}

@article{phillips-howardMenstrualCupsSanitary2016a,
  title = {Menstrual Cups and Sanitary Pads to Reduce School Attrition, and Sexually Transmitted and Reproductive Tract Infections: A Cluster Randomised Controlled Feasibility Study in Rural {{Western Kenya}}},
  shorttitle = {Menstrual Cups and Sanitary Pads to Reduce School Attrition, and Sexually Transmitted and Reproductive Tract Infections},
  author = {{Phillips-Howard}, Penelope A and Nyothach, Elizabeth and {ter Kuile}, Feiko O and Omoto, Jackton and Wang, Duolao and Zeh, Clement and Onyango, Clayton and Mason, Linda and Alexander, Kelly T and Odhiambo, Frank O and Eleveld, Alie and Mohammed, Aisha and {van Eijk}, Anna M and Edwards, Rhiannon Tudor and Vulule, John and Faragher, Brian and Laserson, Kayla F},
  year = {2016},
  month = nov,
  journal = {BMJ Open},
  volume = {6},
  number = {11},
  pages = {e013229},
  issn = {2044-6055, 2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013229},
  urldate = {2021-10-19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BKJQVVW4/Phillips-Howard et al. - 2016 - Menstrual cups and sanitary pads to reduce school .pdf}
}

@article{pierotti2023engaging,
  title = {Engaging Men for Women's Economic Empowerment: {{Overview}} of the Evidence},
  author = {Pierotti, Rachael and Delavallade, Clara and Kaur Brar, Rajdev},
  year = {2023},
  publisher = {World Bank, Washington, DC}
}

@article{pierskallaSplittingDifferencePolitics2016,
  title = {Splitting the {{Difference}}? {{The Politics}} of {{District Creation}} in {{Indonesia}}},
  shorttitle = {Splitting the {{Difference}}?},
  author = {Pierskalla, Jan H.},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Comparative Politics},
  volume = {48},
  number = {2},
  pages = {249--268},
  issn = {00104159, 21516227},
  doi = {10.5129/001041516817037754},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Decentralization},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MEJZ8BI9/Pierskalla - 2016 - Splitting the Difference The Politics of District.pdf}
}

@book{piketty2017capital,
  title = {Capital in the {{Twenty-First Century}}},
  author = {Piketty, T},
  year = {2012},
  publisher = {Harvard University Press},
  isbn = {978-0-674-97985-7}
}

@article{pinaAntiretroviralTreatmentUptake2018,
  title = {Antiretroviral {{Treatment Uptake}} and {{Adherence Among Men Who Have Sex With Men}} and {{Transgender Women With HIV}} in {{Mumbai}}, {{India}}: {{A Cross-Sectional Study}}},
  shorttitle = {Antiretroviral {{Treatment Uptake}} and {{Adherence Among Men Who Have Sex With Men}} and {{Transgender Women With HIV}} in {{Mumbai}}, {{India}}},
  author = {Pi{\~n}a, Christopher and Dange, Alpana and Rawat, Shruta and Jadhav, Urmi and Arnsten, Julia H. and Chhabra, Rosy and Patel, Viraj V.},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care},
  volume = {29},
  number = {2},
  pages = {310--316},
  issn = {1055-3290},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jana.2017.10.001},
  urldate = {2021-08-12},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UGMEJVUN/Piña et al. - 2018 - Antiretroviral Treatment Uptake and Adherence Amon.pdf}
}

@article{Piza2018,
  title = {Out of the {{Shadows}}? {{Revisiting}} the Impact of the {{Brazilian SIMPLES}} Program on Firms' Formalization Rates},
  author = {Piza, Caio},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {134},
  number = {January 2017},
  pages = {125--132},
  publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.05.002},
  abstract = {A recent survey of programs aimed at helping small firms to formalize indicates that most programs fail at achieving this goal. One study reported that the Brazilian tax simplification program, SIMPLES, had a large effect on firms' formalization rates. Using the same data set, another study concluded that the program had a limited effect on formalization rates. The aim of this paper is twofold: (a) to provide a thorough discussion of methodological issues that escaped the two previous evaluations of SIMPLES and (b) to suggest two alternative empirical strategies to deal with the identification problems present in the two studies. The main finding of this paper suggests that the program did not affect formalization rates. The large effects of the program on formalization rates found previously were likely confounded by measurement error in the assignment variable and seasonal shocks that affected more intensely the sectors that the reform initially targeted.},
  keywords = {Formalization rate,Identification strategy,Micro- and small firms},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UH5XVKAQ/Piza - 2018 - Out of the Shadows Revisiting the impact of the B.pdf}
}

@article{plantActiveControlPrejudice2009,
  title = {The Active Control of Prejudice: {{Unpacking}} the Intentions Guiding Control Efforts.},
  shorttitle = {The Active Control of Prejudice},
  author = {Plant, E. Ashby and Devine, Patricia},
  year = {2009},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {96},
  number = {3},
  pages = {640--652},
  issn = {1939-1315, 0022-3514},
  doi = {10.1037/a0012960},
  urldate = {2023-07-25},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{pollittEarlySupplementaryFeeding1993,
  title = {Early {{Supplementary Feeding}} and {{Cognition}}: {{Effects}} over {{Two Decades}}},
  shorttitle = {Early {{Supplementary Feeding}} and {{Cognition}}},
  author = {Pollitt, Ernesto and Gorman, Kathleen S. and Engle, Patrice L. and Martorell, Reynaldo and Rivera, Juan and Wachs, Theodore D. and Scrimshaw, Nevin S.},
  year = {1993},
  journal = {Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development},
  volume = {58},
  number = {7},
  eprint = {1166162},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {i},
  issn = {0037976X},
  doi = {10.2307/1166162},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/N6RZ9WRB/Pollitt et al. - 1993 - Early Supplementary Feeding and Cognition Effects.pdf}
}

@article{portaLawFinance1998,
  title = {Law and {{Finance}}},
  author = {Porta, Rafael La and Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio and Shleifer, Andrei and w. {vishny}, robert},
  year = {1998},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {106},
  number = {6},
  eprint = {10.1086/250042},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {1113--1155},
  publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
  issn = {0022-3808},
  doi = {10.1086/250042},
  urldate = {2023-11-26},
  abstract = {This paper examines legal rules covering protection of corporate shareholders and creditors, the origin of these rules, and the quality of their enforcement in 49 countries. The results show that common-law countries generally have the strongest, and frenchcivillaw countries the weakest, legal protections of investors, with German-and scandinavin-civil-law countries located in the middle. We also find that concentration of ownership of shares in the largest public companies is negativelyrelated to investor protections, consistent with the hypothesis that small, diversified share-holders are unlikely to be important in countries that fail to protect their rights.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/T7MHKUXH/Porta et al. - 1998 - Law and Finance.pdf}
}

@article{porteousResearchDesertsOases2022,
  title = {Research {{Deserts}} and {{Oases}}: {{Evidence}} from 27 {{Thousand Economics Journal Articles}} on {{Africa}}*},
  shorttitle = {Research {{Deserts}} and {{Oases}}},
  author = {Porteous, Obie},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics},
  volume = {84},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1235--1258},
  issn = {1468-0084},
  doi = {10.1111/obes.12510},
  urldate = {2024-04-10},
  abstract = {The distribution of economics research across Africa's 54 countries is highly uneven. I use a simple conceptual model and reduced-form regressions with cross-sectional, panel, and subnational data to explore the determinants of this distribution. Of the variation in research across countries, 93\% can be explained by peacefulness, political institutions, international tourist arrivals, having English as an official language, and population. Within countries, research is concentrated in regions with higher income and large urban areas. Most research on African countries is context-specific, so the lack of research in many countries and regions means a smaller potential evidence base for local policymakers.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2022 Oxford University and John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R625JJXG/Porteous - 2022 - Research Deserts and Oases Evidence from 27 Thous.pdf}
}

@article{poushter2020global,
  title = {The Global Divide on Homosexuality Persists},
  author = {Poushter, Jacob and Kent, Nicholas},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Pew Research Center},
  volume = {3},
  number = {07}
}

@article{pradoEffectsEarlyLife2019,
  title = {Do Effects of Early Life Interventions on Linear Growth Correspond to Effects on Neurobehavioural Development? {{A}} Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Do Effects of Early Life Interventions on Linear Growth Correspond to Effects on Neurobehavioural Development?},
  author = {Prado, Elizabeth L. and Larson, Leila M. and Cox, Katherine and Bettencourt, Kory and Kubes, Julianne N. and Shankar, Anuraj H.},
  year = {2019},
  month = oct,
  journal = {The Lancet. Global Health},
  volume = {7},
  number = {10},
  pages = {e1398-e1413},
  issn = {2214-109X},
  doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30361-4},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND: Faltering in linear growth and neurobehavioural development during early childhood are often assumed to have common causes because of their consistent association. This notion has contributed to a global focus on the promotion of nutrition during pregnancy and childhood to improve both conditions. Our aim was to assess whether effects of interventions on linear growth are associated with effects on developmental scores and to quantify these associations. METHODS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we included randomised trials done during pregnancy and in children aged 0-5 years that reported effects of any intervention on length-for-age or height-for-age Z scores (LAZ or HAZ) and on any of the following outcomes: motor, cognitive or mental, language, and social-emotional or behavioural development. We searched MEDLINE (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCO), and PsycINFO (EBSCO) from database inception to June 25, 2019. Study-level data were extracted and, when required, authors were contacted for missing information. We calculated weighted meta-regression coefficients of the association between standardised effect sizes of interventions on LAZ or HAZ and developmental outcome scores and calculated pooled effect sizes for different types of intervention. FINDINGS: Of the 7207 studies identified, we included 75 studies with 122 comparisons between intervention and control groups and outcomes reported for 72\hphantom{,}275 children. Across all interventions, effect sizes on LAZ or HAZ were significantly associated with effect sizes on social-emotional scores ({$\beta$} 0{$\cdot$}23, 95\% CI 0{$\cdot$}05 to 0{$\cdot$}41; p=0{$\cdot$}02), but not on cognitive (0{$\cdot$}18, -0{$\cdot$}36 to 0{$\cdot$}72; p=0{$\cdot$}51), language (0{$\cdot$}12, -0{$\cdot$}07 to 0{$\cdot$}31; p=0{$\cdot$}21), or motor development scores (0{$\cdot$}23, -0{$\cdot$}05 to 0{$\cdot$}50; p=0{$\cdot$}11). In studies that provided nutritional supplements, we observed positive significant pooled effect sizes on all five outcomes of LAZ or HAZ (effect size 0{$\cdot$}05, 95\% CI 0{$\cdot$}01-0{$\cdot$}09; p=0{$\cdot$}01; n=50), cognitive or mental (0{$\cdot$}06, 0{$\cdot$}03-0{$\cdot$}10; p{$<$}0{$\cdot$}01; n=38), language (0{$\cdot$}08, 0{$\cdot$}03-0{$\cdot$}13; p=0{$\cdot$}01; n=21), motor (0{$\cdot$}08, 0{$\cdot$}04-0{$\cdot$}12; p{$<$}0{$\cdot$}01; n=41), and social-emotional (0{$\cdot$}07, 0{$\cdot$}02-0{$\cdot$}12; p=0{$\cdot$}01; n=20) scores. The effect sizes of nutritional supplementation on LAZ or HAZ scores were significantly associated with effect sizes on cognitive ({$\beta$} 0{$\cdot$}40, 95\% CI 0{$\cdot$}04-0{$\cdot$}77; p=0{$\cdot$}049) and motor (0{$\cdot$}43, 0{$\cdot$}11-0{$\cdot$}75; p=0{$\cdot$}01) scores. In the 14 interventions promoting responsive care and learning opportunities, the pooled effect size on LAZ or HAZ score was not significant (-0{$\cdot$}01, 95\% CI -0{$\cdot$}07 to 0{$\cdot$}05; p=0{$\cdot$}74), but pooled effect sizes on cognitive, language, and motor scores were 4 to 5 times larger (range 0{$\cdot$}38-0{$\cdot$}48) than the pooled effect sizes of nutritional supplementation (0{$\cdot$}05-0{$\cdot$}08). INTERPRETATION: In nutritional supplementation interventions, improvements in linear growth were associated with small improvements in child development, whereas nurturing and stimulation interventions had significant effects on child development but no effects on linear growth. The determinants of linear growth and neurodevelopment are only partly shared. To nurture thriving individuals and communities, interventions should specifically target determinants of neurodevelopment and not simply linear growth. FUNDING: University of California Davis, US Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {31537370},
  keywords = {Child,Child Development,Child Preschool,Dietary Supplements,Early Intervention Educational,Female,Humans,Infant,Infant Newborn,Nutritional Status,Pregnancy},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SULIX2XK/Prado et al. - 2019 - Do effects of early life interventions on linear g.pdf}
}

@article{pradoNutritionBrainDevelopment2014,
  title = {Nutrition and Brain Development in Early Life},
  author = {Prado, Elizabeth L and Dewey, Kathryn G},
  year = {2014},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Nutrition Reviews},
  volume = {72},
  number = {4},
  pages = {267--284},
  issn = {00296643},
  doi = {10.1111/nure.12102},
  urldate = {2020-11-17},
  abstract = {Affiliations: EL Prado and KG Dewey are with the Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA. EL Prado is with the SUMMIT Institute of Development, Mataram, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia. Correspondence: EL Prado, Program in International and Community Nutrition, University of California at Davis, 3253 Meyer Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA. E-mail: elprado@ucdavis.edu. Phone: +1-530-752-1992. Fax: +1-530-752-3406.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/B6BV4AII/Prado and Dewey - 2014 - Nutrition and brain development in early life.pdf}
}

@article{pradoNutritionBrainDevelopment2014a,
  title = {Nutrition and Brain Development in Early Life},
  author = {Prado, Elizabeth L. and Dewey, Kathryn G.},
  year = {2014},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Nutrition Reviews},
  volume = {72},
  number = {4},
  pages = {267--284},
  issn = {1753-4887},
  doi = {10.1111/nure.12102},
  abstract = {Presented here is an overview of the pathway from early nutrient deficiency to long-term brain function, cognition, and productivity, focusing on research from low- and middle-income countries. Animal models have demonstrated the importance of adequate nutrition for the neurodevelopmental processes that occur rapidly during pregnancy and infancy, such as neuron proliferation and myelination. However, several factors influence whether nutrient deficiencies during this period cause permanent cognitive deficits in human populations, including the child's interaction with the environment, the timing and degree of nutrient deficiency, and the possibility of recovery. These factors should be taken into account in the design and interpretation of future research. Certain types of nutritional deficiency clearly impair brain development, including severe acute malnutrition, chronic undernutrition, iron deficiency, and iodine deficiency. While strategies such as salt iodization and micronutrient powders have been shown to improve these conditions, direct evidence of their impact on brain development is scarce. Other strategies also require further research, including supplementation with iron and other micronutrients, essential fatty acids, and fortified food supplements during pregnancy and infancy.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {24684384},
  keywords = {Animals,Brain,brain development,child development,Child Preschool,Cognition,Dietary Supplements,Female,Food Fortified,Humans,infancy,Infant,Infant Newborn,Iodine,Iron,Iron Deficiencies,Male,Micronutrients,Minerals,Models Animal,nutrition,Nutritional Requirements,Nutritional Status,pregnancy,Pregnancy,Sodium Chloride Dietary,Trace Elements},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NVLATP45/Prado and Dewey - 2014 - Nutrition and brain development in early life.pdf}
}

@misc{PrejudicedBehaviorPrejudice,
  title = {``{{Prejudiced}}'' {{Behavior Without Prejudice}}? {{Beliefs About}} the {{Malleability}} of {{Prejudice Affect Interracial Interactions}} - {{PMC}}},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  howpublished = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3756230/},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4LQM8D5L/PMC3756230.html}
}

@article{prelecBayesianTruthSerum2004,
  title = {A {{Bayesian Truth Serum}} for {{Subjective Data}}},
  author = {Prelec, D.},
  year = {2004},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {306},
  number = {5695},
  pages = {462--466},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1102081},
  urldate = {2021-04-23},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/99HMTCG7/Prelec - 2004 - A Bayesian Truth Serum for Subjective Data.pdf}
}

@techreport{premProjectingContactMatrices2020,
  type = {Preprint},
  title = {Projecting Contact Matrices in 177 Geographical Regions: An Update and Comparison with Empirical Data for the {{COVID-19}} Era},
  shorttitle = {Projecting Contact Matrices in 177 Geographical Regions},
  author = {Prem, Kiesha and {van Zandvoort}, Kevin and Klepac, Petra and Eggo, Rosalind M and Davies, Nicholas G and {Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases COVID-19 Working Group} and Cook, Alex R and Jit, Mark},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  institution = {Epidemiology},
  doi = {10.1101/2020.07.22.20159772},
  urldate = {2020-09-25},
  abstract = {Mathematical models have played a key role in understanding the spread of directlytransmissible infectious diseases such as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), as well as the effectiveness of public health responses. As the risk of contracting directly-transmitted infections depends on who interacts with whom, mathematical models often use contact matrices to characterise the spread of infectious pathogens. These contact matrices are usually generated from diary-based contact surveys. However, the majority of places in the world do not have representative empirical contact studies, so synthetic contact matrices have been constructed using more widely available setting-specific survey data on household, school, classroom, and workplace composition combined with empirical data on contact patterns in Europe. In 2017, the largest set of synthetic contact matrices to date were published for 152 geographical locations. In this study, we update these matrices with the most recent data and extend our analysis to 177 geographical locations. Due to the observed geographic differences within countries, we also quantify contact patterns in rural and urban settings where data is available. Further, we compare both the 2017 and 2020 synthetic matrices to out-of-sample empirically-constructed contact matrices, and explore the effects of using both the empirical and synthetic contact matrices when modelling physical distancing interventions for the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that the synthetic contact matrices reproduce the main traits of the contact patterns in the empirically-constructed contact matrices. Models parameterised with the empirical and synthetic matrices generated similar findings with few differences observed in age groups where the empirical matrices have missing or aggregated age groups. This finding means that synthetic contact matrices may be used in modelling outbreaks in settings for which empirical studies have yet to be conducted.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5U95JABK/synthetic_matrices_supplement_2020-07-22.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LLLNTYAJ/Prem et al. - 2020 - Projecting contact matrices in 177 geographical re.pdf}
}

@article{premProjectingSocialContact2017,
  title = {Projecting Social Contact Matrices in 152 Countries Using Contact Surveys and Demographic Data},
  author = {Prem, Kiesha and Cook, Alex R. and Jit, Mark},
  editor = {Halloran, Betz},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {PLOS Computational Biology},
  volume = {13},
  number = {9},
  pages = {e1005697},
  issn = {1553-7358},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005697},
  urldate = {2020-09-25},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AE6WSYMH/pcbi.1005697.s001.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KSNN5P44/Prem et al. - 2017 - Projecting social contact matrices in 152 countrie.pdf}
}

@article{prendergastAmityPrisonBasedTherapeutic2004,
  title = {Amity {{Prison-Based Therapeutic Community}}: 5-{{Year Outcomes}}},
  shorttitle = {Amity {{Prison-Based Therapeutic Community}}},
  author = {Prendergast, Michael L. and Hall, Elizabeth A. and Wexler, Harry K. and Melnick, Gerald and Cao, Yan},
  year = {2004},
  month = mar,
  journal = {The Prison Journal},
  volume = {84},
  number = {1},
  pages = {36--60},
  issn = {0032-8855, 1552-7522},
  doi = {10.1177/0032885503262454},
  urldate = {2024-04-16},
  abstract = {Few studies have examined outcomes of prison-based treatment programs over a 5-year observation period. The present analysis was based on a sample of 715 prisoners randomly assigned either to the Amity therapeutic community program or to a notreatment group. At 5-years postrelease, 90\% of the original participants were located and 81\% were interviewed. The main findings were based on a conservative intent-to-treat approach. On measures of recidivism, the Amity treatment group had significantly lower rates of reincarceration than the control group, but in multivariate analysis of time to first reincarceration, this main treatment effect disappeared and other factors (age and postrelease treatment) became significant predictors of delayed time to reincarceration. As in previous reports on this cohort, those who attended aftercare had lower levels of reincarceration, longer time to reincarceration, and higher levels of employment.},
  copyright = {http://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LRZZ4YGB/Prendergast et al. - 2004 - Amity Prison-Based Therapeutic Community 5-Year O.pdf}
}

@article{prenticeCriticalWindowsNutritional2013,
  title = {Critical Windows for Nutritional Interventions against Stunting},
  author = {Prentice, Andrew M and Ward, Kate A and Goldberg, Gail R and Jarjou, Landing M and Moore, Sophie E and Fulford, Anthony J and Prentice, Ann},
  year = {2013},
  month = may,
  journal = {The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition},
  volume = {97},
  number = {5},
  pages = {911--918},
  issn = {0002-9165, 1938-3207},
  doi = {10.3945/ajcn.112.052332},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {An analysis of early growth patterns in children from 54 resource-poor countries in Africa and Southeast Asia shows a rapid falloff in the height-for-age z score during the first 2 y of life and no recovery until \$5 y of age. This finding has focused attention on the period 29 to 24 mo as a window of opportunity for interventions against stunting and has garnered considerable political backing for investment targeted at the first 1000 d. These important initiatives should not be undermined, but the objective of this study was to counteract the growing impression that interventions outside of this period cannot be effective. We illustrate our arguments using longitudinal data from the Consortium of Health Oriented Research in Transitioning collaboration (Brazil, Guatemala, India, Philippines, and South Africa) and our own cross-sectional and longitudinal growth data from rural Gambia. We show that substantial height catch-up occurs between 24 mo and midchildhood and again between midchildhood and adulthood, even in the absence of any interventions. Longitudinal growth data from rural Gambia also illustrate that an extended pubertal growth phase allows very considerable height recovery, especially in girls during adolescence. In light of the critical importance of maternal stature to her children's health, our arguments are a reminder of the importance of the more comprehensive UNICEF/Sub-Committee on Nutrition Through the Life-Cycle approach. In particular, we argue that adolescence represents an additional window of opportunity during which substantial life cycle and intergenerational effects can be accrued. The regulation of such growth is complex and may be affected by nutritional interventions imposed many years previously. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97:911--8.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DPZXHT2Y/Prentice et al. - 2013 - Critical windows for nutritional interventions aga.pdf}
}

@article{prenticeCriticalWindowsNutritional2013a,
  title = {Critical Windows for Nutritional Interventions against Stunting},
  author = {Prentice, Andrew M and Ward, Kate A and Goldberg, Gail R and Jarjou, Landing M and Moore, Sophie E and Fulford, Anthony J and Prentice, Ann},
  year = {2013},
  month = may,
  journal = {The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition},
  volume = {97},
  number = {5},
  pages = {911--918},
  issn = {0002-9165, 1938-3207},
  doi = {10.3945/ajcn.112.052332},
  urldate = {2020-10-15},
  abstract = {An analysis of early growth patterns in children from 54 resource-poor countries in Africa and Southeast Asia shows a rapid falloff in the height-for-age z score during the first 2 y of life and no recovery until \$5 y of age. This finding has focused attention on the period 29 to 24 mo as a window of opportunity for interventions against stunting and has garnered considerable political backing for investment targeted at the first 1000 d. These important initiatives should not be undermined, but the objective of this study was to counteract the growing impression that interventions outside of this period cannot be effective. We illustrate our arguments using longitudinal data from the Consortium of Health Oriented Research in Transitioning collaboration (Brazil, Guatemala, India, Philippines, and South Africa) and our own cross-sectional and longitudinal growth data from rural Gambia. We show that substantial height catch-up occurs between 24 mo and midchildhood and again between midchildhood and adulthood, even in the absence of any interventions. Longitudinal growth data from rural Gambia also illustrate that an extended pubertal growth phase allows very considerable height recovery, especially in girls during adolescence. In light of the critical importance of maternal stature to her children's health, our arguments are a reminder of the importance of the more comprehensive UNICEF/Sub-Committee on Nutrition Through the Life-Cycle approach. In particular, we argue that adolescence represents an additional window of opportunity during which substantial life cycle and intergenerational effects can be accrued. The regulation of such growth is complex and may be affected by nutritional interventions imposed many years previously. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97:911--8.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AWUXZA9L/Prentice et al. - 2013 - Critical windows for nutritional interventions aga.pdf}
}

@article{prestonChangingRelationMortality1975,
  title = {The {{Changing Relation}} between {{Mortality}} and {{Level}} of {{Economic Development}}},
  author = {Preston, Samuel H.},
  year = {1975},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Population Studies},
  volume = {29},
  number = {2},
  eprint = {2173509},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {231},
  issn = {00324728},
  doi = {10.2307/2173509},
  urldate = {2021-09-01},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4HFBBQL8/Preston - 1975 - The Changing Relation between Mortality and Level .pdf}
}

@article{primiDevelopmentInventoryAssessing2016,
  title = {Development of an {{Inventory Assessing Social}} and {{Emotional Skills}} in {{Brazilian Youth}}},
  author = {Primi, Ricardo and Santos, Daniel and John, Oliver P. and Fruyt, Filip De},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  journal = {European Journal of Psychological Assessment},
  volume = {32},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5--16},
  issn = {1015-5759, 2151-2426},
  doi = {10.1027/1015-5759/a000343},
  urldate = {2022-05-24},
  abstract = {Whereas the structure of individual differences in personal attributes is well understood in adults, much less work has been done in children and adolescents. On the assessment side, numerous instruments are in use for children but they measure discordant attributes, ranging from one single factor (self-esteem; grit) to three factors (social, emotional, and academic self-efficacy) to five factors (strength and difficulties; Big Five traits). To construct a comprehensive measure for large-scale studies in Brazilian schools, we selected the eight most promising instruments and studied their structure at the item level (Study 1; N = 3,023). The resulting six-factor structure captures the major domains of child differences represented in these instruments and resembles the well-known Big Five personality dimensions plus a negative self-evaluation factor. In a large representative sample in Rio de Janeiro State (Study 2; N = 24,605), we tested a self-report inventory (SENNA1.0) assessing these six dimensions of socio-emotional skills with less than 100 items and found a robust and replicable structure and measurement invariance across grades, demonstrating feasibility for large-scale assessments across diverse student groups in Brazil. Discussion focuses on the contribution to socio-emotional research in education and its measurement as well as on limitations and suggestions for future research.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YXAXIRTC/Primi et al. - 2016 - Development of an Inventory Assessing Social and E.pdf}
}

@article{priorMoneyTimePolitical2008,
  title = {Money, {{Time}}, and {{Political Knowledge}}: {{Distinguishing Quick Recall}} and {{Political Learning Skills}}: {{MONEY}}, {{TIME}}, {{AND POLITICAL KNOWLEDGE}}},
  shorttitle = {Money, {{Time}}, and {{Political Knowledge}}},
  author = {Prior, Markus and Lupia, Arthur},
  year = {2008},
  month = jan,
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  volume = {52},
  number = {1},
  pages = {169--183},
  issn = {00925853},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00306.x},
  urldate = {2021-05-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6Z27JVYD/Prior and Lupia - 2008 - Money, Time, and Political Knowledge Distinguishi.pdf}
}

@article{priorYouCannotBe2015,
  title = {You {{Cannot}} Be {{Serious}}: {{The Impact}} of {{Accuracy Incentives}} on {{Partisan Bias}} in {{Reports}} of {{Economic Perceptions}}},
  shorttitle = {You {{Cannot}} Be {{Serious}}},
  author = {Prior, Markus and Sood, Gaurav and Khanna, Kabir},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Quarterly Journal of Political Science},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {489--518},
  issn = {15540634},
  doi = {10.1561/100.00014127},
  urldate = {2022-04-19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DVE2VLIQ/Prior et al. - 2015 - You Cannot be Serious The Impact of Accuracy Ince.pdf}
}

@inbook{pritchettRandomizingDevelopmentMethod2020,
  title = {Randomizing {{Development}}: {{Method}} or {{Madness}}?},
  shorttitle = {Randomizing {{Development}}},
  booktitle = {Randomized {{Control Trials}} in the {{Field}} of {{Development}}},
  author = {Pritchett, Lant},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  pages = {79--107},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  doi = {10.1093/oso/9780198865360.003.0004},
  urldate = {2022-01-29},
  abstract = {An important argument for the increased use of randomized control trial methods in development is that the evidence from these studies will encourage the uptake of effective programs and projects (both through discouraging ineffective projects and improving design of new projects) and this will lead to reduced poverty and improved human well-being. However, cross-national evidence shows that the four-fold transformation of national development, to higher productivity economies, to more responsive states, the more capable organizations and administration and to more equal social treatment produces gains in poverty and human well-being that are orders of magnitude bigger than the best that can be hoped from better programs. Arguments that RCT research is a good (much less ``best'') investment depend on both believing in an implausibly low likelihood that non-RCT research can improve progress national development and believing in an implausibly large likelihood that RCT evidence improves outcomes.},
  collaborator = {Pritchett, Lant},
  isbn = {978-0-19-886536-0 978-0-19-189826-6},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SGKMPID9/Pritchett - 2020 - Randomizing Development Method or Madness.pdf}
}

@misc{PromiseLimitsPerspectivetaking,
  title = {The Promise and Limits of Perspective-Taking. {{Guest Post}} by {{Sana Khan}}},
  journal = {World Bank Blogs},
  urldate = {2024-12-13},
  howpublished = {https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/impactevaluations/the-promise-and-limits-of-perspective-taking--guest-post-by-sana},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HCAP3STW/the-promise-and-limits-of-perspective-taking--guest-post-by-sana.html}
}

@misc{PublicOpinionAttitudes2024,
  title = {Public Opinion - {{Attitudes}}, {{Values}}, {{Beliefs}} {\textbar} {{Britannica}}},
  year = {2024},
  month = oct,
  urldate = {2024-11-28},
  abstract = {Public opinion - Attitudes, Values, Beliefs: How many people actually form opinions on a given issue, as well as what sorts of opinions they form, depends partly on their immediate situations, partly on more-general social-environmental factors, and partly on their preexisting knowledge, attitudes, and values. Because attitudes and values play such a crucial role in the development of public opinion, scholars of the subject are naturally interested in the nature of these phenomena, as well as in ways to assess their variability and intensity. The concepts of opinion, attitude, and value used in public opinion research were given an influential metaphorical characterization by the American-born political},
  howpublished = {https://www.britannica.com/topic/public-opinion/Components-of-public-opinion-attitudes-and-values},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EGEZTWQ7/Components-of-public-opinion-attitudes-and-values.html}
}

@article{puhaniHeckmanCorrectionSample2000,
  title = {The {{Heckman Correction}} for {{Sample Selection}} and {{Its Critique}}},
  author = {Puhani, Patrick},
  year = {2000},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Surveys},
  volume = {14},
  number = {1},
  pages = {53--68},
  issn = {0950-0804, 1467-6419},
  doi = {10.1111/1467-6419.00104},
  urldate = {2021-02-19},
  abstract = {This paper gives a short overview of Monte Carlo studies on the usefulness of Heckman's (1976, 1979) two-step estimator for estimating selection models. Such models occur frequently in empirical work, especially in microeconometrics when estimating wage equations or consumer expenditures.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BMYL6UC5/Puhani - 2000 - The Heckman Correction for Sample Selection and It.pdf}
}

@article{Pulcu2017,
  title = {Affective Bias as a Rational Response to the Statistics of Rewards and Punishments},
  author = {Pulcu, Erdem and Browning, Michael},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {eLife},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {1--15},
  issn = {2050084X},
  doi = {10.7554/eLife.27879},
  abstract = {Affective bias, the tendency to differentially prioritise the processing of negative relative to positive events, is commonly observed in clinical and non-clinical populations. However, why such biases develop is not known. Using a computational framework, we investigated whether affective biases may reflect individuals' estimates of the information content of negative relative to positive events. During a reinforcement learning task, the information content of positive and negative outcomes was manipulated independently by varying the volatility of their occurrence. Human participants altered the learning rates used for the outcomes selectively, preferentially learning from the most informative. This behaviour was associated with activity of the central norepinephrine system, estimated using pupilometry, for loss outcomes. Humans maintain independent estimates of the information content of distinct positive and negative outcomes which may bias their processing of affective events. Normalising affective biases using computationally inspired interventions may represent a novel approach to treatment development.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/V6KUHLCJ/Pulcu and Browning - 2017 - Affective bias as a rational response to the stati.pdf}
}

@incollection{putnamEducationMemorySeven2018,
  title = {Education and {{Memory}}: {{Seven Ways}} the {{Science}} of {{Memory Can Improve Classroom Learning}}},
  shorttitle = {Education and {{Memory}}},
  booktitle = {Stevens' {{Handbook}} of {{Experimental Psychology}} and {{Cognitive Neuroscience}}},
  author = {Putnam, Adam L. and Roediger, Henry L.},
  editor = {Wixted, John T.},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  pages = {1--45},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.},
  address = {Hoboken, NJ, USA},
  doi = {10.1002/9781119170174.epcn106},
  urldate = {2021-09-10},
  isbn = {978-1-119-17016-7 978-1-119-17017-4},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FQDH5XJU/Putnam and Roediger - 2018 - Education and Memory Seven Ways the Science of Me.pdf}
}

@article{qianCoordinationExperimentationForm2006,
  title = {Coordination and {{Experimentation}} in {{M}}-{{Form}} and {{U}}-{{Form Organizations}}},
  author = {Qian, Yingyi and Roland, G{\'e}rard and Xu, Chenggang},
  year = {2006},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {114},
  number = {2},
  pages = {366--402},
  issn = {0022-3808, 1537-534X},
  doi = {10.1086/501170},
  urldate = {2022-10-06},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RMMFBN58/Qian et al. - 2006 - Coordination and Experimentation in M‐Form and U‐F.pdf}
}

@article{rabinPerspectivePsychologyEconomics2002,
  title = {A Perspective on Psychology and Economics},
  author = {Rabin, Matthew},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {European Economic Review},
  pages = {29},
  abstract = {This essay provides a perspective on the recent trend towards integrating psychology into economics. Some speci{\"y}c topics are discussed brie y, and arguments are provided for why greater psychological realism will improve mainstream economics. c 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HM2FIPMY/Rabin - 2002 - A perspective on psychology and economics.pdf}
}

@article{radloffCESDScaleSelfReport1977,
  title = {The {{CES-D Scale}}: {{A Self-Report Depression Scale}} for {{Research}} in the {{General Population}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{CES-D Scale}}},
  author = {Radloff, Lenore Sawyer},
  year = {1977},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Applied Psychological Measurement},
  volume = {1},
  number = {3},
  pages = {385--401},
  issn = {0146-6216, 1552-3497},
  doi = {10.1177/014662167700100306},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IXUR6QM5/Radloff - 1977 - The CES-D Scale A Self-Report Depression Scale fo.pdf}
}

@article{Raffler2016,
  title = {Does {{Political Oversight}} of the {{Bureaucracy Increase Accountability}}? {{Field Experimental Evidence}} from an {{Electoral Autocracy}}},
  author = {Raffler, Pia},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Working paper},
  abstract = {How can consistently poor service delivery by governments in developing countries be im-proved? While a growing literature focuses on strengthening the accountability of politicians to voters, little research considers how politicians' control over the bureaucracy influences ser-vice provision. In collaboration with the Ugandan Ministry of Finance, I conducted a field experiment involving 2,800 government officials across 260 local governments. The objective of the intervention was to empower local politicians to exercise closer oversight over the lo-cal bureaucracy through the dissemination of highly disaggregated budgetary information and trainings about their mandate and rights. In a second treatment arm, these tools were also offered to politicians' opponents in an attempt to stimulate political competition. I find that the intervention increased local politicians' monitoring effort and the frequency with which they seek to improve service delivery, but only in areas where the political leadership is not aligned with the central government. Offering the tools to political opponents did not have a differential effect. In contrast to scholars who argue that insulating bureaucrats allows them to do their jobs more effectively with less corruption, these findings imply that increased over-sight by local politicians has the potential to serve as counterbalancing force in the context of a captured bureaucracy.}
}

@techreport{Raffler2019,
  title = {The Weakness of Bottom-up Accountability: {{Experimental}} Evidence from the {{Ugandan}} Health Sector},
  author = {Raffler, Pia and Posner, Daniel N and Parkerson, Doug},
  year = {2019},
  abstract = {We evaluate the impact of a large-scale information and mobilization intervention designed to improve health service delivery in rural Uganda by increasing citizens' ability to monitor and apply bottom-up pressure on underperforming health workers. Modeled closely on the landmark ``Power to the People'' study (Bj{\textasciidieresis}orkman and Svensson, 2009), the intervention was undertaken in 376 health centers in 16 districts and involved a three wave panel of more than 14,000 households. We find that while the intervention had a modest positive impact on treatment quality and patient satisfaction, it had no effect on utilization rates or health outcomes (including child mortality). We also find no evidence that the channel through which the intervention affected treatment quality was citizen monitoring. The results hold in a wide set of pre-specified subgroups and also when, via a factorial design, we break down the complex intervention into its two most important components. Our findings cast doubt on the power of information to foster community monitoring or to generate improvements in health outcomes, at least in the short term.},
  keywords = {Accountability,Education,health,information,Service Delivery,Social Accountability,Social Protection,transparency,Uganda},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5FHGBRC4/Rafﬂer et al. - The Weakness of Bottom-Up Accountability Experime.pdf}
}

@article{rafflerDoesPoliticalOversight,
  title = {Does {{Political Oversight}} of the {{Bureaucracy Increase Accountability}}? {{Field Experimental Evidence}} from an {{Electoral Autocracy}}},
  author = {Raffler, Pia},
  pages = {77},
  abstract = {Recognizing that poor governance hinders development, a growing literature studies accountability of politicians to voters. This paper instead considers accountability relationships within governments---the ability of politicians to implement policies by holding bureaucrats responsible for their actions. In collaboration with the Ugandan government, I conducted a field experiment involving 2,800 officials across 260 local governments. The objective of the intervention was to empower local politicians to exercise closer oversight over the bureaucracy through training and the dissemination of financial information. The intervention increases local politicians' monitoring effort and user satisfaction with local government projects, but only in areas where the political leadership is not aligned with the central government. In areas that are under ruling-party control, politicians fear uncovering mismanagement of funds. In contrast to scholars arguing that insulating bureaucrats allows them to do their jobs more effectively, these findings imply that too strong a bureaucracy can hamper political accountability.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UV7T4NFC/Rafﬂer - Does Political Oversight of the Bureaucracy Increa.pdf}
}

@article{raiEffectTRIPSMandatedIntellectual2008,
  title = {Effect of the {{TRIPS-Mandated Intellectual Property Rights}} on {{Foreign Direct Investment}} in {{Developing Countries}}: {{A Case Study}} of the {{Indian Pharmaceutical Industry}}},
  shorttitle = {Effect of the {{TRIPS-Mandated Intellectual Property Rights}} on {{Foreign Direct Investment}} in {{Developing Countries}}},
  author = {Rai, Rajnish Kumar},
  year = {2008},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Journal of World Intellectual Property},
  volume = {11},
  number = {5-6},
  pages = {404--431},
  issn = {14222213, 17471796},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1747-1796.2008.00340.x},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {1 january 2005 was,agreement,agreement on trade-related,aspects of intellectual property,developed countries,developing countries except the,fdi,hereinafter called the trips,intellectual property,iprs,ldcs,least,patents,rights,the deadline for all,to comply with the,trips},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/W5WMF8AA/Rai - 2008 - Effect of the TRIPS-Mandated Intellectual Property.pdf}
}

@article{raiEstimatesSerialInterval2020,
  title = {Estimates of Serial Interval for {{COVID-19}}: {{A}} Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Estimates of Serial Interval for {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {Rai, Balram and Shukla, Anandi and Dwivedi, Laxmi Kant},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health},
  pages = {S2213398420301895},
  issn = {22133984},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cegh.2020.08.007},
  urldate = {2020-09-02},
  abstract = {Background-- On 11th March 2020, the World Health Organisation declared COVID-19 as Pandemic. The estimation of transmission dynamics in the initial days of the outbreak of disease is crucial to control its spread in a new area. The serial interval is one of the significant epidemiological measures that determine the spread of infectious disease. It is Journal Pre-proof the time interval between the onset of symptoms in the primary and secondary case. Objective -- The present study aimed at the qualitative and quantitative synthesis of the currently available evidence for the serial interval of COVID-19. Methodology -- Data on serial intervals were used from 11 studies by implementing inclusion and exclusion criteria after initial screening. A meta-analysis was performed to estimate the pooled estimate of the serial interval. The heterogeneity and bias in the included studies were tested by various statistical measures and tests, including I2 statistic, Cochran's Q test, Egger's test, and Beggs's test. Result - The pooled estimate for the serial interval was 5.40 (5.19, 5.61) and 5.19 (4.37, 6.02) by the fixed and random effects model, respectively. The heterogeneity between the studies was found to be 89.9\% by I2 statistic. There is no potential bias introduced in the metaanalysis due to small study effects. Conclusion- The present review provides sufficient evidence for the estimate of serial interval of COVID-19, which can help in understanding the epidemiology and transmission of the disease. The serial interval can be useful for policy makers including contract tracing and monitoring community transmission of COVID-19.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KFCN4S3S/Rai et al. - 2020 - Estimates of serial interval for COVID-19 A syste.pdf}
}

@article{rajanAIDGROWTHWHAT,
  title = {{{AID AND GROWTH}}: {{WHAT DOES THE CROSS-COUNTRY EVIDENCE REALLY SHOW}}?},
  author = {Rajan, Raghuram G and Subramanian, Arvind},
  journal = {THE REVIEW OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS},
  pages = {23},
  abstract = {We examine the effects of aid on growth in cross-sectional and panel data---after correcting for the possible bias that poorer (or stronger) growth may draw aid contributions to recipient countries. Even after this correction, we find little robust evidence of a positive (or negative) relationship between aid inflows into a country and its economic growth. We also find no evidence that aid works better in better policy or geographical environments, or that certain forms of aid work better than others. Our findings suggest that for aid to be effective in the future, the aid apparatus will have to be rethought.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MMMIGKD6/Rajan and Subramanian - AID AND GROWTH WHAT DOES THE CROSS-COUNTRY EVIDEN.pdf}
}

@techreport{rajanFinancialDependenceGrowth1996,
  title = {Financial {{Dependence}} and {{Growth}}},
  author = {Rajan, Raghuram and Zingales, Luigi},
  year = {1996},
  month = sep,
  number = {w5758},
  pages = {w5758},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w5758},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AL7CU7EH/Rajan and Zingales - 1996 - Financial Dependence and Growth.pdf}
}

@article{ramakrishnanInfluencePrenatalPostnatal2012,
  title = {Influence of {{Prenatal}} and {{Postnatal Growth}} on {{Intellectual Functioning}} in {{School-aged Children}}},
  author = {Ramakrishnan, Usha},
  year = {2012},
  month = may,
  journal = {Archives of Pediatrics \& Adolescent Medicine},
  volume = {166},
  number = {5},
  pages = {411},
  issn = {1072-4710},
  doi = {10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.1413},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {*intelligence,*postnatal growth,*prenatal growth,article,body height,body weight,child,child growth,cross-sectional study,female,follow up,head circumference,household,human,infancy,intelligence test,iron therapy,kernel method,male,priority journal,Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices,school child,Thailand,Wechsler intelligence scale,zinc},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5GKRFXVC/Ramakrishnan - 2012 - Influence of Prenatal and Postnatal Growth on Inte.pdf}
}

@article{ramanathanAssessingSeasonalityVariation2020,
  title = {Assessing {{Seasonality Variation}} with {{Harmonic Regression}}: {{Accommodations}} for {{Sharp Peaks}}},
  shorttitle = {Assessing {{Seasonality Variation}} with {{Harmonic Regression}}},
  author = {Ramanathan, Kavitha and Thenmozhi, Mani and George, Sebastian and Anandan, Shalini and Veeraraghavan, Balaji and Naumova, Elena N. and Jeyaseelan, Lakshmanan},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  volume = {17},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1318},
  issn = {1660-4601},
  doi = {10.3390/ijerph17041318},
  urldate = {2020-05-06},
  abstract = {The use of the harmonic regression model is well accepted in the epidemiological and biostatistical communities as a standard procedure to examine seasonal patterns in disease occurrence. While these models may provide good fit to periodic patterns with relatively symmetric rises and falls, for some diseases the incidence fluctuates in a more complex manner. We propose a two-step harmonic regression approach to improve the model fit for data exhibiting sharp seasonal peaks. To capture such specific behavior, we first build a basic model and estimate the seasonal peak. At the second step, we apply an extended model using sine and cosine transform functions. These newly proposed functions mimic a quadratic term in the harmonic regression models and thus allow us to better fit the seasonal spikes. We illustrate the proposed method using actual and simulated data and recommend the new approach to assess seasonality in a broad spectrum of diseases manifesting sharp seasonal peaks.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7CA8CZBT/Ramanathan et al. - 2020 - Assessing Seasonality Variation with Harmonic Regr.pdf}
}

@article{rammstedtImpactAcquiescenceEvaluation2013,
  title = {The Impact of Acquiescence on the Evaluation of Personality Structure.},
  author = {Rammstedt, Beatrice and Farmer, Richard F.},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Psychological Assessment},
  volume = {25},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1137--1145},
  issn = {1939-134X, 1040-3590},
  doi = {10.1037/a0033323},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Acquiescence,Big Five,Education,Factor structure,Personality assessment},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9SZYLBEM/Rammstedt and Farmer - 2013 - The impact of acquiescence on the evaluation of pe.pdf}
}

@article{rammstedtMeasuringPersonalityOne2007,
  title = {Measuring Personality in One Minute or Less: {{A}} 10-Item Short Version of the {{Big Five Inventory}} in {{English}} and {{German}}},
  shorttitle = {Measuring Personality in One Minute or Less},
  author = {Rammstedt, Beatrice and John, Oliver P.},
  year = {2007},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Research in Personality},
  volume = {41},
  number = {1},
  pages = {203--212},
  issn = {00926566},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jrp.2006.02.001},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {To provide a measure of the Big Five for contexts in which participant time is severely limited, we abbreviated the Big Five Inventory (BFI-44) to a 10-item version, the BFI-10. To permit its use in cross-cultural research, the BFI-10 was developed simultaneously in several samples in both English and German. Results focus on the psychometric characteristics of the 2-item scales on the BFI-10, including their part-whole correlations with the BFI-44 scales, retest reliability, structural validity, convergent validity with the NEO-PI-R and its facets, and external validity using peer ratings. Overall, results indicate that the BFI-10 scales retain signiWcant levels of reliability and validity. Thus, reducing the items of the BFI-44 to less than a fourth yielded eVect sizes that were lower than those for the full BFI-44 but still suYcient for research settings with truly limited time constraints.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Big Five personality dimensions,Five-Factor Model,Reliability,Short measures,Test construction,Validity},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/64K6RVAV/Rammstedt and John - 2007 - Measuring personality in one minute or less A 10-.pdf}
}

@article{ramos-maquedaRoleJusticeDevelopment,
  title = {The {{Role}} of {{Justice}} in {{Development I}}: {{How Rule}} of {{Law Spurs Economic Growth}}},
  author = {{Ramos-Maqueda}, Manuel and Chen, Daniel},
  abstract = {This paper investigates the pivotal role of justice institutions in fostering economic development, mitigating conflict, and enhancing trust in formal institutions. Drawing from extensive empirical evidence, we illustrate how justice institutions influence credit markets by improving loan recovery and reducing credit costs, thereby fostering firm growth and entrepreneurship. We also explore the protective role these institutions play for vulnerable populations, demonstrating their impact through examples such as legal aid programs in developing countries that enhance investment and productivity. Furthermore, we examine how efficient judicial systems deter violence by ensuring accountability and reducing extrajudicial actions, with case studies from around the world underscoring these effects. Our analysis extends to the correlation between judicial quality and corruption reduction, emphasizing the necessity of judicial independence for maintaining integrity and public trust. Finally, we identify new research avenues, particularly the potential of big data to enhance judicial performance and the importance of justice reform in fragile and conflictaffected settings. Our findings underscore the necessity of repositioning justice at the heart of the development discourse to achieve sustainable and inclusive growth.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9CFYI5ZL/Ramos-Maqueda and Chen - The Role of Justice in Development I How Rule of .pdf}
}

@misc{RAND1994,
  title = {Indonesia {{Family Life Survey}}, {{Wave}} 1},
  author = {{RAND}},
  year = {1994}
}

@article{RAND2,
  title = {Indonesia {{Family Life Survey}}, {{Wave}} 2},
  author = {{RAND}},
  year = {1997}
}

@misc{RAND3,
  title = {Indonesia {{Family Life Survey}}, {{Wave}} 3},
  author = {{RAND}},
  year = {2000},
  howpublished = {http://www.rand.org/labor\%E2\%80\%8B/FLS/IFLS/ifls3.html}
}

@misc{RAND4,
  title = {Indonesia {{Family Life Survey}}, {{Wave}} 4},
  author = {{RAND}},
  year = {2008},
  howpublished = {http://www.rand.org/labor\%E2\%80\%8B/FLS/IFLS/ifls4.html}
}

@misc{RAND5,
  title = {Indonesia {{Family Life Survey}}, {{Wave}} 5},
  author = {{RAND}},
  year = {2015},
  howpublished = {http://www.rand.org/labor\%E2\%80\%8B/FLS/IFLS/ifls5.html}
}

@article{rao2018minority,
  title = {Minority Stress and Well-Being under Anti-Sodomy Legislation in {{India}}.},
  author = {Rao, Sharanya and Mason, Chandra D},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  pages = {432},
  publisher = {Educational Publishing Foundation}
}

@article{Rao2019,
  title = {Familiarity Does Not Breed Contempt: {{Generosity}}, Discrimination, and Diversity in {{Delhi}} Schools},
  author = {Rao, Gautam},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  issn = {19447981},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20180044},
  abstract = {I exploit a natural experiment in Indian schools to study how being integrated with poor students affects the social behaviors and academic outcomes of rich students. Using administrative data, lab and field experiments to measure outcomes, I find that having poor classmates makes rich students (i) more prosocial, generous, and egalitarian; and (ii) less likely to discriminate against poor students, and more willing to socialize with them. These effects are driven by personal interactions between rich and poor students. In contrast, I find mixed but overall modest impacts on rich students' academic achievement.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4BLWEJHA/Rao - 2019 - Familiarity Does Not Breed Contempt Generosity, D.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L94PQSL4/OnlineAppendixV1.1 (1).pdf}
}

@article{raoFrontlineCourtsState2024,
  title = {Front-Line {{Courts As State Capacity}}: {{Evidence From India}}},
  author = {Rao, Manaswini},
  year = {2024},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z39Q78YC/Rao - Front-line Courts As State Capacity Evidence From.pdf}
}

@article{raoPerceivedInterruptionsHIV2021,
  title = {Perceived {{Interruptions}} to {{HIV Prevention}} and {{Treatment Services Associated With COVID-19}} for {{Gay}}, {{Bisexual}}, and {{Other Men Who Have Sex With Men}} in 20 {{Countries}}},
  author = {Rao, Amrita and Rucinski, Katherine and Jarrett, Brooke A. and Ackerman, Benjamin and Wallach, Sara and Marcus, Julia and Adamson, Tyler and Garner, Alex and Santos, Glenn-Milo and Beyrer, Chris and Howell, Sean and Baral, Stefan},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes},
  volume = {87},
  number = {1},
  pages = {644--651},
  issn = {1525-4135},
  doi = {10.1097/QAI.0000000000002620},
  urldate = {2022-01-05},
  abstract = {Background:~         The coronavirus pandemic has necessitated a range of population-based measures to stem the spread of infection. These measures may be associated with disruptions to other health services including for gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) at risk for or living with HIV. Here, we assess the relationship between stringency of COVID-19 control measures and interruptions to HIV prevention and treatment services for MSM.         Setting:~         Data for this study were collected between April 16, 2020, and May 24, 2020, as part of a COVID-19 Disparities Survey implemented by the gay social networking app, Hornet. Pandemic control measures were quantified using the Oxford Government Response Tracker Stringency Index: each country received a score (0--100) based on the number and strictness of 9 indicators related to restrictions, closures, and travel bans.         Methods:~         We used a multilevel mixed-effects generalized linear model with Poisson distribution to assess the association between stringency of pandemic control measures and access to HIV services.         Results:~         A total of 10,654 MSM across 20 countries were included. Thirty-eight percent (3992/10,396) reported perceived interruptions to in-person testing, 55\% (5178/9335) interruptions to HIV self-testing, 56\% (5171/9173) interruptions to pre-exposure prophylaxis, and 10\% (990/9542) interruptions to condom access. For every 10-point increase in stringency, there was a 3\% reduction in the prevalence of perceived access to in-person testing (aPR: 0{$\cdot$}97, 95\% CI: [0{$\cdot$}96 to 0{$\cdot$}98]), a 6\% reduction in access to self-testing (aPR: 0{$\cdot$}94, 95\% CI: [0{$\cdot$}93 to 0{$\cdot$}95]), and a 5\% reduction in access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (aPR: 0{$\cdot$}95, 95\% CI: [0{$\cdot$}95 to 0{$\cdot$}97]). Among those living with HIV, 20\% (218/1105) were unable to access their provider; 65\% (820/1254) reported being unable to refill their treatment prescription remotely.         Conclusions:~         More stringent responses were associated with decreased perceived access to services. These results support the need for increasing emphasis on innovative strategies in HIV-related diagnostic, prevention, and treatment services to minimize service interruptions during this and potential future waves of COVID-19 for gay men and other MSM at risk for HIV acquisition and transmission.},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2Y5ETHUY/Perceived_Interruptions_to_HIV_Prevention_and.2.html}
}

@article{raoProgramEvaluationsPolicy2024,
  title = {Program {{Evaluations}} and {{Policy Spending}}},
  author = {Rao, Michelle},
  year = {2024},
  abstract = {Program evaluations are motivated in part by a desire to improve the effectiveness of policy spending. Yet there is limited empirical evidence on the efficacy of evaluation itself. This paper examines the systematic relationship between program evaluations and changes in policy spending in the context of Conditional Cash Transfers in Latin America and the Caribbean. Using a novel dataset of 128 program evaluations mapped to spending on the evaluated programs, I find a precise zero relationship between research results and spending. This holds for several definitions of evaluation outcomes: more statistically significant, larger magnitude, more surprising, or more positively framed results, do not correspond with larger increases in spending. As policymakers may learn from cumulative evidence rather than individual studies, I then use a Bayesian hierarchical approach to aggregate evaluations. I find a zero association between a country's cumulative evidence base and its spending. Finally I explore mechanisms for this result by considering heterogeneous responses to evaluations that are more credible, actionable, or generalizable. I find that credibility and generalizability are unrelated to spending, but evaluations which are conducted quickly (within four years of the effect year) are significantly predictive of spending. Thus, timeliness may be an overlooked aspect of the evidence-to-policy pipeline.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/T9MEP42I/Rao - Program Evaluations and Policy Spending.pdf}
}

@article{Rasul2008,
  title = {Household Bargaining over Fertility: {{Theory}} and Evidence from {{Malaysia}}},
  author = {Rasul, Imran},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {86},
  number = {2},
  pages = {215--241},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2007.02.005},
  abstract = {We develop and test a model of household bargaining over fertility when transfers between spouses are possible. The model makes precise how the fertility preferences of each spouse translate into fertility outcomes. We show this depends on whether or not spouses can commit to their future actions within marriage. If couples bargain with commitment, fertility outcomes take account of both spouses' fertility preferences and do not depend on the threat point in marital bargaining. If couples bargain without commitment, the influence of each spouse's fertility preference on fertility outcomes depends on the relevant threat point in marital bargaining, and the distribution of bargaining power. We test the models using household data from the Malaysia Family Life Survey. This data set contains information on each spouse's desired fertility level, as well as fertility outcomes. We exploit differences in threat points in marital bargaining across ethnic groups to help identify the underlying bargaining model. The evidence suggests couples bargain without commitment. {\copyright} 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  keywords = {Commitment,Fertility,Household bargaining},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NWFFBVNM/Rasul - 2008 - Household bargaining over fertility Theory and ev.pdf}
}

@techreport{Rasul2018,
  title = {Management and {{Bureaucratic Effectiveness}}: {{Evidence}} from the {{Ghanaian Civil Service}}},
  author = {Rasul, Imran and Rogger, Daniel and Williams, Martin J},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Policy Research Working Paper WPS8595},
  number = {September},
  abstract = {A burgeoning area of social science research examines how state capabilities and bureau- cratic e↵ectiveness shape economic development. We study how the management practices civil service bureaucrats operate under correlate to the delivery of public projects, using novel data from the Ghanaian Civil Service. To do so, we combine hand-coded progress reports on 3600 projects with a management survey in government Ministries and Departments re- sponsible for these projects, following the methodology of Bloom et al. [2012]. Management matters: practices related to autonomy are positively associated with project completion, yet practices related to incentives/monitoring of bureaucrats are negatively associated with project completion. The negative impact of incentives/monitoring practices is partly ex- plained by bureaucrats having to multi-task, interactions with their intrinsic motivation, their engagement in influence activities, and project characteristics such as the clarity of tar- gets and deliverable outputs. Finally, we discuss the interplay between management practices and corruption, alternative methods by which to measure management practices in organi- zations, and the external validity of our results by comparing key findings to those in Rasul and Rogger [2018]. Our findings suggest the focus of many civil service reform programs on introducing stronger incentives and monitoring may backfire in some organizations, and that even countries with low levels of state capability may benefit by providing public servants with greater autonomy in some spheres.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PTXBIS64/Rasul et al. - 2018 - Management and Bureaucratic Effectiveness Evidenc.pdf}
}

@misc{rathjeUnfollowingHyperpartisanSocial2024,
  title = {Unfollowing Hyperpartisan Social Media Influencers Durably Reduces Out-Party Animosity},
  author = {Rathje, Steve and Pretus, Clara and He, James Kunling and Harjani, Trisha and Roozenbeek, Jon and Gray, Kurt and van der Linden, Dr Sander and Bavel, Jay J. Van},
  year = {2024},
  month = oct,
  publisher = {OSF},
  doi = {10.31234/osf.io/acbwg},
  urldate = {2024-10-19},
  abstract = {There is considerable debate over whether and how social media contributes to polarization. In a correlational study (n1 = 1,447) and two digital field experiments (n2 = 494, n3 = 1,133), we examined whether (un)following hyperpartisan social media influencers contributes to polarization and misinformation sharing. We found that incentivizing Twitter/X users to unfollow hyperpartisan social media influencers improved feelings toward the out-party by 23.5\% compared to the control group, with effects persisting for at least six months. Unfollowing also led participants to engage with more accurate news and increased satisfaction with their Twitter/X feeds---without reducing engagement. This study demonstrates the long-term causal impact of exposure to hyperpartisan influencers. Moreover, unlike other social media reduction interventions, unfollowing is a targeted approach: like a scalpel, it surgically removes a few harmful parts of one's feed, allowing the beneficial aspects to remain.},
  archiveprefix = {OSF},
  langid = {american},
  keywords = {Field Experiment,Influencers,Misinformation,Polarization,Social Media,Twitter}
}

@article{Rattanakijsuntorn2018,
  title = {Mass Diffusion Coefficient Measurement for Vitreous Humor Using {{FEM}} and {{MRI}}},
  author = {Rattanakijsuntorn, Komsan and Penkova, Anita and Sadha, Satwindar S.},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering},
  volume = {297},
  number = {1},
  issn = {1757899X},
  doi = {10.1088/1757-899X/297/1/012024},
  abstract = {In early studies, the 'contour method' for determining the diffusion coefficient of the vitreous humor was developed. This technique relied on careful injection of an MRI contrast agent (surrogate drug) into the vitreous humor of fresh bovine eyes, and tracking the contours of the contrast agent in time. In addition, an analytical solution was developed for the theoretical contours built on point source model for the injected surrogate drug. The match between theoretical and experimental contours as a least square fit, while floating the diffusion coefficient, led to the value of the diffusion coefficient. This method had its limitation that the initial injection of the surrogate had to be spherical or ellipsoidal because of the analytical result based on the point-source model. With a new finite element model for the analysis in this study, the technique is much less restrictive and handles irregular shapes of the initial bolus. The fresh bovine eyes were used for drug diffusion study in the vitreous and three contrast agents of different molecular masses: gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA, 938 Da), non-ionic gadoteridol (Prohance, 559 Da), and bovine albumin conjugated with gadolinium (Galbumin, 74 kDa) were used as drug surrogates to visualize the diffusion process by MRI. The 3D finite element model was developed to determine the diffusion coefficients of these surrogates with the images from MRI. This method can be used for other types of bioporous media provided the concentration profile can be visualized (by methods such as MRI or fluorescence).}
}

@article{Ravallion2015,
  title = {Benefit Incidence with Incentive Effects, Measurement Errors and Latent Heterogeneity: {{A}} Case Study for {{China}}},
  author = {Ravallion, Martin and Chen, Shaohua},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {128},
  pages = {124--132},
  publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
  issn = {00472727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2015.04.004},
  abstract = {In what is probably the largest cash transfer program in the world today China's Dibao program aims to fill all poverty gaps. In theory, the program creates a poverty trap, with 100\% benefit withdrawal rate (BWR). But is that what we see in practice? The paper proposes an econometric method of estimating the mean BWR allowing for incentive effects, measurement errors and correlated latent heterogeneity. Under the method's identifying assumptions, a feasible instrumental variables estimator corrects for incentive effects and measurement errors, and provides a bound for the true value when there is correlated incidence heterogeneity. The results suggest that past methods of assessing benefit incidence using either nominal official rates or raw tabulations from survey data are deceptive. The actual BWR appears to be much lower than the formal rate and is likely to be too low in the light of the literature on optimal income taxation. The paper discusses likely reasons based on qualitative observations from field work. The program's local implementation appears to matter far more than incentives implied by its formal rules.},
  keywords = {China,Fiscal incidence,Marginal tax,Optimal taxation,Poverty,Transfers},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GBVSJ7ID/Ravallion and Chen - 2015 - Benefit incidence with incentive effects, measurem.pdf}
}

@book{ravallionCanSubjectiveQuestions2013,
  title = {Can {{Subjective Questions}} on {{Economic Welfare}} Be {{Trusted}}? {{Evidence}} for {{Three Developing Countries}}},
  shorttitle = {Can {{Subjective Questions}} on {{Economic Welfare}} Be {{Trusted}}?},
  author = {Ravallion, Martin and Himelein, Kristen and Beegle, Kathleen},
  year = {2013},
  month = dec,
  series = {Policy {{Research Working Papers}}},
  publisher = {The World Bank},
  doi = {10.1596/1813-9450-6726},
  urldate = {2020-04-27},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AN6YBA63/Ravallion et al. - 2013 - Can Subjective Questions on Economic Welfare be Tr.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RCCIQV6L/1813-9450-6726.pdf}
}

@incollection{ravenRavenProgressiveMatrices,
  title = {Raven {{Progressive Matrices}}},
  author = {Raven, Jean},
  pages = {15},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UGELV6KZ/Raven - Raven Progressive Matrices.pdf}
}

@article{ravenRavenProgressiveMatrices2000,
  title = {The {{Raven}}'s {{Progressive Matrices}}: {{Change}} and {{Stability}} over {{Culture}} and {{Time}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Raven}}'s {{Progressive Matrices}}},
  author = {Raven, John},
  year = {2000},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Cognitive Psychology},
  volume = {41},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--48},
  issn = {00100285},
  doi = {10.1006/cogp.1999.0735},
  urldate = {2020-12-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WJSEQHTE/Raven - 2000 - The Raven's Progressive Matrices Change and Stabi.pdf}
}

@article{reaHowManyComponents2016,
  title = {How {{Many Components}} Should Be {{Retained}} from a {{Multivariate Time Series PCA}}?},
  author = {Rea, Alethea and Rea, William},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  journal = {arXiv:1610.03588 [stat]},
  eprint = {1610.03588},
  primaryclass = {stat},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {We report on the results of two new approaches to considering how many principal components to retain from an analysis of a multivariate time series. The first is by using a ``heat map'' based approach. A heat map in this context refers to a series of principal component coefficients created by applying a sliding window to a multivariate time series. Furthermore the heat maps can provide detailed insights into the evolution of the structure of each principal component over time. The second is by examining the change of the angle of the principal component over time within the high-dimensional data space. We provide evidence that both are useful in studying structure and evolution of a multivariate time series.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {62-07 62-09,ftse 250,heat map,meteorological,principal component analysis,Statistics - Methodology},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M6AZ2UJ6/Rea and Rea - 2016 - How Many Components should be Retained from a Mult.pdf}
}

@article{reaNEWEVIDENCEHECKMAN2020,
  title = {{{NEW EVIDENCE ON THE HECKMAN CURVE}}},
  author = {Rea, David and Burton, Tony},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Surveys},
  volume = {34},
  number = {2},
  pages = {241--262},
  issn = {0950-0804, 1467-6419},
  doi = {10.1111/joes.12353},
  urldate = {2020-11-16},
  abstract = {The Heckman Curve characterizes the rate of return to public investments in human capital as rapidly diminishing with age. For the disadvantaged, it describes investments early in the life course as having significantly higher rates of return compared to later in life. This paper assesses the Heckman Curve using estimates of program benefit cost ratios from the Washington State Institute for Public Policy. We find no support for the claim that social policy programs targeted early in the life course have the largest benefit cost ratios, or that on average the benefits of adult programs are less than the cost of the intervention.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SCTUJC68/Rea and Burton - 2020 - NEW EVIDENCE ON THE HECKMAN CURVE.pdf}
}

@misc{RecallCallAgenda,
  title = {Recall {{Call Agenda}}},
  journal = {Google Docs},
  urldate = {2024-08-27},
  abstract = {26th August Is 800 people affordable? {\texteuro}6.25 each on average if we have 5k (probably about {\texteuro}5 in actual payments) Only two treatment arms Not enough power{\dots} 2 issues to resolve: Consistency might be mechanical {$>>$} less obviously duplicates Options: 3 question consistency?  (e.g. intransitive prefs)...},
  howpublished = {https://docs.google.com/document/d/13aUpscU7\_944YHvmu9uAM6TpQ4ilZnkoUyMMjn8YDg8/edit?usp=embed\_facebook},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PWZSYCWE/edit.html}
}

@book{reddyRespectSexNegotiating2005,
  title = {With {{Respect}} to {{Sex}}: {{Negotiating Hijra Identity}} in {{South India}}},
  shorttitle = {With {{Respect}} to {{Sex}}},
  author = {Reddy, Gayatri},
  year = {2005},
  month = jul,
  series = {Worlds of {{Desire}}: {{The Chicago Series}} on {{Sexuality}}, {{Gender}}, and {{Culture}}},
  publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
  address = {Chicago, IL},
  urldate = {2023-05-18},
  abstract = {With Respect to Sex is an intimate ethnography that offers a provocative account of sexual and social difference in India. The subjects of this study are hijras or the "third sex" of India---individuals who occupy a unique, liminal space between male and female, sacred and profane.Hijras are men who sacrifice their genitalia to a goddess in return for the power to confer fertility on newlyweds and newborn children, a ritual role they are respected for, at the same time as they are stigmatized for their ambiguous sexuality. By focusing on the hijra community, Gayatri Reddy sheds new light on Indian society and the intricate negotiations of identity across various domains of everyday life. Further, by reframing hijra identity through the local economy of respect, this ethnography highlights the complex relationships among local and global, sexual and moral, economies.This book will be regarded as the definitive work on hijras, one that will be of enormous interest to anthropologists, students of South Asian culture, and specialists in the study of gender and sexuality.},
  isbn = {978-0-226-70756-3},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {anthropology,asia,belief,cultural,culture,customs,ethnographic,ethnography,faith,family,female,fertility,gender,genitalia,genitals,hijra,hindu,identity,inconography,india,islam,knowledge,liminal,male,marriage,newlyweds,profane,relationships,religion,sacred,sacrifice,self esteem,sexual,sexuality,social studies,south,southeast,southern,understanding},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X5FHALPR/bo3534006.html}
}

@article{redelmeierMemoriesColonoscopyRandomized2003,
  title = {Memories of Colonoscopy: A Randomized Trial:},
  shorttitle = {Memories of Colonoscopy},
  author = {Redelmeier, Donald A and Katz, Joel and Kahneman, Daniel},
  year = {2003},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Pain},
  volume = {104},
  number = {1},
  pages = {187--194},
  issn = {0304-3959},
  doi = {10.1016/S0304-3959(03)00003-4},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Patients' memories of the past may influence their decisions about the future, yet memories are imperfect and susceptible to bias. We tested whether a memory failure observed in psychology experiments could be applied in a clinical setting to lessen patients' memories of the pain of an unpleasant medical procedure. We studied consecutive outpatients undergoing colonoscopy who were medically stable, mentally competent, and able to speak English {\dh}n {$\frac{1}{4}$} 682{\TH}. By random assignment, half the patients had a short interval added to the end of their procedure during which the tip of the colonoscope remained in the rectum. Pain during the procedure was measured with a ten point intensity scale. Memory following the procedure was measured using both a rating scale and a ranking task. Randomization resulted in two similar groups. As theorized, patients who underwent the extended procedure experienced the final moments as less painful (1.7 vs. 2.5 on a ten point intensity scale, P , 0:001), rated the entire experience as less unpleasant (4.4 vs. 4.9 on a 10 cm visual analogue scale, P {$\frac{1}{4}$} 0:006), and ranked the procedure as less aversive compared to seven other unpleasant experiences (4.1 vs. 4.6 with eight as the worst, P {$\frac{1}{4}$} 0:002). Rates of returning for a repeat colonoscopy (median duration of follow-up 5.3 years) averaged 50.4\% and were slightly higher (odds ratio {$\frac{1}{4}$} 1.41, P {$\frac{1}{4}$} 0:038) for those who underwent the longer procedure controlling for prior colonoscopy, procedure indications, and abnormal findings. Memory failures observed in experimental conditions can be found in clinical settings involving awake patients and may offer opportunities for improving patients' willingness to undergo future unpleasant medical procedures.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Duration neglect,Memory failure,Randomized trial},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NXW78JIV/Redelmeier et al. - 2003 - Memories of colonoscopy a randomized trial.pdf}
}

@article{Ree2018,
  title = {Double for {{Nothing}}? {{Experimental Evidence}} on an {{Unconditional Teacher Salary Increase}} in {{Indonesia}}*},
  author = {{de Ree}, Joppe and Muralidharan, Karthik and Pradhan, Menno and Rogers, Halsey},
  year = {2018},
  month = may,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {133},
  number = {2},
  pages = {993--1039},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjx040},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6T2BXM37/de Ree et al. - 2018 - Double for Nothing Experimental Evidence on an Un.pdf}
}

@article{reeceAssessingHeartRate2021,
  title = {Assessing {{Heart Rate Using Consumer Technology Association Standards}}},
  author = {Reece, Joel D. and Bunn, Jennifer A. and Choi, Minsoo and Navalta, James W.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Technologies},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {46},
  issn = {2227-7080},
  doi = {10.3390/technologies9030046},
  urldate = {2023-11-25},
  abstract = {It is difficult for developers, researchers, and consumers to compare results among emerging wearable technology without using a uniform set of standards. This study evaluated the accuracy of commercially available wearable technology heart rate (HR) monitors using the Consumer Technology Association (CTA) standards. Participants (N = 23) simultaneously wore a Polar chest strap (criterion measure), Jabra Elite earbuds, Scosche Rhythm 24 armband, Apple Watch 4, and Garmin Forerunner 735 XT during sitting, activities of daily living, walking, jogging, running, and cycling, totaling 57 min of monitored activity. The Apple Watch mean bias was within {\textpm}1 bpm, and mean absolute percent error (MAPE) was {$<$}3\% in all six conditions. Garmin underestimated HR in all conditions, except cycling and MAPE was {$>$}10\% during sedentary, lifestyle, walk-jog, and running. The Jabra mean bias was within {\textpm}5 bpm for each condition, and MAPE exceeded 10\% for walk-jog. The Scosche mean bias was within {\textpm}1 bpm and MAPE was {$<$}5\% for all conditions. In conclusion, only the Apple Watch Series 4 and the Scosche Rhythm 24 displayed acceptable agreement across all conditions. By employing CTA standards, future developers, researchers, and consumers will be able to make true comparisons of accuracy among wearable devices.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LT3MDI7L/Reece et al. - 2021 - Assessing Heart Rate Using Consumer Technology Ass.pdf}
}

@misc{ReevaluatingImpactUnconditional,
  title = {Re-Evaluating the {{Impact}} of {{Unconditional Cash Transfers}} - {{The GiveWell Blog}}},
  urldate = {2024-11-23},
  howpublished = {https://blog.givewell.org/2024/11/12/re-evaluating-the-impact-of-unconditional-cash-transfers/}
}

@misc{ReevaluatingImpactUnconditionala,
  title = {Re-Evaluating the {{Impact}} of {{Unconditional Cash Transfers}} - {{The GiveWell Blog}}},
  urldate = {2024-11-23},
  howpublished = {https://blog.givewell.org/2024/11/12/re-evaluating-the-impact-of-unconditional-cash-transfers/}
}

@misc{ReevaluatingImpactUnconditionalb,
  title = {Re-Evaluating the {{Impact}} of {{Unconditional Cash Transfers}} - {{The GiveWell Blog}}},
  urldate = {2024-11-23},
  howpublished = {https://blog.givewell.org/2024/11/12/re-evaluating-the-impact-of-unconditional-cash-transfers/}
}

@article{renoTranssituationalInfluenceSocial1993,
  title = {The Transsituational Influence of Social Norms.},
  author = {Reno, Raymond R. and Cialdini, Robert B. and Kallgren, Carl A.},
  year = {1993},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {64},
  number = {1},
  pages = {104--112},
  issn = {1939-1315, 0022-3514},
  doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.104},
  urldate = {2022-07-27},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ED4LBYCC/Reno et al. - 1993 - The transsituational influence of social norms..pdf}
}

@article{renyFormsCollectiveViolence2007,
  title = {Forms of {{Collective Violence}}: {{Riots}}, {{Pogroms}} and {{Genocide}} in {{Modern India}}},
  author = {Reny, Marie-Eve},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {Pacific Affairs},
  volume = {80},
  number = {2},
  pages = {393},
  publisher = {Pacific Affairs. The University of British Columbia}
}

@misc{RESEARCHAGENDAGLOBAL,
  title = {A {{RESEARCH AGENDA FOR THE GLOBAL PRIORITIES INSTITUTE}}},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VWN8MURK/A RESEARCH AGENDA FOR THE GLOBAL PRIORITIES INSTIT.pdf}
}

@article{Restuccia2017,
  title = {The {{Causes}} and {{Costs}} of {{Misallocation}}},
  author = {Restuccia, Diego and Rogerson, Richard},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume = {31},
  number = {3},
  pages = {151--174},
  issn = {0895-3309},
  doi = {10.1257/jep.31.3.151},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H3RRD5LG/Restuccia and Rogerson - 2017 - The Causes and Costs of Misallocation.pdf}
}

@article{reynoldsAge26CostBenefit2011,
  title = {Age 26 {{Cost-Benefit Analysis}} of the {{Child-Parent Center Early Education Program}}: {{Cost-Benefit Analysis}}},
  shorttitle = {Age 26 {{Cost-Benefit Analysis}} of the {{Child-Parent Center Early Education Program}}},
  author = {Reynolds, Arthur J. and Temple, Judy A. and White, Barry A. B. and Ou, Suh-Ruu and Robertson, Dylan L.},
  year = {2011},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Child Development},
  volume = {82},
  number = {1},
  pages = {379--404},
  issn = {00093920},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01563.x},
  urldate = {2020-11-17},
  abstract = {We conducted a cost-benefit analysis of the Child-Parent Center (CPC) early childhood intervention. Using data collected up to age 26 on health and well-being, the study is the first adult economic analysis of a sustained large-scale and publicly-funded intervention. As part of the Chicago Longitudinal Study, a complete cohort of 900 low-income children who enrolled in 20 CPCs beginning at age 3 were compared to 500 well-matched low-income children who participated in the usual educational interventions for the economically disadvantaged in Chicago schools. School-age services were provided up to age 9 (third grade). Findings indicated that the three components of CPC had economic benefits in 2007 dollars that exceeded costs. The preschool program provided a total return to society of \$10.83 per dollar invested (net benefits per participant of \$83,708). Benefits to the public (other than program participants and families) were \$7.20 per dollar invested. The primary sources of benefits were increased earnings and tax revenues, averted criminal justice system and victim costs, and savings for child welfare, special education, and grade retention. The school-age program had a societal return of \$3.97 per dollar invested and a \$2.11 public return. The extended intervention program (4 to 6 years of participation) had a societal return of \$8.24 and public return of \$5.21. Estimates were robust across a wide range of discount rates and alternative assumptions, and were consistent with the results of Monte Carlo simulations. Males, 1-year preschool participants, and children from higher risk families had greater economic benefits. Findings provide strong evidence that sustained early childhood programs can contribute to well-being for individuals and society.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ICHWTSA5/Reynolds et al. - 2011 - Age 26 Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Child-Parent C.pdf}
}

@book{rhodesJudgmentsLearning2015,
  title = {Judgments of {{Learning}}},
  author = {Rhodes, Matthew G.},
  editor = {Dunlosky, John and Tauber, Sarah (Uma) K.},
  year = {2015},
  month = feb,
  volume = {1},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  doi = {10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.4},
  urldate = {2021-04-20},
  abstract = {Several decades of research have examined predictions of future memory performance---typically referred to as judgments of learning (JOLs). In this chapter, I first discuss the early history of research on JOLs and their fit within a leading metacognitive framework. A common methodological approach has evolved that permits the researcher to investigate the correspondence between JOLs and memory performance, as well as the degree to which JOLs distinguish between information that is or is not remembered. Factors that influence each aspect of the accuracy of JOLs are noted and considered within theoretical approaches to JOLs. Thus far, research on JOLs had yielded a number of findings and promising theoretical frameworks that will continue to be refined. Future work will benefit by considering how learners combine information to arrive at a judgment, the implications of alternative methods of measuring JOLs, and the potential for JOLs to influence memory.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I2QH4CS2/Rhodes - 2015 - Judgments of Learning.pdf}
}

@article{ridleyDiscriminationStigmaMental,
  title = {Discrimination and the {{Stigma}} of {{Mental Illness}}},
  author = {Ridley, Matthew},
  pages = {61},
  abstract = {People with depression and anxiety, the most common mental illnesses, often keep their condition secret at work, which may contribute to negative stereotypes and low rates of treatment-seeking. This is often attributed to discrimination or other negative reactions to revealing. But we know little about the actual causal effects of revealing mental illness or what does drive the decision to hide it. Using an online experiment with a simple communication-based navigation task, I find evidence for substantial nonstatistical discrimination against depressed or anxious coworkers: people pay up to 40\% of their task earnings to avoid them, despite doing no worse when exogenously paired with such workers. However, there are offsetting benefits to revealing: revealing the most severe symptoms induces in-task reactions from the coworker that raise the team's productivity. In other words, people appear to help mental illness sufferers when they have to but will avoid having to do so. In spite of a net benefit or low net cost to revealing in my setting, depressed or anxious people pay large amounts to stop others from being shown their symptoms. This preference persists even when others cannot use the information to discriminate, suggesting a stigma that runs deeper than fear of discrimination.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SFT2L5B3/Matthew_Ridley_JMP_Mental_Illness_Discrimination_v2.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UYR8F47I/Mental_Illness_Discrimination_Paper.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WS8FWINA/Ridley - Discrimination and the Stigma of Mental Illness.pdf}
}

@article{ridleyPovertyDepressionAnxiety2020,
  ids = {Pa},
  title = {Poverty, Depression, and Anxiety: {{Causal}} Evidence and Mechanisms},
  shorttitle = {Poverty, Depression, and Anxiety},
  author = {Ridley, Matthew and Rao, Gautam and Schilbach, Frank and Patel, Vikram},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {370},
  number = {6522},
  pages = {eaay0214},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.aay0214},
  urldate = {2020-12-15},
  abstract = {Why are people who live in poverty disproportionately affected by mental illness? We review the interdisciplinary evidence of the bidirectional causal relationship between poverty and common mental illnesses---depression and anxiety---and the underlying mechanisms. Research shows that mental illness reduces employment and therefore income, and that psychological interventions generate economic gains. Similarly, negative economic shocks cause mental illness, and antipoverty programs such as cash transfers improve mental health. A crucial step toward the design of effective policies is to better understand the mechanisms underlying these causal effects.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3AW4W6X3/science.aay0214.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CA9R55ZZ/Poverty and Mental Illness -- Causal Evidence.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TJP8GDTL/Ridley et al. - 2020 - Poverty, depression, and anxiety Causal evidence .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XGXFSCUX/Patel et al. - 2020 - Poverty and Mental Illness Causal Evidence.pdf}
}

@article{riekIntergroupThreatOutgroup2006,
  title = {Intergroup {{Threat}} and {{Outgroup Attitudes}}: {{A Meta-Analytic Review}}},
  shorttitle = {Intergroup {{Threat}} and {{Outgroup Attitudes}}},
  author = {Riek, Blake M. and Mania, Eric W. and Gaertner, Samuel L.},
  year = {2006},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Review},
  volume = {10},
  number = {4},
  pages = {336--353},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc},
  issn = {1088-8683},
  doi = {10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4},
  urldate = {2022-11-13},
  abstract = {This article examines the relationship between intergroup threat and negative outgroup attitudes. We first qualitatively review the intergroup threat literature, describing the shift from competing theories toward more integrated approaches, such as the integrated threat theory (ITT; W. G. Stephan \& Stephan, 2000). The types of threats discussed include: realistic threat, symbolic threat, intergroup anxiety, negative stereotypes, group esteem threat, and distinctiveness threat. We then conducted a quantitative meta-analysis examining the relationships between various intergroup threats and outgroup attitudes. The meta-analysis, involving 95 samples, revealed that 5 different threat types had a positive relationship with negative outgroup attitudes. Additionally, outgroup status moderated some of these relationships. Implications and future directions are considered.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/25L8HCTC/riek-et-al-2006-intergroup-threat-and-outgroup-attitudes-a-meta-analytic-review.pdf}
}

@article{rietveldSelfEmploymentHealthBarriers2015,
  title = {Self-{{Employment}} and {{Health}}: {{Barriers}} or {{Benefits}}?: {{SELF-EMPLOYMENT AND HEALTH}}},
  shorttitle = {Self-{{Employment}} and {{Health}}},
  author = {Rietveld, Cornelius A. and {van Kippersluis}, Hans and Thurik, A. Roy},
  year = {2015},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Health Economics},
  volume = {24},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1302--1313},
  issn = {10579230},
  doi = {10.1002/hec.3087},
  urldate = {2021-03-26},
  abstract = {The self-employed are often reported to be healthier than wageworkers; however, the cause of this health difference is largely unknown. The longitudinal nature of the US Health and Retirement Study allows us to gauge the plausibility of two competing explanations for this difference: a contextual effect of self-employment on health (benefit effect), or a health-related selection of individuals into self-employment (barrier effect). Our main finding is that the selection of comparatively healthier individuals into self-employment accounts for the positive cross-sectional difference. The results rule out a positive contextual effect of self-employment on health, and we present tentative evidence that, if anything, engaging in self-employment is bad for one's health. Given the importance of the self-employed in the economy, these findings contribute to our understanding of the vitality of the labor force. Copyright {\copyright} 2014 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X9DA2WV5/Rietveld et al. - 2015 - Self-Employment and Health Barriers or Benefits.pdf}
}

@article{rigolPayingTruthEfficacy2016a,
  title = {Paying for the {{Truth}}: {{The Efficacy}} of a {{Peer Prediction Mechanism}} in the {{Field}}},
  author = {Rigol, Natalia and Roth, Benjamin},
  year = {2016},
  pages = {26},
  abstract = {We report results from a lab-in-the-field experiment in India in which we test the viability of two kinds of monetary payment rules used to incentivize truth-telling: a novel payment rule that relies on expost verification of reports and peer prediction methods (See Prelec, 2004 and Witkowski and Parkes, 2012), which rely only on contemporaneous peer reports. In the experiment, farmers were asked to give reports about their neighbors and were told that these reports would be used to determine cash prizes. We varied whether farmers received incentives for the accuracy of their reports (via the two payment rules) or not. We find that, in the absence of monetary incentives, respondents lie in favor of their family and friends. However, monetary incentives for accuracy improve the quality of reports and both payment rules result in reports of comparable accuracy. This is a reassuring outcome since peer prediction is much easier to implement (though mechanically complex). Importantly, by imposing structure on our data we also find evidence that one peer predictive payment rule, the Robust Bayesian Truth Serum of Witkowski and Parkes (2012), is empirically incentive compatible; respondents maximize their subjective expected utility by reporting truthful answers. Given the broad applicability and the ease of implementation of RBTS, we hope that this experiment will serve as a catalyst to verify its usefulness in other contexts.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4IFNDZ4S/Rigol and Roth - Paying for the Truth The Eﬃcacy of a Peer Predict.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C2FNMM82/Rigol and Roth - Paying for the Truth The Eﬃcacy of a Peer Predict.pdf}
}

@article{rileyRoleModelsMovies2022,
  title = {Role {{Models}} in {{Movies}}: {{The Impact}} of {{{\emph{Queen}}}}{\emph{ of }}{{{\emph{Katwe}}}} on {{Students}}' {{Educational Attainment}}},
  shorttitle = {Role {{Models}} in {{Movies}}},
  author = {Riley, Emma},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  pages = {1--48},
  issn = {0034-6535, 1530-9142},
  doi = {10.1162/rest_a_01153},
  urldate = {2022-05-24},
  abstract = {This paper presents experimental evidence on the impact of a role model on secondary school students' exam performance in Uganda. Students were individually randomised to see either a movie featuring a female role model, Queen of Katwe, or to see a placebo movie. I find that treatment with the role model immediately before an important national exam leads to students performing better in their exams, particularly in maths subjects, with e↵ects largest for female students. Female students exposed to the role model are more likely to remain in education in subsequent years, closing the gender gap with their male peers.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VMSSS5Z5/Riley - 2022 - Role Models in Movies The Impact of Queen of K.pdf}
}

@article{risiPredictingHistory2019,
  title = {Predicting History},
  author = {Risi, Joseph and Sharma, Amit and Shah, Rohan and Connelly, Matthew and Watts, Duncan J.},
  year = {2019},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},
  volume = {3},
  number = {9},
  pages = {906--912},
  issn = {2397-3374},
  doi = {10.1038/s41562-019-0620-8},
  urldate = {2020-05-12},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/95JATS8X/RisiSharmaShahConnellyWatts19 Predicting History.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SY7HYQT9/Risi et al. - 2019 - Predicting history.pdf}
}

@incollection{ritchieTemperatureCropDevelopment2015,
  title = {Temperature and {{Crop Development}}},
  booktitle = {Agronomy {{Monographs}}},
  author = {Ritchie, J. T. and Nesmith, D. S.},
  editor = {Hanks, John and Ritchie, J. T.},
  year = {2015},
  month = oct,
  pages = {5--29},
  publisher = {American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America},
  address = {Madison, WI, USA},
  doi = {10.2134/agronmonogr31.c2},
  urldate = {2020-07-31},
  isbn = {978-0-89118-223-8 978-0-89118-106-4},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R4H87J59/Ritchie and Nesmith - 2015 - Temperature and Crop Development.pdf}
}

@incollection{ritchieTemperatureCropDevelopment2015a,
  title = {Temperature and {{Crop Development}}},
  booktitle = {Agronomy {{Monographs}}},
  author = {Ritchie, J. T. and Nesmith, D. S.},
  editor = {Hanks, John and Ritchie, J. T.},
  year = {2015},
  month = oct,
  pages = {5--29},
  publisher = {American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America},
  address = {Madison, WI, USA},
  doi = {10.2134/agronmonogr31.c2},
  urldate = {2020-07-31},
  isbn = {978-0-89118-223-8 978-0-89118-106-4}
}

@article{rizoiuSIRHawkesLinkingEpidemic2018,
  title = {{{SIR-Hawkes}}: {{Linking Epidemic Models}} and {{Hawkes Processes}} to {{Model Diffusions}} in {{Finite Populations}}},
  shorttitle = {{{SIR-Hawkes}}},
  author = {Rizoiu, Marian-Andrei and Mishra, Swapnil and Kong, Quyu and Carman, Mark and Xie, Lexing},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference on World Wide Web - WWW '18},
  eprint = {1711.01679},
  pages = {419--428},
  doi = {10.1145/3178876.3186108},
  urldate = {2020-07-13},
  abstract = {Among the statistical tools for online information diffusion modeling, both epidemic models and Hawkes point processes are popular choices. The former originate from epidemiology, and consider information as a viral contagion which spreads into a population of online users. The latter have roots in geophysics and finance, view individual actions as discrete events in continuous time, and modulate the rate of events according to the self-exciting nature of event sequences. Here, we establish a novel connection between these two frameworks. Namely, the rate of events in an extended Hawkes model is identical to the rate of new infections in the SusceptibleInfected-Recovered (SIR) model after marginalizing out recovery events -- which are unobserved in a Hawkes process. This result paves the way to apply tools developed for SIR to Hawkes, and vice versa. It also leads to HawkesN, a generalization of the Hawkes model which accounts for a finite population size. Finally, we derive the distribution of cascade sizes for HawkesN, inspired by methods in stochastic SIR. Such distributions provide nuanced explanations to the general unpredictability of popularity: the distribution for diffusion cascade sizes tends to have two modes, one corresponding to large cascade sizes and another one around zero.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Social and Information Networks,Physics - Physics and Society},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SB9WLF3L/Rizoiu et al. - 2018 - SIR-Hawkes Linking Epidemic Models and Hawkes Pro.pdf}
}

@article{Roberts2018,
  title = {Needed: {{More Economic Analyses}} of {{Management}}},
  author = {Roberts, John},
  year = {2018},
  month = jan,
  journal = {International Journal of the Economics of Business},
  volume = {25},
  number = {1},
  pages = {3--10},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  issn = {1357-1516},
  doi = {10.1080/13571516.2017.1403199},
  abstract = {Management is an important and understudied factor of production. This essay argues for the value for economists of studying management and offers a brief, selective review of the burgeoning recent research on the subject.},
  keywords = {Management,Management Effectiveness,Management Styles,Performance,Productivity,Profitability},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I32ZCDUG/Roberts - 2018 - Needed More Economic Analyses of Management.pdf}
}

@article{Robinson2012,
  title = {Limited Insurance within the Household: {{Evidence}} from a Field Experiment in {{Kenya}}},
  author = {Robinson, Jonathan},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume = {4},
  number = {4},
  pages = {140--164},
  issn = {19457782},
  doi = {10.1257/app.4.4.140},
  abstract = {In developing countries, unexpected income shocks are common but informal insurance is typically incomplete. An important question is therefore whether risk-sharing within the household is effective. This paper presents results from a field experiment with 142 married couples in Kenya in which individuals were given random income shocks. Even though theshocks were small relative to lifetime income, men increase private consumption when they receive the shock but not whentheir wives do, a rejection of efficiency. Such behavior is not specific to the experiment-both spouses spend more on themselves when their labor income is higher.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QNCUGW53/Robinson - 2012 - Limited Insurance within the Household Evidence f.pdf}
}

@article{Rocha2018,
  title = {Do Lower Taxes Reduce Informality? {{Evidence}} from {{Brazil}}},
  author = {Rocha, Rudi and Ulyssea, Gabriel and Rachter, La{\'i}sa},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {134},
  number = {April},
  pages = {28--49},
  publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.04.003},
  abstract = {We exploit a unique, large-scale formalization program in Brazil to estimate the effects of reducing the costs of formality on firm formalization. We rely on both firm-level administrative data and individual panel data to show that reducing taxes once registration costs have already been eliminated reduces firm informality. This effect comes from the formalization of existing informal firms, and not from the creation of new formal businesses nor greater formal firm survival. The implied formalization elasticity is otherwise low, and our cost-benefit analysis indicates that the program led to net losses in tax revenues.},
  keywords = {Firm creation,Informality,Taxes},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R3PFVDEI/Rocha et al. - 2018 - Do lower taxes reduce informality Evidence from B.pdf}
}

@article{rochaStrategiesIncreaseHIV2023,
  title = {Strategies to Increase {{HIV}} Testing among Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women: An Integrative Review},
  shorttitle = {Strategies to Increase {{HIV}} Testing among Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women},
  author = {Rocha, Gustavo Machado and C{\^a}ndido, Raissa Carolina Fonseca and {de Carvalho}, Nath{\'a}lia Pac{\'i}fico and Carvalho, Emilly Gabrielly Araujo and Costa, Al{\'i}cia Amanda Moreira and Machado, Ives Vieira and {da Cruz Pimenta}, Marcos Paulo and {de Paula J{\'u}nior}, Jos{\'e} Anast{\'a}cio and Guimar{\~a}es, Mark Drew Crosland and {de P{\'a}dua}, Cristiane Aparecida Menezes},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {BMC Infectious Diseases},
  volume = {23},
  number = {1},
  pages = {240},
  issn = {1471-2334},
  doi = {10.1186/s12879-023-08124-z},
  urldate = {2023-05-18},
  abstract = {Men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) are disproportionately affected by HIV, with much higher incidence and prevalence rates than in the general population in different countries. There are several barriers to testing among MSM and TGW, such as low risk perception, anticipation of HIV-related stigma, discrimination of sexual orientation, in addition to difficulties related to care and access to health services. Therefore, analyzing the available evidence of the effectiveness of strategies for scaling up HIV testing among key populations is essential to point out potential knowledge gaps which may need to be addressed and develop public health policies to promote testing and early diagnosis of HIV infection.},
  keywords = {HIV seroprevalence,HIV testing,Integrative review,Point-of-care testing,Sexual and gender minorities},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PAVY92MK/Rocha et al. - 2023 - Strategies to increase HIV testing among men who h.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3RI7BWRZ/s12879-023-08124-z.html}
}

@article{rodriguezIntraclassCorrelationRandomeffects2003,
  title = {Intra-Class {{Correlation}} in {{Random-effects Models}} for {{Binary Data}}},
  author = {Rodr{\'i}guez, Germ{\'a}n and Elo, Irma},
  year = {2003},
  month = mar,
  journal = {The Stata Journal},
  volume = {3},
  number = {1},
  pages = {32--46},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications},
  issn = {1536-867X},
  doi = {10.1177/1536867X0300300102},
  urldate = {2023-08-05},
  abstract = {We review the concept of intra-class correlation in random-effects models for binary outcomes as estimated by Stata's xtprobit, xtlogit, and xtclog. We consider the usual measures of correlation based on a latent variable formulation of these models and note corrections to the last two procedures. We also discuss alternative measures of association based on manifest variables or actual outcomes and introduce a new command xtrho for computing these measures for all three types of models.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LI43ZZPL/Rodríguez and Elo - 2003 - Intra-class Correlation in Random-effects Models f.pdf}
}

@article{rodrikHinduGrowthProductivity2004,
  title = {From ``{{Hindu Growth}}'' to {{Productivity Surge}}: {{The Mystery}} of the {{Indian Growth Transition}}},
  author = {Rodrik, Dani and Subramanian, Arvind},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {43},
  abstract = {This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TFGFKBLW/Rodrik and Subramanian - From “Hindu Growth” to Productivity Surge The Mys.pdf}
}

@article{rodrikSecondBestInstitutions2008,
  title = {Second-{{Best Institutions}}},
  author = {Rodrik, Dani},
  year = {2008},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {98},
  number = {2},
  pages = {100--104},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.98.2.100},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SCXBN499/Rodrik - 2008 - Second-Best Institutions.pdf}
}

@article{rogersChildMaltreatmentEarly2021,
  title = {Child Maltreatment, Early Life Socioeconomic Disadvantage and All-Cause Mortality in Mid-Adulthood: Findings from a Prospective {{British}} Birth Cohort},
  shorttitle = {Child Maltreatment, Early Life Socioeconomic Disadvantage and All-Cause Mortality in Mid-Adulthood},
  author = {Rogers, Nina T. and Power, Christine and Pereira, Snehal M. Pinto},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {BMJ Open},
  volume = {11},
  number = {9},
  pages = {e050914},
  publisher = {British Medical Journal Publishing Group},
  issn = {2044-6055, 2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050914},
  urldate = {2023-09-01},
  abstract = {Objectives Early-life adversities (ELAs) such as child maltreatment (neglect and abuse) and socioeconomic disadvantage have been associated with adult mortality. However, evidence is sparse for specific types of ELA. We aimed to establish whether specific ELAs (ie, different types of child maltreatment and socioeconomic disadvantage) were associated independently with all-cause mortality in mid-adulthood and to examine potential intermediary pathways. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting 1958 British birth cohort: a longitudinal, population-based sample of individuals born in Great Britain during a single week in March 1958. Participants 9310 males and females with data on child maltreatment and mortality (44/45--58 years). Outcome measures Mortality follow-up from 2002/2003 to 2016 when participants were aged 44/45--58 years. Death was ascertained via the NHS Central Register (N=296) or cohort maintenance activities (N=16). Results Prevalence of ELAs ranged from 1.6\% (sexual abuse) to 11\% (psychological abuse). Several, but not all, ELAs were associated with increased risk of premature death, independent of covariates and other adversities; adjusted HRs were 2.64 (95\% CI 1.52 to 4.59) for sexual abuse, 1.93 (95\% CI 1.45 to 2.58) for socioeconomic disadvantage, 1.73 (95\% CI 1.11 to 2.71) for physical abuse and 1.43 (95\% CI 1.03 to 1.98) for neglect. After adjustment for covariates and other adversities, no associations with mortality were observed for psychological and witnessing abuse. Regarding potential intermediaries (including adult socioeconomic factors, behaviours, adiposity, mental health and cardiometabolic markers), most associations attenuated after accounting for adult health behaviours (particularly smoking). In addition, early-life socioeconomic disadvantage and neglect associations attenuated after accounting for adult socioeconomic factors. The association for sexual abuse and premature mortality was largely unaffected by potential intermediaries. Conclusions Associations with premature mortality varied by type of ELA: associations for sexual and physical abuse, neglect and socioeconomic disadvantage were independent of each other. Different types of ELAs could influence premature mortality via different pathways; this requires further research.},
  chapter = {Public health},
  copyright = {{\copyright} Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See:~https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {34551950},
  keywords = {community child health,preventive medicine,public health},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2RSP5VHX/Rogers et al. - 2021 - Child maltreatment, early life socioeconomic disad.pdf}
}

@article{rogersPrematureMortalityAdult2019,
  title = {Premature Mortality in Adult Survivors of Child Abuse and Neglect: A Nationwide Birth Cohort Study},
  shorttitle = {Premature Mortality in Adult Survivors of Child Abuse and Neglect},
  author = {Rogers, Nina T and Power, Chris and Pinto Pereira, Snehal M},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Lancet},
  volume = {394},
  pages = {S81},
  issn = {01406736},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32878-8},
  urldate = {2023-09-01},
  abstract = {Background Child neglect and abuse are not uncommon. Both are associated with deleterious outcomes in adulthood, but there is sparse evidence on the association between such trauma and premature adult mortality. We aimed to establish whether different types of child maltreatments were associated with all-cause mortality in mid-adulthood and examined potential intermediaries of this association.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/36DN6EHM/Rogers et al. - 2019 - Premature mortality in adult survivors of child ab.pdf}
}

@techreport{Rogger2018,
  title = {The {{Consequences}} of {{Political Interference}} in {{Bureaucratic Decision Making}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Nigeria}}},
  author = {Rogger, Daniel},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {World Bank Policy Research Working Paper},
  number = {August},
  abstract = {This paper investigates the consequences of granting poltiicans power over bureaucrats in the implementation of small-scale public infrastructure projects. While potentially bolstering the incentive for the executive to perform, increased legislative oversight may lead to distortions in the technocratic process for political gain. By assembling a nationally representative data set from Nigeria that tracks public projects from inception to audit, the paper finds evidence of a clear trade-off between political oversight and bureaucratic autonomy. Using an instrumental variables strategy in whcih early career choices of politicians are key determinants of legislative committee membership, the analysis finds that legislative influence increases the likelihood that a project is launched by 18 percent, but at the cost of reducing project quality by 15 percent and increasing the reported misuse of funds. The results highlight the fundamental tension between bureaucratic inaction and political corruption.},
  keywords = {1,and social research council,bureaucrats,com,d72,d73,danrogger,decentralization,development economics research group,drogger,e-mail,es,g017352,h00,h11,h41,i gratefully acknowledge financial,jel classification,o20,org,politicians,public goods,support from the economic,the federal,web,world bank,worldbank,www},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZPA3IN59/Rogger - 2018 - The Consequences of Political Interference in Bure.pdf}
}

@article{romanoBalancedControlGeneralized2010,
  title = {Balanced Control of Generalized Error Rates},
  author = {Romano, Joseph P. and Wolf, Michael},
  year = {2010},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The Annals of Statistics},
  volume = {38},
  number = {1},
  pages = {598--633},
  issn = {0090-5364},
  doi = {10.1214/09-AOS734},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bootstrap,False discovery proportion,Generalized family-wise error rate,Multiple testing,Step-down procedure},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9KTHLJWW/Romano and Wolf - 2010 - Balanced control of generalized error rates.pdf}
}

@article{romanoControlGeneralizedError2007,
  title = {Control of Generalized Error Rates in Multiple Testing},
  author = {Romano, Joseph P. and Wolf, Michael},
  year = {2007},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Annals of Statistics},
  volume = {35},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1378--1408},
  issn = {0090-5364},
  doi = {10.1214/009053606000001622},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bootstrap,False discovery proportion,False discovery rate,Generalized familywise error rate,Multiple testing,Step-down procedure},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SQAWDZ2C/Romano and Wolf - 2007 - Control of generalized error rates in multiple tes.pdf}
}

@article{romanoHypothesisTestingEconometrics2010,
  title = {Hypothesis {{Testing}} in {{Econometrics}}},
  author = {Romano, Joseph P. and Shaikh, Azeem M. and Wolf, Michael},
  year = {2010},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {75--104},
  issn = {1941-1383, 1941-1391},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.economics.102308.124342},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This article reviews important concepts and methods that are useful for hypothesis testing. First, we discuss the Neyman-Pearson framework. Various approaches to optimality are presented, including finite-sample and large-sample optimality. Then, we summarize some of the most important methods, as well as resampling methodology, which is useful to set critical values. Finally, we consider the problem of multiple testing, which has witnessed a burgeoning literature in recent years. Along the way, we incorporate some examples that are current in the econometrics literature. While many problems with well-known successful solutions are included, we also address open problems that are not easily handled with current technology, stemming from such issues as lack of optimality or poor asymptotic approximations.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/69MP9W38/Romano et al. - 2010 - Hypothesis Testing in Econometrics.pdf}
}

@article{romanoSTEPWISEMULTIPLETESTING,
  title = {{{STEPWISE MULTIPLE TESTING AS FORMALIZED DATA SNOOPING}}},
  author = {Romano, Joseph P and Wolf, Michael},
  pages = {46},
  abstract = {In econometric applications, often several hypothesis tests are carried out at once. The problem then becomes how to decide which hypotheses to reject, accounting for the multitude of tests. This paper suggests a stepwise multiple testing procedure that asymptotically controls the familywise error rate. Compared to related single-step methods, the procedure is more powerful and often will reject more false hypotheses. In addition, we advocate the use of studentization when feasible. Unlike some stepwise methods, the method implicitly captures the joint dependence structure of the test statistics, which results in increased ability to detect false hypotheses. The methodology is presented in the context of comparing several strategies to a common benchmark. However, our ideas can easily be extended to other contexts where multiple tests occur. Some simulation studies show the improvements of our methods over previous proposals. We also provide an application to a set of real data.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bootstrap,Data snooping,Familywise error,Multiple testing,Stepwise method},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/U97GPSWT/Romano and Wolf - STEPWISE MULTIPLE TESTING AS FORMALIZED DATA SNOOP.pdf}
}

@article{romerEndogenousTechnologicalChange,
  title = {Endogenous {{Technological Change}}},
  author = {Romer, Paul M},
  journal = {JOURNAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY},
  pages = {32},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MWXD2YV2/Romer - Endogenous Technological Change.pdf}
}

@article{Romero2018,
  title = {Local Incentives and National Tax Evasion: {{Unintended}} Effects of a Mining Reform in {{Colombia}}},
  author = {Romero, Mauricio and Saavedra, Santiago},
  year = {2018},
  pages = {1--49}
}

@article{roseConsumptionSmoothingExcess1999,
  title = {Consumption {{Smoothing}} and {{Excess Female Mortality}} in {{Rural India}}},
  author = {Rose, Elaina},
  year = {1999},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
  volume = {81},
  number = {1},
  pages = {41--49},
  issn = {0034-6535, 1530-9142},
  doi = {10.1162/003465399767923809},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This paper examines the relationship between consumption smoothing and excess female mortality, by asking if favorable rainfall shocks in childhood increase the survival probabilities of girls to a greater extent than they increase boys' survival probabilities for a sample of rural Indian children. In order to avert the issue of selection bias due to underreporting of births of girls, a methodology is employed that does not require data on births by gender. The results indicate that favorable rainfall shocks increase the ratio of the probability that a girl survives to the probability that a boy survives.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KXSIU934/Rose - 1999 - Consumption Smoothing and Excess Female Mortality .pdf}
}

@article{RosenbergSelfEsteemScale2024,
  title = {Rosenberg' {{Self-Esteem Scale}}: {{Internal Consistency}} and {{Dimensionality}} in {{Middle-School Student}} in {{Cartagena}}, {{Colombia}}},
  shorttitle = {({{PDF}}) {{Rosenberg}}' {{Self-Esteem Scale}}},
  year = {2024},
  month = oct,
  journal = {ResearchGate},
  urldate = {2025-02-21},
  abstract = {PDF {\textbar} The objective of the research was to explore the internal consistency and dimensionality of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, RSES (Rosenberg,... {\textbar} Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4TVMEAE2/317497544_Rosenberg'_Self-Esteem_Scale_Internal_Consistency_and_Dimensionality_in_Middle-School.html}
}

@article{Rosenfeld2015,
  title = {Sex-Specific Placental Responses in Fetal Development},
  author = {Rosenfeld, Cheryl S.},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Endocrinology},
  volume = {156},
  number = {10},
  pages = {3422--3434},
  issn = {19457170},
  doi = {10.1210/en.2015-1227},
  abstract = {The placenta is an ephemeral but critical organ for the survival of all eutherian mammals and marsupials. It is the primary messenger system between the mother and fetus, where communicational signals, nutrients, waste, gases, and extrinsic factors are exchanged. Although the placenta may buffer the fetus from various environmental insults, placental dysfunction might also contribute to detrimental developmental origins of adult health and disease effects. The placenta ofonesex over the other might possess greater ability to respondandbuffer against environmental insults. Given the potential role of the placenta in effecting the lifetime health of the offspring, it is not surprising that there has been a resurging interest in this organ, including the Human Placental Project launched by the National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development. In this review, we will compare embryological development of the laboratory mouse and human chorioallantoic placentae. Next, evidence that various species, including humans, exhibit normal sex-dependent structural and functional placental differences will be examined followed by how in utero environmental changes (nutritional state, stress, and exposure to environmental chemicals) might interact with fetal sex to affect this organ. Recent data also suggest that paternal state impacts placental function in a sex-dependent manner. The research to date linking placental maladaptive responses and later developmental origins of adult health and disease effects will be explored. Finally, we will focus on how sex chromosomes and epimutations may contribute to sex-dependent differences in placental function, the unanswered questions, and future directions that warrant further consideration.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VI9PQVD2/Rosenfeld - 2015 - Sex-Specific Placental Responses in Fetal Developm.pdf}
}

@article{rosenzweigWealthWeatherRisk1993,
  title = {Wealth, {{Weather Risk}} and the {{Composition}} and {{Profitability}} of {{Agricultural Investments}}},
  author = {Rosenzweig, Mark R. and Binswanger, Hans P.},
  year = {1993},
  month = jan,
  journal = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {103},
  number = {416},
  pages = {56},
  issn = {00130133},
  doi = {10.2307/2234337},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BGE3LB56/Rosenzweig and Binswanger - 1993 - Wealth, Weather Risk and the Composition and Profi.pdf}
}

@article{Rossi2019,
  title = {Strategic {{Choices}} in {{Polygamous Households}}: {{Theory}} and {{Evidence}} from {{Senegal}}},
  author = {Rossi, Pauline},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {86},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1332--1370},
  issn = {0034-6527},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdy052},
  abstract = {This article proposes a strategic framework to account for fertility choices in polygamous households. It uses unique data on fertility histories of a representative sample of co-wives in Senegal to estimate a duration model of birth intervals with individual baseline hazards. Exploiting entries and exitsofco-wivesaswellasgenderofbirths,empiricaltestsshowthatchildrenarestrategiccomplements. Onewiferaisesherfertilityinresponsetoanincreasebytheotherwife,becausechildrenarethebestclaim to resources controlled by the husband. This result is the first quantitative evidence that the competition between co-wives drives fertility upwards. It suggests that polygamy undermines the fertility transition in Sub-Saharan Africa by incentivizing women to want many children. This article is also one of the few attempts to open the black box of non-nuclear families, placing strategic interactions at the heart of household decision-making.},
  keywords = {1018wb amsterdam,africa,am grateful to sylvie,and guidance,and to michele,c72,d13,duration models,fertility,haultfoeuille for their advice,i,j13,j16,jel codes,lambert and xavier d,nl,noncooperative models,o15,o55,p,polygamy,roeterstraat 11,rossi,the netherlands,university of amsterdam,uva},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/47GTBXCR/Rossi - 2019 - Strategic Choices in Polygamous Households Theory.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/THSNVQUY/Rossi - 2019 - Strategic Choices in Polygamous Households Theory.pdf}
}

@techreport{rossignolAncestralLivelihoodsMoral2022,
  title = {Ancestral {{Livelihoods}} and {{Moral Universalism}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Transhumant Pastoralist Societies}}},
  shorttitle = {Ancestral {{Livelihoods}} and {{Moral Universalism}}},
  author = {Rossignol, Etienne Le and Lowes, Sara},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  number = {w30259},
  pages = {w30259},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w30259},
  urldate = {2022-09-23},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5U2TUTNY/Rossignol and Lowes - 2022 - Ancestral Livelihoods and Moral Universalism Evid.pdf}
}

@techreport{rossignolAncestralLivelihoodsMoral2022a,
  title = {Ancestral {{Livelihoods}} and {{Moral Universalism}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Transhumant Pastoralist Societies}}},
  shorttitle = {Ancestral {{Livelihoods}} and {{Moral Universalism}}},
  author = {Rossignol, Etienne Le and Lowes, Sara},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  number = {w30259},
  pages = {w30259},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w30259},
  urldate = {2022-09-23},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{rossignolFallowLengthsStructure2023,
  title = {Fallow {{Lengths}} and the {{Structure}} of {{Property Rights}}},
  author = {Rossignol, Etienne Le and Lowes, Sara and Montero, Eduardo},
  year = {2023},
  abstract = {We study a fundamental institution in many societies: the structure of property rights over land. Across societies, communal land rights have been more common than private land rights. We test the hypothesis that longer fallowing requirements -- the time needed to leave land uncultivated to restore fertility -- led to a higher prevalence of communal property rights. Longer fallowing requirements generate higher protection costs, and therefore make communal rights more beneficial. We construct an ecological measure of the optimal fallow length for the most suitable staple crop across grid cells based on soil type, temperature, and climate. We find that places where land needs to be fallowed for longer periods are more likely to have communal property rights both historically and presently. We then examine the implications for efforts to title land. We find that World Bank land titling interventions are less effective in places with longer fallowing requirements, suggesting a mismatch between development policy and underlying institutions. Finally, we examine implications for income inequality and conflict. We find that longer fallowing requirements are associated with less inequality and less conflict. Our results highlight the origins of property rights structures and how communal property rights interact with development policies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3GUXLWDN/Rossignol et al. - Fallow Lengths and the Structure of Property Right.pdf}
}

@article{rossignolTraditionalSupernaturalBeliefs,
  title = {Traditional {{Supernatural Beliefs}} and {{Prosocial Behavior}}},
  author = {Rossignol, Etienne Le and Lowes, Sara and Nunn, Nathan},
  pages = {95},
  abstract = {In sub-Saharan Africa, traditional supernatural beliefs, including belief in witchcraft, black magic, or fetishism, are widespread. Some have hypothesized that these beliefs help to sustain cooperative behavior in a setting where the state is often absent. Others have documented that, at least at a macro-level, such beliefs are negatively associated with prosocial behavior. We contribute to a better understanding of the causal effects of these traditional supernatural beliefs by using lab-in-the-field experiments in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Participants complete a range of experimental tasks where one player chooses whether to act in a prosocial manner towards another player. Participants are randomly assigned to another player that has either a strong or weak belief in witchcraft, and this information is known by the players. We find that participants act less prosocially towards randomly-assigned partners who believe more strongly in witchcraft. We also find that antisocial behavior is more socially acceptable and prosocial behavior less socially acceptable when playing with a partner who believes more strongly in witchcraft. Our findings suggest that the negative relationship between witchcraft and prosocial outcomes observed in the data may, in fact, be due to the causal effect of the presence of traditional supernatural beliefs on people's behavior.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YLIEPWIR/Rossignol et al. - Traditional Supernatural Beliefs and Prosocial Beh.pdf}
}

@techreport{rossin-slaterAreDifferentEarly2016,
  title = {Are {{Different Early Investments Complements}} or {{Substitutes}}? {{Long-Run}} and {{Intergenerational Evidence}} from {{Denmark}}},
  author = {{Rossin-Slater}, Maya and W{\"u}st, Miriam},
  year = {2016},
  keywords = {Rossin-Slater2015}
}

@article{rossin-slaterParentalResponsesChild2018,
  title = {Parental Responses to Child Support Obligations: {{Evidence}} from Administrative Data},
  shorttitle = {Parental Responses to Child Support Obligations},
  author = {{Rossin-Slater}, Maya and W{\"u}st, Miriam},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {164},
  pages = {183--196},
  issn = {0047-2727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.06.003},
  urldate = {2023-12-10},
  abstract = {We study parental responses to child support obligations using rich administrative data from Denmark and variation in the child support formula. We estimate that a 1000 DKK (\$160) increase in a father's obligation is associated with a 273 DKK (\$45) increase in his payment. A higher obligation reduces father-child co-residence, pointing to substitution between financial and non-pecuniary investments. Further, obligations increase post-separation fertility among remarried fathers, but have no impacts on maternal fertility or either parent's labor supply. Our findings suggest that government efforts to increase child investments through mandates on parents can be complicated by their behavioral responses to them.},
  keywords = {Child support,Divorce,Family,Father involvement,Fertility,Labor supply,Parents},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/76KNCERC/Rossin-Slater and Wüst - 2018 - Parental responses to child support obligations E.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TJ2KGTID/S0047272718301129.html}
}

@book{rossPersonSituationPerspectives2011,
  title = {The Person and the Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology},
  shorttitle = {The Person and the Situation},
  author = {Ross, Lee and Nisbett, Richard E.},
  year = {2011},
  publisher = {Pinter \& Martin Ltd},
  address = {London},
  isbn = {978-1-905177-44-8},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WYP3UHJJ/Ross and Nisbett - 2011 - The person and the situation perspectives of soci.pdf}
}

@article{rossRolesSelfEsteemSense2000,
  title = {The {{Roles}} of {{Self-Esteem}} and the {{Sense}} of {{Personal Control}} in the {{Academic Achievement Process}}},
  author = {Ross, Catherine E. and Broh, Beckett A.},
  year = {2000},
  journal = {Sociology of Education},
  volume = {73},
  number = {4},
  eprint = {2673234},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {270--284},
  publisher = {[Sage Publications, Inc., American Sociological Association]},
  issn = {0038-0407},
  doi = {10.2307/2673234},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  abstract = {This article proposes that academic achievement boosts self-esteem and the sense of personal control, but that only the latter influences subsequent academic achievement. Most previous research on adolescent self-concept has included self-esteem or, less commonly, the sense of personal control, but not both. Using three waves of panel data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study, the authors examined the effects of academic achievement in the 8th grade on the sense of personal control and self-esteem in the 10th grade and the subsequent effects of control and esteem in the 10th grade on academic achievement in the 12th grade. They present evidence that the sense of personal control affects subsequent academic achievement, but that self-esteem does not. Earlier academic achievement and parental support increase self-esteem and the sense of personal control. Although the authors expected that achievement would have a larger effect on personal control and that parental support would have a larger effect on self-esteem, they found evidence for the former but not for the latter.}
}

@article{rothBeliefsPublicDebt2021,
  title = {Beliefs about Public Debt and the Demand for Government Spending},
  author = {Roth, Christopher and Settele, Sonja and Wohlfart, Johannes},
  year = {2021},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
  pages = {S0304407621000397},
  issn = {03044076},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jeconom.2020.09.011},
  urldate = {2021-10-21},
  abstract = {We examine how beliefs about the debt-to-GDP ratio affect people's attitudes towards government spending and taxation. Using representative samples of the US population, we run a series of experiments in which we provide half of our respondents with information about the debt-to-GDP ratio in the US. Based on a total of more than 4,000 respondents, we find that most people underestimate the debt-to-GDP ratio and reduce their support for government spending once they learn about the actual amount of debt, but do not substantially alter their attitudes towards taxation. The treatment effects seem to operate through changes in expectations about fiscal sustainability and persist in a four-week follow-up.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JRY9ER9K/Roth et al. - 2021 - Beliefs about public debt and the demand for gover.pdf}
}

@article{rothHowExpectationsMacroeconomy,
  title = {How {{Do Expectations About}} the {{Macroeconomy Affect Personal Expectations}} and {{Behavior}}?},
  author = {Roth, Christopher and Wohlfart, Johannes},
  pages = {45},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{rothHowExpectationsMacroeconomy2020,
  title = {How {{Do Expectations}} about the {{Macroeconomy Affect Personal Expectations}} and {{Behavior}}?},
  author = {Roth, Christopher and Wohlfart, Johannes},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  volume = {102},
  number = {4},
  pages = {731--748},
  issn = {0034-6535, 1530-9142},
  doi = {10.1162/rest_a_00867},
  urldate = {2021-10-21},
  abstract = {Using a representative online panel from the United States, we examine how individuals' macroeconomic expectations causally affect their personal economic prospects and their behavior. To exogenously vary respondents' expectations, we provide them with different professional forecasts about the likelihood of a recession. Respondents update their macroeconomic outlook in response to the forecasts, extrapolate to expectations about their personal economic circumstances, and adjust their consumption plans and stock purchases. Extrapolation to expectations about personal unemployment is driven by individuals with higher exposure to macroeconomic risk, consistent with macroeconomic models of imperfect information in which people are inattentive but understand how the economy works.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BV5K5W4R/Roth and Wohlfart - 2020 - How Do Expectations about the Macroeconomy Affect .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DCC337PD/Roth and Wohlfart - How Do Expectations About the Macroeconomy Aﬀect P.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GQLYVVYW/rest_a_00867-esupp.pdf}
}

@article{rothWhatTrendingDifferenceindifferences2023,
  title = {What's Trending in Difference-in-Differences? {{A}} Synthesis of the Recent Econometrics Literature},
  shorttitle = {What's Trending in Difference-in-Differences?},
  author = {Roth, Jonathan and Sant'Anna, Pedro H. C. and Bilinski, Alyssa and Poe, John},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Econometrics},
  volume = {235},
  number = {2},
  pages = {2218--2244},
  issn = {0304-4076},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jeconom.2023.03.008},
  urldate = {2024-07-27},
  abstract = {This paper synthesizes recent advances in the econometrics of difference-in-differences (DiD) and provides concrete recommendations for practitioners. We begin by articulating a simple set of ``canonical'' assumptions under which the econometrics of DiD are well-understood. We then argue that recent advances in DiD methods can be broadly classified as relaxing some components of the canonical DiD setup, with a focus on (i) multiple periods and variation in treatment timing, (ii) potential violations of parallel trends, or (iii) alternative frameworks for inference. Our discussion highlights the different ways that the DiD literature has advanced beyond the canonical model, and helps to clarify when each of the papers will be relevant for empirical work. We conclude by discussing some promising areas for future research.},
  keywords = {Causal Inference,Clustering,Difference-in-differences,Parallel trends,Sensitivity Analysis,Staggered Treatment timing,Treatment Effect Heterogeneity},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XE93843Q/Roth et al. - 2023 - What’s trending in difference-in-differences A sy.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ANVXF9IF/S0304407623001318.html}
}

@article{rubinInferenceMissingData,
  title = {Inference and Missing Data},
  author = {Rubin, Donald B},
  pages = {12},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2H58B8L9/Rubin - Inference and missing data.pdf}
}

@article{rubio-codinaSocioeconomicGradientChild2015,
  ids = {Grantham-McGregor2015,rubio-codinaSocioEconomicGradientChild},
  title = {The {{Socioeconomic Gradient}} of {{Child Development}}: {{Cross-Sectional Evidence}} from {{Children}} 6--42 {{Months}} in {{Bogota}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Socioeconomic Gradient}} of {{Child Development}}},
  author = {{Rubio-Codina}, Marta and Attanasio, Orazio and Meghir, Costas and Varela, Natalia and {Grantham-McGregor}, Sally},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Journal of Human Resources},
  volume = {50},
  number = {2},
  pages = {464--483},
  issn = {0022-166X, 1548-8004},
  doi = {10.3368/jhr.50.2.464},
  urldate = {2020-12-07},
  isbn = {0022-166X},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LY6YJ79W/Rubio-Codina et al. - The Socio-Economic Gradient of Child Development.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R5HF2J4Q/Rubio-Codina et al. - 2015 - The Socioeconomic Gradient of Child Development C.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RFRIDPRL/Rubio-Codina et al. - The Socioeconomic Gradient of Child Development C.pdf}
}

@article{rudmanPrescriptiveGenderStereotypes2001,
  title = {Prescriptive {{Gender Stereotypes}} and {{Backlash Toward Agentic Women}}},
  author = {Rudman, Laurie A. and Glick, Peter},
  year = {2001},
  journal = {Journal of Social Issues},
  volume = {57},
  number = {4},
  pages = {743--762},
  issn = {1540-4560},
  doi = {10.1111/0022-4537.00239},
  urldate = {2023-04-19},
  abstract = {In an experiment, job description and applicants' attributes were examined as moderators of the backlash effect, the negative evaluation of agentic women for violating prescriptions of feminine niceness (Rudman, 1998). Rutgers University students made hiring decisions for a masculine or ``feminized'' managerial job. Applicants were presented as either agentic or androgynous. Replicating Rudman and Glick (1999), a feminized job description promoted hiring discrimination against an agentic female because she was perceived as insufficiently nice. Unique to the present research, this perception was related to participants' possession of an implicit (but not explicit) agency-communality stereotype. By contrast, androgynous female applicants were not discriminated against. The findings suggest that the prescription for female niceness is an implicit belief that penalizes women unless they temper their agency with niceness.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8PM3D5IH/Rudman and Glick - 2001 - Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes and Backlash Towar.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E45ZHPJ9/0022-4537.html}
}

@article{ruebeckPerceivedDiscriminationWork2024,
  title = {Perceived {{Discrimination At Work}}},
  author = {Ruebeck, Hannah},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4799864},
  urldate = {2024-09-06},
  abstract = {Minority-group workers in the US understand that discrimination is widespread, and when they experience rejection at work, observe incomplete information about the cause. Accurate or not, perceived discrimination may generate distrust, retaliation, or anticipated further discrimination. It is therefore important to assess how workers form beliefs about experiencing discrimination and how those beliefs affect job performance and labor supply. In an online experiment (N⇡5,000), I randomly assign workers to be evaluated by promotion procedures with varied potential to discriminate and the information workers have about past promotions. Learning that a manager knew workers' race and gender and previously promoted mostly white men increases the share of workers who perceive discrimination from 3 to 33 percent, lowers retention by 3-6 percent, and increases reservation wages by 9 percent. Thus, employers could improve equity and efficiency by reducing perceived discrimination. I find, however, that increasingly-common anti-bias hiring policies---blinding managers to demographics or using unbiased algorithms---are unlikely to alone eradicate perceptions of discrimination when minority groups remain under-represented.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QF9DBEVX/Ruebeck - 2024 - Perceived Discrimination At Work.pdf}
}

@article{rutterPathwaysChildhoodAdult1989,
  title = {Pathways from {{Childhood}} to {{Adult Life}}},
  author = {Rutter, Michael},
  year = {1989},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry},
  volume = {30},
  number = {1},
  pages = {23--51},
  issn = {0021-9630, 1469-7610},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00768.x},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {developmental continuities,discontinuities,life-span development,personality development,turning points in development},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XQ63J2HD/Rutter - 1989 - Pathways from Childhood to Adult Life.pdf}
}

@article{saavedraLOCALINCENTIVESNATIONAL,
  title = {{{LOCAL INCENTIVES AND NATIONAL TAX EVASION}}: {{UNINTENDED EFFECTS OF A MINING ROYALTIES REFORM IN COLOMBIA}}},
  author = {Saavedra, Santiago and Romero, Mauricio},
  pages = {73},
  abstract = {Achieving a fair distribution of resources is one of the key goals of fiscal policy. To do this, governments often transfer tax resources from rich to marginalized areas. We study whether lower transfers dampen the incentives of local authorities to curb tax evasion in the context of mining in Colombia. To overcome the challenge of measuring evasion, we use machine learning on satellite images to identify mines. Using difference-in-differences strategies, we find that a reduction in the share of revenue transferred back to mining municipalities led to an increase in illegal mining. This result illustrates the difficulties of redistributing tax revenues.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TGRT352E/Saavedra and Romero - LOCAL INCENTIVES AND NATIONAL TAX EVASION UNINTEN.pdf}
}

@article{sacksCropPlantingDates2010,
  title = {Crop Planting Dates: An Analysis of Global Patterns: {{Global}} Crop Planting Dates},
  shorttitle = {Crop Planting Dates},
  author = {Sacks, William J. and Deryng, Delphine and Foley, Jonathan A. and Ramankutty, Navin},
  year = {2010},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
  pages = {no-no},
  issn = {1466822X, 14668238},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00551.x},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Aim To assemble a data set of global crop planting and harvesting dates for 19 major crops, explore spatial relationships between planting date and climate for two of them, and compare our analysis with a review of the literature on factors that drive decisions on planting dates.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Agricultural management,Crop calendars,Crop modelling,Global agricultural systems,Harvesting dates,maize,Phenology,Planting dates,Spring wheat,Winter wheat},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HLHVU9UP/Sacks et al. - 2010 - Crop planting dates an analysis of global pattern.pdf}
}

@article{sacksRandomizedClinicalTrial2012,
  title = {A {{Randomized Clinical Trial}} of a {{Therapeutic Community Treatment}} for {{Female Inmates}}: {{Outcomes}} at 6 and 12 {{Months After Prison Release}}},
  shorttitle = {A {{Randomized Clinical Trial}} of a {{Therapeutic Community Treatment}} for {{Female Inmates}}},
  author = {Sacks, JoAnn Y. and McKendrick, Karen and Hamilton, Zachary},
  year = {2012},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Journal of Addictive Diseases},
  volume = {31},
  number = {3},
  pages = {258--269},
  issn = {1055-0887, 1545-0848},
  doi = {10.1080/10550887.2012.694601},
  urldate = {2024-04-16},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/D4FCGNZV/Sacks et al. - 2012 - A Randomized Clinical Trial of a Therapeutic Commu.pdf}
}

@article{safrenDepressiveSymptomsHuman2009,
  title = {Depressive Symptoms and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Risk Behavior among Men Who Have Sex with Men in {{Chennai}}, {{India}}},
  author = {Safren, Steven A. and Thomas, Beena E. and Mimiaga, Matthew J. and Chandrasekaran, V. and Menon, Sunil and Swaminathan, Soumya and Mayer, Kenneth H.},
  year = {2009},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Psychology, Health \& Medicine},
  volume = {14},
  number = {6},
  pages = {705--715},
  issn = {1354-8506, 1465-3966},
  doi = {10.1080/13548500903334754},
  urldate = {2021-08-12},
  abstract = {Men who have sex with men (MSM) in India are a hidden population, facing unique environmental stressors and cultural pressures that place them at risk for depression. Depression may affect HIV risk behavior in MSM, and may affect the degree to which MSM may benefit from HIV prevention interventions. Depression in MSM in India, however, has largely been understudied. Two hundred ten MSM in Chennai completed an interviewer-administered behavioral assessment battery, which included the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), demographics, sexual risk and identity, and other psychosocial variables. Over half (55\%) of the sample exceeded the cutoff (CES-D {$\geq$} 16) to screen in for clinically significant depressive symptoms; this was associated with having had unprotected anal sex (OR = 1.97; 95\% CI: 1.01--3.87) and higher number of male partners (OR = 1.04; 95\% CI: 1.01--1.07). Statistically significant bivariate predictors of meeting the screen in for depressive symptoms included sexual identity (Kothi {$>$} Panthi; OR = 4.90; 95\% CI: 2.30--10.54), not being married (OR = 3.40; 95\% CI: 1.72--6.81), not having a child (OR = 4.40; 95\% CI: 2.07--9.39), family not knowing about one's MSM identity (OR = 2.30; 95\% CI: 1.18--4.90), having been paid for sex (OR = 5.10; p 95\% CI: 2.87--9.47), and perceiving that one is at risk for acquiring HIV (OR = 1.10; 95\% CI: 1.02--1.17; continuous). In a multivariable logistic-regression model, unique predictors of screening in for depressive symptoms included not being married (AOR = 3.10; 95\% CI: 1.23--7.65), having been paid for sex (AOR 3.80; 95\% CI: 1.87--7.99) and the perception of increased risk for HIV (AOR = 1.10; 95\% CI: 1.03--1.21; continuous); unprotected anal sex in the 3 months prior to study enrollment approached statistical significance (AOR 2.00; 95\% CI: 0.91--4.48). Depression among MSM in Chennai is of concern and should be considered while developing HIV prevention interventions with this population. MSM who are not married, sex workers, and those who perceive they are at risk for acquiring HIV may be of higher risk for symptoms of depression.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RVIKACCE/Safren et al. - 2009 - Depressive symptoms and human immunodeficiency vir.pdf}
}

@article{sahaShortRoadThat2021,
  title = {"{{Short}} Is the {{Road}} That {{Leads}} from {{Fear}} to {{Hate}}": {{Fear Speech}} in {{Indian WhatsApp Groups}}},
  shorttitle = {"{{Short}} Is the {{Road}} That {{Leads}} from {{Fear}} to {{Hate}}"},
  author = {Saha, Punyajoy and Mathew, Binny and Garimella, Kiran and Mukherjee, Animesh},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {arXiv:2102.03870 [cs]},
  eprint = {2102.03870},
  primaryclass = {cs},
  urldate = {2021-11-03},
  abstract = {WhatsApp is the most popular messaging app in the world. Due to its popularity, WhatsApp has become a powerful and cheap tool for political campaigning being widely used during the 2019 Indian general election, where it was used to connect to the voters on a large scale. Along with the campaigning, there have been reports that WhatsApp has also become a breeding ground for harmful speech against various protected groups and religious minorities. Many such messages attempt to instil fear among the population about a specific (minority) community. According to research on inter-group conflict, such `fear speech' messages could have a lasting impact and might lead to real offline violence. In this paper, we perform the first large scale study on fear speech across thousands of public WhatsApp groups discussing politics in India. We curate a new dataset and try to characterize fear speech from this dataset. We observe that users writing fear speech messages use various events and symbols to create the illusion of fear among the reader about a target community. We build models to classify fear speech and observe that current state-of-the-art NLP models do not perform well at this task. Fear speech messages tend to spread faster and could potentially go undetected by classifiers built to detect traditional toxic speech due to their low toxic nature. Finally, using a novel methodology to target users with Facebook ads, we conduct a survey among the users of these WhatsApp groups to understand the types of users who consume and share fear speech. We believe that this work opens up new research questions that are very different from tackling hate speech which the research community has been traditionally involved in. We have made our code and dataset public1 for other researchers.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence,Computer Science - Computation and Language,Computer Science - Social and Information Networks},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/J8W6D55C/Saha et al. - 2021 - Short is the Road that Leads from Fear to Hate .pdf}
}

@article{Salminen1994a,
  title = {Accident Locus of Control and Risk Taking among Forestry and Construction Workers},
  author = {Salminen, S. and Klen, T.},
  year = {1994},
  journal = {Percept.Mot.Skills},
  volume = {78},
  number = {3 Pt 1},
  pages = {852--854},
  issn = {0031-5125},
  doi = {10.2466/pms.1994.78.3.852},
  abstract = {228 forestry and 45 construction workers completed the Accident Locus of Control scale which is a modified version of the Health Locus of Control inventory. The forestry workers scored as having a more external locus of control than the construction workers. In both professional groups the subjects with higher scores on external locus of control tended to take more risks than the subjects with higher scores on internal locus of control. The results support a dual-dimensional view of control rather than a unidimensional view.},
  isbn = {0031-5125{\textbackslash}r1558-688X},
  pmid = {8084702}
}

@article{salminenACCIDENTLOCUSCONTROL,
  title = {{{ACCIDENT LOCUS O F CONTROL AND RISK TAKING AMONG FORESTRY AND CONSTRUCTION WORKERS}} '},
  author = {Salminen, Simo},
  pages = {3},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TD7I6QZG/Salminen - ACCIDENT LOCUS O F CONTROL AND RISK TAKING AMONG F.pdf}
}

@article{sanchesDeviantBehaviorVariety2016,
  title = {Deviant Behavior Variety Scale: Development and Validation with a Sample of {{Portuguese}} Adolescents},
  shorttitle = {Deviant Behavior Variety Scale},
  author = {Sanches, Cristina and {Gouveia-Pereira}, Maria and Mar{\^o}co, Jo{\~a}o and Gomes, Hugo and Roncon, Filipa},
  year = {2016},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Psicologia: Reflex{\~a}o e Cr{\'i}tica},
  volume = {29},
  number = {1},
  pages = {31},
  issn = {1678-7153},
  doi = {10.1186/s41155-016-0035-7},
  urldate = {2020-12-09},
  abstract = {This study presents the development and analysis of the psychometric properties of the Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS). Participants were 861 Portuguese adolescents (54 \% female), aged between 12 and 19 years old. Two alternative models were tested using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Although both models showed good fit indexes, the two-factor model didn't presented discriminant validity. Further results provided evidence for the factorial and the convergent validity of the single-factor structure of the DVBS, which has also shown good internal consistency. Criterion validity was evaluated through the association with related variables, such as age and school failure, as well as the scale's ability to capture group differences, namely between genders and school retentions, and finally by comparing a sub-group of convicted adolescents with a group of non-convicted ones regarding their engagement in delinquent activities. Overall, the scale presented good psychometric properties, with results supporting that the DBVS is a valid and reliable self-reported measure to evaluate adolescents' involvement in deviance.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SU64KD9B/Sanches et al. - 2016 - Deviant behavior variety scale development and va.pdf}
}

@article{sanchezdelasierraWhitherFormalContracts2021,
  title = {Whither {{Formal Contracts}}?},
  author = {S{\'a}nchez De La Sierra, Ra{\'u}l},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {89},
  number = {5},
  pages = {2341--2373},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ECTA16083},
  urldate = {2024-02-01},
  abstract = {To measure the benefits of formal contract enforcement for society, I create a market with merchants and buyers, in which buyers can choose whether to buy, and whether to pay. A set of multiple ``state-favored'' ethnic groups control the state. I experimentally vary whether formal contracts are required and the composition of buyer-merchant pairs. The design separately identifies the effect of the contracts on the buyers' incentive to pay and on their incentive to buy. I document two ways in which society limits the benefits of contracts. First, contracts reduce buyer cheating, thus increasing merchants' profits, if, and only if, the merchant is state-favored. Buyers' beliefs suggest that the merchants can enforce the contracts if, and only if, the merchant is state-favored. Second, holding constant whether the pair is state-favored, contracts only influence buyer choices when the buyer and the merchant belong to two, different, state-favored ethnic groups. Buyers' choices and beliefs confirm that, in that case, the contracts are expected to be enforceable, but they have no effect on buyers' choices because reputation already governs the incentives to cheat within groups. The findings temper the view of the state as independent from society, offer a rationale for why contracts are not adopted, and nuance the notion of state weakness.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WN2H6Q6W/Sánchez De La Sierra - 2021 - Whither Formal Contracts.pdf}
}

@article{sandholtzPoliticsPublicService2023,
  title = {The {{Politics}} of {{Public Service Reform}}: {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Liberia}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Politics}} of {{Public Service Reform}}},
  author = {Sandholtz, Wayne Aaron},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4564445},
  urldate = {2024-04-04},
  abstract = {This paper provides experimental evidence on the electoral effect of a large education reform in a developing democracy. Despite significantly improving school quality, the policy reduced the incumbent party's presidential vote share by 3 percentage points (10\%). This does not imply that voters fundamentally oppose service improvements: household surveys showed strong support for the policy, and variation in school-pair-level treatment effects shows that the more the policy raised test scores, the more it increased incumbent vote share. Instead, the negative average electoral effect was driven by opposition from teachers. The policy reduced teachers' job satisfaction, their support for the incumbent government, and their political engagement. The more the policy reduced teacher political engagement, the more it reduced incumbent vote share. Counterfactual simulations suggest that relatively small improvements in effectiveness and/or teacher engagement could have made the policy a net vote winner. This paper empirically demonstrates the importance of political feasibility in the design of public service reforms.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ALR59AUG/Sandholtz - 2023 - The Politics of Public Service Reform Experimenta.pdf}
}

@techreport{sangamaTransgenderSurveyKerala2015,
  title = {Transgender {{Survey Kerala}} 2014-15},
  author = {Sangama},
  year = {2015},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6QDNMYYK/12157 (1).pdf}
}

@misc{sansonePinkWorkSameSex2018,
  type = {{{SSRN Scholarly Paper}}},
  title = {Pink {{Work}}: {{Same-Sex Marriage}}, {{Employment}} and {{Discrimination}}},
  shorttitle = {Pink {{Work}}},
  author = {Sansone, Dario},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  number = {3164515},
  address = {Rochester, NY},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3164515},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {This paper exploits variations among U.S. states to show that gay and lesbian couples increased their labor supply following the legalization of same-sex marriage. Both partners in these couples were more likely to be employed, to work full time, and to work longer hours. Marriage equality was also associated with a decrease in self-employment and within-household specialization among same-sex couples. Additional evidence is then provided in order to investigate whether these changes were driven by a reduction in discrimination, a marriage premium in wages, or changes in fertility, assortative matching and homeownership.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {discrimination,employment,gay,labor supply,lesbian,marriage premium,same-sex marriage},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5CWJ4UFP/Sansone - 2018 - Pink Work Same-Sex Marriage, Employment and Discr.pdf}
}

@article{santosEconomicMentalHealth2021,
  title = {Economic, {{Mental Health}}, {{HIV Prevention}} and {{HIV Treatment Impacts}} of {{COVID-19}} and the {{COVID-19 Response}} on a {{Global Sample}} of {{Cisgender Gay Men}} and {{Other Men Who Have Sex}} with {{Men}}},
  author = {Santos, Glenn-Milo and Ackerman, Benjamin and Rao, Amrita and Wallach, Sara and Ayala, George and Lamontage, Erik and Garner, Alex and Holloway, Ian W. and Arreola, Sonya and Silenzio, Vince and Str{\"o}mdahl, Susanne and Yu, Louis and Strong, Carol and Adamson, Tyler and Yakusik, Anna and Doan, Tran Thu and Huang, Poyao and Cerasuolo, Damiano and Bishop, Amie and Noori, Teymur and Pharris, Anastasia and Aung, Max and Dara, Masoud and Chung, Ssu Yu and Hanley, Marguerite and Baral, Stefan and Beyrer, Chris and Howell, Sean},
  year = {2021},
  month = feb,
  journal = {AIDS and Behavior},
  volume = {25},
  number = {2},
  pages = {311--321},
  issn = {1573-3254},
  doi = {10.1007/s10461-020-02969-0},
  urldate = {2022-01-05},
  abstract = {There is an urgent need to measure the impacts of COVID-19 among gay men and other men who have sex with men (MSM). We conducted a cross-sectional survey with a global sample of gay men and other MSM (n\,=\,2732) from April 16, 2020 to May 4, 2020, through a social networking app. We characterized the economic, mental health, HIV prevention and HIV treatment impacts of COVID-19 and the COVID-19 response, and examined whether sub-groups of our study population are disproportionately impacted by COVID-19. Many gay men and other MSM not only reported economic and mental health consequences, but also interruptions to HIV prevention and testing, and HIV care and treatment services. These consequences were significantly greater among people living with HIV, racial/ethnic minorities, immigrants, sex workers, and socio-economically disadvantaged groups. These findings highlight the urgent need to mitigate the negative impacts of COVID-19 among gay men and other MSM.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7ARKU8FT/Santos et al. - 2021 - Economic, Mental Health, HIV Prevention and HIV Tr.pdf}
}

@book{sapolskyBehaveBiologyHumans2017,
  ids = {sapolsky2017behave},
  title = {Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst},
  shorttitle = {Behave},
  author = {Sapolsky, Robert M.},
  year = {2017},
  publisher = {Penguin Press},
  address = {New York, New York},
  abstract = {"Why do we do the things we do? Over a decade in the making, this game-changing book is Robert Sapolsky's genre-shattering attempt to answer that question as fully as perhaps only he could, looking at it from every angle. Sapolsky's storytelling concept is delightful but it also has a powerful intrinsic logic: he starts by looking at the factors that bear on a person's reaction in the precise moment a behavior occurs, and then hops back in time from there, in stages, ultimately ending up at the deep history of our species and its evolutionary legacy. And so the first category of explanation is the neurobiological one. A behavior occurs--whether an example of humans at our best, worst, or somewhere in between. What went on in a person's brain a second before the behavior happened? Then Sapolsky pulls out to a slightly larger field of vision, a little earlier in time: What sight, sound, or smell caused the nervous system to produce that behavior? And then, what hormones acted hours to days earlier to change how responsive that individual is to the stimuli that triggered the nervous system? By now he has increased our field of vision so that we are thinking about neurobiology and the sensory world of our environment and endocrinology in trying to explain what happened. Sapolsky keeps going: How was that behavior influenced by structural changes in the nervous system over the preceding months, by that person's adolescence, childhood, fetal life, and then back to his or her genetic makeup? Finally, he expands the view to encompass factors larger than one individual. How did culture shape that individual's group, what ecological factors millennia old formed that culture? And on and on, back to evolutionary factors millions of years old. The result is one of the most dazzling tours d'horizon of the science of human behavior ever attempted, a majestic synthesis that harvests cutting-edge research across a range of disciplines to provide a subtle and nuanced perspective on why we ultimately do the things we do...for good and for ill. Sapolsky builds on this understanding to wrestle with some of our deepest and thorniest questions relating to tribalism and xenophobia, hierarchy and competition, morality and free will, and war and peace. Wise, humane, often very funny, Behave is a towering achievement, powerfully humanizing, and downright heroic in its own right"--},
  isbn = {978-1-59420-507-1},
  langid = {english},
  lccn = {QP351 .S27 2017},
  keywords = {Animal behavior,Neurobiology,Neurophysiology,SCIENCE / Life Sciences / Biology / General,SCIENCE / Life Sciences / Neuroscience,SOCIAL SCIENCE / Criminology},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C7SQJ3AH/Sapolsky - 2017 - Behave the biology of humans at our best and wors.pdf}
}

@article{Saraf2019,
  title = {Group-{{Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy}} ({{CBT}}) {{Training Improves Mental Health}} of {{SME Entrepreneurs}} : {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Conflict}}-{{Affected Areas}} of {{Pakistan}}},
  author = {Saraf, Priyam and Rahman, Tasmia and Jamison, Julian C},
  year = {2019},
  number = {June},
  pages = {1--40},
  abstract = {Mental health, well-being, and lasting economic outcomes are intimately connected. However, in geographies marked by fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV), entrepreneurs of small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) experience chronic stress and poor mental health on a regular basis. These issues can hamper performance and quality of life for the entrepreneurs, and can dampen the benefits of existing financial and business assistance programs. Few proven rigorous interventions are known. This study tests the hypothesis that a five-week group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) training called Problem Management Plus for Entrepreneurs (PM E), in combination with financial assistance, could be more effective at reducing psychological stressors of SME entrepreneurs in FCV contexts than financial assistance alone. Meaningful and statistically significant improvements in mental health were achieved, with improvements persisting and increasing beyond the immediate post-intervention period. Based on analysis of pooled data across two follow-up rounds (at five weeks and three months post-intervention), entrepreneurs in the treatment group experienced statistically significant reduction in the intensity and prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms (measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale) and higher levels of well-being (measured by the World Health Organization Well-Being Index) compared with the control group. The effect was marked for those experiencing mild/moderate levels of depression and anxiety, suggesting the clinical value of such low touch interventions. Overall, the study demonstrates that empirical research through Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) can be conducted in challenging, FCV settings through appropriate rapid training of local researchers and non-specialist providers (NSPs) at a low cost, yielding scalable programmatic and policy level lessons.},
  keywords = {entrepreneur; small and medium size enterprise; Fr},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TQR77QKJ/Saraf et al. - Group‐Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Tra.pdf}
}

@article{sarzosaBullyingAdolescentsRole2021,
  title = {Bullying among Adolescents: {{The}} Role of Skills},
  shorttitle = {Bullying among Adolescents},
  author = {Sarzosa, Miguel and Urz{\'u}a, Sergio},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Quantitative Economics},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  pages = {945--980},
  issn = {1759-7323},
  doi = {10.3982/QE1215},
  urldate = {2021-10-19},
  abstract = {Bullying cannot be tolerated as a normal social behavior portraying a child's life. This paper quantifies its negative consequences allowing for the possibility that victims and non-victims differ in unobservable characteristics. To this end, we introduce a factor analytic model for identifying treatment effects of bullying in which latent cognitive and non-cognitive skills determine victimization and multiple outcomes. We use early test scores to identify the distribution of these skills. Individual-, classroom- and districtlevel variables are also accounted for. Applying our method to longitudinal data from South Korea, we first show that while non-cognitive skills reduce the chances of being bullied during middle school, the probability of being victimized is greater in classrooms with relatively high concentration of boys, previously self-assessed bullies and students that come from violent families. We report bullying at age 15 has negative effects on physical and mental health outcomes at age 18. We also uncover heterogeneous effects by latent skills, from which we document positive effects on the take-up of risky behaviors (18) and negative effects on schooling attainment (19). Our findings suggest that investing in non-cognitive development should guide policy efforts intended to deter this problematic behavior.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{satyanathBowlingFascismSocial2017,
  title = {Bowling for {{Fascism}}: {{Social Capital}} and the {{Rise}} of the {{Nazi Party}}},
  shorttitle = {Bowling for {{Fascism}}},
  author = {Satyanath, Shanker and Voigtl{\"a}nder, Nico and Voth, Hans-Joachim},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {125},
  number = {2},
  pages = {478--526},
  publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
  issn = {0022-3808},
  doi = {10.1086/690949},
  urldate = {2025-02-19},
  abstract = {Using newly collected data on association density in 229 towns and cities in interwar Germany, we show that denser social networks were associated with faster entry into the Nazi Party. The effect is large: one standard deviation higher association density is associated with at least 15 percent faster Nazi Party entry. Party membership, in turn, predicts electoral success. Social networks thus aided the rise of the Nazis that destroyed Germany's first democracy. The effects of social capital depended on the political context: in federal states with more stable governments, higher association density was not correlated with faster Nazi Party entry.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TXSYSRVS/Satyanath et al. - 2017 - Bowling for Fascism Social Capital and the Rise o.pdf}
}

@article{savoiaPredictorsCOVID19Vaccine2021,
  title = {Predictors of {{COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy}}: {{Socio-Demographics}}, {{Co-Morbidity}}, and {{Past Experience}} of {{Racial Discrimination}}},
  shorttitle = {Predictors of {{COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy}}},
  author = {Savoia, Elena and {Piltch-Loeb}, Rachael and Goldberg, Beth and {Miller-Idriss}, Cynthia and Hughes, Brian and Montrond, Alberto and Kayyem, Juliette and Testa, Marcia A.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Vaccines},
  volume = {9},
  number = {7},
  pages = {767},
  issn = {2076-393X},
  doi = {10.3390/vaccines9070767},
  abstract = {The goal of this study is to explore predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, including socio-demographic factors, comorbidity, risk perception, and experience of discrimination, in a sample of the U.S. population. We used a cross-sectional online survey study design, implemented between 13-23 December 2020. The survey was limited to respondents residing in the USA, belonging to priority groups for vaccine distribution. Responses were received from 2650 individuals (response rate 84\%) from all 50 states and Puerto Rico, American Samoa, and Guam. The five most represented states were California (13\%), New York (10\%), Texas (7\%), Florida (6\%), and Pennsylvania (4\%). The majority of respondents were in the age category 25-44 years (66\%), male (53\%), and working in the healthcare sector (61\%). Most were White and non-Hispanic (66\%), followed by Black and non-Hispanic (14\%) and Hispanic (8\%) respondents. Experience with racial discrimination was a predictor of vaccine hesitancy. Those reporting racial discrimination had 21\% increased odds of being at a higher level of hesitancy compared to those who did not report such experience (OR = 1.21, 95\% C.I. 1.01-1.45). Communication and logistical aspects during the COVID-19 vaccination campaign need to be sensitive to individuals' past-experience of racial discrimination in order to increase vaccine coverage.},
  langid = {english},
  pmcid = {PMC8310049},
  pmid = {34358184},
  keywords = {COVID-19,discrimination,vaccine hesitancy},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EHYZPIGF/Savoia et al. - 2021 - Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Socio-De.pdf}
}

@article{scaccoCanSocialContact2018,
  title = {Can {{Social Contact Reduce Prejudice}} and {{Discrimination}}? {{Evidence}} from a {{Field Experiment}} in {{Nigeria}}},
  shorttitle = {Can {{Social Contact Reduce Prejudice}} and {{Discrimination}}?},
  author = {Scacco, Alexandra and Warren, Shana S.},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  volume = {112},
  number = {3},
  pages = {654--677},
  issn = {0003-0554, 1537-5943},
  doi = {10.1017/S0003055418000151},
  urldate = {2025-01-02},
  abstract = {Can positive social contact between members of antagonistic groups reduce prejudice and discrimination? Despite extensive research on social contact, observational studies are difficult to interpret because prejudiced people may select out of contact with out-group members. We overcome this problem by conducting an education-based, randomized field experiment---the Urban Youth Vocational Training program (UYVT)---with 849 randomly sampled Christian and Muslim young men in riot-prone Kaduna, Nigeria. After sixteen weeks of positive intergroup social contact, we find no changes in prejudice, but heterogeneous-class subjects discriminate significantly less against out-group members than subjects in homogeneous classes. We trace this finding to increased discrimination by homogeneous-class subjects compared to non-UYVT study participants, and we highlight potentially negative consequences of in-group social contact. By focusing on skill-building instead of peace messaging, our intervention minimizes reporting bias and offers strong experimental evidence that intergroup social contact can alter behavior in constructive ways, even amid violent conflict.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JFLW475V/Scacco and Warren - 2018 - Can Social Contact Reduce Prejudice and Discrimina.pdf}
}

@article{schadyParentsEducationMothers2011,
  title = {Parents' {{Education}}, {{Mothers}}' {{Vocabulary}}, and {{Cognitive Development}} in {{Early Childhood}}: {{Longitudinal Evidence From Ecuador}}},
  shorttitle = {Parents' {{Education}}, {{Mothers}}' {{Vocabulary}}, and {{Cognitive Development}} in {{Early Childhood}}},
  author = {Schady, Norbert},
  year = {2011},
  month = dec,
  journal = {American Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {101},
  number = {12},
  pages = {2299--2307},
  issn = {0090-0036, 1541-0048},
  doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2011.300253},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Objectives. I estimated the association between parents' education, mothers' vocabulary, and early child cognitive development in a sample of poor children in rural Ecuador. Methods. I used regression analysis to estimate the association between parents' education, mothers' vocabulary, and the vocabulary, memory, and visual integration skills of children at early ages, controlling for possible confounders. The study is based on a longitudinal cohort of children in rural Ecuador (n = 2118). Results. The schooling and vocabulary levels of mothers were strong predictors of the cognitive development of young children. Household wealth and child's height, weight, and hemoglobin levels explained only a modest fraction of the observed associations. The vocabulary levels of mothers and children were more strongly correlated among older children in the sample, suggesting that the effects of a richer maternal vocabulary are cumulative. Conclusions. Differences in children's cognitive outcomes start very early, which has important implications for the intergenerational transmission of poverty and inequality. Programs that seek to increase early stimulation for disadvantaged children, perhaps through parenting programs or high-quality center-based care, hold promise. (Am J Public Health. 2011;101:2299--2307. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300253)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NDP5YUTJ/Schady - 2011 - Parents’ Education, Mothers’ Vocabulary, and Cogni.pdf}
}

@article{scheidelSizeEconomyDistribution2009,
  title = {The {{Size}} of the {{Economy}} and the {{Distribution}} of {{Income}} in the {{Roman Empire}}},
  author = {Scheidel, Walter and Friesen, Steven J.},
  year = {2009},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Journal of Roman Studies},
  volume = {99},
  pages = {61--91},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  issn = {1753-528X, 0075-4358},
  doi = {10.3815/007543509789745223},
  urldate = {2024-01-28},
  abstract = {Different methods of estimating the Gross Domestic Product of the Roman Empire in the second century C.E. produce convergent results that point to total output and consumption equivalent to 50 million tons of wheat or close to 20 billion sesterces per year. It is estimated that {\'e}lites (around 1.5 per cent of the imperial population) controlled approximately one-fifth of total income, while middling households (perhaps 10 per cent of the population) consumed another fifth. These findings shed new light on the scale of economic inequality and the distribution of demand in the Roman world.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {poverty,Roman economy,Roman GDP,Roman income inequality,stratification of Roman society,wealth},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6WWH6ZE5/Scheidel and Friesen - 2009 - The Size of the Economy and the Distribution of In.pdf}
}

@article{schilbachAlcoholSelfControlField2019,
  title = {Alcohol and {{Self-Control}}: {{A Field Experiment}} in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Alcohol and {{Self-Control}}},
  author = {Schilbach, Frank},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {109},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1290--1322},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20170458},
  urldate = {2020-10-12},
  abstract = {This paper studies alcohol consumption among low-income workers in India. In a 3-week field experiment, the majority of 229 cycle-rickshaw drivers were willing to forgo substantial monetary payments in order to set incentives for themselves to remain sober, thus exhibiting demand for commitment to sobriety. Randomly receiving sobriety incentives significantly reduced daytime drinking while leaving overall drinking unchanged. I find no evidence of higher daytime sobriety significantly changing labor supply, productivity, or earnings. In contrast, increasing sobriety raised savings by 50 percent, an effect that does not appear to be solely explained by changes in income net of alcohol expenditures. (JEL C93, D14, I12, J22, J24, J31, O12)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/D9SDS7UW/Schilbach - 2019 - Alcohol and Self-Control A Field Experiment in In.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/T29RK5E6/9248.pdf}
}

@article{schilbachPsychologicalLivesPoor2016,
  title = {The {{Psychological Lives}} of the {{Poor}}},
  author = {Schilbach, Frank and Schofield, Heather and Mullainathan, Sendhil},
  year = {2016},
  month = may,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {106},
  number = {5},
  pages = {435--440},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.p20161101},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z2XZBQKY/Schilbach et al. - 2016 - The Psychological Lives of the Poor.pdf}
}

@misc{schkadeDeliberatingDollarsSeverity2000,
  type = {{{SSRN Scholarly Paper}}},
  title = {Deliberating {{About Dollars}}: {{The Severity Shift}}},
  shorttitle = {Deliberating {{About Dollars}}},
  author = {Schkade, David and Sunstein, Cass R. and Kahneman, Daniel},
  year = {2000},
  month = feb,
  number = {214619},
  address = {Rochester, NY},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.214619},
  urldate = {2024-07-13},
  abstract = {How does jury deliberation affect the pre-deliberation judgments of individual jurors? In this paper we make progress on that question by reporting the results of a study of over 500 mock juries composed of over 3000 jury eligible citizens. Our principal finding is that with respect to dollars, deliberation produces a "severity shift," in which the jury's dollar verdict is systematically higher than that of the median of its jurors' predeliberation judgments. A "deliberation shift analysis" is introduced to measure the effect of deliberation. The severity shift is attributed to a "rhetorical asymmetry," in which arguments for higher awards are more persuasive than arguments for lower awards. When judgments are measured not in terms of dollars but on a rating scale of punishment severity, deliberation increased high ratings and decreased low ratings. We also find that deliberation does not alleviate the problem of erratic and unpredictable individual dollar awards, but in fact exacerbates it. Implications for punitive damage awards and deliberation generally are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cass R. Sunstein,Daniel Kahneman,David Schkade,Deliberating About Dollars: The Severity Shift,SSRN}
}

@incollection{schkadeDeliberatingDollarsSeverity2002,
  title = {Deliberating about {{Dollars}}: {{The Severity Shift}}},
  shorttitle = {Deliberating about {{Dollars}}},
  booktitle = {Punitive {{Damages}}: {{How Juries Decide}}},
  author = {Schkade, David A. and Sunstein, Cass R. and Kahneman, Daniel},
  editor = {Sunstein, Cass R. and Hastie, Reid and Payne, John W. and Schkade, David A. and Viscusi, W. Kip},
  year = {2002},
  month = apr,
  pages = {0},
  publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
  doi = {10.7208/chicago/9780226780160.003.0005},
  urldate = {2024-07-13},
  abstract = {With respect to punitive damages, how does group discussion affect individual views? How, if at all, is the outcome of group deliberation different from a statistical aggregation of individual predeliberation judgments? How might jury deliberations depart from the median or mean of individual judgments made in advance of deliberation? This chapter attempts to make some progress on answering these questions. It does so principally by reporting the results of a massive study of decisions by mock juries (over three thousand people and five hundred juries in total). Six-person juries are asked to deliberate about the appropriate punishment in civil cases involving personal injury. They answer this question in two ways: by setting punitive awards in dollars and by indicating, on a rating scale, the severity of the punishment they wish to inflict on the defendant. The most important and general finding is that with respect to dollar awards, deliberation produces a severity shift.},
  isbn = {978-0-226-78014-6},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7RYNHRWQ/Schkade et al. - 2000 - Deliberating About Dollars The Severity Shift.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MKHQZF5V/183163133.html}
}

@article{schkadeDeliberatingDollarsSeverity2023,
  title = {Deliberating about {{Dollars}}: {{The Severity Shift}}},
  author = {Schkade, David and Sunstein, Cass R and Kahneman, Daniel},
  year = {2023},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C9AU7RAB/Schkade et al. - 2023 - Deliberating about Dollars The Severity Shift.pdf}
}

@article{schlagPennyYourThoughts2015,
  title = {A Penny for Your Thoughts: A Survey of Methods for Eliciting Beliefs},
  shorttitle = {A Penny for Your Thoughts},
  author = {Schlag, Karl H. and Tremewan, James and {van der Weele}, Jo{\"e}l J.},
  year = {2015},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Experimental Economics},
  volume = {18},
  number = {3},
  pages = {457--490},
  issn = {1386-4157, 1573-6938},
  doi = {10.1007/s10683-014-9416-x},
  urldate = {2021-02-24},
  abstract = {Incentivized methods for eliciting subjective probabilities in economic experiments present the subject with risky choices that encourage truthful reporting. We discuss the most prominent elicitation methods and their underlying assumptions, provide theoretical comparisons and give a new justification for the quadratic scoring rule. On the empirical side, we survey the performance of these elicitation methods in actual experiments, considering also practical issues of implementation such as order effects, hedging, and different ways of presenting probabilities and payment schemes to experimental subjects. We end with a discussion of the tradeoffs involved in using incentives for belief elicitation and some guidelines for implementation.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RUTAM2SN/Schlag et al. - 2015 - A penny for your thoughts a survey of methods for.pdf}
}

@article{schlagPennyYourThoughts2015a,
  title = {A Penny for Your Thoughts: A Survey of Methods for Eliciting Beliefs},
  shorttitle = {A Penny for Your Thoughts},
  author = {Schlag, Karl H. and Tremewan, James and {van der Weele}, Jo{\"e}l J.},
  year = {2015},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Experimental Economics},
  volume = {18},
  number = {3},
  pages = {457--490},
  issn = {1386-4157, 1573-6938},
  doi = {10.1007/s10683-014-9416-x},
  urldate = {2021-04-23},
  abstract = {Incentivized methods for eliciting subjective probabilities in economic experiments present the subject with risky choices that encourage truthful reporting. We discuss the most prominent elicitation methods and their underlying assumptions, provide theoretical comparisons and give a new justification for the quadratic scoring rule. On the empirical side, we survey the performance of these elicitation methods in actual experiments, considering also practical issues of implementation such as order effects, hedging, and different ways of presenting probabilities and payment schemes to experimental subjects. We end with a discussion of the tradeoffs involved in using incentives for belief elicitation and some guidelines for implementation.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/33KZYITS/Schlag et al. - 2015 - A penny for your thoughts a survey of methods for.pdf}
}

@article{schlenkerImpactGlobalWarming2006,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Global Warming}} on {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Agriculture}}: {{An Econometric Analysis}} of {{Optimal Growing Conditions}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Impact}} of {{Global Warming}} on {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Agriculture}}},
  author = {Schlenker, Wolfram and Hanemann, W. Michael and Fisher, Anthony C.},
  year = {2006},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
  volume = {88},
  number = {1},
  pages = {113--125},
  issn = {0034-6535, 1530-9142},
  doi = {10.1162/rest.2006.88.1.113},
  urldate = {2020-08-03},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5QTAQG3W/Schlenker et al. - THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON U.S. AGRICULTURE .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JNGKUULB/Schlenker et al. - 2006 - The Impact of Global Warming on U.S. Agriculture .pdf}
}

@article{schlenkerNonlinearEffectsWeather2006,
  title = {Nonlinear {{Effects}} of {{Weather}} on {{Corn Yields}}*},
  author = {Schlenker, Wolfram and Roberts, Michael J.},
  year = {2006},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Review of Agricultural Economics},
  volume = {28},
  number = {3},
  pages = {391--398},
  issn = {1058-7195, 1467-9353},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9353.2006.00304.x},
  urldate = {2020-07-31},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NNDT5WYI/Schlenker and Roberts - 2006 - Nonlinear Effects of Weather on Corn Yields.pdf}
}

@techreport{schmitt-groheCovid19TestingInequality2020,
  title = {Covid-19: {{Testing Inequality}} in {{New York City}}},
  shorttitle = {Covid-19},
  author = {{Schmitt-Groh{\'e}}, Stephanie and Teoh, Ken and Uribe, Mart{\'i}n},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  number = {w27019},
  pages = {w27019},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w27019},
  urldate = {2020-07-31},
  abstract = {Motivated by reports in the media suggesting unequal access to Covid-19 testing across incomes, we analyze zip-code level data on the number of Covid-19 tests, test results, and income per capita in New York City. We find that the number of tests administered is evenly distributed across income levels. In particular, the test distribution across income levels is significantly more egalitarian than the distribution of income itself: The ten percent of the city's population living in the richest zip codes received 11 percent of the Covid-19 tests and 29 percent of the city's income. The ten percent of the city's population living in the poorest zip codes received 10 percent of the tests but only 4 percent of the city's income. At the same time, we find significant disparity in the fraction of tests that come back negative for the Covid-19 disease across income levels: moving from the poorest zip codes to the richest zip codes is associated with an increase in the fraction of negative Covid-19 test results from 38 to 65 percent.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YVK4YI5Q/Schmitt-Grohé et al. - 2020 - Covid-19 Testing Inequality in New York City.pdf}
}

@techreport{schmitt-groheCovid19TestingInequality2020a,
  title = {Covid-19: {{Testing Inequality}} in {{New York City}}},
  shorttitle = {Covid-19},
  author = {{Schmitt-Groh{\'e}}, Stephanie and Teoh, Ken and Uribe, Mart{\'i}n},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  number = {w27019},
  pages = {w27019},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w27019},
  urldate = {2020-08-07},
  abstract = {Motivated by reports in the media suggesting unequal access to Covid-19 testing across incomes, we analyze zip-code level data on the number of Covid-19 tests, test results, and income per capita in New York City. We find that the number of tests administered is evenly distributed across income levels. In particular, the test distribution across income levels is significantly more egalitarian than the distribution of income itself: The ten percent of the city's population living in the richest zip codes received 11 percent of the Covid-19 tests and 29 percent of the city's income. The ten percent of the city's population living in the poorest zip codes received 10 percent of the tests but only 4 percent of the city's income. At the same time, we find significant disparity in the fraction of tests that come back negative for the Covid-19 disease across income levels: moving from the poorest zip codes to the richest zip codes is associated with an increase in the fraction of negative Covid-19 test results from 38 to 65 percent.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/S7FLIR2B/Schmitt-Grohé et al. - 2020 - Covid-19 Testing Inequality in New York City.pdf}
}

@article{schnallDisgustEmbodiedMoral2008,
  title = {Disgust as {{Embodied Moral Judgment}}},
  author = {Schnall, Simone and Haidt, Jonathan and Clore, Gerald L. and Jordan, Alexander H.},
  year = {2008},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Personality \& social psychology bulletin},
  volume = {34},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1096--1109},
  issn = {0146-1672},
  doi = {10.1177/0146167208317771},
  urldate = {2023-12-17},
  abstract = {How, and for whom, does disgust influence moral judgment? In 4 experiments participants made moral judgments while experiencing extraneous feelings of disgust. Disgust was induced in Experiment 1 by exposure to a bad smell, in Experiment 2 by working in a disgusting room, in Experiment 3 by recalling a physically disgusting experience, and in Experiment 4 through a video induction. In each case, the results showed that disgust can increase the severity of moral judgments relative to controls. Experiment 4 found that disgust had a different effect on moral judgment than did sadness. In addition, Experiments 2-4 showed that the role of disgust in severity of moral judgments depends on participants' sensitivity to their own bodily sensations. Taken together, these data indicate the importance - and specificity - of gut feelings in moral judgments.},
  pmcid = {PMC2562923},
  pmid = {18505801},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GLMYFR7E/Schnall et al. - 2008 - Disgust as Embodied Moral Judgment.pdf}
}

@article{schoeyenTreatmentresistantBipolarDepression2015,
  title = {Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Electroconvulsive Therapy versus Algorithm-Based Pharmacological Treatment},
  shorttitle = {Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Depression},
  author = {Schoeyen, Helle K. and Kessler, Ute and Andreassen, Ole A. and Auestad, Bjoern H. and Bergsholm, Per and Malt, Ulrik F. and Morken, Gunnar and Oedegaard, Ketil J. and Vaaler, Arne},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  journal = {The American Journal of Psychiatry},
  volume = {172},
  number = {1},
  pages = {41--51},
  issn = {1535-7228},
  doi = {10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13111517},
  abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is regarded by many clinicians as the most effective treatment for treatment-resistant bipolar depression, but no randomized controlled trials have been conducted, to the authors' knowledge. They compared efficacy measures of ECT and algorithm-based pharmacological treatment in treatment-resistant bipolar depression. METHOD: This multicenter, randomized controlled trial was carried out at seven acute-care psychiatric inpatient clinics throughout Norway and included 73 bipolar disorder patients with treatment-resistant depression. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either ECT or algorithm-based pharmacological treatment. ECT included three sessions per week for up to 6 weeks, right unilateral placement of stimulus electrodes, and brief pulse stimulation. RESULTS: Linear mixed-effects modeling analysis revealed that ECT was significantly more effective than algorithm-based pharmacological treatment. The mean scores at the end of the 6-week treatment period were lower for the ECT group than for the pharmacological treatment group: by 6.6 points on the Montgomery-{\AA}sberg Depression Rating Scale (SE=2.05, 95\% CI=2.5-10.6), by 9.4 points on the 30-item version of the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician-Rated (SE=2.49, 95\% CI=4.6-14.3), and by 0.7 points on the Clinical Global Impression for Bipolar Disorder (SE=0.31, 95\% CI=0.13-1.36). The response rate was significantly higher in the ECT group than in the group that received algorithm-based pharmacological treatment (73.9\% versus 35.0\%), but the remission rate did not differ between the groups (34.8\% versus 30.0\%). CONCLUSION: Remission rates remained modest regardless of treatment choice for this challenging clinical condition.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {25219389},
  keywords = {Adult,Aged,Antidepressive Agents,Bipolar Disorder,Depressive Disorder Treatment-Resistant,Electroconvulsive Therapy,Female,Humans,Male,Middle Aged,Norway,Psychiatric Status Rating Scales,Remission Induction,Treatment Outcome},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4JS24KKH/Schoeyen et al. - 2015 - Treatment-resistant bipolar depression a randomized controlled trial of electroconvulsive therapy v.pdf}
}

@article{schofieldComparingEffectivenessIndividualistic2015,
  title = {Comparing the Effectiveness of Individualistic, Altruistic, and Competitive Incentives in Motivating Completion of Mental Exercises},
  author = {Schofield, Heather and Loewenstein, George and Kopsic, Jessica and Volpp, Kevin G.},
  year = {2015},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Health Economics},
  volume = {44},
  pages = {286--299},
  issn = {01676296},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.09.007},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This study examines the impact of individually oriented, purely altruistic, and a hybrid of competitive and cooperative monetary reward incentives on older adults' completion of cognitive exercises and cognitive function. We find that all three incentive structures approximately double the number of exercises completed during the six-week active experimental period relative to a no incentive control condition. However, the altruistic and cooperative/competitive incentives led to different patterns of participation, with significantly higher inter-partner correlations in utilization of the software, as well as greater persistence once incentives were removed. Provision of all incentives significantly improved performance on the incentivized exercises. However, results of an independent cognitive testing battery suggest no generalizable gains in cognitive function resulted from the training.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Behavioral economics,Cognitive exercises,Health behaviors,Incentives,Social incentives},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F4ZL5FD7/Schofield et al. - 2015 - Comparing the effectiveness of individualistic, al.pdf}
}

@article{schofieldEconomicCostsLow,
  title = {The {{Economic Costs}} of {{Low Caloric Intake}}: {{Evidence}} from {{India}}},
  author = {Schofield, Heather},
  pages = {96},
  abstract = {Many of the world's poor consume very few calories; one-seventh of the world's population remains below recommended intake levels. Yet, the impact of this nominally low caloric intake on productivity is unclear. This paper presents two analyses which find that changes in caloric intake result in substantial and broadly generalizable changes in productivity among malnourished adults in India. The first draws on a five-week randomized controlled trial among cycle-rickshaw drivers in Chennai, in which half of the participants received an additional 700 calories per day. Treated individuals showed significant improvements in both physical and cognitive tasks and increased labor supply and income by approximately 10 percent by the final week. The second study examines the impact of a 700 calorie per day decline in intake, caused by fasting during Ramadan, on agricultural production. This analysis leverages heterogeneity in cropping cycles between and within districts as well as the fact that Ramadan cycles throughout the calendar year to generate three sources of variation in the overlap between fasting and the labor intensive portions of the cropping cycle. Using a triple-difference approach, I find that overlap between Ramadan and the labor intensive portions of cropping cycles results in declines in production which correspond to a 20 to 40 percent decrease in productivity per fasting individual. Multiple sources of evidence suggest that production declines are driven primarily by reduced caloric intake rather than by other behavioral changes during Ramadan. The estimated return to investment in additional calories is positive, with point estimates of 75 percent over six months in the randomized trial and 225 percent over one month during Ramadan fasting. Given substantial evidence that traditionally hypothesized liquidity constraints do not meaningfully limit caloric consumption, the low caloric intake of the majority of Indian adults presents a puzzle in light of the high estimated returns. Responses from an incentivized survey suggest that inaccurate beliefs about both the returns to calories and the caloric content of foods may play a role in the low levels of caloric consumption.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/T9CMC77I/Schofield - The Economic Costs of Low Caloric Intake Evidence.pdf}
}

@article{schofieldPovertyrelatedBandwidthConstraints2021,
  title = {Poverty-Related Bandwidth Constraints Reduce the Value of Consumption},
  author = {Schofield, Heather and Venkataramani, Atheendar S.},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {118},
  number = {35},
  pages = {e2102794118},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.2102794118},
  urldate = {2021-10-10},
  abstract = {Poverty confers many costs on individuals, primarily through direct material deprivation. We hypothesize that these costs may be understated: poverty may also reduce human welfare by decreasing the experiential value of what little the poor are able to consume via reduced bandwidth (cognitive resources)---exerting a de facto ``tax'' on the value of consumption. We test this hypothesis using a randomized controlled trial in which we experimentally simulate key aspects of poverty that impair bandwidth via methods commonly used in laboratory studies (e.g., memorizing sequences) and via introducing stressors commonly associated with life in poverty (e.g., thinking about financial security and experiencing thirst). Participants then engaged in consumption activities and were asked to rate their enjoyment of these activities. Consistent with our hypothesis, the randomly assigned treatments designed to reduce bandwidth significantly and meaningfully reduced ratings of the consumption activities, with the strongest effects on the consumption of food. Our results shed additional light on how the consequences of poverty on human welfare may compound and motivate future work on the full scope of returns to poverty alleviation efforts.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RPL8YTR2/Schofield and Venkataramani - 2021 - Poverty-related bandwidth constraints reduce the v.pdf}
}

@article{schroederRiskyShiftGeneral1973,
  title = {The Risky Shift as a General Choice Shift},
  author = {Schroeder, Harold E.},
  year = {1973},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {297--300},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address = {US},
  issn = {1939-1315},
  doi = {10.1037/h0034781},
  abstract = {Demonstrated the phenomenon of shift following group discussion on dimensions of risk and altruism. In Exp. I, 88 undergraduates completed risk and altruism choice questionnaires under 3 sets of instructions which asked determinations of: (a) the lowest odds of success acceptable before recommending the risky alternative; (b) the choices the majority of other Ss would make; and (c) the item Ss admired most. Prerequisites for a choice shift based on a conflict-compromise model were shown for altruism as well as risk. In Exp. II, 66 female undergraduates showed similar choice shifts for both dimensions after group discussions of the situations in the questionnaires. Results suggest that the risky shift may be an instance of a more general phenomenon involving conflict and compromise with values (ideals). (15 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Altruism,Group Discussion,Risk Taking},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JGCSY7DI/Schroeder - 1973 - The risky shift as a general choice shift.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CLLNRZ77/1974-03069-001.html}
}

@article{schwardmannSelfPersuasionEvidenceField2022,
  title = {Self-{{Persuasion}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Field Experiments}} at {{International Debating Competitions}}},
  shorttitle = {Self-{{Persuasion}}},
  author = {Schwardmann, Peter and Tripodi, Egon and {van der Weele}, Jo{\"e}l J.},
  year = {2022},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {112},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1118--1146},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20200372},
  urldate = {2023-04-10},
  abstract = {Laboratory evidence shows that when people have to argue for a given position, they persuade themselves about the position's factual and moral superiority. Such self-persuasion limits the potential of communication to resolve conflict and reduce polarization. We test for this phenomenon in a field setting, at international debating competitions that randomly assign experienced and motivated debaters to argue one side of a topical motion. We find self-persuasion in factual beliefs and confidence in one's position. Effect sizes are smaller than in the laboratory, but robust to a one-hour exchange of arguments and a ten-fold increase in incentives for accuracy.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QMYBS4T4/schwardmann-et-al-2022-self-persuasion-evidence-from-field-experiments-at-international-debating-competitions.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZGD2P5ZX/Schwardmann et al. - 2022 - Self-Persuasion Evidence from Field Experiments a.pdf}
}

@article{schwartzsteinSelectiveAttentionLearning2014,
  title = {Selective {{Attention}} and {{Learning}}},
  shorttitle = {{{SELECTIVE ATTENTION AND LEARNING}}},
  author = {Schwartzstein, Joshua},
  year = {2014},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  volume = {12},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1423--1452},
  issn = {15424766},
  doi = {10.1111/jeea.12104},
  urldate = {2021-05-26},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MAF9UJP8/Schwartzstein - 2014 - SELECTIVE ATTENTION AND LEARNING Selective Attent.pdf}
}

@article{schweinhartEffectsPerryPreschool1981,
  title = {Effects of the {{Perry Preschool Program}} on {{Youths Through Age}} 15},
  author = {Schweinhart, Lawrence J. and Weikart, David P.},
  year = {1981},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of the Division for Early Childhood},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {29--39},
  issn = {0885-3460},
  doi = {10.1177/105381518100400105},
  urldate = {2020-11-27},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{searle2016linear,
  title = {Linear Models},
  author = {Searle, Shayle R and Gruber, Marvin HJ},
  year = {2016},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}
}

@article{sechristInfluenceSocialConsensus2011,
  title = {The Influence of Social Consensus Information on Intergroup Attitudes: The Moderating Effects of Ingroup Identification},
  shorttitle = {The Influence of Social Consensus Information on Intergroup Attitudes},
  author = {Sechrist, Gretchen B. and Young, Ariana F.},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {The Journal of Social Psychology},
  volume = {151},
  number = {6},
  pages = {674--695},
  issn = {0022-4545},
  doi = {10.1080/00224545.2010.522615},
  abstract = {Two studies examined the role of ingroup identification in the influence of social consensus information (information about others' beliefs) on intergroup attitudes. Research demonstrates that consensus information influences individuals' intergroup attitudes. However, the extent to which individuals identify with the group providing consensus information seems important to understanding consensus effects. In Study 1, 100 high or low ingroup identifiers received information that other ingroup members held favorable or unfavorable attitudes toward African Americans and then provided their own attitudes. In Study 2, 250 participants completed an ingroup identification manipulation (high, low, or control) before receiving favorable or no consensus information. Results of both studies demonstrated that ingroup identification moderated consensus effects, such that high identifiers were more susceptible to others' beliefs than individuals in the low identification and control conditions. In determining critical factors involved in consensus effects, we hope to create a useful method to promote favorable intergroup attitudes and behaviors.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {22208107},
  keywords = {Adolescent,Adult,Black or African American,Consensus,Culture,Female,Humans,Judgment,Male,Persuasive Communication,Prejudice,Social Conformity,Social Identification,Stereotyping,Surveys and Questionnaires,Young Adult}
}

@article{Seidenfeld2015,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Unconditional Cash Transfer}} on {{Early Child Development}}: {{The Zambia Child Grant Program}}},
  author = {Seidenfeld, David and Handa, Sudanshu and Prencipe, Leah and Hawkinson, Laura},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness (SREE)},
  pages = {12},
  abstract = {Over three dozen countries including the United States now implement large scale cash transfer programs to alleviate poverty. Early programs in South America provided money to poor families conditional on their sending children to school or bringing them to health centers on a regular basis. In more recent years, several countries in Africa have begun to implement unconditional cash transfer (UCT) programs, including Zambia, South Africa, Kenya, and Zimbabwe. A growing body of evidence suggests that both conditional and unconditional cash transfer programs have positive impacts on poverty reduction, improved health and nutrition, and increased food security. However, surprisingly little is known about how UCTs impact child development among young children. Early childhood refers to the formative part of development from conception to eight years of age. Much cognitive, social, emotional and physical development occurs during this critical period. Biological and social events during the first few years of life can affect future outcomes, such as school achievements, attendance rates, and even economic productivity later in life. Cash transfers may influence early childhood development by freeing up money and time which would have otherwise been spent on food purchases and extra labor to provide basic necessities. Caregivers can now allocate these resources for educational materials and learning activities. The Child Grant Program is one of the Government of Zambia's largest social protection programs. The program provides a monthly cash payment of 60 kwacha (U.S. \$12) to poor households with children under five years old. We implemented a randomized control trial with 2,515 households to investigate the impact of the program on a range of protective and productive outcomes. The study includes over 3,000 children aged 3-7, one of the largest longitudinal samples of young children in a cash transfer evaluation, that allows us to estimate effects of the program on early childhood development (ECD) outcomes. We measured child developmental outcomes and included a number of ECD support indicators such as availability of learning materials, adult support for learning and school readiness, non-adult care, and preschool attendance, the first time these indicators are studied in an evaluation of a cash transfer program in Africa. We selected ECD indicators from UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS). The MICS has been conducted in over 100 countries over the last 20 years. Thus, our study uses internationally validated indicators that can be compared to other ECD studies around the world. We find that cash transfers improve several ECD measures after 24 months of program implementation including owning three or more books, adult activities of support for learning, and a child's ability to 2 follow directions. These results remain in both large and small households, as well as with high and low educated mothers, demonstrating that UCTs can improve parental support for learning through increased engagement with children. However, we find more and larger effects for larger households even though the transfer size is the same regardless of household size. Having more household members may mean that there are more adult members available to engage with children in learning and stimulation activities. The positive effects of the CGP program provide evidence that funding UCT programs that target poor, rural households also improve children's critical period of growth, setting the foundation for improved educational outcomes and productivity later in life.}
}

@article{semyonov2013wealth,
  title = {Where Wealth Matters More for Health: {{The}} Wealth--Health Gradient in 16 Countries},
  author = {Semyonov, Moshe and {Lewin-Epstein}, Noah and Maskileyson, Dina},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
  volume = {81},
  pages = {10--17},
  publisher = {Elsevier}
}

@article{semyonovWhereWealthMatters2013,
  title = {Where Wealth Matters More for Health: {{The}} Wealth--Health Gradient in 16 Countries},
  shorttitle = {Where Wealth Matters More for Health},
  author = {Semyonov, Moshe and {Lewin-Epstein}, Noah and Maskileyson, Dina},
  year = {2013},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Social Science \& Medicine},
  volume = {81},
  pages = {10--17},
  issn = {02779536},
  doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.01.010},
  urldate = {2021-09-01},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{sereginaNewFlexibleRainy2019,
  title = {A New and Flexible Rainy Season Definition: {{Validation}} for the {{Greater Horn}} of {{Africa}} and Application to Rainfall Trends},
  shorttitle = {A New and Flexible Rainy Season Definition},
  author = {Seregina, Larisa S. and Fink, Andreas H. and {van der Linden}, Roderick and Elagib, Nadir A. and Pinto, Joaquim G.},
  year = {2019},
  month = feb,
  journal = {International Journal of Climatology},
  volume = {39},
  number = {2},
  pages = {989--1012},
  issn = {08998418},
  doi = {10.1002/joc.5856},
  urldate = {2020-05-07},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PXXT3EWQ/Seregina et al. - 2019 - A new and flexible rainy season definition Valida.pdf}
}

@article{sethiCommunicationUnknownPerspectives2016,
  title = {Communication {{With Unknown Perspectives}}},
  author = {Sethi, Rajiv and Yildiz, Muhamet},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {84},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2029--2069},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ECTA13320},
  urldate = {2021-05-10},
  abstract = {Consider a group of individuals with unobservable perspectives (subjective prior beliefs) about a sequence of states. In each period, each individual receives private information about the current state and forms an opinion (a posterior belief). She also chooses a target individual and observes the target's opinion. This choice involves a trade-off between well-informed targets, whose signals are precise, and well-understood targets, whose perspectives are well known. Opinions are informative about the target's perspective, so observed individuals become better understood over time. We identify a simple condition under which long-run behavior is history independent. When this fails, each individual restricts attention to a small set of experts and observes the most informed among these. A broad range of observational patterns can arise with positive probability, including opinion leadership and information segregation. In an application to areas of expertise, we show how these mechanisms generate own field bias and large field dominance.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2VS5NLZ3/Sethi and Yildiz - 2016 - Communication With Unknown Perspectives.pdf}
}

@article{setteleHowBeliefsGender2022,
  title = {How {{Do Beliefs}} about the {{Gender Wage Gap Affect}} the {{Demand}} for {{Public Policy}}?},
  author = {Settele, Sonja},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Economic Policy},
  volume = {14},
  number = {2},
  pages = {475--508},
  issn = {1945-7731, 1945-774X},
  doi = {10.1257/pol.20200559},
  urldate = {2022-06-24},
  abstract = {I conduct a survey experiment to study the relationship between people's beliefs about the size of the gender wage gap and their demand for policies aimed at mitigating it. Beliefs causally affect support for equal pay legislation and affirmative action programs, but cannot account for the polarization in policy views by partisanship and gender. Changes in policy demand seem to be driven by changes in beliefs about discrimination in labor markets and fairness concerns, while self-interest appears less important. I provide evidence that pessimism about the effectiveness of government intervention limits the elasticity of policy demand to perceived wage differentials. (JEL D63, D83, J16, J22, J31, J71)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z4LI429X/Settele - 2022 - How Do Beliefs about the Gender Wage Gap Affect th.pdf}
}

@article{SexDifferencesMorbidity2005,
  title = {Sex Differences in Morbidity and Mortality},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {42},
  number = {2},
  pages = {26},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6GBCDNGN/2005 - Sex differences in morbidity and mortality.pdf}
}

@article{Shah2019,
  title = {Workfare and {{Human Capital Investment}}: {{Evidence}} from {{India}}},
  author = {Shah, Manisha and Steinberg, Bryce Millett},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Journal of Human Resources},
  pages = {1117-9201R2},
  issn = {0022-166X},
  doi = {10.3368/jhr.56.2.1117-9201r2},
  abstract = {We examine the effect of India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), one of the largest workfare programs in the world, on human capital investment. Since NREGS increases labor demand, it could increase the opportunity cost of schooling, lowering human capital investment even as incomes increase. We exploit the staged rollout of the program across districts for causal identification. Using a household survey of test scores and schooling outcomes for approximately 2.5 million rural children in India, we show that each year of exposure to NREGS decreases school enrollment by 2 percentage points and math scores by 2\% of a standard deviation amongst children aged 13-16. In addition, while the impacts of NREGS on human capital are similar for boys and girls, adolescent boys are primarily substituting into market work when they leave school while adolescent girls are substituting into unpaid domestic work. We find mixed results for younger children. We conclude that anti-poverty programs which raise wages could have the unintended effect of lowering human capital investment.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2M5XPKBK/Shah and Steinberg - 2019 - Workfare and Human Capital Investment Evidence fr.pdf}
}

@article{Shah2019a,
  title = {The {{Right}} to {{Education Act}}: {{Trends}} in {{Enrollment}}, {{Test Scores}}, and {{School Quality}}},
  author = {Shah, Manisha and Steinberg, Bryce},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {AEA Papers and Proceedings},
  volume = {109},
  pages = {232--238},
  issn = {2574-0768},
  doi = {10.1257/pandp.20191060},
  abstract = {The Right to Education Act in 2009 guaranteed access to free primary education for all children in India ages 6-14. This paper investigates whether national trends in educational data changed around the time of this law using household surveys and administrative data. We document four trends: (1) School-going increases after the passage of RTE, (2) Test scores decline dramatically after 2010, (3) School infrastructure appears to be improving both before and after RTE, and (4) The number of students who have to repeat a grade falls precipitously after RTE is enacted, in line with the official provisions of the law.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3WLH7L6B/Shah and Steinberg - 2019 - The Right to Education Act Trends in Enrollment, .pdf}
}

@article{shahConsequencesHavingToo2012,
  title = {Some {{Consequences}} of {{Having Too Little}}},
  author = {Shah, A. K. and Mullainathan, S. and Shafir, E.},
  year = {2012},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {338},
  number = {6107},
  pages = {682--685},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1222426},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/273Q9HEG/Shah et al. - 2012 - Some Consequences of Having Too Little.pdf}
}

@misc{shahSexPowerAdolescence2023,
  type = {Working {{Paper}}},
  title = {Sex, {{Power}}, and {{Adolescence}}: {{Intimate Partner Violence}} and {{Sexual Behaviors}}},
  shorttitle = {Sex, {{Power}}, and {{Adolescence}}},
  author = {Shah, Manisha and Seager, Jennifer and Montalvao, Joao and Goldstein, Markus},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  series = {Working {{Paper Series}}},
  number = {31624},
  eprint = {31624},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w31624},
  urldate = {2023-12-01},
  abstract = {Adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa have some of the highest rates of intimate partner violence across the globe. This paper evaluates the impact of a randomized controlled trial that offers females a goal setting activity to improve their sexual and reproductive health outcomes and offers their male partners a soccer intervention, which educates and inspires young men to make better sexual and reproductive health choices. Both interventions reduce female reports of intimate partner violence. Impacts are larger among females who were already sexually active at baseline. We develop a model to understand the mechanisms at play. The soccer intervention improves male attitudes around violence and risky sexual behaviors. Females in the goal setting arm take more control of their sexual and reproductive health by exiting violent relationships. Both of these mechanisms drive reductions in IPV.},
  archiveprefix = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XTYRB4NM/Shah et al. - 2023 - Sex, Power, and Adolescence Intimate Partner Viol.pdf}
}

@article{shaikhEmpoweringCommunitiesStrengthening2016,
  title = {Empowering Communities and Strengthening Systems to Improve Transgender Health: Outcomes from the {{Pehchan}} Programme in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Empowering Communities and Strengthening Systems to Improve Transgender Health},
  author = {Shaikh, Simran and Mburu, Gitau and Arumugam, Viswanathan and Mattipalli, Naveen and Aher, Abhina and Mehta, Sonal and Robertson, James},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Journal of the International AIDS Society},
  volume = {19},
  number = {3 Suppl 2},
  pages = {20809},
  issn = {1758-2652},
  doi = {10.7448/IAS.19.3.20809},
  abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Transgender populations face inequalities in access to HIV, health and social services. In addition, there is limited documentation of models for providing appropriately tailored services and social support for transgender populations in low- and middle-income countries. This paper presents outcomes of the Global Fund-supported Pehchan programme, which aimed to strengthen community systems and provide HIV, health, legal and social services to transgender communities across 18 Indian states through a rights-based empowerment approach. METHODS: We used a pre- and post-intervention cross-sectional survey design with retrospective analysis of programmatic data. Using stratified sampling, we identified 268 transgender participants in six Indian states from a total of 48,280 transgender people served by Pehchan through 186 community-based organizations. We quantified the impact of interventions by comparing baseline and end line indicators of accessed health social and legal services. We also assessed end line self-efficacy and collective action with regard to social support networks. RESULTS: There were significant increases in community-based demand and use of tailored health, legal, social and psychological services over the time of the Pehchan programme. We report significant increases in access to condoms (12.5\%, p{$<$}0.001) and condom use at last anal sex with both regular (18.1\%, p{$<$}0.001) and casual (8.1\%, p{$<$}0.001) male partners. Access to HIV outreach education and testing and counselling services significantly increased (20.10\%, p{$<$}0.001; 33.7\%, p{$<$}0.001). In addition, significant increases in access to emergency crisis response (19.7\%, p{$<$}0.001), legal support (26.8\%, p{$<$}0.001) and mental health services (33.0\%, p{$<$}0.001) were identified. Finally, we note that the Pehchan programme successfully provided a platform for the formation, collectivization and visibility of peer support groups. CONCLUSIONS: The Pehchan programme's community involvement, rights-based collectivization and gender-affirming approaches significantly improved both demand and access to tailored HIV, health and social services for transgender individuals across India. Furthermore, the Pehchan programme successfully fostered both self-efficacy and collective identity and served as a model for addressing the unique health needs of transgender communities. Continued strengthening of health, social and community systems to better respond to the unique needs of transgender communities is needed in order to sustain these gains.},
  langid = {english},
  pmcid = {PMC4949313},
  pmid = {27431474},
  keywords = {Adult,Community,Condoms,Cross-Sectional Studies,Female,Gender Identity,Health Services Accessibility,Hijra,HIV,HIV Infections,Humans,India,Male,Mental Disorders,National Health Programs,Retrospective Studies,Safe Sex,Sexual Behavior,Sexual Partners,Social Support,Socioeconomic Factors,Transgender,Transgender Persons},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/94I3R67S/Shaikh et al. - 2016 - Empowering communities and strengthening systems t.pdf}
}

@incollection{shankarCourtsSocioeconomicRights2008,
  title = {Courts and {{Socioeconomic Rights}} in {{India}}},
  booktitle = {Courting {{Social Justice}}},
  author = {Shankar, Shylashri and Mehta, Pratap Bhanu},
  editor = {Gauri, Varun and Brinks, Daniel M.},
  year = {2008},
  pages = {146--182},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  address = {Cambridge},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511511240.006},
  urldate = {2021-11-05},
  isbn = {978-0-511-51124-0 978-0-521-87376-5 978-0-521-14516-9},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H7MMNEBV/Shankar and Mehta - 2008 - Courts and Socioeconomic Rights in India.pdf}
}

@article{sharmaChangingLandscapeSexual2014,
  title = {Changing Landscape for Sexual Minorities in {{India}}},
  author = {Sharma, Dinesh C.},
  year = {2014},
  month = jun,
  journal = {The Lancet},
  volume = {383},
  number = {9936},
  pages = {2199--2200},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  issn = {0140-6736, 1474-547X},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61070-9},
  urldate = {2023-05-18},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {24983088},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7CXQGJIF/Sharma - 2014 - Changing landscape for sexual minorities in India.pdf}
}

@article{sharmaCrosssectionalStudyPsychological2020,
  title = {A Cross-Sectional Study of Psychological Wellbeing of {{Indian}} Adults during the {{Covid-19}} Lockdown: {{Different}} Strokes for Different Folks},
  shorttitle = {A Cross-Sectional Study of Psychological Wellbeing of {{Indian}} Adults during the {{Covid-19}} Lockdown},
  author = {Sharma, Anupam Joya and Subramanyam, Malavika A.},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {15},
  number = {9},
  pages = {e0238761},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0238761},
  urldate = {2022-01-05},
  abstract = {The psychological impacts of the lockdown due to the Covid-19 pandemic are widely documented. In India, a family-centric society with a high population density and extreme social stratification, the impact of the lockdown might vary across diverse social groups. However, the patterning in the psychological impact of the lockdown among LGBT adults and persons known to be at higher risk of the complications of Covid-19 (such as persons with comorbidities or a history of mental illness) is not known in the Indian context. We used mixed methods (online survey, n = 282 and in-depth interviews, n = 14) to investigate whether the psychological influence of the lockdown was different across these groups of Indian adults. We fitted linear and logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic covariates. Thematic analysis helped us identify emergent themes in our qualitative narratives. Anxiety was found to be higher among LGBT adults ({$\beta$} = 2.44, CI: 0.58, 4.31), the high-risk group (persons with comorbidities) ({$\beta$} = 2.20, CI:0.36, 4.05), and those with a history of depression/loneliness ({$\beta$} = 3.89, CI:2.34, 5.44). Persons belonging to the LGBT group reported a greater usage of pornography than the heterosexuals ({$\beta$} = 2.72, CI: 0.09, 5.36) during the lockdown. Qualitative findings suggested that LGBT adults likely used pornography and masturbation to cope with the lockdown, given the limited physical access to sexual partners in a society that stigmatizes homosexuality. Moreover, both qualitative and quantitative study findings suggested that greater frequency of calling family members during lockdown could strengthen social relationships and increase social empathy. The study thereby urgently calls for the attention of policymakers to take sensitive and inclusive health-related decisions for the marginalized and the vulnerable, both during and after the crisis.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Anxiety,Clinical psychology,COVID 19,Depression,Heterosexuals,Medical risk factors,Psychological stress,Social psychology},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G5PXTFSS/Sharma and Subramanyam - 2020 - A cross-sectional study of psychological wellbeing.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UMYRRJPR/article.html}
}

@article{sharmaCrosssectionalStudyPsychological2020a,
  title = {A Cross-Sectional Study of Psychological Wellbeing of {{Indian}} Adults during the {{Covid-19}} Lockdown: {{Different}} Strokes for Different Folks},
  shorttitle = {A Cross-Sectional Study of Psychological Wellbeing of {{Indian}} Adults during the {{Covid-19}} Lockdown},
  author = {Sharma, Anupam Joya and Subramanyam, Malavika A.},
  editor = {Santana, Geilson Lima},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {15},
  number = {9},
  pages = {e0238761},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0238761},
  urldate = {2021-12-22},
  abstract = {The psychological impacts of the lockdown due to the Covid-19 pandemic are widely documented. In India, a family-centric society with a high population density and extreme social stratification, the impact of the lockdown might vary across diverse social groups. However, the patterning in the psychological impact of the lockdown among LGBT adults and persons known to be at higher risk of the complications of Covid-19 (such as persons with comorbidities or a history of mental illness) is not known in the Indian context. We used mixed methods (online survey, n = 282 and in-depth interviews, n = 14) to investigate whether the psychological influence of the lockdown was different across these groups of Indian adults. We fitted linear and logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic covariates. Thematic analysis helped us identify emergent themes in our qualitative narratives. Anxiety was found to be higher among LGBT adults ({$\beta$} = 2.44, CI: 0.58, 4.31), the high-risk group (persons with comorbidities) ({$\beta$} = 2.20, CI:0.36, 4.05), and those with a history of depression/loneliness ({$\beta$} = 3.89, CI:2.34, 5.44). Persons belonging to the LGBT group reported a greater usage of pornography than the heterosexuals ({$\beta$} = 2.72, CI: 0.09, 5.36) during the lockdown. Qualitative findings suggested that LGBT adults likely used pornography and masturbation to cope with the lockdown, given the limited physical access to sexual partners in a society that stigmatizes homosexuality. Moreover, both qualitative and quantitative study findings suggested that greater frequency of calling family members during lockdown could strengthen social relationships and increase social empathy. The study thereby urgently calls for the attention of policymakers to take sensitive and inclusive health-related decisions for the marginalized and the vulnerable, both during and after the crisis.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7LDM44QX/Sharma and Subramanyam - 2020 - A cross-sectional study of psychological wellbeing.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{shepardTwodimensionalInterpolationFunction1968,
  title = {A Two-Dimensional Interpolation Function for Irregularly-Spaced Data},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1968 23rd {{ACM}} National Conference On   -},
  author = {Shepard, Donald},
  year = {1968},
  pages = {517--524},
  publisher = {ACM Press},
  address = {Not Known},
  doi = {10.1145/800186.810616},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/34Q3ZDNL/Shepard - 1968 - A two-dimensional interpolation function for irreg.pdf}
}

@article{shillerNarrativeEconomics2017,
  title = {Narrative {{Economics}}},
  author = {Shiller, Robert J.},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {107},
  number = {4},
  pages = {967--1004},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.107.4.967},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {This address considers the epidemiology of narratives relevant to economic fluctuations. The human brain has always been highly tuned toward narratives, whether factual or not, to justify ongoing actions, even such basic actions as spending and investing. Stories motivate and connect activities to deeply felt values and needs. Narratives "go viral" and spread far, even worldwide, with economic impact. The 1920-1921 Depression, the Great Depression of the 1930s, the so-called Great Recession of 2007-2009, and the contentious political-economic situation of today are considered as the results of the popular narratives of their respective times. Though these narratives are deeply human phenomena that are difficult to study in a scientific manner, quantitative analysis may help us gain a better understanding of these epidemics in the future.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cycles Financial Crises Economic History: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics,Fluctuations: General International or Comparative,Growth,Industrial Structure,Political Processes: Rent-Seeking Lobbying Elections Legislatures and Voting Behavior Business Fluctuations},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EXMUASGR/Shiller - 2017 - Narrative Economics.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{shivakumar2014markers,
  title = {Markers of Well-Being among the Hijras: The Male to Female Transsexuals},
  booktitle = {Psychology Serving Humanity: {{Proceedings}} of the 30th International Congress of Psychology},
  author = {Shivakumar, S. T. and Yadiyurshetty, M. M.},
  editor = {Cooper, S. and Ratele, K.},
  year = {2014},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {218--232},
  publisher = {Psychology Press},
  address = {New York}
}

@article{shivelyUnderstandingTrendsHate2014,
  title = {Understanding Trends in Hate Crimes against Immigrants and {{Hispanic-Americans}}},
  author = {Shively, Michael and Subramanian, Rajen and Drucker, Omri and Edgerton, Jared and McDevitt, Jack and Farrell, Amy and Iwama, Janice},
  year = {2014},
  publisher = {US Department of Justice (DOJ)}
}

@article{shochetUniversalSchoolbasedApproaches2004,
  title = {Universal {{School-based Approaches}} to {{Preventing Adolescent Depression}}: {{Past Findings}} and {{Future Directions}} of the {{Resourceful Adolescent Program}}},
  shorttitle = {Universal {{School-based Approaches}} to {{Preventing Adolescent Depression}}},
  author = {Shochet, Ian M. and Ham, David},
  year = {2004},
  month = aug,
  journal = {International Journal of Mental Health Promotion},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {17--25},
  issn = {1462-3730, 2049-8543},
  doi = {10.1080/14623730.2004.9721935},
  urldate = {2024-03-20},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{shochetUniversalSchoolbasedApproaches2004b,
  title = {Universal {{School-based Approaches}} to {{Preventing Adolescent Depression}}: {{Past Findings}} and {{Future Directions}} of the {{Resourceful Adolescent Program}}},
  shorttitle = {Universal {{School-based Approaches}} to {{Preventing Adolescent Depression}}},
  author = {Shochet, Ian M. and Ham, David},
  year = {2004},
  month = aug,
  journal = {International Journal of Mental Health Promotion},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {17--25},
  issn = {1462-3730, 2049-8543},
  doi = {10.1080/14623730.2004.9721935},
  urldate = {2024-03-20},
  abstract = {There is a strong need to find sustainable, cost-effective approaches to the prevention of adolescent depression, a major mental health concern with considerable adverse consequences. The Resourceful Adolescent Program (RAP) is a universal school-based programme designed to foster psychological resilience and prevent depression in adolescents aged 12-16 years. The efficacy and effectiveness of RAP have been systematically researched over the past eight years through a series of randomised controlled trials. This article provides an overview of the Resourceful Adolescent Program, considers the advantages of universal interventions for an adolescent population and summarises the findings of the RAP controlled trials. Results suggest that a universal approach to preventing adolescent depression provides advantages in terms of increased reach and can significantly reduce future depressive symptoms, and that these interventions are also effective in `the real world', using sustainable resources. Directions for future research in the area of enhancing school connectedness are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CGCIPIKS/Shochet and Ham - 2004 - Universal School-based Approaches to Preventing Ad.pdf}
}

@article{shoemakerbrinoProblematicInternetUse2022,
  title = {Problematic Internet Use in Adolescents and Implementation of a Social Media Hygiene Protocol},
  author = {Shoemaker Brino, Kassondra A. and Derouin, Anne L. and Silva, Susan G.},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of Pediatric Nursing},
  volume = {63},
  pages = {84--89},
  issn = {0882-5963},
  doi = {10.1016/j.pedn.2021.10.011},
  urldate = {2024-11-12},
  abstract = {Purpose This quality improvement project aimed to evaluate whether a social media hygiene education intervention designed for adolescents with problematic internet use (PIU) receiving treatment at a pediatric outpatient mental health clinic reduced PIU and/or improved mental health outcomes in adolescents. Methods Participants were 28 adolescents (71.4\% females, mean age~=~14.2~years) with PIU seeking outpatient mental health treatment. The most common associated diagnoses were anxiety (42.9\%) and attention-deficit activity disorder (28.6\%). A within-adolescent pre-post design was used to evaluate changes in PIU severity measured by the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale-2 (GPIUS-2), depression and anxiety severity was assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale (PHQ-ADS), and screen time defined as the average hours/day during past 7-days recorded of the adolescent's smartphone. The practice change was an ad hoc social media hygiene education intervention conducted by their provider over five, once-a-week, one-hour telehealth sessions. Results A significant reduction in screen time (paired t~=~10.14, df~=~27, p~{$<~$}0.001), severity of PIU (paired t~=~12.07, df~=~27, p~{$<~$}0.001), and severity of depression and/or anxiety symptoms (paired t~=~8.3, df~=~27, p~{$<~$}0.001) was demonstrated. Large effect sizes were observed (Cohen d~=~1.6 to 2.3). Attendance for each session was 100\% for Weeks 1, 2 and 5, 93\% for Week 3 and 89\% for Week 4. Conclusion The findings suggest administration of a social-media hygiene protocol conducted via telehealth may reduce the severity of PIU and improve mental health outcomes in adolescents seeking outpatient mental health treatment.},
  keywords = {Adolescent healthcare,Adolescent mental health,Pediatrics,Problematic internet use,Social media},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KD72B6RR/Shoemaker Brino et al. - 2022 - Problematic internet use in adolescents and implem.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C8SIAY2L/S0882596321003080.html}
}

@article{shreekumarManagingEmotionsEffects,
  title = {Managing {{Emotions}}: {{The Effects}} of {{Online Mindfulness Meditation}} on {{Mental Health}} and {{Economic Behavior}}},
  author = {Shreekumar, Advik and Vautrey, Pierre-Luc},
  pages = {75},
  abstract = {Emotions and worries can reduce individuals' available attention and affect economic decisions. In a four-week experiment with 2,384 US adults, offering free access to a popular mindfulness meditation app that costs \$13 per month improves mental health, productivity and decisionmaking. First, it causes a 0.44 standard deviation reduction in symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression, comparable to the impacts of expensive in-person therapy, with improvements even among participants with minimal or mild symptoms at baseline. Second, it increases earnings on a proofreading task by 1.9 percent. Third, it makes decision-making more stable across emotional states, reducing the interference of personal worries with risk choices. Overall, our results demonstrate the potential of affordable mindfulness meditation apps to improve mental health, productivity, and the impact of emotions on economic decisions.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A4EJSXUI/Shreekumar - Managing Emotions The Eﬀects of Online Mindfulnes.pdf}
}

@article{siegelNo2SectarianismExperimentalApproaches2020,
  title = {\#{{No2Sectarianism}}: {{Experimental Approaches}} to {{Reducing Sectarian Hate Speech Online}}},
  shorttitle = {\#{{No2Sectarianism}}},
  author = {Siegel, Alexandra A. and Badaan, Vivienne},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  volume = {114},
  number = {3},
  pages = {837--855},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  issn = {0003-0554, 1537-5943},
  doi = {10.1017/S0003055420000283},
  urldate = {2023-07-06},
  abstract = {We use an experiment across the Arab Twittersphere and a nationally representative survey experiment in Lebanon to evaluate what types of counter-speech interventions are most effective in reducing sectarian hate speech online. We explore whether and to what extent messages priming common national identity or common religious identity, with and without elite endorsements, decrease the use of hostile anti-outgroup language. We find that elite-endorsed messages that prime common religious identity are the most consistently effective in reducing the spread of sectarian hate speech. Our results provide suggestive evidence that religious elites may play an important role as social referents---alerting individuals to social norms of acceptable behavior. By randomly assigning counter-speech treatments to actual producers of online hate speech and experimentally evaluating the effectiveness of these messages on a representative sample of citizens that might be incidentally exposed to such language, this work offers insights for researchers and policymakers on avenues for combating harmful rhetoric on and offline.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Simon2019,
  title = {Value of Monitoring Negative Emotional Bias in Primary Care in {{England}} for Personalised Antidepressant Treatment: A Modelling Study},
  author = {Simon, Judit and Harmer, Catherine J and Kingslake, Jonathan and Dawson, Gerard R and Dourish, Colin T and Goodwin, Guy M},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Evidence Based Mental Health},
  volume = {22},
  number = {4},
  pages = {145--152},
  issn = {1362-0347},
  doi = {10.1136/ebmental-2019-300109}
}

@book{singh1986agricultural,
  title = {Agricultural {{Household Models}}: {{Extensions}}, {{Applications}}, and {{Policy}}},
  author = {Singh, I and Squire, L and Strauss, J and Bank, World},
  year = {1986},
  publisher = {Johns Hopkins University Press},
  isbn = {978-0-8018-3149-2}
}

@article{Singh2015,
  title = {Private School Effects in Urban and Rural {{India}}: {{Panel}} Estimates at Primary and Secondary School Ages},
  author = {Singh, Abhijeet},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {113},
  pages = {16--32},
  publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.10.004},
  abstract = {I present the first value-added models of learning production in private and government schools in India using unique panel data from Andhra Pradesh state. I examine the heterogeneity in private school value-added across different subjects, urban and rural areas, medium of instruction, and across age groups. Further, I also estimate private school effects on children's self-efficacy and agency. In rural areas, I find a substantial positive effect ({$>$}. 0.5 SD) of private schools on English, no effect on Mathematics and heterogeneous effects on Telugu for 8-10-year old students; at 15. years, there are modest effects ({$<$}. 0.2 SD) on Mathematics and Telugu receptive vocabulary. I find no evidence of a positive effect in urban areas or on psychosocial skills. Results on comparable test domains and age groups correspond closely with, and further extend, estimates from a parallel experimental evaluation.},
  keywords = {Education,India,Non-cognitive skills,Private schooling,Value-added models},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QY39PD2N/Singh - 2015 - Private school effects in urban and rural India P.pdf}
}

@article{singhalEarlyLifeShocks2019,
  title = {Early Life Shocks and Mental Health: {{The}} Long-Term Effect of War in {{Vietnam}}},
  shorttitle = {Early Life Shocks and Mental Health},
  author = {Singhal, Saurabh},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {141},
  pages = {102244},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.06.002},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This paper provides causal evidence on early-life exposure to war on mental health status in adulthood. Using an instrumental variable strategy, the evidence indicates that early-life exposure to bombing during the American war in Vietnam has long-term effects. A one percent increase in bombing intensity during 1965-75 increases the likelihood of severe mental distress in adulthood by 16 percentage points (or approximately 50 percent of the mean) and this result is robust to a variety of sensitivity checks. The negative effects of war are similar for both men and women. These findings add to the evidence on the enduring consequences of conflict and identify a critical area for policy intervention.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Conflict,Early-life,Mental health,Vietnam},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/566T5XMG/Singhal - 2019 - Early life shocks and mental health The long-term.pdf}
}

@article{singhStartingTogetherGrowing2017,
  title = {Starting {{Together}}, {{Growing Apart}}: {{Gender Gaps}} in {{Learning From Preschool}} to {{Adulthood}} in {{Four Developing Countries}}},
  author = {Singh, Abhijeet and Krutikova, Sofya},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {Young Lives Working Paper},
  number = {174},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TQIPAVFL/YL-WP174-Singh.pdf}
}

@article{Singla2017,
  title = {Psychological {{Treatments}} for the {{World}}: {{Lessons}} from {{Low-}} and {{Middle-Income Countries}}},
  author = {Singla, Daisy R. and Kohrt, Brandon A. and Murray, Laura K. and Anand, Arpita and Chorpita, Bruce F. and Patel, Vikram},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Annual Review of Clinical Psychology},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {149--181},
  issn = {1548-5943},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045217},
  abstract = {Common mental disorders, including depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress, are leading causes of disability worldwide. Treatment for these disorders is limited in low- and middle-income countries. This systematic review synthesizes the implementation processes and examines the effectiveness of psychological treatments for common mental disorders in adults delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries. In total, 27 trials met the eligibility criteria; most treatments targeted depression or posttraumatic stress. Treatments were commonly delivered by community health workers or peers in primary care or community settings; they usually were delivered with fewer than 10 sessions over 2--3 months in an individual, face-to-face format. Treatments included common elements, such as nonspecific engagement and specific domains of behavioral, interpersonal, emotional, and cognitive elements. The pooled effect size was 0.49 (95\% confidence interval = 0.36--0.62), favoring intervention conditions. Our review demonstrates that psychological treatments---comprising a parsimonious set of common elements and delivered by a low-cost, widely available human resource---have moderate to strong effects in reducing the burden of common mental disorders.},
  keywords = {common elements,countries,global mental health,implementation processes,low- and middle-income,psychological treatments,systematic review},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/D7WE55KL/Singla et al. - 2017 - Psychological Treatments for the World Lessons fr.pdf}
}

@article{sivasubramanian2011suicidality,
  title = {Suicidality, Clinical Depression, and Anxiety Disorders Are Highly Prevalent in Men Who Have Sex with Men in {{Mumbai}}, {{India}}: Findings from a Community-Recruited Sample},
  author = {Sivasubramanian, Murugesan and Mimiaga, Matthew J and Mayer, Kenneth H and Anand, Vivek R and Johnson, Carey V and Prabhugate, Priti and Safren, Steven A},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {Psychology, health \& medicine},
  volume = {16},
  number = {4},
  pages = {450--462},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}
}

@article{smallBrainHealthConsequences2020,
  title = {Brain Health Consequences of Digital Technology Use},
  author = {Small, Gary W. and Lee, Jooyeon and Kaufman, Aaron and Jalil, Jason and Siddarth, Prabha and Gaddipati, Himaja and Moody, Teena D. and Bookheimer, Susan Y.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience},
  volume = {22},
  number = {2},
  pages = {179--187},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  issn = {null},
  doi = {10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/gsmall},
  urldate = {2025-01-30},
  keywords = {digital technology,emotional intelligence,internet,media,neural activation,online searching},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z4PSNTLT/Small et al. - 2020 - Brain health consequences of digital technology us.pdf}
}

@article{smerdonEverybodyDoingIt2020,
  title = {`{{Everybody}}'s Doing It': On the Persistence of Bad Social Norms},
  shorttitle = {`{{Everybody}}'s Doing It'},
  author = {Smerdon, David and Offerman, Theo and Gneezy, Uri},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Experimental Economics},
  volume = {23},
  number = {2},
  pages = {392--420},
  issn = {1386-4157, 1573-6938},
  doi = {10.1007/s10683-019-09616-z},
  urldate = {2022-06-04},
  abstract = {We investigate how information about the preferences of others affects the persistence of `bad' social norms. One view is that bad norms thrive even when people are informed of the preferences of others, since the bad norm is an equilibrium of a coordination game. The other view is based on pluralistic ignorance, in which uncertainty about others' preferences is crucial. In an experiment, we find clear support for the pluralistic ignorance perspective . In addition, the strength of social interactions is important for a bad norm to persist. These findings help in understanding the causes of such bad norms, and in designing interventions to change them.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2FFXHMVB/Smerdon et al. - 2020 - ‘Everybody’s doing it’ on the persistence of bad .pdf}
}

@article{Smithers2018,
  title = {A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Effects of Early Life Non-Cognitive Skills on Academic, Psychosocial, Cognitive and Health Outcomes},
  author = {Smithers, Lisa G. and Sawyer, Alyssa C.P. and Chittleborough, Catherine R. and Davies, Neil M. and Davey Smith, George and Lynch, John W.},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},
  volume = {2},
  number = {11},
  pages = {867--880},
  publisher = {Springer US},
  issn = {23973374},
  doi = {10.1038/s41562-018-0461-x},
  abstract = {Success in school and the labour market relies on more than high intelligence. Associations between `non-cognitive' skills in childhood, such as attention, self-regulation and perseverance, and later outcomes have been widely investigated. In a systematic review of this literature, we screened 9,553 publications, reviewed 554 eligible publications and interpreted results from 222 better-quality publications. Better-quality publications comprised randomized experimental and quasi-experimental intervention studies (EQIs) and observational studies that made reasonable attempts to control confounding. For academic achievement outcomes, there were 26 EQI publications but only 14 were available for meta-analysis, with effects ranging from 0.16 to 0.37 s.d. However, within subdomains, effects were heterogeneous. The 95\% prediction interval for literacy was consistent with negative, null and positive effects (-0.13 to 0.79). Similarly, heterogeneous findings were observed for psychosocial, cognitive and language, and health outcomes. Funnel plots of EQIs and observational studies showed asymmetric distributions and potential for small study bias. There is some evidence that non-cognitive skills associate with improved outcomes. However, there is potential for small study and publication bias that may overestimate true effects, and the heterogeneity of effect estimates spanned negative, null and positive effects. The quality of evidence from EQIs underpinning this field is lower than optimal and more than one-third of observational studies made little or no attempt to control confounding. Interventions designed to develop children's non-cognitive skills could potentially improve outcomes. The interdisciplinary researchers interested in these skills should take a more strategic and rigorous approach to determine which interventions are most effective.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7ESI8JY4/Smithers et al. - 2018 - A systematic review and meta-analysis of effects o.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WVJNS32Q/41562_2018_461_MOESM1_ESM.pdf}
}

@article{smithFactorsAssociatedAdherence2020,
  title = {Factors Associated with Adherence to Self-Isolation and Lockdown Measures in the {{UK}}: A Cross-Sectional Survey},
  shorttitle = {Factors Associated with Adherence to Self-Isolation and Lockdown Measures in the {{UK}}},
  author = {Smith, L.E. and Amlȏt, R. and Lambert, H. and Oliver, I. and Robin, C. and Yardley, L. and Rubin, G.J.},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Public Health},
  volume = {187},
  pages = {41--52},
  issn = {00333506},
  doi = {10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.024},
  urldate = {2020-09-18},
  abstract = {Objectives: To investigate factors associated with adherence to self-isolation and lockdown measures due to COVID-19 in the UK. Study design: Online cross-sectional survey. Methods: Data were collected between 6th and 7th May 2020. A total of 2240 participants living in the UK aged 18 years or older were recruited from YouGov's online research panel. Results: A total of 217 people (9.7\%) reported that they or someone in their household had symptoms of COVID-19 (cough or high temperature/fever) in the last 7 days. Of these people, 75.1\% had left the home in the last 24 h (defined as non-adherent). Men were more likely to be non-adherent, as were people who were less worried about COVID-19, and who perceived a smaller risk of catching COVID-19. Adherence was associated with having received help from someone outside your household. Results should be taken with caution as there was no evidence for associations when controlling for multiple analyses. Of people reporting no symptoms in the household, 24.5\% had gone out shopping for nonessentials in the last week (defined as non-adherent). Factors associated with non-adherence and with a higher total number of outings in the last week included decreased perceived effectiveness of government `lockdown' measures, decreased perceived severity of COVID-19 and decreased estimates of how many other people were following lockdown rules. Having received help was associated with better adherence. Conclusions: Adherence to self-isolation is poor. As we move into a new phase of contact tracing and selfisolation, it is essential that adherence is improved. Communications should aim to increase knowledge about actions to take when symptomatic or if you have been in contact with a possible COVID-19 case. They should also emphasise the risk of catching and spreading COVID-19 when out and about and the effectiveness of preventative measures. Using volunteer networks effectively to support people in isolation may promote adherence.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/P6BUKYSD/Smith et al. - 2020 - Factors associated with adherence to self-isolatio.pdf}
}

@article{smithHowForeignPatent2001,
  title = {How Do Foreign Patent Rights Affect {{U}}.{{S}}. Exports, Affiliate Sales, and Licenses?},
  author = {Smith, Pamela J.},
  year = {2001},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of International Economics},
  volume = {55},
  number = {2},
  pages = {411--439},
  issn = {00221996},
  doi = {10.1016/S0022-1996(01)00086-1},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This paper analyzes how foreign patent rights (FPRs) affect US exports, affiliate sales, and licenses. Our approach is distinctive in three ways. We apply ownership, location, and internalization concepts to link FPRs with servicing decisions. We account for the simultaneity of servicing decisions. We estimate the relative effects of FPRs on exports, affiliate sales, and licenses. Empirical findings show strong FPRs increase US affiliate sales and licenses, particularly across countries with strong imitative abilities. Further, FPRs have a larger effect on US knowledge transferred outside the country and firm, relative to knowledge located inside the country and internalized inside the firm. {\copyright} 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Intellectual property rights,International trade,Licensing,Multinational firms},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5MN4M9SC/Smith - 2001 - How do foreign patent rights affect U.S. exports, .pdf}
}

@article{smithPathologicalOutcomesObservational2000,
  title = {Pathological {{Outcomes}} of {{Observational Learning}}},
  author = {Smith, Lones and Sorensen, Peter},
  year = {2000},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {68},
  number = {2},
  pages = {371--398},
  issn = {0012-9682, 1468-0262},
  doi = {10.1111/1468-0262.00113},
  urldate = {2021-05-14},
  abstract = {This paper explores how Bayes-rational individuals learn sequentially from the discrete actions of others. Unlike earlier informational herding papers, we admit heterogeneous preferences. Not only may type-specific ``herds'' eventually arise, but a new robust possibility emerges: confounded learning. Beliefs may converge to a limit point where history offers no decisive lessons for anyone, and each type's actions forever nontrivially split between two actions. To verify that our identified limit outcomes do arise, we exploit the Markov-martingale character of beliefs. Learning dynamics are stochastically stable near a fixed point in many Bayesian learning models like this one.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/75EUBVBN/Smith and Sorensen - 2000 - Pathological Outcomes of Observational Learning.pdf}
}

@article{smithPowerTalkDeveloping2011,
  title = {The Power of Talk: {{Developing}} Discriminatory Group Norms through Discussion},
  shorttitle = {The Power of Talk},
  author = {Smith, Laura G. E. and Postmes, Tom},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {British Journal of Social Psychology},
  volume = {50},
  number = {2},
  pages = {193--215},
  issn = {2044-8309},
  doi = {10.1348/014466610X504805},
  urldate = {2023-05-31},
  abstract = {Research has shown that group discussion can increase intergroup prejudice and discrimination. However, we know little about the process by which discussion has this effect. Therefore, four studies were conducted in a real-world context to investigate this process. Results suggest that discussing a negative societal stereotype (relative to individual rumination in Studies 1 and 3 and alternative discussions in Studies 2 and 3) increases intentions to engage in discrimination against the out-group target of the stereotype. This is mediated by the formation of an in-group norm which supports discrimination (Study 1) and the extent to which the discussion validates the stereotype (Study 2). A fourth study manipulated the extent to which consensus on the negative stereotype was reached through discussion. When the discussion ended in consensus, participants have greater intention to undertake collective action against the stereotyped out-group, mediated by a congruent in-group norm. These results provide evidence that the process by which discussion increases intergroup discrimination is via the formation of discriminatory local group norms.},
  copyright = {{\copyright}2010 The British Psychological Society},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HUJH2HG3/Smith and Postmes - 2011 - The power of talk Developing discriminatory group.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QB2F3IJ5/Smith and Postmes - 2011 - The power of talk Developing discriminatory group.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z2FYE8SW/014466610x504805.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/53FYR62X/014466610X504805.html}
}

@article{smithStigmaSocialCover2023,
  title = {Stigma and {{Social Cover}}: {{A Mental Health Care Experiment}} in {{Refugee Networks}}},
  author = {Smith, Emma C},
  year = {2023},
  abstract = {People may not seek mental health care due to stigma. But if stigma also prevents people from learning about services, then its consequences may be far greater. I design a field experiment with 847 Syrian refugee friend groups in Jordan to measure willingness to share information about mental health services. First, I document significant local knowledge about who may be depressed, implying individuals may be able to efficiently target information. Despite being compensated to share, people hold back information: only 22\% of friends receive information. The study's main finding is that giving individuals social cover, by encouraging them to disclose that they are compensated to share information, raises sharing rates by 37\%. Consistent with a social cover mechanism, these effects are strongest for senders who are prior mental health care users. Message recipients' social image concerns also matter. Suggesting that the recipient was targeted on need led to backlash and decreased demand for mental health services by 16\%. The presence of stigma in this setting reverses the common prediction that financial incentives may crowd out prosocial behavior, and I instead find that revealing the presence of financial incentives increases prosocial participation.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z9D7I6E9/Smith - Stigma and Social Cover A Mental Health Care Expe.pdf}
}

@misc{SnehaVenkataramani2018,
  title = {Patent {{Enforcement Measures}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Venkataramani, Sneha},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Legal Service India},
  urldate = {2019-01-18},
  howpublished = {http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/peainindia.htm}
}

@article{SocialDistanceSocial2022,
  title = {Social {{Distance}} and {{Social Decisions}}},
  year = {2022},
  pages = {24},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{SocialMediaUse,
  title = {Social Media Use, Social Displacement, and Well-Being - {{ScienceDirect}}},
  urldate = {2024-10-31},
  howpublished = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352250X22000513?via\%3Dihub},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KJXUSC8B/S2352250X22000513.html}
}

@article{SocialNormsEnforcement2017c,
  title = {Social {{Norms}} and the {{Enforcement}} of {{Laws}}},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  issn = {1542-4774},
  doi = {10.1093/jeea/jvw006},
  urldate = {2021-07-06},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ETPHXA9P/2017 - Social Norms and the Enforcement of Laws.pdf}
}

@article{Society2016,
  title = {A {{Class}} of {{Decomposable Poverty Measures}}},
  author = {Foster, James and Greer, Joel and Thorbecke, Eric},
  year = {1984},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {52},
  number = {3},
  pages = {761--766},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GAXGWYC2/Foster et al. - 1984 - A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures.pdf}
}

@article{sohnPrevalenceProblematicSmartphone2019,
  title = {Prevalence of Problematic Smartphone Usage and Associated Mental Health Outcomes amongst Children and Young People: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and {{GRADE}} of the Evidence},
  shorttitle = {Prevalence of Problematic Smartphone Usage and Associated Mental Health Outcomes amongst Children and Young People},
  author = {Sohn, Sei Yon and Rees, Philippa and Wildridge, Bethany and Kalk, Nicola J. and Carter, Ben},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  journal = {BMC Psychiatry},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  pages = {356},
  issn = {1471-244X},
  doi = {10.1186/s12888-019-2350-x},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  abstract = {Over the past decade, smartphone use has become widespread amongst today's children and young people (CYP) which parallels increases in poor mental health in this group. Simultaneously, media concern abounds about the existence of `smartphone addiction' or problematic smartphone use. There has been much recent research concerning the prevalence of problematic smartphone use is in children and young people who use smartphones, and how this syndrome relates to mental health outcomes, but this has not been synthesized and critically evaluated.},
  keywords = {Anxiety,Depression,Educational attainment,Problematic smartphone usage,Sleep},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3SUUI97U/Sohn et al. - 2019 - Prevalence of problematic smartphone usage and associated mental health outcomes amongst children an.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8MI87DLI/s12888-019-2350-x.html}
}

@article{solBreakingMenstrualBarriers2021,
  title = {Breaking {{Down Menstrual Barriers}} in {{Bangladesh}}; {{Cluster RCT Evidence}} on {{School Attendance}} and {{Psychosocial Outcomes}} of {{Adolescent Girls}}},
  author = {Sol, Lidwien and Nillesen, Eleonora E. and Smeets, Paul},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3847266},
  urldate = {2022-03-21},
  abstract = {Girls' poor ability to manage menstrual health (MH) imposes barriers to education and general wellbeing, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This paper presents the results of the Ritu trial, a 2-year clustered randomized controlled trial, examining the effect of a multi-faceted menstrual health intervention in Bangladesh. We randomized 148 schools from one rural district, into one of three groups; i) receiving a school program (sanitation facilities, MH education and support); ii) a school program and a targeted household program (parental MH education); iii) or the control group. The primary beneficiaries are schoolgirls in grades 6 until 8, age 11-15. We measure short- to medium-term impacts on school attendance, a set of psychosocial outcomes, and menstrual health outcomes. We use three sources of school attendance data: information from administrative records; self-reported survey responses and data from spot-checks where someone from the research team would appear unannounced and on randomly selected dates at school to record attendance.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/22G82382/Sol et al. - 2021 - Breaking Down Menstrual Barriers in Bangladesh; Cl.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{solmsGROUPPOLARIZATIONSOCIAL2003,
  title = {{{GROUP POLARIZATION}}, {{SOCIAL INFLUENCE AND THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS}}},
  author = {Solms, S. V. and Kraft, M.},
  year = {2003},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {In this paper, we pay attention to a particular phenomenon of group decision-making. Following on from earlier work, reported at ISAHP2001, in which the issues of conformity and deviance, which concern group interaction, were discussed, we now focus on the process of Social Influence, which occurs when group interaction causes members to conform. Particular attention will be given to the Group Polarization Effect. The critical element of group decision-making is the process of aggregation in which the individual members' preferences are combined into a single group preference set. The question is how the use of the AHP influences the social processes involved. The empirical results reported in the earlier work are re-analyzed from this perspective demonstrating the effect while using the AHP. It will show that the 3-phase AHP approach is an excellent vehicle allowing full social influence while simultaneously eliminating domination.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6BV5TXFS/Solms and Kraft - 2003 - GROUP POLARIZATION, SOCIAL INFLUENCE AND THE ANALY.pdf}
}

@article{solowContributionTheoryEconomic1956,
  title = {A {{Contribution}} to the {{Theory}} of {{Economic Growth}}},
  author = {Solow, Robert M.},
  year = {1956},
  month = feb,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {70},
  number = {1},
  pages = {65},
  issn = {00335533},
  doi = {10.2307/1884513},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/86D5WP57/Solow - 1956 - A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth.pdf}
}

@article{sommerEarlyAdolescenceMadagascar2020,
  title = {Early {{Adolescence}} in {{Madagascar}}: {{Girls}}' {{Transitions Through Puberty}} in and out of {{School}}},
  shorttitle = {Early {{Adolescence}} in {{Madagascar}}},
  author = {Sommer, Marni and Skolnik, Ava and Ramirez, Ana and Lee, Jana and Rasoazanany, Hariniaina and Ibitoye, Mobolaji},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {The Journal of Early Adolescence},
  volume = {40},
  number = {3},
  pages = {354--376},
  issn = {0272-4316, 1552-5449},
  doi = {10.1177/0272431619847529},
  urldate = {2020-12-30},
  abstract = {Evidence on girls' transitions through puberty in Madagascar and ways in which menarche influences their educational experiences and future sexual and reproductive health is limited. We conducted qualitative research involving participatory activities with girls in rural and urban Madagascar to explore their transitions through early puberty. Key informant interviews were also conducted with adults interacting in girls' lives. Findings revealed gaps in girls' knowledge and support during puberty, varying guidance received about sexuality after menarche, and challenges managing menstruation in school. Given significant gaps in girls' levels of knowledge and support, a clear need was demonstrated for educational material on puberty for early adolescents, along with teacher training about puberty. Improved toilet facilities are also needed to improve menstruating girls' school-going experiences.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X3PVXYNE/Sommer et al. - 2020 - Early Adolescence in Madagascar Girls’ Transition.pdf}
}

@article{somvilleAccessBankingSavings2023,
  title = {Access to Banking, Savings and Consumption Smoothing in Rural {{India}}},
  author = {Somville, Vincent and Vandewalle, Lore},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Journal of Public Economics},
  volume = {223},
  pages = {104900},
  issn = {0047-2727},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.104900},
  urldate = {2023-12-06},
  abstract = {To what extent does access to banking help poor households to save and smooth consumption? To answer this fundamental question, we combine a field experiment that randomly provides access to a bank account with weekly interviews on household finances. Access to banking does not change average consumption, but it improves consumption smoothing by alleviating savings constraints. Indeed, the control's expenditures follow income more closely than the expenditures of the treated. The latter handle variations in income by engaging in pro-cyclical saving in their account. These results provide an important new insight into the role of banking in low- and middle-income countries.},
  keywords = {C93,D14,G21,O12,O16},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YW73VMZL/Somville and Vandewalle - 2023 - Access to banking, savings and consumption smoothi.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8A3P4LH4/S0047272723000828.html}
}

@article{Song2012,
  title = {Does Famine Influence Sex Ratio at Birth? {{Evidence}} from the 1959-1961 {{Great Leap Forward Famine}} in {{China}}},
  author = {Song, Shige},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
  volume = {279},
  number = {1739},
  pages = {2883--2890},
  issn = {14712954},
  doi = {10.1098/rspb.2012.0320},
  abstract = {The current study examined the long-term trend in sex ratio at birth between 1929 and 1982 using retrospective birth histories of 310 101 Chinese women collected in a large, nationally representative sample survey in 1982. The study identified an abrupt decline in sex ratio at birth between April 1960, over a year after the Great Leap Forward Famine began, and October 1963, approximately 2 years after the famine ended, followed by a compensatory rise between October 1963 and July 1965. These findings support the adaptive sex ratio adjustment hypothesis that mothers in good condition are more likely to give birth to sons, whereas mothers in poor condition are more likely to give birth to daughters. In addition, these findings help explain the lack of consistent evidence reported by earlier studies based on the 1944-1945 Dutch Hunger Winter or the 1942 Leningrad Siege. {\copyright} 2012 The Royal Society.},
  keywords = {Famine,Maternal nutrition,Natural selection,Sex ratio at birth},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IDNI7MZF/Song - 2012 - Does famine influence sex ratio at birth Evidence.pdf}
}

@article{soskisPhilanthropysRoleFight,
  title = {Philanthropy's {{Role}} in {{The Fight}} for {{Marriage Equality}}},
  author = {Soskis, Benjamin},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4ZBN6C6E/Soskis - Philanthropy’s Role in The Fight for Marriage Equa.pdf}
}

@article{soskisPhilanthropysRoleFighta,
  title = {Philanthropy's {{Role}} in {{The Fight}} for {{Marriage Equality}}},
  author = {Soskis, Benjamin},
  journal = {OpenPhilanthropy},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FGX28YUN/Soskis - Philanthropy’s Role in The Fight for Marriage Equa.pdf}
}

@article{sotoDevelopmentalPsychometricsBig2008,
  title = {The Developmental Psychometrics of Big Five Self-Reports: {{Acquiescence}}, Factor Structure, Coherence, and Differentiation from Ages 10 to 20.},
  shorttitle = {The Developmental Psychometrics of Big Five Self-Reports},
  author = {Soto, Christopher J. and John, Oliver P. and Gosling, Samuel D. and Potter, Jeff},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {94},
  number = {4},
  pages = {718--737},
  issn = {1939-1315, 0022-3514},
  doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.718},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {five-factor model,personality structure,reliability,validity},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8R67JHNW/Soto et al. - 2008 - The developmental psychometrics of big five self-r.pdf}
}

@techreport{South,
  title = {Suffrage, {{Schooling}}, and {{Sorting}} in the {{Post-Bellum U}}.{{S}}. {{South}}},
  author = {Naidu, Suresh},
  year = {2012},
  month = jun,
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w18129},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NSZDAI8I/Naidu - 2012 - Suffrage, Schooling, and Sorting in the Post-Bellu.pdf}
}

@article{Souza-Rodrigues2019,
  title = {Deforestation in the {{Amazon}}: {{A Unified Framework}} for {{Estimation}} and {{Policy Analysis}}},
  author = {{Souza-Rodrigues}, Eduardo},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {86},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2713--2744},
  issn = {1467937X},
  doi = {10.1093/restud/rdy070},
  abstract = {Deforestation is a matter of pressing global concern, yet surprisingly little is known about the relative efficacy of various policies designed to combat it. This article sets out a framework for measuring the cost effectiveness of alternative policies-both command-and-control and incentive-based-in the Brazilian Amazon. First, I estimate the demand for deforestation on private properties, exploiting regional variation in transportation costs as a means to recover farmers' responses to permanent policies. Here, rescaling transportation costs using local yields allows me to express changes in farmers' valuations in dollars per hectare. I then use the estimated demand to infer farmers' willingness to deforest under different counterfactual policies, such as payments to avoid deforestation and taxes on land use, along with the corresponding potential farmers' lost surpluses. The results indicate that payment programmes and land use taxes on agricultural land can be highly effective in preserving the rainforest and also be substantially less expensive than command-and-control policies (approximately 8 times less costly). A carbon tax equal to the social cost of carbon could virtually eliminate all agricultural land in the Amazon, given the low agricultural returns there.},
  keywords = {Amazon,Carbon tax,Deforestation,L73,L78,Land use,Q2,Q57,Q58,Quantile instrumental variables,Rainforest,Social cost of carbon},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YJDAFKY9/Souza-Rodrigues - 2019 - Deforestation in the Amazon A Unified Framework f.pdf}
}

@misc{spei_2017,
  title = {{{SPEIbase}} v.2.5 {{Global}} 04-Month 1901-2015 {{SPEI}}, 2017},
  author = {Beguer{\'i}a, Santiago and Vicente Serrano, Sergio M.},
  year = {2017},
  doi = {10.20350/digitalCSIC/8508},
  urldate = {2019-03-01},
  howpublished = {http://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/153475?locale=en}
}

@article{spenceLongtermOutcomeSchoolbased2005,
  title = {Long-Term Outcome of a School-Based, Universal Approach to Prevention of Depression in Adolescents},
  author = {Spence, Susan H. and Sheffield, Jeanie K. and Donovan, Caroline L.},
  year = {2005},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology},
  volume = {73},
  number = {1},
  pages = {160--167},
  issn = {0022-006X},
  doi = {10.1037/0022-006X.73.1.160},
  abstract = {In this study, the authors examined the 2-, 3-, and 4-year outcomes of a school-based, universal approach to the prevention of adolescent depression. Despite initial short-term positive effects, these benefits were not maintained over time. Adolescents who completed the teacher-administered cognitive-behavioral intervention did not differ significantly from adolescents in the monitoring-control condition in terms of changes in depressive symptoms, problem solving, attributional style, or other indicators of psychopathology from preintervention to 4-year follow-up. Results were equivalent irrespective of initial level of depressive symptoms.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {15709843},
  keywords = {Adolescent,Child,Cognitive Behavioral Therapy,Depressive Disorder,Female,Follow-Up Studies,Health Education,Humans,Internal-External Control,Male,Outcome Assessment Health Care,Personality Inventory,Problem Solving},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MNDKICXB/Spence et al. - 2005 - Long-term outcome of a school-based, universal app.pdf}
}

@article{Spolaore2013,
  title = {How Deep Are the Roots of Economic Development?},
  author = {Spolaore, Enrico and Wacziarg, Romain},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  volume = {51},
  number = {2},
  pages = {325--369},
  issn = {00220515},
  doi = {10.1257/jel.51.2.325},
  abstract = {The empirical literature on economic growth and development has moved from the study of proximate determinants to the analysis of ever deeper, more fundamental factors, rooted in long-term history. A growing body of new empirical work focuses on the measurement and estimation of the effects of historical variables on contemporary income by explicitly taking into account the ancestral composition of current populations. The evidence suggests that economic development is affected by traits that have been transmitted across generations over the very long run. This article surveys this new literature and provides a framework to discuss different channels through which intergenerationally transmitted characteristics may impact economic development, biologically (via genetic or epigenetic transmission) and culturally (via behavioral or symbolic transmission). An important issue is whether historically transmitted traits have affected development through their direct impact on productivity, or have operated indirectly as barriers to the diffusion of productivity-enhancing innovations across populations.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NRA5CEQ2/Spolaore and Wacziarg - 2013 - How Deep Are the Roots of Economic Development.pdf}
}

@article{spreitzerConstructDefinitionPositive2004,
  title = {Toward the {{Construct Definition}} of {{Positive Deviance}}},
  author = {Spreitzer, Gretchen M. and Sonenshein, Scott},
  year = {2004},
  month = feb,
  journal = {American Behavioral Scientist},
  volume = {47},
  number = {6},
  pages = {828--847},
  issn = {0002-7642, 1552-3381},
  doi = {10.1177/0002764203260212},
  urldate = {2020-12-04},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/98NBWCYS/Spreitzer and Sonenshein - 2004 - Toward the Construct Definition of Positive Devian.pdf}
}

@article{Squires2017,
  title = {Kinship {{Taxation}} as an {{Impediment}} to {{Growth}} : {{Experimental Evidence}} from {{Kenyan Microenterprises}}},
  author = {Squires, Munir},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {1--74},
  abstract = {This paper documents strong pressure on productive entrepreneurs to share income with friends and family in a developing country setting. This 'kinship tax' can distort productive decisions, including capital allocation. I conduct a lab experiment---which provides individual-level marginal (kinship) tax rates---with a sample of 1805 Kenyans to quantify the importance of the tax. My data reveal high distortions for a third of entrepreneurs, which reduces aggregate productivity among the firms in my sample by one quarter. These results act as important complement to the literature on informal insurance in developing countries, by providing the first measure of their associated costs.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HILJSUSP/Squires - Kinship Taxation as an Impediment to Growth Exper.pdf}
}

@article{Srikala2010,
  title = {Empowering Adolescents with Life Skills Education in Schools-{{School}} Mental Health Program: {{Does}} It Work},
  author = {Srikala, Bharath and Kishore Kumar, K. V.},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Indian Journal of Psychiatry},
  volume = {52},
  number = {4},
  pages = {344--349},
  issn = {00195545},
  doi = {10.4103/0019-5545.74310},
  abstract = {Aim: Mental Health Promotion among adolescents in schools using life skills education (LSE) and teachers as life skill educators is a novel idea. Implementation and impact of the NIMHANS model of life skills education program studied. Materials and Methods: The impact of the program is evaluated at the end of 1 year in 605 adolescents from two secondary schools in comparison to 423 age, sex, socioeconomic status-matched adolescents from nearby schools not in the program. Results: The adolescents in the program had significantly better self-esteem (P=0.002), perceived adequate coping (P=0.000), better adjustment generally (P=0.000), specifically with teachers (P=0.000), in school (P=0.001), and prosocial behavior (P=0.001). There was no difference between the two groups in psychopathology (P-and adjustment at home and with peers (P=0.088 and 0.921). Randomly selected 100 life skill educator-teachers also perceived positive changes in the students in the program in class room behavior and interaction. LSE integrated into the school mental health program using available resources of schools and teachers is seen as an effective way of empowering adolescents.},
  keywords = {Adolescents,impact,life skills education,psychosocial competence,school mental health program},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/T54VYQGH/Srikala and Kumar - 2010 - Empowering adolescents with life skills education .pdf}
}

@misc{staffReevaluatingImpactUnconditional2024,
  title = {Re-Evaluating the {{Impact}} of {{Unconditional Cash Transfers}}},
  author = {Staff, GiveWell},
  year = {2024},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The GiveWell Blog},
  urldate = {2024-11-23},
  abstract = {This year, we re-evaluated the cost effectiveness of direct cash transfers as implemented by GiveDirectly.},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LMPFH2BA/re-evaluating-the-impact-of-unconditional-cash-transfers.html}
}

@article{Stallard2014,
  title = {Classroom-Based Cognitive Behaviour Therapy ({{FRIENDS}}): {{A}} Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial to {{Prevent Anxiety}} in {{Children}} through {{Education}} in {{Schools}} ({{PACES}})},
  author = {Stallard, Paul and Skryabina, Elena and Taylor, Gordon and Phillips, Rhiannon and Daniels, Harry and Anderson, Rob and Simpson, Neil},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {The Lancet Psychiatry},
  volume = {1},
  number = {3},
  pages = {185--192},
  publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
  issn = {22150366},
  doi = {10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70244-5},
  abstract = {Anxiety in children is common, impairs everyday functioning, and increases the risk of severe mental health disorders in adulthood. We investigated the effect of a classroom-based cognitive behaviour therapy prevention programme (FRIENDS) on anxiety symptoms in children. Methods: Preventing Anxiety in Children though Education in Schools (PACES) is a three-group parallel cluster randomised controlled trial. Interventions were given between September, 2011, and July, 2012, with schools as the unit of allocation and individual participants as the unit of analysis. We enrolled state-funded junior schools in southwest England. We sent information to all eligible schools (state-funded junior schools in southwest England) inviting them to enrol in the study. School year groups were assigned by computer-generated randomisation (1:1:1) to receive either school-led FRIENDS (led by teacher or school staff member), health-led FRIENDS (led by two trained health facilitators), or usual school provision. Children were not masked to treatment allocation. The allocated programme was given to all students (aged 9-10 years) in the school year (ie, universal delivery) as part of the school curriculum as nine, 60 min weekly sessions. Outcomes were collected by self-completed questionnaire administered by researchers masked to allocation. Primary outcome was symptoms of anxiety and low mood at 12 months assessed by the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS 30). Analyses were intention to treat and accounted for the clustered nature of the design. The study is registered, number ISRCTN23563048. Findings: 45 schools were enrolled: 14 (n=497 children) were randomly assigned to school-led FRIENDS, 14 (n=509) to health-led FRIENDS, and 12 (n=442) to usual school provision. 1257 (92\%) children completed 12 month assessments (449 in health-led FRIENDS, 436 in school-led FRIENDS, and 372 in usual school provision). We recorded a difference at 12 months in adjusted mean child-reported RCADS scores for health-led versus school-led FRIENDS (19{$\cdot$}49 [SD 14{$\cdot$}81] vs 22{$\cdot$}86 [15{$\cdot$}24]; adjusted difference -3{$\cdot$}91, 95\% CI -6{$\cdot$}48 to -1{$\cdot$}35; p=0{$\cdot$}0004) and health-led FRIENDS versus usual school provision (19{$\cdot$}49 [14{$\cdot$}81] vs 22{$\cdot$}48 [15{$\cdot$}74]; -2{$\cdot$}66, -5{$\cdot$}22 to -0{$\cdot$}09; p=0{$\cdot$}043). We noted no differences in parent or teacher ratings. Training teachers to deliver mental health programmes was not as effective as delivery by health professionals. Interpretation: Universally delivered anxiety prevention programmes can be effective when used in schools. However, programme effectiveness varies depending on who delivers them. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research Programme.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/43EXPC6L/Stallard et al. - 2014 - Classroom-based cognitive behaviour therapy (FRIEN.pdf}
}

@incollection{stanovichIntelligenceRationality2011,
  title = {Intelligence and {{Rationality}}},
  booktitle = {The {{Cambridge Handbook}} of {{Intelligence}}},
  author = {Stanovich, Keith E. and West, Richard F. and Toplak, Maggie E.},
  editor = {Sternberg, Robert J. and Kaufman, Scott Barry},
  year = {2011},
  month = may,
  edition = {1},
  pages = {784--826},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511977244.040},
  urldate = {2022-09-25},
  isbn = {978-0-511-97724-4 978-0-521-51806-2 978-0-521-73911-5},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4LFFMCXH/Stanovich et al. - 2011 - Intelligence and Rationality.pdf}
}

@incollection{stanovichIntelligenceRationality2011a,
  title = {Intelligence and {{Rationality}}},
  booktitle = {The {{Cambridge Handbook}} of {{Intelligence}}},
  author = {Stanovich, Keith E. and West, Richard F. and Toplak, Maggie E.},
  editor = {Sternberg, Robert J. and Kaufman, Scott Barry},
  year = {2011},
  month = may,
  edition = {1},
  pages = {784--826},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511977244.040},
  urldate = {2022-09-25},
  isbn = {978-0-511-97724-4 978-0-521-51806-2 978-0-521-73911-5},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/72HXMK3S/Stanovich et al. - 2011 - Intelligence and Rationality.pdf}
}

@article{stasserGroupDecisionMaking1981,
  title = {Group Decision Making and Social Influence: {{A}} Social Interaction Sequence Model.},
  shorttitle = {Group Decision Making and Social Influence},
  author = {Stasser, Garold and Davis, James H.},
  year = {1981},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Psychological Review},
  volume = {88},
  number = {6},
  pages = {523--551},
  issn = {1939-1471, 0033-295X},
  doi = {10.1037/0033-295X.88.6.523},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Group decision making and social influence: A social interaction sequence model." by G. Stasser et al.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JML9D7XN/Stasser and Davis - 1981 - Group decision making and social influence A soci.pdf}
}

@article{steinsbekkNewSocialLandscape2024,
  title = {The New Social Landscape: {{Relationships}} among Social Media Use, Social Skills, and Offline Friendships from Age 10--18~Years},
  shorttitle = {The New Social Landscape},
  author = {Steinsbekk, Silje and Bj{\o}rklund, Oda and Valkenburg, Patti and Nesi, Jacqueline and Wichstr{\o}m, Lars},
  year = {2024},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
  volume = {156},
  pages = {108235},
  issn = {0747-5632},
  doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2024.108235},
  urldate = {2024-10-31},
  abstract = {Social media has created a new social landscape for adolescents. Knowledge is needed on how this landscape shapes adolescents' social skills and time spent with friends, as these outcomes are important to mental health and psychosocial functioning. Using five waves of biennially collected data from a birth cohort assessed throughout age 10--18 years (n~=~812), we found that increased social media use predicted more time with friends offline but was unrelated to future changes in social skills. Age and sex did not moderate these associations but increased social media use predicted declined social skills among those high in social anxiety symptoms. The findings suggest that social media use may neither harm nor benefit the development of social skills and may promote, rather than displace, offline interaction with friends during adolescence. However, increased social media use may pose a risk for reduced social skills in socially anxious individuals.},
  keywords = {Adolescence,Friends,Moderators,Social media,Social skills,Within-person},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SWNLD32K/Steinsbekk et al. - 2024 - The new social landscape Relationships among soci.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6V7AKZ85/S0747563224001031.html}
}

@article{stentifordGirlsMentalHealth2023,
  title = {Girls, {{Mental Health}} and {{Academic Achievement}}: {{A Qualitative Systematic Review}}},
  shorttitle = {Girls, {{Mental Health}} and {{Academic Achievement}}},
  author = {Stentiford, Lauren and Koutsouris, George and Allan, Alexandra},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Educational Review},
  volume = {75},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1224--1254},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  issn = {0013-1911},
  doi = {10.1080/00131911.2021.2007052},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  abstract = {Over the past two decades, there has been increasing international concern over the prevalence of mental health difficulties amongst children and young people. In the English context, particular concerns have been raised about the "state" of girls' and young women's psychological health. Figuring highly in both academic and media debate is the impact of school pressures and the performance demands placed on girls in relation to academic achievement. In this systematic review, we map the reported achievement-related factors affecting girls' mental health emerging from the peer-reviewed qualitative literature. Five databases were searched for literature published from 1990-2021. Additional search strategies included forwards and backwards citation chasing and hand searching. Eleven texts met our inclusion criteria. The themes of fears for the future, parent/family-related pressures, competitive school cultures, and gendered expectations of girls' academic achievement emerged from the located texts. It was when pressures were "imbalanced" and felt in the extreme that mental ill-health/anxiety was more likely to be experienced. We go on to introduce the theoretical model of the "mental health/achievement see-saw" and argue for its use as a conceptual tool to engage with deep-rooted complexities around the relationship between gender, mental health and academic achievement. We contend that the "see-saw" model has potential utility to academics, educational practitioners, and policy-makers, and might be usefully translated into practice in the form of biopsychosocial interpositions in schools that move beyond more surface-level attempts at mental health promotion and that seek to empower, de-pathologise and challenge entrenched structural inequalities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Academic Achievement,Anxiety,Competition,Correlation,Family Influence,Fear,Females,Mental Disorders,Mental Health,Parent Influence,School Culture,Sex Stereotypes,Social Influences},
  annotation = {ERIC Number: EJ1396605},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KP4FYQNJ/Stentiford et al. - 2023 - Girls, Mental Health and Academic Achievement A Qualitative Systematic Review.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IXJRWMCN/eric.ed.gov.html}
}

@book{sternbergPsychologyHate2005,
  title = {The Psychology of Hate},
  editor = {Sternberg, Robert J.},
  year = {2005},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address = {Washington},
  doi = {10.1037/10930-000},
  urldate = {2021-11-26},
  isbn = {978-1-59147-184-4},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{sternerEvenSternerReview2008,
  title = {An {{Even Sterner Review}}: {{Introducing Relative Prices}} into the {{Discounting Debate}}},
  shorttitle = {An {{Even Sterner Review}}},
  author = {Sterner, T. and Persson, U. M.},
  year = {2008},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Review of Environmental Economics and Policy},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {61--76},
  issn = {1750-6816, 1750-6824},
  doi = {10.1093/reep/rem024},
  urldate = {2020-06-28},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F5VW5JP9/Sterner and Persson - 2008 - An Even Sterner Review Introducing Relative Price.pdf}
}

@phdthesis{stonerComparisonIndividualGroup1961,
  type = {Thesis},
  title = {A Comparison of Individual and Group Decisions Involving Risk},
  author = {Stoner, James Arthur Finch},
  year = {1961},
  issn = {3312-0544},
  urldate = {2023-06-05},
  abstract = {Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Industrial Management, 1961.},
  copyright = {M.I.T. theses are protected by  copyright. They may be viewed from this source for any purpose, but  reproduction or distribution in any format is prohibited without written  permission. See provided URL for inquiries about permission.},
  langid = {english},
  school = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
  annotation = {Accepted: 2008-04-24T08:49:37Z},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/APAZ6M2Y/Stoner - 1961 - A comparison of individual and group decisions inv.pdf}
}

@article{Strauss1998,
  title = {Health, {{Nutrition}}, and {{Economic Development}}},
  author = {Strauss, John and Thomas, Duncan},
  year = {1998},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BSPA5HQ4/Strauss and Thomas - 1998 - Health, Nutrition, and Economic Development.pdf}
}

@article{strauss1998second,
  title = {The Second Wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey ({{IFLS3}}): {{Overview}} and Field Report},
  author = {Strauss, John and Beegle, Kathleen and Sikoki, Bondan and Dwiyanto, Agus and Herawati, Yulia and Witoelar, Firman},
  year = {1998},
  journal = {NIA/NICHD}
}

@article{strauss2004third,
  title = {The Third Wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey ({{IFLS3}}): {{Overview}} and Field Report},
  author = {Strauss, John and Beegle, Kathleen and Sikoki, Bondan and Dwiyanto, Agus and Herawati, Yulia and Witoelar, Firman},
  year = {2004},
  journal = {NIA/NICHD}
}

@misc{strauss2009fourth,
  title = {The Fourth Wave of the {{Indonesia Family Life Survey}}: {{Overview}} and Field Report},
  author = {Strauss, John and Witoelar, Firman and Sikoki, Bondan and Wattie, Anna Marie},
  year = {2009},
  publisher = {{RAND Labor and Population Working Paper WR-675/1-NIA/NICHD. Santa Monica, CA {\dots}}}
}

@misc{strauss2016fifth,
  title = {The Fifth Wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey: {{Overview}} and Field Report; {{RAND}} Labor and Population},
  author = {Strauss, J and Witoelar, F and Sikoki, B},
  year = {2016},
  publisher = {WR-1143/1-NIA/NICHD}
}

@incollection{straussChapter54Health2007,
  title = {Chapter 54 {{Health}} over the {{Life Course}}},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Development Economics}}},
  author = {Strauss, John and Thomas, Duncan},
  year = {2007},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {3375--3474},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  doi = {10.1016/S1573-4471(07)04054-5},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  isbn = {978-0-444-53100-1},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic development,health},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5U9I5M6A/Strauss and Thomas - 2007 - Chapter 54 Health over the Life Course.pdf}
}

@article{straussHealthLifeCourse,
  title = {Health over the Life Course},
  author = {Strauss, John and Thomas, Duncan},
  pages = {118},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZALZC5PI/Strauss and Thomas - Health over the life course.pdf}
}

@article{SuarezSerrato2019,
  title = {The Limits of Meritocracy: {{Screening}} Bureaucrats under Imperfect Verifiability},
  author = {Su{\'a}rez Serrato, Juan Carlos and Wang, Xiao Yu and Zhang, Shuang},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Journal of Development Economics},
  volume = {140},
  number = {December 2018},
  pages = {223--241},
  publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
  issn = {03043878},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.06.003},
  abstract = {Does bureaucratic ability predict promotion in governments? We show that self-reported performance in enforcing the One Child Policy predicts mayoral promotion in China. However, misreporting handicaps screening---a non-manipulated performance measure does not predict promotion. We show that this is consistent with a model where a government has a meritocratic objective but underestimates the imperfect verifiability of performance, rather than a model where a government is only interested in the illusion of meritocracy. Thus, despite meritocratic intentions, we challenge the notion that a successful promotion system effectively substituted for democratic institutions in explaining Chinese growth.},
  keywords = {D23,D73,D86,M12,M51,O12,O15,O53,P23,P26,P48},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/K2IDAT7M/Suárez Serrato et al. - 2019 - The limits of meritocracy Screening bureaucrats u.pdf}
}

@article{subhasishdugarCanBuyMe2012,
  title = {Can't {{Buy Me Love}}? {{A Field Experiment Exploring}} the {{Trade}}-{{Off}} between {{Income}} and {{Caste}}-{{Status}} in an {{Indian Matrimonial Market}}},
  author = {{Subhasish Dugar} and {Haimanti Bhattacharya} and {David H. Reiley}},
  year = {2012},
  month = apr,
  journal = {ERN: Other Macroeconomics: Consumption},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1465-7295.2011.00398.x}
}

@article{subramanian2015mapping,
  title = {Mapping and Size Estimation of {{Hijras}} and Other Trans-Women in 17 States of {{India}}: {{First}} Level Findings},
  author = {Subramanian, Thilakavathi and Chakrapani, Venkatesan and Selvaraj, Vadivoo and Noronha, Ernest and Narang, Alka and Mehendale, Sanjay},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {International Journal of Health Sciences and Research},
  volume = {5},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1--10},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NEEVXXL3/1.pdf}
}

@article{subramanianElectroconvulsiveTherapyTreatment2022,
  title = {Electroconvulsive Therapy in Treatment Resistant Depression},
  author = {Subramanian, Subha and Lopez, Ruthzaine and Zorumski, Charles F. and Cristancho, Pilar},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of the Neurological Sciences},
  volume = {434},
  pages = {120095},
  issn = {0022510X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jns.2021.120095},
  urldate = {2025-03-16},
  abstract = {Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment modality for patients with treatment resistant depression (TRD), defined as failure of two adequate antidepressant medication trials. We provide a qualitative review of ECT's effectiveness for TRD, methods to optimize ECT parameters to improve remission rates and side effect profiles, and ECT's proposed neurobiological mechanisms. Right unilateral (RUL) electrode placement has been shown to be as effective for major depression as bilateral ECT, and RUL is associated with fewer cognitive side effects. There is mixed evidence on how to utilize ECT to sustain remission (i.e., continuation ECT, psychotropic medications alone, or a combination of ECT and psychotropic medications). Related to neurobiological mechanisms, an increase in gray matter volume in the hippocampus-amygdala complex is reported post-ECT. High connectivity between the subgenual anterior cingulate and the middle temporal gyrus before ECT is associated with better treatment response. Rodent models have implicated changes in neurotransmitters including glutamate, GABA, serotonin, and dopamine in ECT's efficacy; however, findings in humans are limited. Altogether, while ECT remains a highly effective therapy, the neurobiological underpinnings associated with improvement of depression remain uncertain.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/T58N9MIQ/Subramanian et al. - 2022 - Electroconvulsive therapy in treatment resistant depression.pdf}
}

@article{subramanianPsychosocialImpactQuality2009,
  title = {Psycho-Social Impact and Quality of Life of People Living with {{HIV}}/{{AIDS}} in {{South India}}},
  author = {Subramanian, Thilakavathi and Gupte, M.D. and Dorairaj, V.S. and Periannan, V. and Mathai, A.K.},
  year = {2009},
  month = apr,
  journal = {AIDS Care},
  volume = {21},
  number = {4},
  pages = {473--481},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  issn = {0954-0121},
  doi = {10.1080/09540120802283469},
  urldate = {2023-08-22},
  abstract = {This study examines psycho-social impact of HIV and quality of life of 646 HIV-infected persons from a major government sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in South India. In this cross-sectional study, data was collected using interview schedule and scales. Nearly 70\% had problems in parenting their children after acquiring the infection. Most (88\%) of the respondents reported of seeking help from their family members, relatives or close friends at the time of their illness. Among the four categories of stigma, most of them (96\%) reported perceived stigma whereas actual stigma was mentioned by only 33\%. All four categories of stigma were experienced on a higher proportion by females than males (p{$<$}0.05). Each type of stigma was significantly associated with each domain of quality of life of the respondents (p{$<$}0.005). Respondents who reported of actual stigma (33\%) had significantly good quality of life in their physical domain (49\%), psychological domain (48\%) and environmental domain (44\%). Multivariate analysis showed that gender and marital status had significant association with quality of life. The findings of the study underscore the need for enabling environment through ``human force'' to uplift their social status and to have a better quality of life.},
  pmid = {19283642},
  keywords = {HIV-infected persons,psycho-social impact,quality of life,South India,stigma}
}

@article{Sudarshan2019,
  title = {The {{Impact Of Temperature On Productivity And Labor Supply}} - {{Evidence From Indian Manufacturing}}},
  author = {Sudarshan, Anant and Somanathan, E. and Somanathan, Rohini and Tewari, Meenu},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Working papers},
  pages = {244},
  abstract = {Cross-country studies have found that hotter years are associated with lower output in poor countries. Using high-frequency micro-data from manufacturing firms in India, we show that worker heat stress can substantially explain this correlation. Ambient temperatures have non-linear effects on worker productivity, with declines on hot days of 4 to 9 percent per degree rise in temperature. Sustained heat also increases absenteeism. Similar temperature induced productivity declines are replicated in annual plant output from a national panel. Our estimates imply that warming between 1971 and 2009 may have decreased manufacturing output in India by at least 3 percent relative to a no-warming counterfactual.},
  keywords = {acknowledgements,and to sheekha verma,are grateful to mehul,climate change,for research assistance,heat stress,j22,j24,jel,patel for field assistance,possible by funding from,q54,q56,temperature,the rockefeller foundation,this paper,this work was made,we,worker productivity},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UE3W63UK/Somanathan et al. - The Impact of Temperature on Productivity and Labo.pdf}
}

@article{sudfeldLinearGrowthChild2015,
  title = {Linear {{Growth}} and {{Child Development}} in {{Low-}} and {{Middle-Income Countries}}: {{A Meta-Analysis}}},
  shorttitle = {Linear {{Growth}} and {{Child Development}} in {{Low-}} and {{Middle-Income Countries}}},
  author = {Sudfeld, C. R. and Charles McCoy, D. and Danaei, G. and Fink, G. and Ezzati, M. and Andrews, K. G. and Fawzi, W. W.},
  year = {2015},
  month = may,
  journal = {PEDIATRICS},
  volume = {135},
  number = {5},
  pages = {e1266-e1275},
  issn = {0031-4005, 1098-4275},
  doi = {10.1542/peds.2014-3111},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The initial years of life are critical for physical growth and broader cognitive, motor, and socioemotional development, but the magnitude of the link between these processes remains unclear. Our objective was to produce quantitative estimates of the crosssectional and prospective association of height-for-age z score (HAZ) with child development. METHODS: Observational studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) presenting data on the relationship of linear growth with any measure of child development among children ,12 years of age were identified from a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO. Two reviewers then extracted these data by using a standardized form. RESULTS: A total of 68 published studies conducted in 29 LMICs were included in the final database. The pooled adjusted standardized mean difference in cross-sectional cognitive ability per unit increase in HAZ for children \#2 years old was +0.24 (95\% confidence interval [CI], 0.14--0.33; I2 = 53\%) and +0.09 for children .2 years old (95\% CI, 0.05--0.12; I2 = 78\%). Prospectively, each unit increase in HAZ for children \#2 years old was associated with a +0.22-SD increase in cognition at 5 to 11 years after multivariate adjustment (95\% CI, 0.17--0.27; I2 = 0\%). HAZ was also significantly associated with earlier walking age and better motor scores (P , .05). CONCLUSIONS: Observational evidence suggests a robust positive association between linear growth during the first 2 years of life with cognitive and motor development. Effective interventions that reduce linear growth restriction may improve developmental outcomes; however, integration with environmental, educational, and stimulation interventions may produce larger positive effects.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RCPI28D2/Sudfeld et al. - 2015 - Linear Growth and Child Development in Low- and Mi.pdf}
}

@article{sukhtankarPolicingPatriarchyExperimental2022,
  title = {Policing in Patriarchy: {{An}} Experimental Evaluation of Reforms to Improve Police Responsiveness to Women in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Policing in Patriarchy},
  author = {Sukhtankar, Sandip and {Kruks-Wisner}, Gabrielle and Mangla, Akshay},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {377},
  number = {6602},
  pages = {191--198},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  doi = {10.1126/science.abm7387},
  urldate = {2024-01-30},
  abstract = {Gender-targeted police reforms are frequently proposed to tackle the global problem of rising yet under-reported gender-based violence (GBV)---but with mixed and often disappointing results. We explore this issue in India, a country with alarming rates of GBV and limited police capacity, by studying the impact of Women's Help Desks (WHDs): dedicated spaces for women in local police stations, staffed by trained officers. Drawing on the largest randomized controlled trial of a police reform to date (180 police stations serving 23.4 million people), we find that officers in stations with WHDs are more likely to register cases of GBV, particularly where female officers run the desks. This suggests that even in resource-constrained and patriarchal environments, police responsiveness can be improved by focusing and mainstreaming attention to women's cases and by greater gender representation within the police.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/P8NQN9NG/Sukhtankar et al. - 2022 - Policing in patriarchy An experimental evaluation.pdf}
}

@article{summersPolicymakingPosterity2008,
  title = {Policymaking for Posterity},
  author = {Summers, Lawrence and Zeckhauser, Richard},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {Journal of Risk and Uncertainty},
  volume = {37},
  number = {2/3,},
  eprint = {41761455},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {115--140},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/M2XHZBIE/Summers and Zeckhauser - 2008 - Policymaking for posterity.pdf}
}

@book{sunstein2009going,
  title = {Going to Extremes: {{How}} like Minds Unite and Divide},
  author = {Sunstein, Cass R},
  year = {2009},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press}
}

@article{sunsteinExpressiveFunctionLaw1996,
  title = {On the {{Expressive Function}} of {{Law}}},
  author = {Sunstein, Cass R.},
  year = {1996},
  month = may,
  journal = {University of Pennsylvania Law Review},
  volume = {144},
  number = {5},
  eprint = {3312647},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {2021},
  issn = {00419907},
  doi = {10.2307/3312647},
  urldate = {2021-06-24},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LLKZ3AIB/Sunstein - 1996 - On the Expressive Function of Law.pdf}
}

@book{sunsteinHowChangeHappens2019,
  title = {How {{Change Happens}}},
  author = {Sunstein, Cass R.},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  publisher = {MIT Press},
  abstract = {An ``illuminating'' study that reveals the different ways social change occurs---for readers of Freakonomics and Thinking, Fast and Slow (The New York Times) How does social change happen? When do social movements take off? Sexual harassment was once something that women had to endure; now a movement has risen up against it. White nationalist sentiments, on the other hand, were largely kept out of mainstream discourse; now there is no shortage of media outlets for them. In this book, with the help of behavioral economics, psychology, and other fields, Cass Sunstein casts a bright new light on how change happens. Sunstein focuses on the crucial role of social norms---and on their frequent collapse. When norms lead people to silence themselves, even an unpopular status quo can persist. Then one day, someone challenges the norm---a child who exclaims that the emperor has no clothes; a woman who says ``me too.'' Sometimes suppressed outrage is unleashed, and long-standing practices fall. Sometimes change is more gradual, as ``nudges'' help produce new and different decisions---apps that count calories; texted reminders of deadlines; automatic enrollment in green energy or pension plans. Sunstein explores what kinds of nudges are effective and shows why nudges sometimes give way to bans and mandates. Finally, he considers social divisions, social cascades, and ``partyism,'' when identification with a political party creates a strong bias against all members of an opposing party---which can both fuel and block social change.},
  googlebooks = {\_YmNDwAAQBAJ},
  isbn = {978-0-262-35191-1},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Political Science / Public Policy / General,Psychology / Movements / Behaviorism,Psychology / Social Psychology}
}

@article{Sutter2019,
  title = {Economic Behavior of Children and Adolescents -- {{A}} First Survey of Experimental Economics Results},
  author = {Sutter, Matthias and Zoller, Claudia and {Gl{\"a}tzle-R{\"u}tzler}, Daniela},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {European Economic Review},
  volume = {111},
  pages = {98--121},
  issn = {00142921},
  doi = {10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.09.004},
  abstract = {About 15 years ago, economic experiments with children and adolescents were considered as an extravagant niche of economic research. Since then, this type of research has exploded in scope and depth. It has become clear that studying the development of economic behavior and its determinants is important to understand economic behavior of adults and to provide a basis for potential policy interventions with respect to economic behavior in childhood and adolescence. Given the huge increase of papers, we provide the first overview of economic experiments with children and adolescents. We focus on the following aspects: rationality of choices, risk preferences, time preferences, social preferences, cooperation, and competitiveness. All of these aspects are analyzed with respect to the influence of age and gender, and we also consider the role of socio-economic status or interventions.},
  keywords = {Age,Children,Competitiveness,Experiment,Gender,Risk preferences,Social preferences,Survey,Time preferences},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8Y7ANBVZ/Sutter et al. - 2019 - Economic behavior of children and adolescents – A .pdf}
}

@techreport{Szucs2017,
  title = {Discretion and {{Corruption}} in {{Public Procurement}}},
  author = {Szucs, Ferenc},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {40},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F9BSMPTH/Szucs - Discretion and Corruption in Public Procurement.pdf}
}

@article{t.guulPoliticalSolutionsDiscriminatory2022,
  title = {Political {{Solutions}} to {{Discriminatory Behavior}}},
  author = {{T. Guul}},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  volume = {117},
  pages = {719--733},
  doi = {10.1017/S0003055422000648}
}

@article{tabelliniSCOPECOOPERATIONVALUES,
  title = {{{THE SCOPE OF COOPERATION}}: {{VALUES AND INCENTIVES}}},
  author = {Tabellini, Guido},
  journal = {QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS},
  pages = {46},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DXQTXWD3/Tabellini - THE SCOPE OF COOPERATION VALUES AND INCENTIVES.pdf}
}

@article{taberMotivatedSkepticismEvaluation2006,
  title = {Motivated {{Skepticism}} in the {{Evaluation}} of {{Political Beliefs}}},
  author = {Taber, Charles S. and Lodge, Milton},
  year = {2006},
  month = jul,
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  volume = {50},
  number = {3},
  pages = {755--769},
  issn = {0092-5853, 1540-5907},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x},
  urldate = {2022-04-19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GAI839X7/Taber and Lodge - 2006 - Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Politica.pdf}
}

@article{tadjoeddinRegionalDisparityVertical2001,
  title = {Regional {{Disparity}} and {{Vertical Conflict}} in {{Indonesia}}},
  author = {Tadjoeddin, Mohammad Zulfan and Suharyo, Widjajanti I. and Mishra, Satish},
  year = {2001},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {283--304},
  issn = {1354-7860, 1469-9648},
  doi = {10.1080/13547860120097368},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This study examines data on regional inequality in Indonesia to help explain regional unrest. Analysis indicates that the New Order regime's equalization policies produced low levels of welfare inequality by transferring wealth from resource-rich provinces to poor communities on the one hand and to Jakarta on the other. Many in the subsidizing provinces resent this strategy which has held back their regions' development. They therefore exhibit an aspiration to inequality as they seek to stop such wealth transfer and to acquire greater control over their own resources. Yet policy emphasis on the economy over development of political institutions has left the political system with no effective means to address regional grievances, which are now manifest in vertical con icts between the centre and the regions. We therefore propose a new philosophy for equalization policies. Rather than using a development fund to distribute wealth evenly across the regions, policy should aim to equalize people's opportunities and guarantee a minimum standard of basic services for all Indonesians, without impeding the growth potential of regions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Gini,Human development,Regional disparity},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/98X57HFI/Tadjoeddin et al. - 2001 - Regional Disparity and Vertical Conflict in Indone.pdf}
}

@techreport{taipalePopulationscaleTestingCan2020,
  type = {Preprint},
  title = {Population-Scale Testing Can Suppress the Spread of {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {Taipale, Jussi and Romer, Paul and Linnarsson, Sten},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  institution = {Epidemiology},
  doi = {10.1101/2020.04.27.20078329},
  urldate = {2020-07-27},
  abstract = {We propose an additional intervention that would contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic, offer more protection for people working in essential jobs, and help guide an eventual reopening of society. The intervention is based on: (1) testing every individual (2) repeatedly, and (3) self-quarantine of infected individuals. Using a standard epidemiological model (SIR), we show here that by identification and isolation of the majority of infectious individuals, including those who may be asymptomatic, the reproduction number R0 of SARS-CoV-2 would be reduced well below 1.0, and the epidemic would collapse. We replicate these observations in a more complex stochastic dynamic model on a social network graph. We also find that the testing regime would be additive to other interventions, and be effective at any level of prevalence. If adopted as a policy, any industrial society could sustain the regime for as long as it takes to find a safe and effective cure or vaccine. Our model also indicates that unlike sampling-based tests, population-scale testing does not need to be very accurate: false negative rates up to 15\% could be tolerated if 80\% comply with testing every ten days, and false positives can be almost arbitrarily high when a high fraction of the population is already effectively quarantined. Testing at the required scale would be feasible if existing qPCR-based methods are scaled up and multiplexed. A mass produced, low throughput field test kit could also be carried out at home. Economic analysis also supports the feasibility of the approach: current reagent costs for tests are in the range of a dollar or less, and the estimated benefits for population-scale testing are so large that the policy would be cost-effective even if the costs were larger by more than two orders of magnitude. To identify both active and previous infections, both viral RNA and antibodies could be tested. All technologies to build such test kits, and to produce them in the scale required to test the entire world's population exist already. Integrating them, scaling up production, and implementing the testing regime will require resources and planning, but at a scale that is very small compared to the effort that every nation would devote to defending itself against a more traditional foe.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WRL3C8C3/Taipale et al. - 2020 - Population-scale testing can suppress the spread o.pdf}
}

@techreport{taipalePopulationscaleTestingCan2020a,
  type = {Preprint},
  title = {Population-Scale Testing Can Suppress the Spread of {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {Taipale, Jussi and Romer, Paul and Linnarsson, Sten},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  institution = {Epidemiology},
  doi = {10.1101/2020.04.27.20078329},
  urldate = {2020-07-27},
  abstract = {We propose an additional intervention that would contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic, offer more protection for people working in essential jobs, and help guide an eventual reopening of society. The intervention is based on: (1) testing every individual (2) repeatedly, and (3) isolation of infected individuals. We show here that at a sufficient rate of testing and isolation, the R0 of SARS-CoV-2 would be reduced well below 1.0, and the epidemic would collapse. The approach does not rely on strong and/or unrealistic assumptions about test accuracy, compliance to isolation, population structure or epidemiological parameters, and its success can be monitored in real time by measuring the change of the test positivity rate over time. In addition to the rate of compliance and false negatives, the required rate of testing is dependent on the design of the testing regime, with concurrent testing outperforming random sampling of individuals. Provided that results are reported rapidly, the test frequency required to suppress an epidemic is linear with respect to R0, to the infectious period, and to the fraction of susceptible individuals. Importantly, the testing regime would be effective at any level of prevalence, and additive to other interventions such as contact tracing and social distancing. It would also be robust to failure, as even in the case where the testing rate would be insufficient to collapse the epidemic, it would still reduce the number of infected individuals in the population, improving both public health and economic conditions. A mass-produced, disposable antigen or RNA test that could be used at home would be ideal, due to the optimal performance of concurrent tests that return immediate results.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WFJY5WGH/Taipale et al. - 2020 - Population-scale testing can suppress the spread o.pdf}
}

@techreport{taipalePopulationscaleTestingCan2020b,
  type = {Preprint},
  title = {Population-Scale Testing Can Suppress the Spread of {{COVID-19}}},
  author = {Taipale, Jussi and Romer, Paul and Linnarsson, Sten},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  institution = {Epidemiology},
  doi = {10.1101/2020.04.27.20078329},
  urldate = {2020-07-27},
  abstract = {We propose an additional intervention that would contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic, offer more protection for people working in essential jobs, and help guide an eventual reopening of society. The intervention is based on: (1) testing every individual (2) repeatedly, and (3) self-quarantine of infected individuals. Using a standard epidemiological model (SIR), we show here that by identification and isolation of the majority of infectious individuals, including those who may be asymptomatic, the reproduction number R0 of SARS-CoV-2 would be reduced well below 1.0, and the epidemic would collapse. We replicate these observations in a more complex stochastic dynamic model on a social network graph. We also find that the testing regime would be additive to other interventions, and be effective at any level of prevalence. If adopted as a policy, any industrial society could sustain the regime for as long as it takes to find a safe and effective cure or vaccine. Our model also indicates that unlike sampling-based tests, population-scale testing does not need to be very accurate: false negative rates up to 15\% could be tolerated if 80\% comply with testing every ten days, and false positives can be almost arbitrarily high when a high fraction of the population is already effectively quarantined. Testing at the required scale would be feasible if existing qPCR-based methods are scaled up and multiplexed. A mass produced, low throughput field test kit could also be carried out at home. Economic analysis also supports the feasibility of the approach: current reagent costs for tests are in the range of a dollar or less, and the estimated benefits for population-scale testing are so large that the policy would be cost-effective even if the costs were larger by more than two orders of magnitude. To identify both active and previous infections, both viral RNA and antibodies could be tested. All technologies to build such test kits, and to produce them in the scale required to test the entire world's population exist already. Integrating them, scaling up production, and implementing the testing regime will require resources and planning, but at a scale that is very small compared to the effort that every nation would devote to defending itself against a more traditional foe.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EYFQ4FHG/Taipale et al. - 2020 - Population-scale testing can suppress the spread o.pdf}
}

@article{tajfelSocialCategorizationIntergroup1971,
  title = {Social Categorization and Intergroup Behaviour},
  author = {Tajfel, Henri and Billig, M. G. and Bundy, R. P. and Flament, Claude},
  year = {1971},
  journal = {European Journal of Social Psychology},
  volume = {1},
  number = {2},
  pages = {149--178},
  issn = {00462772, 10990992},
  doi = {10.1002/ejsp.2420010202},
  urldate = {2021-05-25},
  abstract = {The aim of the studies was to assess the effefcsof social categorization on intergroup behaviour when, in the intergroup situation, neither calculations of individual interest nor previously existing attitudes of hostility could have been said to have determined discriminative behaviour against an outgroup. These conditions were satisfied in the experimental design. In the first series o f experiments, it was found that the subjects favoured their own group in the distribution o f real rewards and penalities in a situation in which nothing but the variable of fairly irrelevant classification distinguished between the ingroup and the outgroup. In the second series of experiments it was found that: 1 ) maximum joint profit independent of group membership did not affect significantly the manner in which the subjects divided real pecuniary rewards; 2 ) maximum profit for own group did affect the distribution of rewards; 3 ) the clearest effect on the distribution of rewards was due to the subjects' attempt to achieve a maximum difference between the ingroup and the outgroup even at the price of sacrificing other `objective' advantages. The design and the results of the study are theoretically discussed within the framework of social norms and expectations and particularly in relation to n `generic' norm of outgroup behaviour prevalent in some societies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TDL2MK84/Tajfel et al. - 1971 - Social categorization and intergroup behaviour.pdf}
}

@article{tan-torresedejerProjectedHealthcareResource2020,
  title = {Projected Health-Care Resource Needs for an Effective Response to {{COVID-19}} in 73 Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: A Modelling Study},
  shorttitle = {Projected Health-Care Resource Needs for an Effective Response to {{COVID-19}} in 73 Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries},
  author = {{Tan-Torres Edejer}, Tessa and Hanssen, Odd and Mirelman, Andrew and Verboom, Paul and Lolong, Glenn and Watson, Oliver John and Boulanger, Lucy Linda and Soucat, Agn{\`e}s},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {The Lancet Global Health},
  pages = {S2214109X20303831},
  issn = {2214109X},
  doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30383-1},
  urldate = {2020-09-14},
  abstract = {Background Since WHO declared the COVID-19 pandemic a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, more than 20 million cases have been reported, as of Aug 24, 2020. This study aimed to identify what the additional health-care costs of a strategic preparedness and response plan (SPRP) would be if current transmission levels are maintained in a status quo scenario, or under scenarios where transmission is increased or decreased by 50\%.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/9EFVX7RF/Tan-Torres Edejer et al. - 2020 - Projected health-care resource needs for an effect.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XQK65GQU/1-s2.0-S2214109X20303831-mmc1.pdf}
}

@article{tankardEffectSupremeCourt2017,
  title = {The {{Effect}} of a {{Supreme Court Decision Regarding Gay Marriage}} on {{Social Norms}} and {{Personal Attitudes}}},
  author = {Tankard, Margaret E. and Paluck, Elizabeth Levy},
  year = {2017},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Psychological Science},
  volume = {28},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1334--1344},
  issn = {0956-7976, 1467-9280},
  doi = {10.1177/0956797617709594},
  urldate = {2021-06-01},
  abstract = {We propose that institutions such as the U.S. Supreme Court can lead individuals to update their perceptions of social norms, in contrast to the mixed evidence on whether institutions shape individuals' personal opinions. We studied reactions to the June 2015 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in favor of same-sex marriage. In a controlled experimental setting, we found that a favorable ruling, when presented as likely, shifted perceived norms and personal attitudes toward increased support for gay marriage and gay people. Next, a five-wave longitudinal time-series study using a sample of 1,063 people found an increase in perceived social norms supporting gay marriage after the ruling but no change in personal attitudes. This pattern was replicated in a separate between-subjects data set. These findings provide the first experimental evidence that an institutional decision can change perceptions of social norms, which have been shown to guide behavior, even when individual opinions are unchanged.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YU43R2MB/Tankard and Paluck - 2017 - The Effect of a Supreme Court Decision Regarding G.pdf}
}

@article{tarsneyEpistemicChallengeLongtermism,
  title = {The {{Epistemic Challenge}} to {{Longtermism}}},
  author = {Tarsney, Christian J},
  pages = {43},
  abstract = {Longtermists claim that what we ought to do is mainly determined by how our actions might a↵ect the very long-run future. A natural objection to longtermism is that these e↵ects may be nearly impossible to predict---perhaps so close to impossible that, despite the astronomical importance of the far future, the expected value of our present options is mainly determined by short-term considerations. This paper aims to precisify and evaluate (a version of) this epistemic objection to longtermism. To that end, I develop two simple models for comparing ``longtermist'' and ``short-termist'' interventions, incorporating the idea that, as we look further into the future, the e↵ects of any present intervention become progressively harder to predict. These models yield mixed conclusions: If we simply aim to maximize expected value, and don't mind premising our choices on minuscule probabilities of astronomical payo↵s, the case for longtermism looks robust. But on some prima facie plausible empirical worldviews, the expectational superiority of longtermist interventions depends heavily on these ``Pascalian'' probabilities. So the case for longtermism may depend either on plausible but non-obvious empirical claims or on a tolerance for Pascalian fanaticism.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RNG5DKJM/Tarsney - The Epistemic Challenge to Longtermism.pdf}
}

@article{tebaldiGoingExtremesIntercomparison2006,
  title = {Going to the {{Extremes}}: {{An Intercomparison}} of {{Model-Simulated Historical}} and {{Future Changes}} in {{Extreme Events}}},
  shorttitle = {Going to the {{Extremes}}},
  author = {Tebaldi, Claudia and Hayhoe, Katharinec and Arblaster, Julie M. and Meehl, Gerald A.},
  year = {2006},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Climatic Change},
  volume = {79},
  number = {3-4},
  pages = {185--211},
  issn = {0165-0009, 1573-1480},
  doi = {10.1007/s10584-006-9051-4},
  urldate = {2020-08-03},
  abstract = {Projections of changes in climate extremes are critical to assessing the potential impacts of climate change on human and natural systems. Modeling advances now provide the opportunity of utilizing global general circulation models (GCMs) for projections of extreme temperature and precipitation indicators. We analyze historical and future simulations of ten such indicators as derived from an ensemble of 9 GCMs contributing to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR4), under a range of emissions scenarios. Our focus is on the consensus from the GCM ensemble, in terms of direction and significance of the changes, at the global average and geographical scale. The climate extremes described by the ten indices range from heat-wave frequency to frost-day occurrence, from dry-spell length to heavy rainfall amounts. Historical trends generally agree with previous observational studies, providing a basic sense of reliability for the GCM simulations. Individual model projections for the 21st century across the three scenarios examined are in agreement in showing greater temperature extremes consistent with a warmer climate. For any specific temperature index, minor differences appear in the spatial distribution of the changes across models and across scenarios, while substantial differences appear in the relative magnitude of the trends under different emissions rates. Depictions of a wetter world and greater precipitation intensity emerge unequivocally in the global averages of most of the precipitation indices. However, consensus and significance are less strong when regional patterns are considered. This analysis provides a first overview of projected changes in climate extremes from the IPCC-AR4 model ensemble, and has significant implications with regard to climate projections for impact assessments.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XGY5PYWD/Tebaldi et al. - 2006 - Going to the Extremes An Intercomparison of Model.pdf}
}

@misc{TechvexedHowDigital,
  title = {Tech-Vexed: How Digital Life Threatens Our Capacity for Awe {\textbar} {{Aeon Essays}}},
  shorttitle = {Tech-Vexed},
  journal = {Aeon},
  urldate = {2024-11-15},
  abstract = {In this tech-vexed age, our life on screens prevents us from experiencing the mysteries and transformative wonder of life},
  howpublished = {https://aeon.co/essays/tech-vexed-how-digital-life-threatens-our-capacity-for-awe},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6F7KYWD8/tech-vexed-how-digital-life-threatens-our-capacity-for-awe.html}
}

@book{terleckyjHouseholdProductionConsumption1975,
  title = {Household Production and Consumption: Papers},
  shorttitle = {Household Production and Consumption},
  editor = {Terleckyj, Nestor E. and {National Bureau of Economic Research}},
  year = {1975},
  series = {Studies in Income and Wealth ; v. 40},
  publisher = {National Bureau of Economic Research : distributed by Columbia University Press},
  address = {New York},
  isbn = {978-0-87014-515-5},
  langid = {english},
  lccn = {HC106.3 HB801 .C714 vol. 40},
  keywords = {Consumers,Consumption (Economics),Home economics,Mathematical models Congresses,United States},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SAYHUWWS/Terleckyj and National Bureau of Economic Research - 1975 - Household production and consumption papers.pdf}
}

@article{tesoPatronageSelectionPublic,
  title = {Patronage and {{Selection}} in {{Public Sector Organizations}}},
  author = {Teso, Edoardo},
  pages = {54},
  abstract = {In all modern bureaucracies, politicians retain some discretion in public employment decisions, which may lead to frictions in the selection process if political connections substitute for individual competence. Relying on detailed matched employeremployee data on the universe of public employees in Brazil over 1997--2014, and on a regression discontinuity design in close electoral races, we establish three main findings. First, political connections are a key and quantitatively large determinant of employment in public organizations, for both bureaucrats and frontline providers. Second, patronage is an important mechanism behind this result. Third, political considerations lead to the selection of less competent individuals.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/64AEWFUY/Teso - Patronage and Selection in Public Sector Organizat.pdf}
}

@article{tetlockLongrangeSubjectiveprobabilityForecasts,
  title = {Long-Range Subjective-Probability Forecasts of Slow-Motion Variables in World Politics: {{Exploring}} Limits on Expert Judgment},
  shorttitle = {Long-Range Subjective-Probability Forecasts of Slow-Motion Variables in World Politics},
  author = {Tetlock, Philip E. and Karvetski, Christopher and Satop{\"a}{\"a}, Ville A. and Chen, Kevin},
  journal = {FUTURES \& FORESIGHT SCIENCE},
  volume = {n/a},
  number = {n/a},
  pages = {e157},
  issn = {2573-5152},
  doi = {10.1002/ffo2.157},
  urldate = {2024-01-05},
  abstract = {Skeptics see long-range geopolitical forecasting as quixotic. A more nuanced view is that although predictability tends to decline over time, its rate of descent is variable. The current study gives geopolitical forecasters a sporting chance by focusing on slow-motion variables with low base rates of change. Analyses of 5, 10, and 25-year cumulative-risk judgments made in 1988 and 1997 revealed: (a) specialists beat generalists at predicting nuclear proliferation but not shifting nation-state boundaries; (b) some counterfactual interventions---for example, Iran gets the bomb before 2022---boosted experts' edge but others---for example, nuclear war before 2022---eliminated it; (c) accuracy fell faster on topics where expertise conferred no edge in shorter-range forecasts. To accelerate scientific progress, we propose adversarial collaborations in which clashing schools of thought negotiate Bayesian reputational bets on divisive issues and use Lakatosian scorecards to incentivize the honoring of bets.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2023 John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {adversarial collaboration,cumulative risk,expert judgment,long-range forecasting,nuclear proliferation},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZGUACVCU/Tetlock et al. - Long-range subjective-probability forecasts of slo.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UHRW8TUY/ffo2.html}
}

@article{tetlockPsychologyUnthinkableTaboo2000,
  title = {The Psychology of the Unthinkable: {{Taboo}} Trade-Offs, Forbidden Base Rates, and Heretical Counterfactuals.},
  shorttitle = {The Psychology of the Unthinkable},
  author = {Tetlock, Philip E. and Kristel, Orie V. and Elson, S. Beth and Green, Melanie C. and Lerner, Jennifer S.},
  year = {2000},
  journal = {Journal of Personality and Social Psychology},
  volume = {78},
  number = {5},
  pages = {853--870},
  issn = {1939-1315, 0022-3514},
  doi = {10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.853},
  urldate = {2021-03-08},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6EKSCGYS/Tetlock et al. - 2000 - The psychology of the unthinkable Taboo trade-off.pdf}
}

@article{teveldeHeterogeneousNormsSocial2022,
  title = {Heterogeneous Norms: {{Social}} Image and Social Pressure When People Disagree},
  shorttitle = {Heterogeneous Norms},
  author = {{te Velde}, Vera L.},
  year = {2022},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Behavior \& Organization},
  volume = {194},
  pages = {319--340},
  issn = {01672681},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jebo.2021.12.013},
  urldate = {2022-02-20},
  abstract = {Social pressure has been successfully used to encourage prosocial behavior in a diverse range of settings. Some backfiring results, however, have prompted a closer look at the necessary conditions for success. I propose that disagreement about what the right thing is to do is one key underexplored factor that can explain these findings. Existing models of social image break down when personal norms are heterogeneous because it's unclear which choice provides the best image. Some models have addressed this by assuming individuals seek the approval of a relevant reference network, but this approval seeking is qualitatively different from the signaling role of normative behavior that has been shown to be very important in homogeneous norm settings. I distinguish ``respect'' as the type of social image attained when one's actions are inferred to be motivated by strong personal beliefs, from ``approval'', which is obtained when one's actions are judged to be normatively correct. Using a psychological game theoretic model, I show how these distinct motives lead to different outcomes in terms of consensus, hypocrisy, compromise, polarization, and destructive posturing. Results demonstrate how using social incentives to change behavior may easily backfire if heterogeneous norms, or approval and respect, are conflated.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YQXYJ7I6/te Velde - 2022 - Heterogeneous norms Social image and social press.pdf}
}

@book{Thaler1976,
  title = {The {{Value}} of {{Saving}} a {{Life}}: {{Evidence}} from the {{Labor Market}}},
  author = {Thaler, Richard H. and Rosen, Sherwin},
  year = {1976},
  journal = {Household Production and Consumption},
  issn = {1546-8364},
  doi = {10.1177/1059840511425679},
  abstract = {Rapid globalization and the integration of national economies have contributed to the sharp rise in enrollment in international schools. How does this global nomadism affect international school children and their individual health needs? This study attempts to find an answer by interviewing 10 school nurses, with varying degrees of experience in international schools in Sweden, Germany, and Switzerland. Through qualitative semistructured interviews, the school nurses described that the international school children expressed common health needs similar to the ones faced by children in other school settings. However, children in the international schools expressed additional context-specific health needs related to their transient lifestyle, such as language and cultural difficulties, emotional distress, vulnerability, homesickness, alienation, and increased physical health needs related to their expatriate lifestyle. These factors often present a challenge for the school nurse whose profession is to interpret the child's health needs, which may be obscured by cultural diversity.},
  isbn = {0-87014-515-0},
  pmid = {22025104},
  keywords = {NONE}
}

@article{thalerFakeNewsEffect,
  title = {The ``{{Fake News}}'' {{Effect}}: {{Experimentally Identifying Motivated Reasoning Using Trust}} in {{News}}},
  author = {Thaler, Michael},
  pages = {103},
  abstract = {Motivated reasoning posits that people distort how they process new information in the direction of beliefs they find more attractive. This paper creates a novel experimental design to identify motivated reasoning from Bayesian updating when people enter into the experiment with endogenously different beliefs. It analyzes how subjects assess the veracity of information sources that tell them the median of their belief distribution is too high or too low. A Bayesian would infer nothing about the source veracity from this message, but a motivated reasoner would believe the source were more truthful when it reports the direction that he is more motivated to believe. Experimental results show novel evidence for politically-motivated reasoning about immigration, income mobility, crime, racial discrimination, gender, climate change, gun laws, and the performance of other subjects. Motivated reasoning from messages on these topics leads people's beliefs to become more polarized and less accurate, even though the messages are uninformative.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KPEXYQD5/Thaler - The “Fake News” Eﬀect Experimentally Identifying .pdf}
}

@misc{theassociatedpressBidenAdviserMarcella,
  title = {Biden Adviser {{Marcella Nunez-Smith}} Says Race Central to Virus Fight},
  author = {The Associated Press},
  journal = {NBC News},
  urldate = {2022-03-17},
  abstract = {``We cannot get this pandemic under control if we do not address head-on the issues of inequity in our country,'' Dr. Marcella Nunez-Smith said. ``There is no other way.''},
  howpublished = {https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/biden-adviser-marcella-nunez-smith-says-race-central-virus-fight-n1249710},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KBLLFR89/biden-adviser-marcella-nunez-smith-says-race-central-virus-fight-n1249710.html}
}

@article{thomasTransformingApathyMovement2009,
  title = {Transforming "Apathy into Movement": The Role of Prosocial Emotions in Motivating Action for Social Change},
  shorttitle = {Transforming "Apathy into Movement"},
  author = {Thomas, Emma F. and McGarty, Craig and Mavor, Kenneth I.},
  year = {2009},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Review: An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc},
  volume = {13},
  number = {4},
  pages = {310--333},
  issn = {1088-8683},
  doi = {10.1177/1088868309343290},
  abstract = {This article explores the synergies between recent developments in the social identity of helping, and advantaged groups' prosocial emotion. The authors review the literature on the potential of guilt, sympathy, and outrage to transform advantaged groups' apathy into positive action. They place this research into a novel framework by exploring the ways these emotions shape group processes to produce action strategies that emphasize either social cohesion or social change. These prosocial emotions have a critical but underrecognized role in creating contexts of in-group inclusion or exclusion, shaping normative content and meaning, and informing group interests. Furthermore, these distinctions provide a useful way of differentiating commonly discussed emotions. The authors conclude that the most "effective" emotion will depend on the context of the inequality but that outrage seems particularly likely to productively shape group processes and social change outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {19755664},
  keywords = {Anger,Emotions,Empathy,Group Processes,Guilt,Helping Behavior,Humans,Models Psychological,Morals,Motivation,Social Change,Social Identification}
}

@article{thomasTransformingApathyMovement2009a,
  title = {Transforming "Apathy into Movement": The Role of Prosocial Emotions in Motivating Action for Social Change},
  shorttitle = {Transforming "Apathy into Movement"},
  author = {Thomas, Emma F. and McGarty, Craig and Mavor, Kenneth I.},
  year = {2009},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Review: An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc},
  volume = {13},
  number = {4},
  pages = {310--333},
  issn = {1088-8683},
  doi = {10.1177/1088868309343290},
  abstract = {This article explores the synergies between recent developments in the social identity of helping, and advantaged groups' prosocial emotion. The authors review the literature on the potential of guilt, sympathy, and outrage to transform advantaged groups' apathy into positive action. They place this research into a novel framework by exploring the ways these emotions shape group processes to produce action strategies that emphasize either social cohesion or social change. These prosocial emotions have a critical but underrecognized role in creating contexts of in-group inclusion or exclusion, shaping normative content and meaning, and informing group interests. Furthermore, these distinctions provide a useful way of differentiating commonly discussed emotions. The authors conclude that the most "effective" emotion will depend on the context of the inequality but that outrage seems particularly likely to productively shape group processes and social change outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {19755664},
  keywords = {Anger,Emotions,Empathy,Group Processes,Guilt,Helping Behavior,Humans,Models Psychological,Morals,Motivation,Social Change,Social Identification}
}

@article{thomasTransformingApathyMovement2009b,
  title = {Transforming "Apathy into Movement": The Role of Prosocial Emotions in Motivating Action for Social Change},
  shorttitle = {Transforming "Apathy into Movement"},
  author = {Thomas, Emma F. and McGarty, Craig and Mavor, Kenneth I.},
  year = {2009},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Review: An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc},
  volume = {13},
  number = {4},
  pages = {310--333},
  issn = {1088-8683},
  doi = {10.1177/1088868309343290},
  abstract = {This article explores the synergies between recent developments in the social identity of helping, and advantaged groups' prosocial emotion. The authors review the literature on the potential of guilt, sympathy, and outrage to transform advantaged groups' apathy into positive action. They place this research into a novel framework by exploring the ways these emotions shape group processes to produce action strategies that emphasize either social cohesion or social change. These prosocial emotions have a critical but underrecognized role in creating contexts of in-group inclusion or exclusion, shaping normative content and meaning, and informing group interests. Furthermore, these distinctions provide a useful way of differentiating commonly discussed emotions. The authors conclude that the most "effective" emotion will depend on the context of the inequality but that outrage seems particularly likely to productively shape group processes and social change outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  pmid = {19755664},
  keywords = {Anger,Emotions,Empathy,Group Processes,Guilt,Helping Behavior,Humans,Models Psychological,Morals,Motivation,Social Change,Social Identification},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RDXEHXJU/Thomas et al. - 2009 - Transforming apathy into movement the role of p.pdf}
}

@article{thompsonDevelopmentalScienceMedia2001,
  title = {Developmental Science and the Media: {{Early}} Brain Development.},
  shorttitle = {Developmental Science and the Media},
  author = {Thompson, Ross A. and Nelson, Charles A.},
  year = {2001},
  journal = {American Psychologist},
  volume = {56},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5--15},
  issn = {1935-990X, 0003-066X},
  doi = {10.1037/0003-066X.56.1.5},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DELLGAF7/Thompson and Nelson - 2001 - Developmental science and the media Early brain d.pdf}
}

@techreport{thompsonReport38SARSCoV22020,
  title = {Report 38: {{SARS-CoV-2}} Setting-Specific Transmission Rates: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Report 38},
  author = {Thompson, H and Mousa, A and Dighe, A and Fu, H and {Arnedo-Pena}, A and Barrett, P and {Bellido-Blasco}, J and Bi, Q and Caputi, A and Chaw, L and De Maria, L and Hoffmann, M and Mahapure, K and Ng, K and Raghuram, J and Singh, G and Soman, B and Soriano, V and Valent, F and Vimercati, L and En Wee, L and Wong, J and Ghani, A and Ferguson, N},
  year = {2020},
  month = nov,
  institution = {Imperial College London},
  doi = {10.25561/84270},
  urldate = {2020-11-28},
  abstract = {Since the end of 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly across the world. Understanding the drivers of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is crucial for disease control policies but evidence of transmission rates in different settings remains limited. We conducted a systematic review to estimate the secondary attack rate (SAR) and observed reproduction number (Robs) in different settings and to explore differences by age, symptom status, duration of exposure and household size. A total of 97 studies were identified, 45 of which met inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. Households showed the highest transmission rates, with pooled SAR and Robs estimates of 21.1\% (95\% CI: 17.4\%-24.8\%) and 0.96 (95\% CI: 0.67-1.32), respectively. Household SAR estimates were significantly higher where the duration of household exposure exceeded 5 days compared with exposure of 5 days or less. Attack rates related to familiar and prolonged close contacts, such as social events with family and friends were higher than those related to low-risk casual contacts, such as strangers (SAR of 5.9\%, 95\% CI: 3.8\%-8.1\% vs. 1.2\%, 95\% CI: 0.3\%-2.1\%). Estimates of SAR for asymptomatic index cases were approximately two thirds of those for symptomatic index (3.5\% vs. 12.8\%, p\&lt;0.001). We find moderate evidence for less transmission both from and to individuals under 20 years of age in the household context, but this difference is less evident when examining all settings. Prolonged contact in households and in settings with familiar close contacts increases the potential for transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, the differences observed in transmissibility by symptom status of index cases and the potential for age-dependent effects has important implications for outbreak control strategies such as contact tracing, testing and rapid isolation of cases. There was limited data to allow exploration of transmission patterns in workplaces, schools, and care-homes, highlighting the need for further research in such settings.},
  collaborator = {Medical Research Council (MRC)},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2020 The Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/., Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International},
  keywords = {Coronavirus,COVID-19,COVID19,Transmission},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CDDRKVN2/Thompson et al. - 2020 - Report 38 SARS-CoV-2 setting-specific transmissio.pdf}
}

@article{Thornicroft2016,
  title = {Evidence for Effective Interventions to Reduce Mental-Health-Related Stigma and Discrimination},
  author = {Thornicroft, Graham and Mehta, Nisha and Clement, Sarah and {Evans-Lacko}, Sara and Doherty, Mary and Rose, Diana and Koschorke, Mirja and Shidhaye, Rahul and O'Reilly, Claire and Henderson, Claire},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {The Lancet},
  volume = {387},
  number = {10023},
  pages = {1123--1132},
  publisher = {Elsevier Ltd},
  issn = {1474547X},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00298-6},
  abstract = {Stigma and discrimination in relation to mental illnesses have been described as having worse consequences than the conditions themselves. Most medical literature in this area of research has been descriptive and has focused on attitudes towards people with mental illness rather than on interventions to reduce stigma. In this narrative Review, we summarise what is known globally from published systematic reviews and primary data on effective interventions intended to reduce mental-illness-related stigma or discrimination. The main findings emerging from this narrative overview are that: (1) at the population level there is a fairly consistent pattern of short-term benefits for positive attitude change, and some lesser evidence for knowledge improvement; (2) for people with mental illness, some group-level anti-stigma inventions show promise and merit further assessment; (3) for specific target groups, such as students, social-contact-based interventions usually achieve short-term (but less clearly long-term) attitudinal improvements, and less often produce knowledge gains; (4) this is a heterogeneous field of study with few strong study designs with large sample sizes; (5) research from low-income and middle-income countries is conspicuous by its relative absence; (6) caution needs to be exercised in not overgeneralising lessons from one target group to another; (7) there is a clear need for studies with longer-term follow-up to assess whether initial gains are sustained or attenuated, and whether booster doses of the intervention are needed to maintain progress; (8) few studies in any part of the world have focused on either the service user's perspective of stigma and discrimination or on the behaviour domain of behavioural change, either by people with or without mental illness in the complex processes of stigmatisation. We found that social contact is the most effective type of intervention to improve stigma-related knowledge and attitudes in the short term. However, the evidence for longer-term benefit of such social contact to reduce stigma is weak. In view of the magnitude of challenges that result from mental health stigma and discrimination, a concerted effort is needed to fund methodologically strong research that will provide robust evidence to support decisions on investment in interventions to reduce stigma.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4CMFKHPH/Thornicroft et al. - 2016 - Evidence for effective interventions to reduce men.pdf}
}

@article{Thornicroft2017a,
  title = {Undertreatment of People with Major Depressive Disorder in 21 Countries},
  author = {Thornicroft, Graham and Chatterji, Somnath and {Evans-Lacko}, Sara and Gruber, Michael and Sampson, Nancy and {Aguilar-Gaxiola}, Sergio and {Al-Hamzawi}, Ali and Alonso, Jordi and Andrade, Laura and Borges, Guilherme and Bruffaerts, Ronny and Bunting, Brendan and De Almeida, Jose Miguel Caldas and Florescu, Silvia and De Girolamo, Giovanni and Gureje, Oye and Haro, Josep Maria and He, Yanling and Hinkov, Hristo and Karam, Elie and Kawakami, Norito and Lee, Sing and {Navarro-Mateu}, Fernando and Piazza, Marina and {Posada-Villa}, Jose and De Galvis, Yolanda Torres and Kessler, Ronald C.},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {British Journal of Psychiatry},
  volume = {210},
  number = {2},
  pages = {119--124},
  issn = {14721465},
  doi = {10.1192/bjp.bp.116.188078},
  abstract = {Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Aims To examine the: (a) 12-month prevalence of DSM-IV MDD; (b) proportion aware that they have a problem needing treatment and who want care; (c) proportion of the latter receiving treatment; and (d) proportion of such treatment meeting minimal standards. Method Representative community household surveys from 21 countries as part of the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Results Of 51 547 respondents, 4.6\% met 12-month criteria for DSM-IV MDD and of these 56.7\% reported needing treatment. Among those who recognised their need for treatment, most (71.1\%) made at least one visit to a service provider. Among those who received treatment, only 41.0\% received treatment that met minimal standards. This resulted in only 16.5\% of all individuals with 12-month MDD receiving minimally adequate treatment. Conclusions Only a minority of participants with MDD received minimally adequate treatment: 1 in 5 people in high-income and 1 in 27 in low-/lower-middle-income countries. Scaling up care for MDD requires fundamental transformations in community education and outreach, supply of treatment and quality of services. Declaration of interest In the past 3 years, R.C.K. received support for his epidemiological studies from Sanofi Aventis, was a consultant for Johnson \& Johnson Wellness and Prevention and served on an advisory board for the Johnson \& Johnson Services Inc. Lake Nona Life Project. R.C.K. is a co-owner of DataStat Inc., a market research firm that carries out healthcare research.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4ITL6ZKM/Thornicroft et al. - 2017 - Undertreatment of people with major depressive dis.pdf}
}

@article{Thornton2008,
  title = {The Demand for, and Impact of, Learning {{HIV}} Status},
  author = {Thornton, Rebecca L.},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {98},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1829--1863},
  issn = {00028282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.98.5.1829},
  abstract = {This paper evaluates an experiment in which individuals in rural Malawi were randomly assigned monetary incentives to learn their HIV results after being tested. Distance to the HIV results centers was also randomly assigned. Without any incentive, 34 percent of the articipants learned their HIV results. However, even the smallest incentive doubled that share. Using the randomly assigned incentives and distance from results centers as instruments for the knowledge of HIV status, sexually active HIV-positive individuals who learned their results are three times more likely to purchase condoms two months later than sexually active HIV-positive individuals who did not learn their results; however, HIV-positive individuals who learned their results purchase only two additional condoms than those who did not. There is no significant effect of learning HIV-negative status on the purchase of condoms.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/S3S2RF3P/Thornton - 2008 - The Demand for, and Impact of, Learning HIV Status.pdf}
}

@article{tilcsikPridePrejudiceEmployment2011,
  title = {Pride and Prejudice: {{Employment}} Discrimination against Openly Gay Men in the {{United States}}},
  shorttitle = {Pride and Prejudice},
  author = {Tilcsik, Andr{\'a}s},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {117},
  pages = {586--626},
  publisher = {Univ of Chicago Press},
  address = {US},
  issn = {1537-5390},
  doi = {10.1086/661653},
  abstract = {This article presents the first large-scale audit study of discrimination against openly gay men in the United States. Pairs of fictitious r{\'e}sum{\'e}s were sent in response to 1,769 job postings in seven states. One r{\'e}sum{\'e} in each pair was randomly assigned experience in a gay campus organization, and the other r{\'e}sum{\'e} was assigned a control organization. Two main findings have emerged. First, in some but not all states, there was significant discrimination against the fictitious applicants who appeared to be gay. This geographic variation in the level of discrimination appears to reflect regional differences in attitudes and antidiscrimination laws. Second, employers who emphasized the importance of stereotypically male heterosexual traits were particularly likely to discriminate against openly gay men. Beyond these particular findings, this study advances the audit literature more generally by covering multiple regions and by highlighting how audit techniques may be used to identify stereotypes that affect employment decisions in real labor markets. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Employment Discrimination,Male Homosexuality,Prejudice},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BWN4QMEM/Tilcsik - 2011 - Pride and prejudice Employment discrimination aga.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NB4DLW9C/2011-26117-005.html}
}

@article{tiroleTheoryCollectiveReputations1996,
  title = {A {{Theory}} of {{Collective Reputations}} (with {{Applications}} to the {{Persistence}} of {{Corruption}} and to {{Firm Quality}})},
  author = {Tirole, Jean},
  year = {1996},
  journal = {The Review of Economic Studies},
  volume = {63},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {2298112},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {1--22},
  publisher = {[Oxford University Press, Review of Economic Studies, Ltd.]},
  issn = {0034-6527},
  doi = {10.2307/2298112},
  urldate = {2023-10-10},
  abstract = {The paper is a first attempt at modelling the idea of group reputation as an aggregate of individual reputations. A member's current incentives are affected by his past behaviour and, because his track record is observed only with noise, by the group's past behaviour as well. The paper thus studies the joint dynamics of individual and collective reputations and derives the existence of stereotypes from history dependence rather than from a multiplicity of equilibria or from the existence of a common trait as is usually done in the literature. It shows that new members of an organization may suffer from an original sin of their elders long after the latter are gone, and it derives necessary and sufficient conditions under which group reputations can be rebuilt. Last, the paper applies the theory to analyse when a large firm can maintain a reputation for quality.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8I5ZZLWT/Tirole - 1996 - A Theory of Collective Reputations (with Applicati.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DNVZ7PM5/2298112.pdf}
}

@article{toddBestBothWorlds2023,
  title = {The {{Best}} of {{Both Worlds}}: {{Combining Randomized Controlled Trials}} with {{Structural Modeling}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Best}} of {{Both Worlds}}},
  author = {Todd, Petra E. and Wolpin, Kenneth I.},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  volume = {61},
  number = {1},
  pages = {41--85},
  issn = {0022-0515},
  doi = {10.1257/jel.20211652},
  urldate = {2024-04-10},
  abstract = {There is a long-standing debate about the extent to which economic theory should inform econometric modeling and estimation. This debate is particularly evident in the program/policy evaluation literature, where reduced-form (experimental or quasi-experimental) and structural modeling approaches are often viewed as rival methodologies. Reduced-form proponents criticize the assumptions invoked in structural applications. Structural  modeling advocates point to the limitations of reduced-form approaches in not being able to inform about program impacts prior to implementation or about the costs and benefits of program designs that deviate from the  one that was implemented. In this paper, we argue that there is a new emerging view of a natural synergy between these two approaches, that they can be melded to exploit the advantages and ameliorate the disadvantages  of each. We provide examples of how data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the exemplar of reduced form practitioners, can be used to enhance the credibility of structural estimation. We also illustrate how the  structural approach complements experimental analyses by enabling evaluation of counterfactual policies/programs. Lastly, we survey many recent studies that combine these methodologies in various ways across different subfields within economics.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child Care,Children,Family Planning,includes inheritance and gift taxes Welfare Well-Being and Poverty: Government Programs,Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs Fertility,Quantile Regressions Model Evaluation Validation and Selection Forecasting Models,Simulation Methods  Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies,Single Equation Models,Single Variables: Cross-Sectional Models,Spatial Models,Treatment Effect Models,Youth Production Analysis and Firm Location: Government Policy},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UUD3MBCY/Todd and Wolpin - 2023 - The Best of Both Worlds Combining Randomized Cont.pdf}
}

@article{todorovInferencesCompetenceFaces2005,
  title = {Inferences of {{Competence}} from {{Faces Predict Election Outcomes}}},
  author = {Todorov, Alexander and Mandisodza, Anesu N. and Goren, Amir and Hall, Crystal C.},
  year = {2005},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {308},
  number = {5728},
  pages = {1623--1626},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1110589},
  urldate = {2023-12-17},
  abstract = {We show that inferences of competence based solely on facial appearance predicted the outcomes of U.S. congressional elections better than chance (e.g., 68.8\% of the Senate races in 2004) and also were linearly related to the margin of victory. These inferences were specific to competence and occurred within a 1-second exposure to the faces of the candidates. The findings suggest that rapid, unreflective trait inferences can contribute to voting choices, which are widely assumed to be based primarily on rational and deliberative considerations.}
}

@article{todorovInferencesCompetenceFaces2005a,
  title = {Inferences of {{Competence}} from {{Faces Predict Election Outcomes}}},
  author = {Todorov, Alexander and Mandisodza, Anesu N. and Goren, Amir and Hall, Crystal C.},
  year = {2005},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {308},
  number = {5728},
  pages = {1623--1626},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1110589},
  urldate = {2023-12-17},
  abstract = {We show that inferences of competence based solely on facial appearance predicted the outcomes of U.S. congressional elections better than chance (e.g., 68.8\% of the Senate races in 2004) and also were linearly related to the margin of victory. These inferences were specific to competence and occurred within a 1-second exposure to the faces of the candidates. The findings suggest that rapid, unreflective trait inferences can contribute to voting choices, which are widely assumed to be based primarily on rational and deliberative considerations.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H24NAS8G/todorov.som.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/T2QM4J8P/Todorov et al. - 2005 - Inferences of Competence from Faces Predict Electi.pdf}
}

@misc{togethermentalhealthConnectionSelfEsteemTeen,
  title = {The {{Connection Between Self-Esteem}} and {{Teen Mental Health}}: {{A Comprehensive Guide}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Connection Between Self-Esteem}} and {{Teen Mental Health}}},
  author = {{Together Mental Health}},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  abstract = {Adolescence is a transformative period filled with physical, emotional, and psychological changes, making mental health a critical concern for teenagers. Self-esteem, or the sense of self-worth, plays a vital role in shaping how teens interact with the world, cope with challenges, and view their future. Low self-esteem is linked to issues like depression and anxiety, while high self-esteem fosters resilience and overall well-being. This blog explores the connection between self-esteem and teen mental health, offering practical strategies to boost self-esteem. These include encouraging positive self-talk, promoting healthy relationships, fostering independence, engaging in hobbies, providing constructive feedback, and teaching stress-management techniques. By supporting teens in developing a healthy sense of self-worth, parents, educators, and mental health professionals can help them navigate adolescence with confidence and resilience.},
  howpublished = {https://www.togethermentalhealth.com/blogs/the-connection-between-self-esteem-and-teen-mental-health-a-comprehensive-guide},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/F6ZPVNEA/the-connection-between-self-esteem-and-teen-mental-health-a-comprehensive-guide.html}
}

@techreport{Toledo2017OnlineViolence,
  title = {State of the Art about Online Violence against Women in Colombia and the Lack of Strategies to Combat It},
  author = {Toledo, Amalia},
  year = {2017},
  month = nov,
  address = {Bogot{\'a}, Colombia},
  institution = {Fundaci{\'o}n Karisma},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0 License},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/53N56UY8/Toledo - AGAINST WOMEN IN COLOMBIA.pdf}
}

@article{toplakAssessingMiserlyInformation2014,
  title = {Assessing Miserly Information Processing: {{An}} Expansion of the {{Cognitive Reflection Test}}},
  shorttitle = {Assessing Miserly Information Processing},
  author = {Toplak, Maggie E. and West, Richard F. and Stanovich, Keith E.},
  year = {2014},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Thinking \& Reasoning},
  volume = {20},
  number = {2},
  pages = {147--168},
  issn = {1354-6783, 1464-0708},
  doi = {10.1080/13546783.2013.844729},
  urldate = {2021-08-22},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5GF7TY7Y/13546783.2013.844729.pdf}
}

@article{toussaertElicitingTemptationSelfControl2018,
  title = {Eliciting {{Temptation}} and {{Self-Control Through Menu Choices}}: {{A Lab Experiment}}},
  shorttitle = {Eliciting {{Temptation}} and {{Self-Control Through Menu Choices}}},
  author = {Toussaert, S{\'e}verine},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {86},
  number = {3},
  pages = {859--889},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ECTA14172},
  urldate = {2020-10-12},
  abstract = {Unlike present-biased individuals, agents who suffer self-control costs as in Gul and Pesendorfer (2001) may choose to restrict their choice set even when they expect to resist temptation. To identify these self-control types, I design an experiment in which the temptation was to read a story during a tedious task. The identification strategy relies on a two-step procedure. First, I measure commitment demand by eliciting subjects' preferences over menus that did or did not allow access to the story. I then implement preferences using a random mechanism, allowing to observe subjects who faced the choice yet preferred commitment. A quarter to a third of subjects can be classified as self-control types according to their menu preferences. When confronted with the choice, virtually all of them behaved as they anticipated and resisted temptation. These findings suggest that policies restricting the availability of tempting options could have larger welfare benefits than predicted by standard models of present bias.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YXMYPGXN/Toussaert - 2018 - Eliciting Temptation and Self-Control Through Menu.pdf}
}

@misc{TransWomanHead,
  title = {Trans Woman's Head Smashed with Stones by Lynch Mob in {{India}}},
  urldate = {2022-01-05},
  howpublished = {https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/trans-womans-head-smashed-by-stones-by-lynch-mob-in-india/},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/294DQZZW/trans-womans-head-smashed-by-stones-by-lynch-mob-in-india.html}
}

@article{trevinoBeliefElicitationLaboratory,
  title = {Belief {{Elicitation}} in the {{Laboratory}}},
  author = {Trevino, Andrew SchotterIsabel},
  pages = {30},
  abstract = {One constraint we face as economists is not being able to observe all the relevant variables required to test our theories or make policy prescriptions. Laboratory techniques allow us to convert many variables (such as beliefs) that are unobservable in the field into observables. This article presents a survey of the literature on belief elicitation in laboratory experimental economics. We discuss several techniques available to elicit beliefs in an incentive-compatible manner and the problems involved in their use. We then look at how successful these techniques have been when employed in laboratory studies. We find that despite some problems, beliefs elicited in the laboratory are meaningful (i.e., they are generally used as the basis for behavior), and the process of eliciting beliefs seems not to be too intrusive. One hope for the future is that by eliciting beliefs, we may be able to develop better theories of belief formation.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5BIDNHQC/Trevino - Belief Elicitation in the Laboratory.pdf}
}

@misc{TrickleDownEthnicPolitics,
  title = {Trickle-{{Down Ethnic Politics}}: {{Drunk}} and {{Absent}} in the {{Kenya Police Force}} (1957-1970) - {{American Economic Association}}},
  urldate = {2024-01-30},
  howpublished = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.20160384},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4MIQAY54/articles.html}
}

@article{tsaiChangesPublicAttitudes2017,
  title = {Changes in {{Public Attitudes}} and {{Perceptions}} about {{Homelessness Between}} 1990 and 2016},
  author = {Tsai, Jack and Lee, Crystal Yun See and Byrne, Thomas and Pietrzak, Robert H. and Southwick, Steven M.},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {American Journal of Community Psychology},
  volume = {60},
  number = {3-4},
  pages = {599--606},
  issn = {1573-2770},
  doi = {10.1002/ajcp.12198},
  urldate = {2023-09-11},
  abstract = {Public attitudes on homelessness can and has influenced policies and services for homeless populations. This study surveyed national public attitudes about homelessness in the 21st century and examined changes in attitudes in the past two decades. An online survey of public attitudes about homelessness was conducted with 541 U.S. adults across 47 states in November 2016 using Amazon Mechanical Turk. Survey results were compared to two public surveys conducted in 1990. Compared to previous surveys, the current sample endorsed more compassion, government support, and liberal attitudes about homelessness. The largest changes were related to increased support for homeless individuals to use public spaces for sleeping and panhandling. When asked about the demographic composition of the homeless population, the contemporary sample tended to overestimate the proportions who were young and racial/ethnic minorities, while underestimating the proportions who were married, or had mental health or substance abuse problems. Together, the findings suggest there has been an increase in compassion and liberal attitudes toward homelessness in the past two decades. Greater support for homeless individuals during an era of economic recessions and governmental homeless initiatives presents opportunities for new public health approaches to address homelessness.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} Society for Community Research and Action 2017},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Homelessness,Public attitudes,Public health},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IHZQWJUA/ajcp.html}
}

@techreport{tsokaMalawiSocialCash2010,
  title = {The {{Malawi Social Cash Transfer}} and the Impact of \$14 per Month on Child Health and Growth},
  author = {Tsoka, Maxton and Miller, Candace M. and Reichert, Kathryn},
  year = {2010},
  number = {May 2014}
}

@article{Tversky1973,
  title = {Availability: {{A}} Heuristic for Judging Frequency and Probability},
  author = {Tversky, Amos and Kahneman, Daniel},
  year = {1973},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Cognitive Psychology},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {207--232},
  issn = {00100285},
  doi = {10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9},
  urldate = {2018-12-18}
}

@article{Tybout2014,
  title = {The {{Missing Middle}}, {{Revisited}}},
  author = {Tybout, James},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  number = {1987},
  pages = {1--6},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KTJ6UCSK/Tybout - The Missing Middle, Revisited.pdf}
}

@article{tyboutManufacturingFirmsDeveloping2000,
  title = {Manufacturing {{Firms}} in {{Developing Countries}}: {{How Well Do They Do}}, and {{Why}}?},
  author = {Tybout, James R},
  year = {2000},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  pages = {34},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/827FQUUG/Tybout - 2000 - Manufacturing Firms in Developing Countries How W.pdf}
}

@article{tylerEstimatingLaborMarket2000,
  title = {Estimating the {{Labor Market Signaling Value}} of the {{GED}}*},
  author = {Tyler, John H. and Murnane, Richard J. and Willett, John B.},
  year = {2000},
  month = may,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {115},
  number = {2},
  pages = {431--468},
  issn = {0033-5533},
  doi = {10.1162/003355300554818},
  urldate = {2024-09-11},
  abstract = {This paper tests the labor market signaling hypothesis for the General Educational Development (GED) equivalency credential. Using a unique data set containing GED test scores and Social Security Administration (SSA) earnings data, we exploit variation in GED status generated by differential state GED passing standards to identify the signaling value of the GED, net of human capital effects. Our results indicate that the GED signal increases the earnings of young white dropouts by 10 to 19 percent. We find no statistically significant effects for minority dropouts.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3HWH29R2/Tyler et al. - 2000 - Estimating the Labor Market Signaling Value of the.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/4JWDA3TA/1840448.html}
}

@techreport{u.s.governmentstatedept.USGovernmentState2019,
  title = {{{US Government State Department}}: {{Human Rights Report}} (2019, {{India}})},
  author = {U.S. Government State Dept.},
  year = {2019}
}

@techreport{u.s.statedept.2021CountryReports2021,
  title = {2021 {{Country Reports}} on {{Human Rights Practices}}: {{India}}},
  author = {{U.S. State Dept.}},
  year = {2021},
  urldate = {2023-05-18},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GK9CBA6C/india.html}
}

@article{Udry1996,
  title = {Gender, {{Agricultural Production}}, and the {{Theory}} of the {{Household}}},
  author = {Udry, Christopher},
  year = {1996},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {104},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1010--1046},
  issn = {0022-3808},
  doi = {10.1086/262050},
  abstract = {Virtually all models of the household assume that the allocation of resources is Pareto efficient. Within many African households, agricultural production occurs on many plots controlled by different members of the household. Pareto efficiency implies that factors should be allocated efficiently across these plots. I find, in contrast, that plots controlled by women are farmed much less intensively than similar plots within the household controlled by men. The estimates imply that about 6 percent of output is lost because of inefficient factor allocation within the household. The paper suggests a new approach to modeling intrahousehold allocation consistent with the empirical results.}
}

@article{udryCreditMarketsNorthern,
  title = {Credit {{Markets}} in {{Northern Nigeria}}: {{Credit}} as {{Insurance}} in a {{Rural Economy}}},
  author = {Udry, Christopher},
  pages = {19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NXLWEYZE/Udry - Credit Markets in Northern Nigeria Credit as Insu.pdf}
}

@article{uerolEthnicPolarizationPotential,
  title = {Ethnic {{Polarization}}, {{Potential Conflict}}, and {{Civil Wars}} {\textasciiacute}},
  author = {Uerol, M Arta R Eynal}
}

@article{uhlsFiveDaysOutdoor2014,
  title = {Five Days at Outdoor Education Camp without Screens Improves Preteen Skills with Nonverbal Emotion Cues},
  author = {Uhls, Yalda T. and Michikyan, Minas and Morris, Jordan and Garcia, Debra and Small, Gary W. and Zgourou, Eleni and Greenfield, Patricia M.},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
  volume = {39},
  pages = {387--392},
  publisher = {Elsevier Science},
  address = {Netherlands},
  issn = {1873-7692},
  doi = {10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.036},
  abstract = {A field experiment examined whether increasing opportunities for face-to-face interaction while eliminating the use of screen-based media and communication tools improved nonverbal emotion--cue recognition in preteens. Fifty-one preteens spent five days at an overnight nature camp where television, computers and mobile phones were not allowed; this group was compared with school-based matched controls (n =54) that retained usual media practices. Both groups took pre- and post-tests that required participants to infer emotional states from photographs of facial expressions and videotaped scenes with verbal cues removed. Change scores for the two groups were compared using gender, ethnicity, media use, and age as covariates. After five days interacting face-to-face without the use of any screen-based media, preteens' recognition of nonverbal emotion cues improved significantly more than that of the control group for both facial expressions and videotaped scenes. Implications are that the short-term effects of increased opportunities for social interaction, combined with time away from screen-based media and digital communication tools, improves a preteen's understanding of nonverbal emotional cues. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Adolescent Development,Cues,Emotions,Facial Expressions,Nonverbal Communication,Social Interaction},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z32H8RCI/Uhls et al. - 2014 - Five days at outdoor education camp without screen.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QQW53ILL/2014-41039-045.html}
}

@techreport{ukgovernmenthomeofficeCountryPolicyInformation2021,
  title = {Country {{Policy}} and {{Information Note India}}: {{Sexual}} Orientation and Gender Identity and Expression},
  author = {UK Government Home Office},
  year = {2021}
}

@article{Ulyssea2018a,
  title = {Firms, Informality, and Development: {{Theory}} and Evidence from {{Brazil}}},
  author = {Ulyssea, Gabriel},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {108},
  number = {8},
  pages = {2015--2047},
  issn = {00028282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20141745},
  abstract = {This paper develops and estimates an equilibrium model where heterogeneous firms can exploit two margins of informality: (I) not register their business, the extensive margin; and (II) hire workers "off the books," the intensive margin. The model encompasses the main competing frameworks for understanding informality and provides a natural setting to infer their empirical relevance. The counterfactual analysis shows that once the intensive margin is accounted for, firm and labor informality need not move in the same direction as a result of policy changes. Lower informality can be, but is not necessarily associated with higher output, TFP, or welfare. (JEL D22, E26, H26, J46, O14, O17).},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I9ICEP6Q/Ulyssea - 2018 - Firms, Informality, and Development Theory and Ev.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IPLJ96B3/Ulyssea - 2018 - Firms, Informality, and Development Theory and Ev.pdf}
}

@techreport{unesconewdelhiExperiencesBullyingSchools2018,
  title = {Experiences of Bullying in Schools: {{A}} Survey among Sexual/Gender Minority Youth in {{Tamil Nadu}}},
  author = {UNESCO New Delhi},
  year = {2018},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HTTKXYCI/UNESCO_researchbrief.pdf}
}

@misc{UnevenDistributionEconomics,
  title = {The Uneven Distribution of Economics Research on {{Africa}}},
  journal = {World Bank Blogs},
  urldate = {2024-04-10},
  abstract = {Which countries have the most economics research in Africa? What factors correlate with their dominance? This post explores a recent paper that provides data and insight into these questions.},
  howpublished = {https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/impactevaluations/uneven-distribution-economics-research-africa},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YJY8N7L2/uneven-distribution-economics-research-africa.html}
}

@article{UNFood2015,
  title = {Food {{Consumption Score Nutritional Quality Analysis Guidelines}} ({{FCS-N}})},
  author = {Programme, United Nations World Food and (VAM), Food Security Analysis},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {World Food Program},
  number = {August}
}

@techreport{UniAndes2024Internet,
  type = {Research {{Report}}},
  title = {Riesgos y Oportunidades Del Uso de Internet Para Ni{\~n}as, Ni{\~n}os y Adolescentes En Colombia: {{Resumen}} de Resultados},
  author = {{Universidad de los Andes} and {Tigo} and {Aulas en Paz}},
  year = {2024},
  address = {Colombia},
  institution = {Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales}
}

@misc{unitedstatesdepartmentofagriculture:foreignagriculturalserviceCommodityIntelligenceReport2012,
  title = {Commodity {{Intelligence Report}}. {{INDONESIA}}: {{Stagnating Rice Production Ensures Continued Need}} for {{Imports}}},
  author = {{United States Department of Agriculture: Foreign Agricultural Service}},
  year = {2012},
  urldate = {2020-01-06}
}

@misc{unitedstatesstatedepartment2022CountryReports2022,
  title = {2022 {{Country Reports}} on {{Human Rights Practices}}},
  author = {United States State Department},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {United States Department of State},
  urldate = {2023-08-21},
  abstract = {The annual Human Rights Reports cover internationally recognized individual, civil, political, and worker rights, as set forth in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international agreements.},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NN8QWETD/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices.html}
}

@article{unkelbachReversingTruthEffect,
  title = {Reversing the {{Truth Effect}}: {{Learning}} the {{Interpretation}} of {{Processing Fluency}} in {{Judgments}} of {{Truth}}},
  author = {Unkelbach, Christian},
  pages = {12},
  abstract = {Repeated statements receive higher truth ratings than new statements. Given that repetition leads to greater experienced processing fluency, the author proposes that fluency is used in truth judgments according to its ecological validity. Thus, the truth effect occurs because people learn that fluency and truth tend to be positively correlated. Three experiments tested this notion. Experiment 1 replicated the truth effect by directly manipulating processing fluency; Experiment 2 reversed the effect by manipulating the correlation between fluency and truth in a learning phase. Experiment 3 generalized this reversal by showing a transfer of a negative correlation between perceptual fluency (due to color contrast) and truth to truth judgments when fluency is due to prior exposure (i.e., repetition).},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8KEH5JHH/Unkelbach - Reversing the Truth Effect Learning the Interpret.pdf}
}

@article{Uri2011,
  title = {Selection and {{Comparative Advantage}} in {{Technology Adoption}}},
  author = {Uri, B Y T Avneet S and Udry, Christopher and Evenson, Robert and Greenstone, Michael and Goldberg, Penny and Hamada, Koichi and Jayne, Thomas and Lange, Fabian and Lester, Ashley and Mani, Anandi and Mukand, Sharun and Polak, Ben and Pischke, Steve and Rigobon, Roberto and Scott, James and Srinivasan, T N},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {79},
  number = {1},
  pages = {159--209},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.3982/ecta7749},
  abstract = {Econometrica, Vol.79, No.1, January, 2011, 159-209},
  keywords = {Technology heterogeneity comparative advantage},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WGXIMEVD/2011 - Selection and Comparative Advantage in Technology .pdf}
}

@article{Url2011,
  title = {Inequality as a {{Determinant}} of {{Malnutrition}} and {{Unemployment}}: {{Theory}}},
  author = {Dasgupta, Partha and Ray, Debraj},
  year = {1986},
  month = dec,
  journal = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {96},
  number = {384},
  pages = {1011},
  issn = {00130133},
  doi = {10.2307/2233171},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EEBTTWDA/Dasgupta and Ray - 1986 - Inequality as a Determinant of Malnutrition and Un.pdf}
}

@article{User2007,
  title = {Use of Mental Health Services for Anxiety, Mood, and Substance Disorders in 17 Countries in the {{WHO}} World Mental Health Surveys},
  author = {Wang, Philip S and {Aguilar-Gaxiola}, Sergio and Alonso, Jordi and Angermeyer, Matthias C and Borges, Guilherme and Bromet, Evelyn J and Bruffaerts, Ronny and {de Girolamo}, Giovanni and {de Graaf}, Ron and Gureje, Oye and Haro, Josep Maria and Karam, Elie G and Kessler, Ronald C and Kovess, Viviane and Lane, Michael C and Lee, Sing and Levinson, Daphna and Ono, Yutaka and Petukhova, Maria and {Posada-Villa}, Jos{\'e} and Seedat, Soraya and Wells, J Elisabeth},
  year = {2007},
  month = sep,
  journal = {The Lancet},
  volume = {370},
  number = {9590},
  pages = {841--850},
  issn = {01406736},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61414-7},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G57IXV4V/Wang et al. - 2007 - Use of mental health services for anxiety, mood, a.pdf}
}

@article{vaessenAssociationSelfreportedStress2021,
  title = {The Association between Self-Reported Stress and Cardiovascular Measures in Daily Life: {{A}} Systematic Review},
  shorttitle = {The Association between Self-Reported Stress and Cardiovascular Measures in Daily Life},
  author = {Vaessen, Thomas and Rintala, Aki and Otsabryk, Natalya and Viechtbauer, Wolfgang and Wampers, Martien and Claes, Stephan and {Myin-Germeys}, Inez},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {16},
  number = {11},
  pages = {e0259557},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0259557},
  urldate = {2024-08-05},
  abstract = {Background Stress plays an important role in the development of mental illness, and an increasing number of studies is trying to detect moments of perceived stress in everyday life based on physiological data gathered using ambulatory devices. However, based on laboratory studies, there is only modest evidence for a relationship between self-reported stress and physiological ambulatory measures. This descriptive systematic review evaluates the evidence for studies investigating an association between self-reported stress and physiological measures under daily life conditions. Methods Three databases were searched for articles assessing an association between self-reported stress and cardiovascular and skin conductance measures simultaneously over the course of at least a day. Results We reviewed findings of 36 studies investigating an association between self-reported stress and cardiovascular measures with overall 135 analyses of associations between self-reported stress and cardiovascular measures. Overall, 35\% of all analyses showed a significant or marginally significant association in the expected direction. The most consistent results were found for perceived stress, high-arousal negative affect scales, and event-related self-reported stress measures, and for frequency-domain heart rate variability physiological measures. There was much heterogeneity in measures and methods. Conclusion These findings confirm that daily-life stress-dynamics are complex and require a better understanding. Choices in design and measurement seem to play a role. We provide some guidance for future studies.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Blood pressure,Emotions,Health informatics,Heart rate,Mental health and psychiatry,Psychological stress,Skin physiology,Systematic reviews},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/A99ZPTGJ/Vaessen et al. - 2021 - The association between self-reported stress and c.pdf}
}

@techreport{Valsecchi2016,
  title = {Corrupt {{Bureaucrats}} : {{The Response}} of {{Non-Elected Offcials}} to {{Electoral Accountability}}},
  author = {Valsecchi, Michele},
  year = {2016}
}

@article{valsecchiCorruptBureaucratsResponse,
  title = {Corrupt {{Bureaucrats}}: {{The Response}} of {{Non-Elected Officials}} to {{Electoral Accountability}}},
  author = {Valsecchi, Michele},
  pages = {55},
  abstract = {Modern state bureaucracies are designed to be insulated from political interference. Successful insulation implies that politicians' electoral incentives do not affect bureaucrats' corruption. I test this prediction by assembling a unique dataset on corruption, promotions and demotions for more than 4 million Indonesian local civil servants. To identify the effect of reelection incentives, I exploit the existence of term limits and a difference-indifference strategy. I find that reelection incentives decrease the corruption behaviour of both top and administrative bureaucrats, which constitutes new evidence of the deep, farreaching effects of politicians' accountability on local civil servants. I explore a mechanism where bureaucrats have career concerns and politicians facing reelection manipulate such concerns by increasing the turnover of top bureaucrats. Consistent with this mechanism, I find that reelection incentives increase demotions of top bureaucrats and promotions of administrative bureaucrats.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Q2GDBLJ8/Valsecchi - Corrupt Bureaucrats The Response of Non-Elected O.pdf}
}

@article{vanalphenExplainingNotinMyBackyardResponses2011,
  title = {Explaining {{Not-in-My-Backyard Responses}} to {{Different Social Groups}}: {{The Role}} of {{Group Characteristics}} and {{Emotions}}},
  shorttitle = {Explaining {{Not-in-My-Backyard Responses}} to {{Different Social Groups}}},
  author = {{van Alphen}, Laura M. and Dijker, Anton J. M. and Bos, Arjan E. R. and {van den Borne}, Bart H. W. and Curfs, Leopold M. G.},
  year = {2011},
  month = may,
  journal = {Social Psychological and Personality Science},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3},
  pages = {245--252},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc},
  issn = {1948-5506},
  doi = {10.1177/1948550610386807},
  urldate = {2023-08-30},
  abstract = {To examine why people are reluctant to engage in intergroup contact, the present study asked members of a nationwide online panel (N = 555) to imagine that they would get individuals of a particular social group as next-door neighbors. Respondents were randomly assigned to one of five different social groups hypothesized to differ in emotion-arousing potential: elderly people, people with mild or severe intellectual disability, economic refugees, and young offenders. It was found that differences in acceptance between these groups could be well explained by emotions aroused while anticipating contact yet less well by differences in previous contact with these groups. Furthermore, emotions appeared to be uniquely related to preferred interpersonal relationships. It is concluded that research on how to reduce prejudice through intergroup contact should be complemented with a better understanding of why people are reluctant to engage in such contact in the first place.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/55LSBPEZ/van Alphen et al. - 2011 - Explaining Not-in-My-Backyard Responses to Differe.pdf}
}

@article{vanalphenExplainingNotinMyBackyardResponses2011a,
  title = {Explaining {{Not-in-My-Backyard Responses}} to {{Different Social Groups}}: {{The Role}} of {{Group Characteristics}} and {{Emotions}}},
  shorttitle = {Explaining {{Not-in-My-Backyard Responses}} to {{Different Social Groups}}},
  author = {{van Alphen}, Laura M. and Dijker, Anton J. M. and Bos, Arjan E. R. and {van den Borne}, Bart H. W. and Curfs, Leopold M. G.},
  year = {2011},
  month = may,
  journal = {Social Psychological and Personality Science},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3},
  pages = {245--252},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc},
  issn = {1948-5506},
  doi = {10.1177/1948550610386807},
  urldate = {2023-08-30},
  abstract = {To examine why people are reluctant to engage in intergroup contact, the present study asked members of a nationwide online panel (N = 555) to imagine that they would get individuals of a particular social group as next-door neighbors. Respondents were randomly assigned to one of five different social groups hypothesized to differ in emotion-arousing potential: elderly people, people with mild or severe intellectual disability, economic refugees, and young offenders. It was found that differences in acceptance between these groups could be well explained by emotions aroused while anticipating contact yet less well by differences in previous contact with these groups. Furthermore, emotions appeared to be uniquely related to preferred interpersonal relationships. It is concluded that research on how to reduce prejudice through intergroup contact should be complemented with a better understanding of why people are reluctant to engage in such contact in the first place.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{vanbovenSocialProjectionTransient2003,
  title = {Social {{Projection}} of {{Transient Drive States}}},
  author = {Van Boven, Leaf and Loewenstein, George},
  year = {2003},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
  volume = {29},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1159--1168},
  issn = {0146-1672, 1552-7433},
  doi = {10.1177/0146167203254597},
  urldate = {2021-04-30},
  abstract = {The authors hypothesized that people's predictions of how other people feel in emotionally arousing situations are often based on people's predictions of how they themselves would feel in those situations. Indeed, most participants in Study 1 reported predicting hungry hikers' feelings by mentally trading places with them, imagining what their own feelings would be in the hikers' situation. Because people's predictions of their own feelings tend to be biased in the direction of their current drive states, we hypothesized that mentally trading places would lead to social projection of transient drive states. In Study 2, participants' predictions of whether thirst or hunger would be more bothersome to hikers lost without food or water were biased in the direction of participants' own exercise-induced thirst. Furthermore, participants' predictions of how they would feel in the hikers' situation statistically mediated the effect of exercise on their predictions of the hikers' feelings.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NCDK868M/Van Boven and Loewenstein - 2003 - Social Projection of Transient Drive States.pdf}
}

@article{vandenbesselaarSAOBSDailyGridded2017,
  title = {{{SA-OBS}}: {{A Daily Gridded Surface Temperature}} and {{Precipitation Dataset}} for {{Southeast Asia}}},
  shorttitle = {{{SA-OBS}}},
  author = {{van den Besselaar}, Else J. M. and {van der Schrier}, Gerard and Cornes, Richard C. and Iqbal, Aris Suwondo and Klein Tank, Albert M. G.},
  year = {2017},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  volume = {30},
  number = {14},
  pages = {5151--5165},
  issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442},
  doi = {10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0575.1},
  urldate = {2020-12-07},
  abstract = {This study introduces a new daily high-resolution land-only observational gridded dataset, called SA-OBS, for precipitation and minimum, mean, and maximum temperature covering Southeast Asia. This dataset improves upon existing observational products in terms of the number of contributing stations, in the use of an interpolation technique appropriate for daily climate observations, and in making estimates of the uncertainty of the gridded data. The dataset is delivered on a 0.25{$^\circ$} {\texttimes} 0.25{$^\circ$} and a 0.5{$^\circ$} {\texttimes} 0.5{$^\circ$} regular latitude--longitude grid for the period 1981--2014. The dataset aims to provide best estimates of grid square averages rather than point values to enable direct comparisons with regional climate models. Next to the best estimates, daily uncertainties are quantified. The underlying daily station time series are collected in cooperation between meteorological services in the region: the Southeast Asian Climate Assessment and Dataset (SACA\&D). Comparisons are made with station observations and other gridded station or satellite-based datasets (APHRODITE, CMORPH, TRMM). The comparisons show that vast differences exist in the average daily precipitation, the number of rainy days, and the average precipitation on a wet day between these datasets. SA-OBS closely resembles the station observations in terms of dry/wet frequency, the timing of precipitation events, and the reproduction of extreme precipitation. New versions of SA-OBS will be released when the station network in SACA\&D has grown further.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{VandenEynde2018,
  title = {Trickle-{{Down Ethnic Politics}}: {{Drunk}} and {{Absent}} in the {{Kenya Police Force}} (1957--1970)},
  author = {Vanden Eynde, Oliver and Kuhn, Patrick M and Moradi, Alexander},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Economic Policy},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  pages = {388--417},
  issn = {1945-7731},
  doi = {10.1257/pol.20160384},
  abstract = {How does ethnic politics affect the state's ability to provide \-policing services? Using a panel of administrative personnel data on the full careers of 6,784 police officers, we show how the rise of \-ethnic \-politics around Kenya's independence influenced \-policemen's \-behavior. We find a significant deterioration in discipline after Kenya's first multiparty election for those police officers of ethnic groups \-associated with the ruling party. These effects are driven by a behavioral change among these policemen. We find no evidence of favoritism within the police. Instead, our results are consistent with co-ethnic officers experiencing an emboldenment effect. Our findings highlight that the state's security apparatus, at its most granular level, is not insulated from ethnic politics. (JEL D72, J15, K42, O15, O17)},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7IB5PXSJ/Vanden Eynde et al. - 2018 - Trickle-Down Ethnic Politics Drunk and Absent in .pdf}
}

@article{vandeneyndeTrickleDownEthnicPolitics2018,
  title = {Trickle-{{Down Ethnic Politics}}: {{Drunk}} and {{Absent}} in the {{Kenya Police Force}} (1957-1970)},
  shorttitle = {Trickle-{{Down Ethnic Politics}}},
  author = {Vanden Eynde, Oliver and Kuhn, Patrick M. and Moradi, Alexander},
  year = {2018},
  month = aug,
  journal = {American Economic Journal: Economic Policy},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  pages = {388--417},
  issn = {1945-7731},
  doi = {10.1257/pol.20160384},
  urldate = {2024-01-30},
  abstract = {How does ethnic politics affect the state's ability to provide policing services? Using a panel of administrative personnel data on the full careers of 6,784 police officers, we show how the rise of ethnic politics around Kenya's independence influenced policemen's behavior. We find a significant deterioration in discipline after Kenya's first multiparty election for those police officers of ethnic groups associated with the ruling party. These effects are driven by a behavioral change among these policemen. We find no evidence of favoritism within the police. Instead, our results are consistent with co-ethnic officers experiencing an emboldenment effect. Our findings highlight that the state's security apparatus, at its most granular level, is not insulated from ethnic politics.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Human Development,Income Distribution,Institutional Arrangements,Migration Formal and Informal Sectors,Non-labor Discrimination Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law Economic Development: Human Resources,Political Processes: Rent-seeking Lobbying Elections Legislatures and Voting Behavior Economics of Minorities Races Indigenous Peoples and Immigrants,Shadow Economy},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ML4SUY5P/Vanden Eynde et al. - 2018 - Trickle-Down Ethnic Politics Drunk and Absent in .pdf}
}

@article{vanderweeleMediationAnalysisPractitioner2016,
  title = {Mediation {{Analysis}}: {{A Practitioner}}'s {{Guide}}},
  shorttitle = {Mediation {{Analysis}}},
  author = {VanderWeele, Tyler J.},
  year = {2016},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Annual Review of Public Health},
  volume = {37},
  number = {1},
  pages = {17--32},
  issn = {0163-7525, 1545-2093},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021402},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This article provides an overview of recent developments in mediation analysis, that is, analyses used to assess the relative magnitude of different pathways and mechanisms by which an exposure may affect an outcome. Traditional approaches to mediation in the biomedical and social sciences are described. Attention is given to the confounding assumptions required for a causal interpretation of direct and indirect effect estimates. Methods from the causal inference literature to conduct mediation in the presence of exposuremediator interactions, binary outcomes, binary mediators, and case-control study designs are presented. Sensitivity analysis techniques for unmeasured confounding and measurement error are introduced. Discussion is given to extensions to time-to-event outcomes and multiple mediators. Further flexible modeling strategies arising from the precise counterfactual definitions of direct and indirect effects are also described. The focus throughout is on methodology that is easily implementable in practice across a broad range of potential applications.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/KCNHH94P/VanderWeele - 2016 - Mediation Analysis A Practitioner's Guide.pdf}
}

@article{varni2003pedsql,
  title = {The {{PedsQL}}™* 4.0 as a Pediatric Population Health Measure: Feasibility, Reliability, and Validity},
  author = {Varni, James W and Burwinkle, Tasha M and Seid, Michael and Skarr, Douglas},
  year = {2003},
  journal = {Ambulatory pediatrics},
  volume = {3},
  number = {6},
  pages = {329--341},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R76C4MJV/Varni et al. - 2003 - The PedsQL™ 4.0 as a pediatric population health .pdf}
}

@article{varniNotBeReproduced1998,
  title = {Not to Be Reproduced without Permission},
  author = {Varni, {\relax JW}},
  year = {1998},
  pages = {4},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/42PCECQX/Varni - 1998 - Not to be reproduced without permission.pdf}
}

@article{velasquezEffectClassroomAggressionrelated2021,
  title = {The Effect of Classroom Aggression-related Peer Group Norms on Students' Short-term Trajectories of Aggression},
  author = {Vel{\'a}squez, Ana M. and Saldarriaga, Lina M. and Castellanos, Melisa and Bukowski, William M.},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Aggressive Behavior},
  volume = {47},
  number = {6},
  pages = {672--684},
  issn = {0096-140X, 1098-2337},
  doi = {10.1002/ab.21988},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  abstract = {Abstract                            Using a four-wave/seven-month longitudinal design with a sample of 1595 preadolescents (53\% boys, 47\% girls,               M               age               \,=\,10.2 years) from 63 fourth-, fifth- and sixth- grade classrooms in nine mixed-sex schools in Bogot{\'a}, Colombia, we examined whether growth trajectories of measures of overt and relational aggression varied as a function of classroom norms for aggression. Multilevel growth mixture modeling revealed (a) distinct trajectories of overt and relational aggression for boys and girls and (b) that norm salience (i.e., the process by which a group norm is made salient via the punishments or reinforcements to the behavior within the group) was a better predictor of associations with trajectories of overt and relational aggression than were perceived injunctive norms (i.e., the perceived standards of what is approved or disapproved in a social context). In classrooms where popular or accepted children were perceived by their peers as aggressive, more boys followed an increasing trajectory of overt and relational aggression than a low-stable trajectory, and more girls followed a high-stable trajectory of relational aggression than a low-stable trajectory. These findings are discussed in terms of the practical implications for the design of educational interventions aimed at preventing aggression in classroom settings.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{velasquezPredictingChangesClassroom2023,
  title = {Predicting Changes in Classroom Aggression Status Norms: {{The}} Role of Teachers' Normative Beliefs and Students' Perceived Support},
  shorttitle = {Predicting Changes in Classroom Aggression Status Norms},
  author = {Vel{\'a}squez, Ana M. and Saldarriaga, Lina M. and Bukowski, William M.},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Development},
  volume = {47},
  number = {3},
  pages = {275--281},
  issn = {0165-0254, 1464-0651},
  doi = {10.1177/01650254231152423},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  abstract = {This study examined variations in the development of classroom aggression popularity norms, as well as the role of homeroom teachers' aggression beliefs and students' perceptions of teachers' support as predictors of such variations. To achieve this goal, a sample of 63 classrooms were assessed at four time points during a school year, in nine Colombian schools. Results indicated that, overall, classroom aggression popularity norms have a nonlinear trajectory with an increase that peaks at the end of the school year. Also, we found that teachers' aggression beliefs were concurrently associated with aggression popularity norms across time, and that teachers' support prevented the increase in these norms. These findings are discussed considering their practical implications for preventing aggression in the school context.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{velicerDeterminingNumberComponents1976,
  title = {Determining the Number of Components from the Matrix of Partial Correlations},
  author = {Velicer, Wayne F.},
  year = {1976},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Psychometrika},
  volume = {41},
  number = {3},
  pages = {321--327},
  issn = {0033-3123, 1860-0980},
  doi = {10.1007/BF02293557},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {A common problem for both principal component analysis and image component analysis is determining how many components to retain. A number of solutions have been proposed, none of which is totally satisfactory. An alternative solution which employs a matrix of partial correlations is considered. No components are extracted after the average squared partial correlation reaches a minimum. This approach gives an exact stopping point, has a direct operational interpretation, and can be applied to any type of component analysis. The method is most appropriate when component analysis is employed as an alternative to, or a first-stage solution for, factor analysis.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {collectively,common variance,component analysis in this,covariance matrix,decomposition of a covariance,eigen,factor analysis,image component analysis,matrix,methods that involve an,paper,the nature of the,these methods are called,this paper is concerned,with the class of},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UES6XVXS/Velicer - 1976 - Determining the number of components from the matr.pdf}
}

@article{venkataramaniEarlyLifeExposure2012,
  title = {Early Life Exposure to Malaria and Cognition in Adulthood: {{Evidence}} from {{Mexico}}},
  shorttitle = {Early Life Exposure to Malaria and Cognition in Adulthood},
  author = {Venkataramani, Atheendar S.},
  year = {2012},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Health Economics},
  volume = {31},
  number = {5},
  pages = {767--780},
  issn = {01676296},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.06.003},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {This study examines the impact of early life malaria exposure on cognition in sample of Mexican adults, using the nationwide introduction of malaria eradication efforts to identify causal impacts. The core findings are that birth year exposure to malaria eradication was associated with increases in Raven Progressive Matrices test scores and consumption expenditures, but not schooling. Additionally, cohorts born after eradication both entered and exited school earlier than their pre-eradication counterparts. These effects were only seen for men and explanations for this are assessed. Collectively, these findings suggest that improvements in infant health help explain secular increases in cognitive test scores, that better cognition may link early life health to adulthood earnings, and that human capital investments through childhood and young adulthood respond sensitively to market returns to early life endowment shocks.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Cognition,Early childhood,Education,Eradication,Flynn Effect,Malaria,Mexico,Parental investments},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LTSZHYJH/Venkataramani - 2012 - Early life exposure to malaria and cognition in ad.pdf}
}

@article{verityEstimatesSeverityCoronavirus2020,
  title = {Estimates of the Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Model-Based Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Estimates of the Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019},
  author = {Verity, Robert and Okell, Lucy C and Dorigatti, Ilaria and Winskill, Peter and Whittaker, Charles and Imai, Natsuko and {Cuomo-Dannenburg}, Gina and Thompson, Hayley and Walker, Patrick G T and Fu, Han and Dighe, Amy and Griffin, Jamie T and Baguelin, Marc and Bhatia, Sangeeta and Boonyasiri, Adhiratha and Cori, Anne and Cucunub{\'a}, Zulma and FitzJohn, Rich and Gaythorpe, Katy and Green, Will and Hamlet, Arran and Hinsley, Wes and Laydon, Daniel and {Nedjati-Gilani}, Gemma and Riley, Steven and {van Elsland}, Sabine and Volz, Erik and Wang, Haowei and Wang, Yuanrong and Xi, Xiaoyue and Donnelly, Christl A and Ghani, Azra C and Ferguson, Neil M},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {The Lancet Infectious Diseases},
  volume = {20},
  number = {6},
  pages = {669--677},
  issn = {14733099},
  doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30243-7},
  urldate = {2020-07-14},
  abstract = {Background In the face of rapidly changing data, a range of case fatality ratio estimates for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been produced that differ substantially in magnitude. We aimed to provide robust estimates, accounting for censoring and ascertainment biases.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JLDEWGTW/Verity et al. - 2020 - Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2.pdf}
}

@article{Verma2007a,
  title = {Impact of the {{Intellectual Property System}} on {{Economic Growth Country Report}} -- {{India}}},
  author = {Verma, {\relax SK} and Rao, Muralidhar},
  year = {2007}
}

@book{vialeRoutledgeHandbookBounded2021,
  title = {Routledge Handbook of Bounded Rationality},
  editor = {Viale, Riccardo},
  year = {2021},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  address = {Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY},
  abstract = {"Herbert Simon's renowned theory of bounded rationality is principally interested in cognitive constraints and environmental factors and influences which prevent people from thinking or behaving according to formal rationality. Simon's theory has been expanded in numerous directions and taken up by various disciplines with an interest in how humans think and behave. This includes philosophy, psychology, neurocognitive sciences, economics, political science, sociology, management, and organization studies. The Routledge Handbook of Bounded Rationality draws together an international team of leading experts to survey the recent literature and latest developments in these related fields. The chapters feature entries on key behavioural phenomena including reasoning, judgement, decision making, uncertainty, risk, heuristics and biases, and smart and frugal heuristics. The text also examines current ideas such as fast and slow thinking, nudge, ecological rationality, evolutionary psychology, embodied cognition, and neurophilosophy. Overall, the volume serves to provide the most complete state-of-art collection on bounded rationality available. This book is essential reading for students and scholars of economics, psychology, neurocognitive sciences, political sciences, and philosophy. Riccardo Viale is Full Professor of Cognitive Economics and Behavioural Sciences at the Department of Economics of the University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy. He is also founder and Secretary General of Herbert Simon Society"--},
  isbn = {978-1-138-99938-1},
  langid = {english},
  lccn = {BF448 .R68 2021},
  keywords = {Decision making,Rationalization (Psychology),Reasoning},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZPYL43XI/Viale - 2021 - Routledge handbook of bounded rationality.pdf}
}

@article{vicente-serranoMultiscalarDroughtIndex2010,
  title = {A {{Multiscalar Drought Index Sensitive}} to {{Global Warming}}: {{The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index}}},
  shorttitle = {A {{Multiscalar Drought Index Sensitive}} to {{Global Warming}}},
  author = {{Vicente-Serrano}, Sergio M. and Beguer{\'i}a, Santiago and {L{\'o}pez-Moreno}, Juan I.},
  year = {2010},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Climate},
  volume = {23},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1696--1718},
  issn = {0894-8755, 1520-0442},
  doi = {10.1175/2009JCLI2909.1},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {The authors propose a new climatic drought index: the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The SPEI is based on precipitation and temperature data, and it has the advantage of combining multiscalar character with the capacity to include the effects of temperature variability on drought assessment. The procedure to calculate the index is detailed and involves a climatic water balance, the accumulation of deficit/surplus at different time scales, and adjustment to a log-logistic probability distribution. Mathematically, the SPEI is similar to the standardized precipitation index (SPI), but it includes the role of temperature. Because the SPEI is based on a water balance, it can be compared to the self-calibrated Palmer drought severity index (sc-PDSI). Time series of the three indices were compared for a set of observatories with different climate characteristics, located in different parts of the world. Under global warming conditions, only the sc-PDSI and SPEI identified an increase in drought severity associated with higher water demand as a result of evapotranspiration. Relative to the sc-PDSI, the SPEI has the advantage of being multiscalar, which is crucial for drought analysis and monitoring.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SH8B4YQH/Vicente-Serrano et al. - 2010 - A Multiscalar Drought Index Sensitive to Global Wa.pdf}
}

@article{Victora2008,
  title = {Maternal and Child Undernutrition: Consequences for Adult Health and Human Capital},
  author = {Victora, Cesar G. and Adair, Linda and Fall, Caroline and Hallal, Pedro C. and Martorell, Reynaldo and Richter, Linda and Sachdev, Harshpal Singh},
  year = {2008},
  month = jan,
  journal = {The Lancet},
  volume = {371},
  number = {9609},
  pages = {340--357},
  issn = {01406736},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61692-4},
  abstract = {In this paper we review the associations between maternal and child undernutrition with human capital and risk of adult diseases in low-income and middle-income countries. We analysed data from five long-standing prospective cohort studies from Brazil, Guatemala, India, the Philippines, and South Africa and noted that indices of maternal and child undernutrition (maternal height, birthweight, intrauterine growth restriction, and weight, height, and body-mass index at 2 years according to the new WHO growth standards) were related to adult outcomes (height, schooling, income or assets, offspring birthweight, body-mass index, glucose concentrations, blood pressure). We undertook systematic reviews of studies from low-income and middle-income countries for these outcomes and for indicators related to blood lipids, cardiovascular disease, lung and immune function, cancers, osteoporosis, and mental illness. Undernutrition was strongly associated, both in the review of published work and in new analyses, with shorter adult height, less schooling, reduced economic productivity, and-for women-lower offspring birthweight. Associations with adult disease indicators were not so clear-cut. Increased size at birth and in childhood were positively associated with adult body-mass index and to a lesser extent with blood pressure values, but not with blood glucose concentrations. In our new analyses and in published work, lower birthweight and undernutrition in childhood were risk factors for high glucose concentrations, blood pressure, and harmful lipid profiles once adult body-mass index and height were adjusted for, suggesting that rapid postnatal weight gain-especially after infancy-is linked to these conditions. The review of published works indicates that there is insufficient information about long-term changes in immune function, blood lipids, or osteoporosis indicators. Birthweight is positively associated with lung function and with the incidence of some cancers, and undernutrition could be associated with mental illness. We noted that height-for-age at 2 years was the best predictor of human capital and that undernutrition is associated with lower human capital. We conclude that damage suffered in early life leads to permanent impairment, and might also affect future generations. Its prevention will probably bring about important health, educational, and economic benefits. Chronic diseases are especially common in undernourished children who experience rapid weight gain after infancy. {\copyright} 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}
}

@article{victoraInverseEquityHypothesis2018,
  title = {The {{Inverse Equity Hypothesis}}: {{Analyses}} of {{Institutional Deliveries}} in 286 {{National Surveys}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Inverse Equity Hypothesis}}},
  author = {Victora, Cesar Gomes and Joseph, Gary and Silva, Inacio C. M. and Maia, Fatima S. and Vaughan, J. Patrick and Barros, Fernando C. and Barros, Aluisio J. D.},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {108},
  number = {4},
  pages = {464--471},
  issn = {0090-0036, 1541-0048},
  doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2017.304277},
  urldate = {2020-08-12},
  abstract = {Objectives. To test the inverse equity hypothesis, which postulates that new health Scholar (https://goo.gl/OHYPUo) up to interventions are initially adopted by the wealthy and thus increase inequalities---as population coverage increases, only the poorest will lag behind all other groups. Methods. We analyzed the proportion of births occurring in a health facility by wealth quintile in 286 surveys from 89 low- and middle-income countries (1993--2015) and developed an inequality pattern index. Positive values indicate that inequality is driven by early adoption by the wealthy (top inequality), whereas negative values signal bottom inequality. Results. Absolute inequalities were widest when national coverage was around 50\%. At low national coverage levels, top inequality was evident with coverage in the wealthiest quintile taking off rapidly; at 60\% or higher national coverage, bottom inequality became the predominant pattern, with the poorest quintile lagging behind. Conclusions. Policies need to be tailored to inequality patterns. When top inequalities are present, barriers that limit uptake by most of the population must be identified and addressed. When bottom inequalities exist, interventions must be targeted at specific subgroups that are left behind. (Am J Public Health. 2018;108:464--471. doi:10.2105/ AJPH.2017.304277)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3XKR53ZS/Victora et al. - 2018 - The Inverse Equity Hypothesis Analyses of Institu.pdf}
}

@article{victoraMaternalChildUndernutrition2008,
  title = {Maternal and {{Child Undernutrition}} 2},
  author = {Victora, Cesar G and Adair, Linda and Fall, Caroline and Hallal, Pedro C and Martorell, Reynaldo and Richter, Linda and Sachdev, Harshpal Singh},
  year = {2008},
  volume = {371},
  pages = {18},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VTMEIAGY/Victora et al. - 2008 - Maternal and Child Undernutrition 2.pdf}
}

@article{victoraWorldwideTimingGrowth2010,
  title = {Worldwide {{Timing}} of {{Growth Faltering}}: {{Revisiting Implications}} for {{Interventions}}},
  shorttitle = {Worldwide {{Timing}} of {{Growth Faltering}}},
  author = {Victora, C. G. and {de Onis}, M. and Hallal, P. C. and Blossner, M. and Shrimpton, R.},
  year = {2010},
  month = mar,
  journal = {PEDIATRICS},
  volume = {125},
  number = {3},
  pages = {e473-e480},
  issn = {0031-4005, 1098-4275},
  doi = {10.1542/peds.2009-1519},
  urldate = {2020-11-27},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{vieiraHowYouLie2013,
  title = {How You Lie Affects What You Remember},
  author = {Vieira, Kathleen M. and Lane, Sean M.},
  year = {2013},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3},
  pages = {173--178},
  issn = {22113681},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.05.005},
  urldate = {2021-05-24},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/2M7XE9ZH/Vieira and Lane - 2013 - How you lie affects what you remember.pdf}
}

@misc{VijayPalDalmia2017,
  title = {Patents {{Law In India}} - {{Everything You Must Know}} - {{Intellectual Property}} - {{India}}},
  author = {{Vijay Pal Dalmia}},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Mondaq},
  urldate = {2019-01-18},
  howpublished = {http://www.mondaq.com/india/x/656402/Patent/Patents+Law+In+India+Everything+you+must+know}
}

@article{Viscusi1993a,
  title = {The to {{Value Life}} and of {{Risks Health}}},
  author = {Viscusi, W. Kip},
  year = {1993},
  journal = {The American Economic Review},
  volume = {31},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1912--1946}
}

@article{Viscusi2001a,
  title = {Log a Load for Kids Timber Harvest},
  author = {Viscusi, W K I P},
  year = {2001},
  journal = {Timber Bulletin},
  volume = {57},
  number = {JUL/AUG.},
  pages = {14},
  issn = {02594323},
  doi = {10.1023/A:1025598106257},
  pmid = {10922351},
  keywords = {compensating differentials,i10,j17,j28,jel classification,risk-risk analysis,safety,value of statistical life}
}

@article{Viscusi2015,
  title = {The {{Role}} of {{Publication Selection Bias}} in {{Estimates}} of the {{Value}} of a {{Statistical Life}}},
  author = {Viscusi, W. Kip},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  journal = {American Journal of Health Economics},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  pages = {27--52},
  issn = {2332-3493},
  doi = {10.1162/AJHE_a_00002},
  abstract = {Objective: Patients with epilepsy commonly have language deficits. This{\textbackslash}nstudy investigates whether language fMRI activation and language{\textbackslash}ndysfunction are systematically related in patients with left medial{\textbackslash}ntemporal lobe epilepsy (left-mTLE).{\textbackslash}nMethodology: We studied sixteen patients with left-mTLE and 16 healthy{\textbackslash}ncontrols. Semantic judgment task functional MRI scanning and{\textbackslash}nneuropsychological tests were performed. Activation maps of language{\textbackslash}nfunction MRI analyzed by analysis of functional neuroimages (AFNI).{\textbackslash}nResults: There was no difference in activation maps of the semantic{\textbackslash}njudgment task fMRI between left-mTLE and healthy controls group.{\textbackslash}nCompared with a healthy control group, in the left-mTLE group, there was{\textbackslash}nsignificantly less activation volume in the left language regions of the{\textbackslash}ninferior frontal and Superior temporal gyrus; the left-mTLE group also{\textbackslash}nhad significantly lower neuropsychological language scores.{\textbackslash}nConclusion: Language dysfunction in left-mTLE patients is associated{\textbackslash}nwith decline of language fMRI activation.},
  isbn = {1682-024X},
  keywords = {Epilepsy,Function MRI,Language,Left medial temporal lobe,Neuropsychology}
}

@article{viscusiValueRisksLife1993,
  title = {The {{Value}} of {{Risks}} to {{Life}} and {{Health}}},
  author = {Viscusi, W. Kip},
  year = {1993},
  journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  volume = {31},
  number = {4},
  eprint = {2728331},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {1912--1946},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7B5QCWTR/Viscusi - 1993 - The Value of Risks to Life and Health.pdf}
}

@article{viscusiValueStatisticalLife,
  title = {The {{Value}} of a {{Statistical Life}}: {{A Critical Review}} of {{Market Estimates Throughout}} the {{World}}},
  author = {Viscusi, W Kip},
  pages = {72},
  abstract = {A substantial literature over the past thirty years has evaluated tradeoffs between money and fatality risks. These values in turn serve as estimates of the value of a statistical life. This article reviews more than 60 studies of mortality risk premiums from ten countries and approximately 40 studies that present estimates of injury risk premiums. This critical review examines a variety of econometric issues, the role of unionization in risk premiums, and the effects of age on the value of a statistical life. Our meta-analysis indicates an income elasticity of the value of a statistical life from about 0.5 to 0.6. The paper also presents a detailed discussion of policy applications of these value of a statistical life estimates and related issues, including risk-risk analysis.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JB3M5U8Q/Viscusi - The Value of a Statistical Life A Critical Review.pdf}
}

@article{viscusiWealthEffectsEarnings1978,
  title = {Wealth {{Effects}} and {{Earnings Premiums}} for {{Job Hazards}}},
  author = {Viscusi, W. Kip},
  year = {1978},
  month = aug,
  journal = {The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  volume = {60},
  number = {3},
  eprint = {1924166},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {408},
  issn = {00346535},
  doi = {10.2307/1924166},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IINKJTHD/Viscusi - 1978 - Wealth Effects and Earnings Premiums for Job Hazar.pdf}
}

@article{vivaltHowMuchCan2020,
  title = {How {{Much Can We Generalize From Impact Evaluations}}?},
  author = {Vivalt, Eva},
  year = {2020},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of the European Economic Association},
  volume = {18},
  number = {6},
  pages = {3045--3089},
  issn = {1542-4766, 1542-4774},
  doi = {10.1093/jeea/jvaa019},
  urldate = {2024-07-31},
  abstract = {Abstract             Impact evaluations can help to inform policy decisions, but they are rooted in particular contexts and to what extent they generalize is an open question. I exploit a new data set of impact evaluation results and find a large amount of effect heterogeneity. Effect sizes vary systematically with study characteristics, with government-implemented programs having smaller effect sizes than academic or non-governmental organization-implemented programs, even controlling for sample size. I show that treatment effect heterogeneity can be appreciably reduced by taking study characteristics into account.},
  copyright = {https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open\_access/funder\_policies/chorus/standard\_publication\_model},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3HW2NVAB/Online-Appendices.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/74VTDLSH/jvaa019_vivalt_online_appendices.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MYXLX5M8/jvaa019_vivalt_data_files.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Q8T828AR/Vivalt - 2020 - How Much Can We Generalize From Impact Evaluations.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XLLENQVE/jvaa019.pdf}
}

@article{vivaltWeighingEvidenceWhich,
  title = {Weighing the {{Evidence}}: {{Which Studies Count}}?},
  author = {Vivalt, Eva and Coville, Aidan and Kc, Sampada},
  abstract = {We present results from two experiments run at World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank workshops on how policymakers, policy practitioners and researchers weigh evidence and seek information from impact evaluations. We find that policymakers and policy practitioners care more about attributes of studies associated with external validity than internal validity, while for researchers the reverse is true. Policymakers and policy practitioners who had the most accurate forecasts of estimated program impacts were those who acted the most like researchers in seeking evidence, and vice versa. These preferences can yield large differences in the estimated effects of pursued policies: policymakers were willing to accept a program that had a 6.3 percentage point smaller effect on enrollment rates if it were recommended by a local expert, larger than the effects of most programs.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MHZS3YE6/Vivalt et al. - Weighing the Evidence Which Studies Count.pdf}
}

@article{voelkelMorallyReframedArguments2018,
  title = {Morally {{Reframed Arguments Can Affect Support}} for {{Political Candidates}}},
  author = {Voelkel, Jan G. and Feinberg, Matthew},
  year = {2018},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Social Psychological and Personality Science},
  volume = {9},
  number = {8},
  pages = {917--924},
  issn = {1948-5506},
  doi = {10.1177/1948550617729408},
  abstract = {Moral reframing involves crafting persuasive arguments that appeal to the targets' moral values but argue in favor of something they would typically oppose. Applying this technique to one of the most politically polarizing events-political campaigns-we hypothesized that messages criticizing one's preferred political candidate that also appeal to that person's moral values can decrease support for the candidate. We tested this claim in the context of the 2016 American presidential election. In Study 1, conservatives reading a message opposing Donald Trump grounded in a more conservative value (loyalty) supported him less than conservatives reading a message grounded in more liberal concerns (fairness). In Study 2, liberals reading a message opposing Hillary Clinton appealing to fairness values were less supportive of Clinton than liberals in a loyalty-argument condition. These results highlight how moral reframing can be used to overcome the rigid stances partisans often hold and help develop political acceptance.},
  langid = {english},
  pmcid = {PMC6295651},
  pmid = {30595808},
  keywords = {attitudes,influence,moral psychology,political psychology},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/VT7ZAAF9/Voelkel and Feinberg - 2018 - Morally Reframed Arguments Can Affect Support for .pdf}
}

@article{vongrafensteinImpactsDoubleFortifiedSalt2021,
  title = {Impacts of {{Double-Fortified Salt}} on {{Anemia}} and {{Cognition}}: {{Four-Year Follow-Up Evidence}} from a {{School-Based Nutrition Intervention}} in {{India}}},
  shorttitle = {Impacts of {{Double-Fortified Salt}} on {{Anemia}} and {{Cognition}}},
  author = {{von Grafenstein}, Liza and Kumar, Abhijeet and Kumar, Santosh and Vollmer, Sebastian},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3905062},
  urldate = {2022-10-31},
  abstract = {Long-term follow-up of early childhood health interventions is important for human capital accumulation. We provide experimental evidence on child health and human capital outcomes from the longer-term follow-up of a school-based nutrition intervention in India. Using panel data, we examine the effectiveness of the use of iron and iodine fortified salt in school lunches to reduce anemia among school children. After four years of treatment, treated children, on average, have higher hemoglobin levels and a lower likelihood of anemia relative to the control group. Interestingly, the intervention did not have any impact on cognitive and educational outcomes.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/55QIMS94/von Grafenstein et al. - 2021 - Impacts of Double-Fortified Salt on Anemia and Cog.pdf}
}

@article{voorsViolentConflictBehavior2012,
  title = {Violent {{Conflict}} and {{Behavior}}: {{A Field Experiment}} in {{Burundi}}},
  shorttitle = {Violent {{Conflict}} and {{Behavior}}},
  author = {Voors, Maarten J and Nillesen, Eleonora E. M and Verwimp, Philip and Bulte, Erwin H and Lensink, Robert and Soest, Daan P. Van},
  year = {2012},
  month = apr,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {102},
  number = {2},
  pages = {941--964},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.102.2.941},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7WC4JMUG/Voors et al. - 2012 - Violent Conflict and Behavior A Field Experiment .pdf}
}

@article{vosoughiSpreadTrueFalse2018,
  title = {The Spread of True and False News Online},
  author = {Vosoughi, Soroush and Roy, Deb and Aral, Sinan},
  year = {2018},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {359},
  number = {6380},
  pages = {1146--1151},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.aap9559},
  urldate = {2021-05-28},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/U8WUZZM2/Vosoughi et al. - 2018 - The spread of true and false news online.pdf}
}

@article{Voth2019,
  title = {Patronage for {{Productivity}}: {{Selection}} and {{Performance}} in the {{Age}} of {{Sail}}},
  author = {Voth, Joachim and Xu, Guo},
  year = {2019},
  abstract = {Patronage is a byword for poor performance, yet it remains pervasive. We study the selection effects of patronage in the world's most successful navy-the British Royal Navy between 1690 and 1849. Using newly collected data on the battle performance of more than 5,800 naval officers promoted-with and without family ties-to the top of the navy hierarchy, we find that connected promotees outperformed unconnected ones. There was substantial het-erogeneity among the admirals in charge of promotions. Discretion over appointments thus created scope for "good" and "bad" patronage. Because most admirals promoted on the basis of merit and did not favor their kin, the overall selection effect of patronage was positive.}
}

@article{vragaNotBelieveYou2018,
  title = {I Do Not Believe You: How Providing a Source Corrects Health Misperceptions across Social Media Platforms},
  shorttitle = {I Do Not Believe You},
  author = {Vraga, Emily K. and Bode, Leticia},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Information, Communication \& Society},
  volume = {21},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1337--1353},
  issn = {1369-118X, 1468-4462},
  doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2017.1313883},
  urldate = {2021-11-01},
  abstract = {Social media are often criticized as serving as a source of misinformation, but in this study we examine how they may also function to correct misperceptions on an emerging health issue. We use an experimental design to consider social correction that occurs via peers, testing both the type of correction (i.e., whether a source is provided or not) and the platform on which the correction ocratcurs (i.e., Facebook versus Twitter). Our results suggest that a source is necessary to correct misperceptions about the causes of the Zika virus on both Facebook and Twitter, but the mechanism by which such correction occurs differs across platforms. Implications for successful social media campaigns to address health misinformation are addressed.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YKJRGINQ/Vraga and Bode - 2018 - I do not believe you how providing a source corre.pdf}
}

@article{vuorreEstimatingAssociationFacebook2023,
  title = {Estimating the Association between {{Facebook}} Adoption and Well-Being in 72 Countries},
  author = {Vuorre, Matti and Przybylski, Andrew K.},
  year = {2023},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Royal Society Open Science},
  volume = {10},
  number = {8},
  pages = {221451},
  publisher = {Royal Society},
  doi = {10.1098/rsos.221451},
  urldate = {2024-08-30},
  abstract = {Social media's potential effects on well-being have received considerable research interest, but much of past work is hampered by an exclusive focus on demographics in the Global North and inaccurate self-reports of social media engagement. We describe associations linking 72 countries' Facebook adoption to the well-being of 946 798 individuals from 2008 to 2019. We found no evidence suggesting that the global penetration of social media is associated with widespread psychological harm: Facebook adoption predicted life satisfaction and positive experiences positively, and negative experiences negatively, both between countries and within countries over time. Nevertheless, the observed associations were small and did not reach a conventional 97.5\% one-sided credibility threshold in all cases. Facebook adoption predicted aspects of well-being more positively for younger individuals, but country-specific results were mixed. To move beyond studying aggregates and to better understand social media's roles in people's lives, and their potential causal effects, we need more transparent collaborative research between independent scientists and the technology industry.},
  keywords = {life satisfaction,social media,well-being},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7HBIL3G6/Vuorre and Przybylski - 2023 - Estimating the association between Facebook adopti.pdf}
}

@article{vuorreGlobalWellBeingMental2023,
  title = {Global {{Well-Being}} and {{Mental Health}} in the {{Internet Age}}},
  author = {Vuorre, Matti and Przybylski, Andrew K.},
  year = {2023},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Clinical Psychological Science},
  pages = {21677026231207791},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc},
  issn = {2167-7026},
  doi = {10.1177/21677026231207791},
  urldate = {2024-08-30},
  abstract = {In the last 2 decades, the widespread adoption of Internet technologies has inspired concern that they have negatively affected mental health and psychological well-being. However, research on the topic is contested and hampered by methodological shortcomings, leaving the broader consequences of Internet adoption unknown. We show that the past 2 decades have seen only small and inconsistent changes in global well-being and mental health that are not suggestive of the idea that the adoption of Internet and mobile broadband is consistently linked to negative psychological outcomes. Further investigation of this topic requires transparent study of online behaviors where they occur (i.e., on online platforms). We call for increased collaborative efforts between independent scientists and the Internet-technology sector.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CMJ262MG/Vuorre and Przybylski - 2023 - Global Well-Being and Mental Health in the Interne.pdf}
}

@article{wachsIssuesTimingIntegrated2014,
  title = {Issues in the Timing of Integrated Early Interventions: Contributions from Nutrition, Neuroscience, and Psychological Research: {{Timing}} of Integrated Early Interventions},
  shorttitle = {Issues in the Timing of Integrated Early Interventions},
  author = {Wachs, Theodore D. and Georgieff, Michael and Cusick, Sarah and McEwen, Bruce S.},
  year = {2014},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {1308},
  number = {1},
  pages = {89--106},
  issn = {00778923},
  doi = {10.1111/nyas.12314},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Brain,Developmental risk,Early intervention,Iron deficiency,Sensitive periods,Stress},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/NNH3FL8N/Wachs et al. - 2014 - Issues in the timing of integrated early intervent.pdf}
}

@article{wagnerDemographicsVaccineHesitancy2021,
  title = {Demographics of {{Vaccine Hesitancy}} in {{Chandigarh}}, {{India}}},
  author = {Wagner, Abram L. and Shotwell, Abigail R. and Boulton, Matthew L. and Carlson, Bradley F. and Mathew, Joseph L.},
  year = {2021},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Frontiers in Medicine},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {585579},
  issn = {2296-858X},
  doi = {10.3389/fmed.2020.585579},
  urldate = {2022-02-04},
  abstract = {The impact of vaccine hesitancy on childhood immunization in low- and middle-income countries remains largely uncharacterized. This study describes the sociodemographic patterns of vaccine hesitancy in Chandigarh, India. Mothers of children {$<$}5 years old were sampled from a two-stage cluster, systematic sample based on Anganwadi child care centers in Chandigarh. Vaccine hesitancy was measured using a 10-item Vaccine Hesitancy Scale, which was dichotomized. A multivariable logistic regression assessed the association between socioeconomic factors and vaccine hesitancy score. Among 305 mothers, {$>$}97\% of mothers thought childhood vaccines were important, effective, and were a good way to protect against disease. However, many preferred their child to receive fewer co-administered vaccines (69\%), and were concerned about side effects (39\%). Compared to the ``other caste'' group, scheduled castes or scheduled tribes had 3.48 times greater odds of vaccine hesitancy (95\% CI: 1.52, 7.99). Those with a high school education had 0.10 times the odds of vaccine hesitancy compared to those with less education (95\% CI: 0.02, 0.61). Finally, those having more antenatal care visits were less vaccine hesitant ({$\geq$}4 vs. {$<$}4 visits OR: 0.028, 95\% CI: 0.1, 0.76). As India adds more vaccines to its Universal Immunization Program, consideration should be given to addressing maternal concerns about vaccination, in particular about adverse events and co-administration of multiple vaccines.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/AJBSKGIW/Wagner et al. - 2021 - Demographics of Vaccine Hesitancy in Chandigarh, I.pdf}
}

@article{wagstaffSocioeconomicInequalitiesChild2000,
  title = {Socioeconomic Inequalities in Child Mortality: Comparisons across Nine Developing Countries},
  shorttitle = {Socioeconomic Inequalities in Child Mortality},
  author = {Wagstaff, A.},
  year = {2000},
  journal = {Bulletin of the World Health Organization},
  volume = {78},
  number = {1},
  pages = {19--29},
  issn = {0042-9686},
  abstract = {This paper generates and analyses survey data on inequalities in mortality among infants and children aged under five years by consumption in Brazil, C{\^o}te d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nepal, Nicaragua, Pakistan, the Philippines, South Africa, and Viet Nam. The data were obtained from the Living Standards Measurement Study and the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Mortality rates were estimated directly where complete fertility histories were available and indirectly otherwise. Mortality distributions were compared between countries by means of concentration curves and concentration indices: dominance checks were carried out for all pairwise intercountry comparisons; standard errors were calculated for the concentration indices; and tests of intercountry differences in inequality were performed.},
  langid = {english},
  pmcid = {PMC2560599},
  pmid = {10686730},
  keywords = {Age Factors,Child,Child Mortality,Child Preschool,Death Rate,Demographic Factors,Developing Countries,Economic Factors,Health Services Accessibility,Health Surveys,Humans,Inequalities,Infant,Infant Mortality,Infant Newborn,Mortality,Population,Population Characteristics,Population Dynamics,Research Methodology,Sampling Studies,Social Justice,Socioeconomic Factors,Studies,Surveys,Technical Report,Youth}
}

@misc{wahltinezOpenCOVID19Dataset2020,
  title = {Open {{COVID-19 Dataset}}},
  author = {Wahltinez, Oscar},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  journal = {GitHub},
  urldate = {2020-05-20},
  howpublished = {https://github.com/open-covid-19/data}
}

@article{walkerCognitivePsychosocialBehaviour2021,
  title = {Cognitive, Psychosocial, and Behaviour Gains at Age 31 Years from the {{Jamaica}} Early Childhood Stimulation Trial},
  author = {Walker, Susan P. and Chang, Susan M. and Wright, Amika S. and Pinto, Rodrigo and Heckman, James J. and Grantham-McGregor, Sally M.},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry},
  pages = {jcpp.13499},
  issn = {0021-9630, 1469-7610},
  doi = {10.1111/jcpp.13499},
  urldate = {2022-01-08},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/5BN9WMEX/Walker et al. - 2021 - Cognitive, psychosocial, and behaviour gains at ag.pdf}
}

@article{walkerEffectsEarlyChildhood2005,
  title = {Effects of Early Childhood Psychosocial Stimulation and Nutritional Supplementation on Cognition and Education in Growth-Stunted {{Jamaican}} Children: Prospective Cohort Study},
  shorttitle = {Effects of Early Childhood Psychosocial Stimulation and Nutritional Supplementation on Cognition and Education in Growth-Stunted {{Jamaican}} Children},
  author = {Walker, Susan P and Chang, Susan M and Powell, Christine A and {Grantham-McGregor}, Sally M},
  year = {2005},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Lancet},
  volume = {366},
  number = {9499},
  pages = {1804--1807},
  issn = {01406736},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67574-5},
  urldate = {2022-01-08},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/MPCSVMET/Walker et al. - 2005 - Effects of early childhood psychosocial stimulatio.pdf}
}

@article{walkerImpactCOVID19Strategies2020,
  title = {The Impact of {{COVID-19}} and Strategies for Mitigation and Suppression in Low- and Middle-Income Countries},
  author = {Walker, Patrick G. T. and Whittaker, Charles and Watson, Oliver J and Baguelin, Marc and Winskill, Peter and Hamlet, Arran and Djafaara, Bimandra A. and Cucunub{\'a}, Zulma and Olivera Mesa, Daniela and Green, Will and Thompson, Hayley and Nayagam, Shevanthi and Ainslie, Kylie E. C. and Bhatia, Sangeeta and Bhatt, Samir and Boonyasiri, Adhiratha and Boyd, Olivia and Brazeau, Nicholas F. and Cattarino, Lorenzo and {Cuomo-Dannenburg}, Gina and Dighe, Amy and Donnelly, Christl A. and Dorigatti, Ilaria and {van Elsland}, Sabine L. and FitzJohn, Rich and Fu, Han and Gaythorpe, Katy A.M. and Geidelberg, Lily and Grassly, Nicholas and Haw, David and Hayes, Sarah and Hinsley, Wes and Imai, Natsuko and Jorgensen, David and Knock, Edward and Laydon, Daniel and Mishra, Swapnil and {Nedjati-Gilani}, Gemma and Okell, Lucy C. and Unwin, H. Juliette and Verity, Robert and Vollmer, Michaela and Walters, Caroline E. and Wang, Haowei and Wang, Yuanrong and Xi, Xiaoyue and Lalloo, David G and Ferguson, Neil M. and Ghani, Azra C.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Science},
  pages = {eabc0035},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.abc0035},
  urldate = {2020-07-07},
  abstract = {The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic poses a severe threat to public health worldwide. We combine data on demography, contact patterns, disease severity, and health care capacity and quality to understand its impact and inform strategies for its control. Younger populations in lower income countries may reduce overall risk but limited health system capacity coupled with closer inter-generational contact largely negates this benefit. Mitigation strategies that slow but do not interrupt transmission will still lead to COVID-19 epidemics rapidly overwhelming health systems, with substantial excess deaths in lower income countries due to the poorer health care available. Of countries that have undertaken suppression to date, lower income countries have acted earlier. However, this will need to be maintained or triggered more frequently in these settings to keep below available health capacity, with associated detrimental consequences for the wider health, well-being and economies of these countries.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/BSSJTHBP/Walker et al. - 2020 - The impact of COVID-19 and strategies for mitigati.pdf}
}

@article{walkerImpactCOVID19Strategies2020a,
  title = {The Impact of {{COVID-19}} and Strategies for Mitigation and Suppression in Low- and Middle-Income Countries},
  author = {Walker, Patrick G. T. and Whittaker, Charles and Watson, Oliver J and Baguelin, Marc and Winskill, Peter and Hamlet, Arran and Djafaara, Bimandra A. and Cucunub{\'a}, Zulma and Olivera Mesa, Daniela and Green, Will and Thompson, Hayley and Nayagam, Shevanthi and Ainslie, Kylie E. C. and Bhatia, Sangeeta and Bhatt, Samir and Boonyasiri, Adhiratha and Boyd, Olivia and Brazeau, Nicholas F. and Cattarino, Lorenzo and {Cuomo-Dannenburg}, Gina and Dighe, Amy and Donnelly, Christl A. and Dorigatti, Ilaria and {van Elsland}, Sabine L. and FitzJohn, Rich and Fu, Han and Gaythorpe, Katy A.M. and Geidelberg, Lily and Grassly, Nicholas and Haw, David and Hayes, Sarah and Hinsley, Wes and Imai, Natsuko and Jorgensen, David and Knock, Edward and Laydon, Daniel and Mishra, Swapnil and {Nedjati-Gilani}, Gemma and Okell, Lucy C. and Unwin, H. Juliette and Verity, Robert and Vollmer, Michaela and Walters, Caroline E. and Wang, Haowei and Wang, Yuanrong and Xi, Xiaoyue and Lalloo, David G and Ferguson, Neil M. and Ghani, Azra C.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Science},
  pages = {eabc0035},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi = {10.1126/science.abc0035},
  urldate = {2020-07-07},
  abstract = {The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic poses a severe threat to public health worldwide. We combine data on demography, contact patterns, disease severity, and health care capacity and quality to understand its impact and inform strategies for its control. Younger populations in lower income countries may reduce overall risk but limited health system capacity coupled with closer inter-generational contact largely negates this benefit. Mitigation strategies that slow but do not interrupt transmission will still lead to COVID-19 epidemics rapidly overwhelming health systems, with substantial excess deaths in lower income countries due to the poorer health care available. Of countries that have undertaken suppression to date, lower income countries have acted earlier. However, this will need to be maintained or triggered more frequently in these settings to keep below available health capacity, with associated detrimental consequences for the wider health, well-being and economies of these countries.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GYL6ZMN7/Walker et al. - 2020 - The impact of COVID-19 and strategies for mitigati.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XM28BEMG/supplementary.pdf}
}

@article{wallingaHowGenerationIntervals2007,
  title = {How Generation Intervals Shape the Relationship between Growth Rates and Reproductive Numbers},
  author = {Wallinga, J and Lipsitch, M},
  year = {2007},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
  volume = {274},
  number = {1609},
  pages = {599--604},
  issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
  doi = {10.1098/rspb.2006.3754},
  urldate = {2020-11-28},
  abstract = {Mathematical models of transmission have become invaluable management tools in planning for the control of emerging infectious diseases. A key variable in such models is the reproductive number               R               . For new emerging infectious diseases, the value of the reproductive number can only be inferred indirectly from the observed exponential epidemic growth rate               r               . Such inference is ambiguous as several different equations exist that relate the reproductive number to the growth rate, and it is unclear which of these equations might apply to a new infection. Here, we show that these different equations differ only with respect to their assumed shape of the generation interval distribution. Therefore, the shape of the generation interval distribution determines which equation is appropriate for inferring the reproductive number from the observed growth rate. We show that by assuming all generation intervals to be equal to the mean, we obtain an upper bound to the range of possible values that the reproductive number may attain for a given growth rate. Furthermore, we show that by taking the generation interval distribution equal to the observed distribution, it is possible to obtain an empirical estimate of the reproductive number.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/SB85EQ7F/Wallinga and Lipsitch - 2007 - How generation intervals shape the relationship be.pdf}
}

@article{wangGlobalDrugDiffusion2022,
  title = {Global Drug Diffusion and Innovation with the Medicines Patent Pool},
  author = {Wang, Lucy Xiaolu},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Health Economics},
  volume = {85},
  pages = {102671},
  issn = {0167-6296},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jhealeco.2022.102671},
  urldate = {2024-03-06},
  abstract = {This paper studies the impact of the first joint licensing platform for patented drugs, the Medicines Patent Pool, on global drug diffusion and innovation. The pool allows generic firms worldwide to license drug bundles cheaply and conveniently for sales in a set of developing countries. I construct a novel dataset from licensing contracts, public procurement, clinical trials, and drug approvals. Using difference-in-differences methods, I find that the pool leads to substantial increases in the generic supply of drugs purchased, particularly in countries with stronger patent protection. In addition, there are some positive increases in clinical trials and drug product approvals after a compound enters the pool, mostly by firms outside the pool.},
  keywords = {Developing countries,Drug cocktails,Innovation and diffusion,Patent pool},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YGSUWTCJ/S0167629622000868.html}
}

@article{wangPolicyExperimentationChina2022,
  title = {Policy {{Experimentation}} in {{China}}: {{The Political Economy}} of {{Policy Learning}}},
  author = {Wang, Shaoda and Yang, David Y},
  year = {2022},
  pages = {119},
  abstract = {Many governments have engaged in policy experimentation in various forms to resolve uncertainty and facilitate learning. However, little is understood about the characteristics of policy experimentation, and how the structure of experimentation may affect policy learning and policy outcomes. We aim to describe and understand China's policy experimentation since 1980, among the largest and most systematic in recent history. We collect comprehensive data on policy experimentation conducted in China over the past four decades. We find that, while experimentation outcomes strongly predict whether policies roll out nationally, the experimentation exhibits two characteristics that complicate policy learning. First, about 90\% of the experiments exhibit positive sample selection in terms of a locality's economic development. Second, promotion-driven local politicians allocate more resources to ensure the experiments' success, and such effort is not replicable when policies roll out to the entire country. The presence of sample selection and strategic effort is not fully accounted for by the central government, affecting policy learning and distorting national policies originating from the experimentation. Taken together, these results suggest that, while China's bureaucratic and institutional conditions make policy experimentation possible at an unparalleled scale, the complex political environments can also limit the scope and bias the direction of policy learning.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DLYXLSW4/Wang and Yang - Policy Experimentation in China The Political Eco.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/TQGU2ADI/w29402.pdf}
}

@article{wangResponseCOVID19Taiwan2020,
  title = {Response to {{COVID-19}} in {{Taiwan}}: {{Big Data Analytics}}, {{New Technology}}, and {{Proactive Testing}}},
  shorttitle = {Response to {{COVID-19}} in {{Taiwan}}},
  author = {Wang, C. Jason and Ng, Chun Y. and Brook, Robert H.},
  year = {2020},
  month = apr,
  journal = {JAMA},
  volume = {323},
  number = {14},
  pages = {1341},
  issn = {0098-7484},
  doi = {10.1001/jama.2020.3151},
  urldate = {2020-07-07},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QMATJYUI/Wang et al. - 2020 - Response to COVID-19 in Taiwan Big Data Analytics.pdf}
}

@article{wangTemperatureVariationsRice2014,
  title = {Temperature Variations and Rice Yields in {{China}}: Historical Contributions and Future Trends},
  shorttitle = {Temperature Variations and Rice Yields in {{China}}},
  author = {Wang, Pin and Zhang, Zhao and Song, Xiao and Chen, Yi and Wei, Xing and Shi, Peijun and Tao, Fulu},
  year = {2014},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Climatic Change},
  volume = {124},
  number = {4},
  pages = {777--789},
  issn = {0165-0009, 1573-1480},
  doi = {10.1007/s10584-014-1136-x},
  urldate = {2020-05-26},
  abstract = {Temperature is the principal factor that determines rice growth, development and ultimately grain yield. In this study, normal growing-degree-days (NGDD) and killing growing-degree-days (KGDD) were used to capture the different effects of normal and extreme temperatures on rice yields, respectively. Based on these indexes, we assessed the contributions of temperature variations to county-level rice yields across China during the historical period (1980--2008), and estimated the potential exposure of rice to extreme temperature stress in the near future (2021--2050). The results showed that historical temperature variations had measurable impacts on rice yields with a distinct spatial pattern: for different regions, such variations had contributed much to the increased rice yields in Northeast China (Region I) (0.59 \% yield year-1) and some portions of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (Region II) (0.34 \% yield year-1), but seriously hindered the improvements of rice yields in the Sichuan Basin (SB) (-0.29 \% yield year-1) and the southern cultivation areas (Region IV) (-0.17 \% yield year-1); for the entire country, half of the contributions were positive and the other half were negative, resulting in a balance pattern with an average of 0.01 \% yield year-1. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, climate warming during 2021--2050 would substantially reduce cold stress but increase heat stress in the rice planting areas across China. For the future period, Region I, II and eastern China would be continually exposed to more severe cold stress than the other regions; Region III (including SB and the mid-lower reaches of Yangtze River (MLRYR)) would be the hot spot of heat stress.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UJ7XKWSJ/Wang et al. - 2014 - Temperature variations and rice yields in China h.pdf}
}

@article{waniDigitalMentalHealth2024,
  title = {Digital {{Mental Health Interventions}} for {{Adolescents}} in {{Low-}} and {{Middle-Income Countries}}: {{Scoping Review}}},
  shorttitle = {Digital {{Mental Health Interventions}} for {{Adolescents}} in {{Low-}} and {{Middle-Income Countries}}},
  author = {Wani, Carolina and McCann, Lisa and Lennon, Marilyn and Radu, Caterina},
  year = {2024},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Journal of Medical Internet Research},
  volume = {26},
  pages = {e51376},
  issn = {1438-8871},
  doi = {10.2196/51376},
  urldate = {2025-02-27},
  abstract = {Background: Digital mental health interventions (DMHIs) are increasingly recognized as potential solutions for adolescent mental health, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals and universal health coverage are instrumental tools for achieving mental health for all. Within this context, understanding the design, evaluation, as well as the barriers and facilitators impacting adolescent engagement with mental health care through DMHIs is essential. Objective: This scoping review aims to provide insights into the current landscape of DMHIs for adolescents in LMICs. Methods: The Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review methodology was used, following the recommendations of the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews). Our search strategy incorporated 3 key concepts: population "adolescents," concept "digital mental health interventions," and context "LMICs." We adapted this strategy for various databases, including ACM Digital Library, APA PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar (including gray literature), IEEE Xplore, ProQuest, PubMed (NLM), ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science. The articles were screened against a specific eligibility criterion from January 2019 to March 2024. Results: We analyzed 20 papers focusing on DMHIs for various mental health conditions among adolescents, such as depression, well-being, anxiety, stigma, self-harm, and suicide ideation. These interventions were delivered in diverse formats, including group delivery and self-guided interventions, with support from mental health professionals or involving lay professionals. The study designs and evaluation encompassed a range of methodologies, including randomized controlled trials, mixed methods studies, and feasibility studies. Conclusions: While there have been notable advancements in DMHIs for adolescents in LMICs, the research base remains limited. Significant knowledge gaps persist regarding the long-term clinical benefits, the maturity and readiness of LMIC digital infrastructure, cultural appropriateness, and cost-effectiveness across the heterogeneous LMIC settings. Addressing these gaps necessitates large-scale, co-designed, and culturally sensitive DMHI trials. Future work should address this.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/C9XJWZ9V/Wani et al. - 2024 - Digital Mental Health Interventions for Adolescents in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Scoping Rev.pdf}
}

@article{wardBrainDrainMere2017,
  title = {Brain {{Drain}}: {{The Mere Presence}} of {{One}}'s {{Own Smartphone Reduces Available Cognitive Capacity}}},
  shorttitle = {Brain {{Drain}}},
  author = {Ward, Adrian F. and Duke, Kristen and Gneezy, Ayelet and Bos, Maarten W.},
  year = {2017},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of the Association for Consumer Research},
  volume = {2},
  number = {2},
  pages = {140--154},
  issn = {2378-1815, 2378-1823},
  doi = {10.1086/691462},
  urldate = {2024-07-28},
  abstract = {Our smartphones enable---and encourage---constant connection to information, entertainment, and each other. They put the world at our fingertips, and rarely leave our sides. Although these devices have immense potential to improve welfare, their persistent presence may come at a cognitive cost. In this research, we test the ``brain drain'' hypothesis that the mere presence of one's own smartphone may occupy limited-capacity cognitive resources, thereby leaving fewer resources available for other tasks and undercutting cognitive performance. Results from two experiments indicate that even when people are successful at maintaining sustained attention---as when avoiding the temptation to check their phones---the mere presence of these devices reduces available cognitive capacity. Moreover, these cognitive costs are highest for those highest in smartphone dependence. We conclude by discussing the practical implications of this smartphone-induced brain drain for consumer decision-making and consumer welfare.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ZI7L87T7/Ward et al. - 2017 - Brain Drain The Mere Presence of One’s Own Smartp.pdf}
}

@article{wasowAgendaSeedingHow2020,
  title = {Agenda {{Seeding}}: {{How}} 1960s {{Black Protests Moved Elites}}, {{Public Opinion}} and {{Voting}}},
  shorttitle = {Agenda {{Seeding}}},
  author = {Wasow, Omar},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {American Political Science Review},
  volume = {114},
  number = {3},
  pages = {638--659},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  issn = {0003-0554, 1537-5943},
  doi = {10.1017/S000305542000009X},
  urldate = {2022-10-22},
  abstract = {How do stigmatized minorities advance agendas when confronted with hostile majorities? Elite theories of influence posit marginal groups exert little power. I propose the concept of agenda seeding to describe how activists use methods like disruption to capture the attention of media and overcome political asymmetries. Further, I hypothesize protest tactics influence how news organizations frame demands. Evaluating black-led protests between 1960 and 1972, I find nonviolent activism, particularly when met with state or vigilante repression, drove media coverage, framing, congressional speech, and public opinion on civil rights. Counties proximate to nonviolent protests saw presidential Democratic vote share increase 1.6--2.5\%. Protester-initiated violence, by contrast, helped move news agendas, frames, elite discourse, and public concern toward ``social control.'' In 1968, using rainfall as an instrument, I find violent protests likely caused a 1.5--7.9\% shift among whites toward Republicans and tipped the election. Elites may dominate political communication but hold no monopoly.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IZUP6BWV/Wasow - 2020 - Agenda Seeding How 1960s Black Protests Moved Eli.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I87UQ56U/136610C8C040C3D92F041BB2EFC3034C.html}
}

@misc{wateraid2013we,
  title = {We Can't Wait: {{A}} Report on Sanitation and Hygiene for Women and Girls},
  author = {{WaterAid}},
  year = {2013},
  publisher = {WaterAid International. Retrieved from: http://www.zaragoza.es/contenidos/medioambiente/onu/1325-eng\_We\_cant\_wait\_sanitation\_and\_hygiene\_for\_women\_and\%20girls.pdf}
}

@article{watersCommunityWorkersLend2020,
  title = {Community {{Workers Lend Human Connection To COVID-19 Response}}: {{Article}} Examines the Role of Community Health Workers in Responding to the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic.},
  shorttitle = {Community {{Workers Lend Human Connection To COVID-19 Response}}},
  author = {Waters, Rob},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Health Affairs},
  volume = {39},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1112--1117},
  issn = {0278-2715, 1544-5208},
  doi = {10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00836},
  urldate = {2020-12-15},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HSQA9G9Z/Waters - 2020 - Community Workers Lend Human Connection To COVID-1.pdf}
}

@article{wearingAppropriateModelsManagement2005,
  title = {Appropriate {{Models}} for the {{Management}} of {{Infectious Diseases}}},
  author = {Wearing, Helen J and Rohani, Pejman and Keeling, Matt J},
  editor = {Ellner, Stephen P.},
  year = {2005},
  month = jul,
  journal = {PLoS Medicine},
  volume = {2},
  number = {7},
  pages = {e174},
  issn = {1549-1676},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.0020174},
  urldate = {2020-07-09},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/UJQ3UNPM/Wearing et al. - 2005 - Appropriate Models for the Management of Infectiou.pdf}
}

@article{wearingAppropriateModelsManagement2005a,
  title = {Appropriate {{Models}} for the {{Management}} of {{Infectious Diseases}}},
  author = {Wearing, Helen J and Rohani, Pejman and Keeling, Matt J},
  editor = {Ellner, Stephen P.},
  year = {2005},
  month = jul,
  journal = {PLoS Medicine},
  volume = {2},
  number = {7},
  pages = {e174},
  issn = {1549-1676},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.0020174},
  urldate = {2020-07-09},
  abstract = {Background Mathematical models have become invaluable management tools for epidemiologists, both shedding light on the mechanisms underlying observed dynamics as well as making quantitative predictions on the effectiveness of different control measures. Here, we explain how substantial biases are introduced by two important, yet largely ignored, assumptions at the core of the vast majority of such models. Methods and Findings First, we use analytical methods to show that (i) ignoring the latent period or (ii) making the common assumption of exponentially distributed latent and infectious periods (when including the latent period) always results in underestimating the basic reproductive ratio of an infection from outbreak data. We then proceed to illustrate these points by fitting epidemic models to data from an influenza outbreak. Finally, we document how such unrealistic a priori assumptions concerning model structure give rise to systematically overoptimistic predictions on the outcome of potential management options. Conclusion This work aims to highlight that, when developing models for public health use, we need to pay careful attention to the intrinsic assumptions embedded within classical frameworks.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/84BARR63/Wearing et al. - 2005 - Appropriate Models for the Management of Infectiou.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IEKGIQMG/wearing2005.pdf}
}

@article{wearingCorrectionAppropriateModels2005,
  title = {Correction: {{Appropriate Models}} for the {{Management}} of {{Infectious Diseases}}},
  shorttitle = {Correction},
  author = {Wearing, Helen J and Rohani, Pejman and Keeling, Matt J},
  year = {2005},
  month = aug,
  journal = {PLoS Medicine},
  volume = {2},
  number = {8},
  pages = {e320},
  issn = {1549-1676},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pmed.0020320},
  urldate = {2020-07-09},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WERMNKEH/Wearing et al. - 2005 - Correction Appropriate Models for the Management .pdf}
}

@techreport{Weaver2016,
  title = {Jobs for {{Sale}}: {{Corruption}} and {{Misallocation}} in {{Hiring}}},
  author = {Weaver, Jeffrey},
  year = {2018},
  pages = {1--96},
  abstract = {Corruption in hiring for public sector jobs is common in developing countries, and has been assumed to have a detrimental effect on delivery of government services. This paper provides a framework for understanding this type of corruption and demonstrates that it need not have negative consequences. I collect original data from a hiring process for managerial positions in a developing country health bureaucracy, and find that hires paid large bribes, averaging 17 months' salary. I use data on bribe offers to characterize the structure of these markets, showing that job allocations are made as if via a first-price, winner-pay, sealed bid auction. To establish the conse-quences of corruption, I estimate a structural model of entry to determine hires under counterfactual hiring procedures, such as standardized testing, and compare them to actual hires. For this com-parison, I identify causal relationships between a set of hire characteristics and better delivery of health services. Based on these characteristics, actual hires are of comparable or superior quality to the hires under counterfactual systems, e.g. as compared to hires under a knowledge-based test, actual hires are 4.3-8.7 percentage points closer to the predicted optimal set of hires. Although hiring decisions are based primarily on bribes, hires are high quality because applicant wealth and willingness to pay for the position are strongly positively correlated with quality. Applying this to a general model of hiring, I identify the environments in which corruption will lead to misallocation, discuss how anti-corruption efforts should be designed, and argue for a greater focus on hiring for mid-level government managers.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/WHNNCL7T/Weaver - JOBS FOR SALE CORRUPTION AND MISALLOCATION IN HIR.pdf}
}

@article{webbSilenceSolidarityUsing2023,
  title = {Silence to {{Solidarity}}: {{Using Group Dynamics}} to {{Reduce Anti-Transgender Discrimination}} in {{India}}},
  author = {Webb, Duncan},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {mimeo, Paris School of Economics},
  abstract = {Individual-level discrimination is often attributed to deep-seated prejudice that is difficult to change. But at the societal level, we sometimes observe rapid reductions in discriminatory preferences, suggesting that social interactions and the communication they entail might drive such shifts. I examine whether discrimination can be reduced by two types of communication about a minority: (i) horizontal communication between majority-group members, or (ii) top-down communication from agents of authority (e.g., the legal system). I run a field experiment in urban India (N=3,397) that measures discrimination against a marginalized community of transgender people. Participants are highly discriminatory: in a control condition, they sacrifice 1.9x their daily food expenditure to avoid hiring a transgender worker to deliver groceries to their home. But horizontal communication between cisgender participants sharply reduces discrimination: participants who were earlier involved in a group discussion with two of their neighbors no longer discriminate on average, even when making private post-discussion choices. This effect is 1.7x larger than the effect of top-down communication, informing participants about the legal rights of transgender people. The discussion's effects are not driven by virtue signalling or correcting a misperceived norm. Instead, participants appear to persuade each other to be more pro-trans, partly because pro-trans participants are the most vocal in discussions.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R974JH7J/Webb - Silence to Solidarity Using Group Dynamics to Red.pdf}
}

@article{weissSIRModelFoundations,
  title = {The {{SIR}} Model and the {{Foundations}} of {{Public Health}}},
  author = {Weiss, Howard},
  pages = {46},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/XCGK9WGH/The SIR model and the Foundations of Public Health.pdf}
}

@article{welz2022genericml,
  title = {{{GenericML}}: {{Generic}} Machine Learning Inference},
  author = {Welz, M and Alfons, A and Demirer, M and Chernozhukov, V},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {R package version}
}

@misc{WhatEffectGroup,
  title = {What Is the Effect of Group Discussions on Discrimination? {\textbar} {{Search}} {\textbar} {{Elicit}}},
  shorttitle = {What Is the Effect of Group Discussions on Discrimination?},
  urldate = {2023-05-31},
  abstract = {Elicit uses machine learning to help you with your research: find papers, extract key claims, summarize, brainstorm ideas, and more.},
  howpublished = {https://elicit.org/search?q=What+is+the+effect+of+group+discussions+on+discrimination\%3F\&token=01H1SPQN4RCCTKX5RBD4Q2MXS3\&paper=44b84d2e2ff9e54df5e022ae75431608cf3c3372\&column=title},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/PZVEUWF3/search.html}
}

@article{wheatonLawsBeliefsBacklash2020,
  title = {Laws, {{Beliefs}}, and {{Backlash}}},
  author = {Wheaton, Brian},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {102},
  abstract = {Do laws affect the beliefs and attitudes held by the public? I set up a model wherein families care about their children's beliefs, which are shaped by a combination of parental actions and the law set by society. These straightforward assumptions are sufficient to generate systematic backlash against laws -- individuals move in the opposite direction of the law in an attempt to preserve the values which are important to them and are placed under threat by the law. Next, I turn to survey data from the ANES to test the implications of the model. I focus on one specific case in-depth: the state Equal Rights Amendments (ERAs), which aimed to legislate gender equality. Using a dynamic difference-in-differences identification strategy, I find robust evidence that ERA passage leads men in particular to undergo a sharp backlash -- with sharply more negative attitudes toward male/female equality. This shift translates into a significant increase in Republican vote share, worsened material outcomes for women, and increased marital strife. I also test and confirm the other implications of the model -- such as the fact that the backlash is passed on to the next generation and that it endures more strongly in ideologicallyhomogeneous communities. Next, I provide evidence against a variety of alternative mechanisms. And finally, stepping back from the ERAs, I show that virtually every major U.S. social policy law of the past half-century has induced significant backlash. Taken as a whole, these findings suggest that aggressive pushes for social change through legislation may come at a significant cost.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/B4GABAZR/Laws Beliefs (1).pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CNNCXDU7/Laws Beliefs.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FT3HMZHX/Wheaton - Laws, Beliefs, and Backlash.pdf}
}

@techreport{whinstonMultiRiskSIRModel2020,
  title = {A {{Multi-Risk SIR Model}} with {{Optimally Targeted Lockdown}}},
  author = {Whinston, Michael D. and Werning, Iv{\`a}n and Chernozhukov, Victor and Acemoglu, Daron},
  year = {2020},
  month = may,
  institution = {The IFS},
  doi = {10.1920/wp.cem.2020.1420},
  urldate = {2020-07-24},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/48LMHANG/Whinston et al. - 2020 - A Multi-Risk SIR Model with Optimally Targeted Loc.pdf}
}

@article{whiteProblemsMeasuringUsing2018,
  title = {The {{Problems}} with {{Measuring}} and {{Using Happiness}} for {{Policy Purposes}}},
  author = {White, Mark D.},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
  issn = {1556-5068},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.3191385},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Many governments around the world are considering measures of happiness or subjective well-being as alternatives to gross domestic product (GDP) for the purpose of guiding economic policymaking. Compared to GDP, happiness measures promise to better capture the quality of life of a nation's citizens and lead to policies that are more effective and equitable. However, there are a number of problems with the concept of happiness that policymakers should be aware of before adopting it as a policy tool. In this paper, I focus on three interrelated aspects of happiness---definition, measurement, and policy implementation---and explain why each renders happiness a poor guide for policy. In general, happiness is a vague, multifaceted, and subjective phenomenon that is difficult to define precisely enough for measurement, hard to measure in a way that allows meaningful comparison between individuals and groups, and fraught with ethical complexities that complicate policy implementation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {economic policy GDP happiness well-being welfa},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/P4A9AN7R/White - 2018 - The Problems with Measuring and Using Happiness fo.pdf}
}

@techreport{whittingtonLivesLivelihoodsMany2020,
  title = {The {{Lives}} \& {{Livelihoods}} of {{Many}} in the {{LGBTQ Community Are At Risk Amidst COVID-19 Crisis}}},
  author = {Whittington, Charlie and Hadfield, Katalina and Calder{\'o}n, Carina},
  year = {2020},
  institution = {Human Rights Campaign Foundation},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/THJ8E5R9/COVID19-IssueBrief-032020-FINAL.pdf}
}

@article{WHO/UNICEF2009,
  title = {{{WHO}} Child Growth Standards and the Identification of Severe Acute Malnutrition in Infants and Children},
  author = {{WHO} and {UNICEF}},
  year = {2009},
  pages = {1--12},
  doi = {http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/severemalnutrition/9789241598163/en/},
  isbn = {978 92 4 159816 3}
}

@book{WHO2021,
  title = {Live Life: An Implementation Guide for Suicide Prevention in Countries},
  author = {{World Health Organization}},
  year = {2021},
  publisher = {World Health Organization},
  address = {Geneva},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/CDG53J8L/9789240026629-eng.pdf}
}

@misc{WhyItStill,
  title = {Why Is It Still so Hard to Breathe in {{India}} and {{Pakistan}}? {\textbar} {{Readwise}}},
  urldate = {2024-11-23},
  howpublished = {https://read.readwise.io/feed/unseen/read/01jd9t7vd3z3fwdxapvqjs86c3},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JD9V2QX3/01jd9t7vd3z3fwdxapvqjs86c3.html}
}

@misc{WhyItStilla,
  title = {Why Is It Still so Hard to Breathe in {{India}} and {{Pakistan}}? {\textbar} {{Readwise}}},
  urldate = {2024-11-23},
  howpublished = {https://read.readwise.io/feed/unseen/read/01jd9t7vd3z3fwdxapvqjs86c3}
}

@misc{WhyItStillb,
  title = {Why Is It Still so Hard to Breathe in {{India}} and {{Pakistan}}? {\textbar} {{Readwise}}},
  urldate = {2024-11-23},
  howpublished = {https://read.readwise.io/feed/unseen/read/01jd9t7vd3z3fwdxapvqjs86c3}
}

@misc{WhyWorkAds,
  title = {Why {{I Work}} on {{Ads}}},
  urldate = {2024-11-15},
  abstract = {"I work on ads at Google" "Can I ask why? I honestly can't understand how anyone could." Someone recently asked me why I work on ads, and I wanted to write up something more thorough than my comment. (Despite being a work topic this is a personal post and I'm speaking only for myself.) One answer is that I'm earning to give: I give half of what I earn to the most effective charities I can find,},
  howpublished = {https://www.jefftk.com/p/why-i-work-on-ads},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/QI2G526E/why-i-work-on-ads.html}
}

@article{Williams2017,
  title = {The {{Political Economy}} of {{Unfinished Development Projects}}: {{Corruption}}, {{Clientelism}}, or {{Collective Choice}}?},
  author = {Williams, Martin J},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {705--723},
  doi = {10.1017/S0003055417000351},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LF3X7MHT/Williams - 2017 - The Political Economy of Unfinished Development Pr.pdf}
}

@techreport{williamsonLatinAmericanInequality2015,
  title = {Latin {{American Inequality}}: {{Colonial Origins}}, {{Commodity Booms}}, or a {{Missed}} 20th {{Century Leveling}}?},
  shorttitle = {Latin {{American Inequality}}},
  author = {Williamson, Jeffrey},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  number = {w20915},
  pages = {w20915},
  address = {Cambridge, MA},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  doi = {10.3386/w20915},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Most analysts of the modern Latin American economy have held the pessimistic belief in historical persistence -- they believe that Latin America has always had very high levels of inequality, and that it's the Iberian colonists' fault. Thus, modern analysts see today a more unequal Latin America compared with Asia and most rich post-industrial nations and assume that this must always have been true. Indeed, some have argued that high inequality appeared very early in the post-conquest Americas, and that this fact supported rent-seeking and anti-growth institutions which help explain the disappointing growth performance we observe there even today. The recent leveling of inequality in the region since the 1990s seems to have done little to erode that pessimism. It is important, therefore, to stress that this alleged persistence is based on an historical literature which has made little or no effort to be comparative, and it matters. Compared with the rest of the world, inequality was not high in the century following 1492, and it was not even high in the post-independence decades just prior Latin America's belle {\'e}poque and start with industrialization. It only became high during the commodity boom 1870-1913, by the end of which it had joined the rich country unequal club that included the US and the UK. Latin America only became relatively high between 1913 and the 1970s when it missed the Great Egalitarian Leveling which took place almost everywhere else. That Latin American inequality has its roots in its colonial past is a myth.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Development,Inequality,Latin America},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YVRUNLGW/Williamson - 2015 - Latin American Inequality Colonial Origins, Commo.pdf}
}

@article{williamsPublicPerceptionsExperiences2020,
  title = {Public Perceptions and Experiences of Social Distancing and Social Isolation during the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic: A {{UK-based}} Focus Group Study},
  shorttitle = {Public Perceptions and Experiences of Social Distancing and Social Isolation during the {{COVID-19}} Pandemic},
  author = {Williams, Simon N and Armitage, Christopher J and Tampe, Tova and Dienes, Kimberly},
  year = {2020},
  month = jul,
  journal = {BMJ Open},
  volume = {10},
  number = {7},
  pages = {e039334},
  issn = {2044-6055, 2044-6055},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039334},
  urldate = {2020-09-18},
  abstract = {Objective{\enspace} This study explored UK public perceptions and experiences of social distancing and social isolation related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Design{\enspace} This qualitative study comprised five focus groups, carried out online during the early stages of the UK's stay at home order (`lockdown'), and analysed using a thematic approach. Setting{\enspace} Focus groups took place via online videoconferencing. Participants{\enspace} Participants (n=27) were all UK residents aged 18 years and older, representing a range of gender, ethnic, age and occupational backgrounds. Results{\enspace} Qualitative analysis revealed four main themes: (1) loss---participants' loss of (in-\-person) social interaction, loss of income and loss of structure and routine led to psychological and emotional `losses' such as loss of motivation, loss of meaning and loss of self-\-worth; (2) criticisms of government communication---participants reported a lack of trust in government and a lack of clarity in the guidelines around social distancing and isolation; (3) adherence---participants reported high self-\-adherence to social distancing guidelines but reported seeing or hearing of non-\-adherence in others; (4) uncertainty around social reintegration and the future---some participants felt they would have lingering concerns over social contact while others were eager to return to high levels of social activity. Most participants, and particularly those in low-\-paid or precarious employment, reported feeling that the social distancing and isolation associated with COVID-19 policy has had negative impacts on their mental health and well-\- being during the early stages of the UK's `lockdown'. Conclusions{\enspace} A rapid response is necessary in terms of public health programming to mitigate the mental health impacts of COVID-19 social distancing and isolation. Social distancing and isolation `exit strategies' must account for the fact that, although some individuals will voluntarily or habitually continue to socially distance, others will seek high levels of social engagement as soon as possible.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/EL85VU42/Williams et al. - 2020 - Public perceptions and experiences of social dista.pdf}
}

@misc{Willmott2018,
  title = {Terrestrial {{Precipitation}}: 1900-2017 {{Gridded Monthly Time Series}} (1900 - 2017) ({{V}} 5.01)},
  author = {Matsuura, Kenji and Willmott, Cort J.},
  year = {2018},
  howpublished = {http://climate.geog.udel.edu/{\textasciitilde}climate/html\_pages/README.ghcn\_ts2.html}
}

@article{wintersGlobalizersIMFWorld2007,
  title = {The {{Globalizers}}: {{The IMF}}, the {{World Bank}} and {{Their Borrowers}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Globalizers}}},
  author = {Winters, Cecilia Ann},
  year = {2007},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Economic Issues},
  volume = {41},
  number = {3},
  pages = {900--901},
  publisher = {Routledge},
  issn = {0021-3624},
  doi = {10.1080/00213624.2007.11507079},
  urldate = {2023-08-20},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6Y6XMYF8/Winters - 2007 - The Globalizers The IMF, the World Bank and Their.pdf}
}

@article{witkowskiRobustBayesianTruth2012,
  title = {A {{Robust Bayesian Truth Serum}} for {{Small Populations}}},
  author = {Witkowski, Jens and Parkes, David},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
  volume = {26},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1492--1498},
  issn = {2374-3468},
  doi = {10.1609/aaai.v26i1.8261},
  urldate = {2025-01-24},
  abstract = {Peer prediction mechanisms allow the truthful elicitation of private signals (e.g., experiences, or opinions) in regard to a true world state when this ground truth is unobservable. The original peer prediction method is incentive compatible for any number of agents n \&gt;= 2, but relies on a common prior, shared by all agents and the mechanism. The Bayesian Truth Serum (BTS) relaxes this assumption. While BTS still assumes that agents share a common prior, this prior need not be known to the mechanism. However, BTS is only incentive compatible for a large enough number of agents, and the particular number of agents required is uncertain because it depends on this private prior. In this paper, we present a robust BTS for the elicitation of binary information which is incentive compatible for every n \&gt;= 3, taking advantage of a particularity of the quadratic scoring rule. The robust BTS is the first peer prediction mechanism to provide strict incentive compatibility for every n \&gt;= 3 without relying on knowledge of the common prior. Moreover, and in contrast to the original BTS, our mechanism is numerically robust and ex post individually rational.},
  copyright = {Copyright (c) 2021 Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {multiagent systems},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/46T4UGKE/Witkowski and Parkes - 2012 - A Robust Bayesian Truth Serum for Small Population.pdf}
}

@article{witteCaloricRestrictionImproves2009,
  title = {Caloric Restriction Improves Memory in Elderly Humans},
  author = {Witte, A. V. and Fobker, M. and Gellner, R. and Knecht, S. and Floel, A.},
  year = {2009},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {106},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1255--1260},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.0808587106},
  urldate = {2021-11-14},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LCMPRVWQ/Witte et al. - 2009 - Caloric restriction improves memory in elderly hum.pdf}
}

@article{wolkeImpactBullyingChildhood2013,
  title = {Impact of {{Bullying}} in {{Childhood}} on {{Adult Health}}, {{Wealth}}, {{Crime}}, and {{Social Outcomes}}},
  author = {Wolke, Dieter and Copeland, William E. and Angold, Adrian and Costello, E. Jane},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Psychological Science},
  volume = {24},
  number = {10},
  eprint = {24539389},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {1958--1970},
  publisher = {[Association for Psychological Science, Sage Publications, Inc.]},
  issn = {0956-7976},
  urldate = {2024-03-29},
  abstract = {Bullying is a serious problem for schools, parents, and public-policymakers alike. Bullying creates risks of health and social problems in childhood, but it is unclear if such risks extend into adulthood. A large cohort of children was assessed for bullying involvement in childhood and then followed up in young adulthood in an assessment of health, risky or illegal behavior, wealth, and social relationships. Victims of childhood bullying, including those that bullied others (bully-victims), were at increased risk of poor health, wealth, and social-relationship outcomes in adulthood even after we controlled for family hardship and childhood psychiatric disorders. In contrast, pure bullies were not at increased risk of poor outcomes in adulthood once other family and childhood risk factors were taken into account. Being bullied is not a harmless rite of passage but throws a long shadow over affected people's lives. Interventions in childhood are likely to reduce long-term health and social costs.}
}

@article{works:ClioEconomicsQWERTY1985,
  title = {Clio and the {{Economics}} of {{QWERTY}}},
  author = {{work(s):}, Paul A. David Reviewed},
  year = {1985},
  journal = {The American Economic Review},
  volume = {75},
  number = {2,},
  eprint = {1805621},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {332--337},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FGWZ3L97/work(s) - 1985 - Clio and the Economics of QWERTY.pdf}
}

@article{works:EconomicGrowthIncome1955,
  title = {Economic {{Growth}} and {{Income Inequality}}},
  author = {{work(s):}, Simon Kuznets Reviewed},
  year = {1955},
  journal = {The American Economic Review},
  volume = {45},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {1811581},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {1--28},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/U6PZ5UHV/work(s) - 1955 - Economic Growth and Income Inequality.pdf}
}

@article{works:GenderAgriculturalProduction1996,
  title = {Gender, {{Agricultural Production}}, and the {{Theory}} of the {{Household}}},
  author = {{work(s):}, Christopher Udry Reviewed},
  year = {1996},
  journal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {104},
  number = {5},
  eprint = {2138950},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {1010--1046},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/E2TFLKTC/work(s) - 1996 - Gender, Agricultural Production, and the Theory of.pdf}
}

@book{world2016world,
  title = {World Development Report 2016: {{Digital}} Dividends},
  author = {{World Bank}},
  year = {2016},
  publisher = {World Bank Publications}
}

@book{world2017world,
  title = {World Development Report 2017: {{Governance}} and the Law},
  author = {World Bank},
  year = {2017},
  publisher = {The World Bank},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R88PPJGD/9781464809507.pdf}
}

@article{WorldBank2015,
  title = {World {{Development Report}} 2015 - {{Chapter}} 1 {{Thinking}} Automatically},
  author = {{World Bank}},
  year = {2015},
  pages = {26--40}
}

@techreport{WorldBank2018,
  title = {Piecing {{Together The Poverty Puzzle}}},
  author = {{World Bank}},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Poverty \& Shared Prosperity},
  pages = {19--48},
  doi = {10.1596/978-1-4648-1330-6},
  abstract = {The Poverty and Shared Prosperity series provides a global audience with the latest and most accurate estimates on trends in global poverty and shared prosperity.},
  isbn = {978-1-4648-1360-3}
}

@misc{WorldBank2018a,
  title = {Rural {{Population}} in {{Indonesia}}},
  author = {{World Bank}},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {World Bank staff estimates based on the United Nations Population Division's World Urbanization Prospects: 2018 Revision}
}

@book{worldbankWorldDevelopmentReport2004,
  title = {World {{Development Report}} 2005: {{A Better Investment Climate}} for {{Everyone}}},
  shorttitle = {World {{Development Report}} 2005},
  author = {{World Bank}},
  year = {2004},
  month = sep,
  publisher = {The World Bank},
  doi = {10.1596/0-8213-5682-8},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  isbn = {978-0-8213-5682-1},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {World Bank},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/FEPWYWID/World Bank - 2004 - World Development Report 2005 A Better Investment.pdf}
}

@article{wucherpfennigWhoInheritsState2016,
  title = {Who {{Inherits}} the {{State}}? {{Colonial Rule}} and {{Postcolonial Conflict}}: {{COLONIAL RULE AND POSTCOLONIAL CONFLICT}}},
  shorttitle = {Who {{Inherits}} the {{State}}?},
  author = {Wucherpfennig, Julian and Hunziker, Philipp and Cederman, Lars-Erik},
  year = {2016},
  month = oct,
  journal = {American Journal of Political Science},
  volume = {60},
  number = {4},
  pages = {882--898},
  issn = {00925853},
  doi = {10.1111/ajps.12236},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Postulating grievance-based mechanisms, several recent studies show that politically excluded ethnic groups are more likely to experience civil conflict. However, critics argue that endogeneity may undermine this finding since governments' decisions to include or exclude could be motivated by the anticipation of conflict. We counter this threat to inference by articulating a causal pathway that explains ethnic groups' access to power independently of conflict. Focusing on postcolonial states, we exploit differences in colonial empires' strategies of rule to model which ethnic groups were represented in government at the time of independence. This identification strategy allows estimating the exogenous effect of inclusiveness on conflict. We find that previous studies have tended to understate the conflict-dampening impact of political inclusion. This finding suggests that grievances have been prematurely dismissed from conventional explanations of conflict, and that policy makers should consider conflict resolution methods based on power sharing and group rights.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/S28EXWUD/Wucherpfennig et al. - 2016 - Who Inherits the State Colonial Rule and Postcolo.pdf}
}

@article{xieSocialConsensusInfluence2011,
  title = {Social Consensus through the Influence of Committed Minorities},
  author = {Xie, J. and Sreenivasan, S. and Korniss, G. and Zhang, W. and Lim, C. and Szymanski, B. K.},
  year = {2011},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Physical Review E},
  volume = {84},
  number = {1},
  pages = {011130},
  issn = {1539-3755, 1550-2376},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.84.011130},
  urldate = {2021-11-18},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/ULSB8FUL/Xie et al. - 2011 - Social consensus through the influence of committe.pdf}
}

@article{Xu2018,
  title = {Social {{Proximity}} and {{Bureaucrat Performance}}: {{Evidence}} from {{India}}},
  author = {Xu, Guo and Bertrand, Marianne and Burgess, Robin},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {NBER Working Paper Series},
  pages = {1--47},
  abstract = {Using exogenous variation in social proximity generated by an allocation rule, we find that bureaucrats assigned to their home states are perceived to be more corrupt and less able to withstand illegitimate political pressure. Despite this, we observe that home officers are more likely to be promoted in the later stages of their careers. To understand this dissonance between performance and promotion we show that incoming Chief Ministers preferentially promote home officers that come from the same home district. Taken together, our results suggest that social proximity hampers bureaucrat performance by facilitating political capture and corruption.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Z8DHUFR4/Xu et al. - 2018 - Social Proximity and Bureaucrat Performance Evide.pdf}
}

@article{Xu2018a,
  title = {The Costs of Patronage: {{Evidence}} from the {{British Empire}}},
  author = {Xu, Guo},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {108},
  number = {11},
  pages = {3170--3198},
  issn = {19447981},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20171339},
  abstract = {I combine newly digitized personnel and public finance data from the British colonial administration for the period 1854-1966 to study how patronage affects the promotion and incentives of governors. Governors are more likely to be promoted to higher salaried colonies when connected to their superior during the period of patronage. Once allocated, they provide more tax exemptions, raise less revenue, and invest less. The promotion and performance gaps disappear after the abolition of patronage appointments. Patronage therefore distorts the allocation of public sector positions and reduces the incentives of favored bureaucrats to perform.},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/Y74IHCJ4/Xu - The Costs of Patronage Evidence from the British .pdf}
}

@article{yamanoCHILDGROWTHSHOCKS,
  title = {{{CHILD GROWTH}}, {{SHOCKS}}, {{AND FOOD AID IN RURAL ETHIOPIA}}},
  author = {Yamano, Takashi and Alderman, Harold and Christiaensen, Luc},
  pages = {16},
  abstract = {Child stunting in Ethiopia has persisted at alarming rates, despite enormous amounts of food aid, often procured in response to shocks. Using nationally representative data, the study finds that while harvest failure leads to child growth faltering, food aid affected child growth positively and offset the negative effects of shocks in communities that received food aid. However, many communities that experienced shocks did not receive food aid. In sum, while food aid has helped reduce child malnutrition, inflexible food aid targeting, together with endemic poverty and limited maternal education, has left the prevalence of child stunting at alarming levels.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/G8QRAMP8/Yamano et al. - CHILD GROWTH, SHOCKS, AND FOOD AID IN RURAL ETHIOP.pdf}
}

@article{yanagizawa-drottPropagandaConflictEvidence2014,
  title = {Propaganda and {{Conflict}}: {{Evidence}} from the {{Rwandan Genocide}}*},
  shorttitle = {Propaganda and {{Conflict}}},
  author = {{Yanagizawa-Drott}, David},
  year = {2014},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {129},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1947--1994},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qju020},
  urldate = {2021-11-11},
  abstract = {Abstract             This article investigates the role of mass media in times of conflict and state-sponsored mass violence against civilians. We use a unique village-level data set from the Rwandan genocide to estimate the impact of a popular radio station that encouraged violence against the Tutsi minority population. The results show that the broadcasts had a significant effect on participation in killings by both militia groups and ordinary civilians. An estimated 51,000 perpetrators, or approximately 10\% of the overall violence, can be attributed to the station. The broadcasts increased militia violence not only directly by influencing behavior in villages with radio reception but also indirectly by increasing participation in neighboring villages. In fact, spillovers are estimated to have caused more militia violence than the direct effects. Thus, the article provides evidence that mass media can affect participation in violence directly due to exposure and indirectly due to social interactions.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/44DTC2LQ/RwandaDYD.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6R6E53TQ/qje%2Fqju020.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LLZ86D3X/Yanagizawa-Drott - 2014 - Propaganda and Conflict Evidence from the Rwandan.pdf}
}

@article{yangPrenatalPostnatalGrowth2011,
  title = {Pre-Natal and Post-Natal Growth Trajectories and Childhood Cognitive Ability and Mental Health},
  author = {Yang, Seungmi and Tilling, Kate and Martin, Richard and Davies, Neil and {Ben-Shlomo}, Yoav and Kramer, Michael S},
  year = {2011},
  month = oct,
  journal = {International Journal of Epidemiology},
  volume = {40},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1215--1226},
  issn = {1464-3685, 0300-5771},
  doi = {10.1093/ije/dyr094},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  abstract = {Conclusions Although the effect sizes are small and residual confounding cannot be excluded, our results suggest that among healthy children, faster growth from the pre-natal period through age 5 years is positively associated with cognitive ability, whereas faster growth in the pre-natal period and infancy is positively associated with mental health at early school age.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Child behaviour,Child mental health,Cognitive ability,Growth trajectory,Post-natal growth,Pre-natal growth,Term birth},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/3787JMKS/Yang et al. - 2011 - Pre-natal and post-natal growth trajectories and c.pdf}
}

@article{yangSignalingShameSilence,
  title = {Signaling, {{Shame}}, and {{Silence}}},
  author = {Yang, He},
  pages = {59},
  abstract = {We examine how a social stigma of seeking information can inhibit learning. Consider a Seeker of uncertain ability who can learn about a task from an Advisor. If higher-ability Seekers need information less, then a Seeker concerned about reputation may refrain from asking to avoid signaling low ability. Separately, low-ability individuals may feel inhibited even if their ability is known and there is nothing to signal, an effect we term shame. Signaling and shame constitute an overall stigma of seeking information. We distinguish the constituent parts of stigma in a simple model and then perform an experiment with treatments designed to detect both effects. Seekers have three days to retrieve information from paired Advisors in a field setting. The first arm varies whether needing information is correlated with a measure of cognitive ability; the second varies whether a Seeker's ability is revealed to the paired Advisor, irrespective of the seeking decision. We find that low-ability individuals do face large stigma inhibitions: there is a 55\% decline in the probability of seeking when the need for information is correlated with ability. The second arm allows us to assess the contributions of signaling and shame, and, under structural assumptions, to estimate their relative magnitudes. We find signaling to be the dominant force overall. The shame effect is particularly pronounced among socially close pairs (in terms of network distance and caste co-membership) whereas signaling concerns dominate for more distant pairs.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/67UU953D/Yang - Signaling, Shame, and Silence.pdf}
}

@article{yiEarlyHealthShocks2015,
  title = {Early {{Health Shocks}}, {{Intra-Household Resource Allocation}} and {{Child Outcomes}}},
  author = {Yi, Junjian and Heckman, James J. and Zhang, Junsen and Conti, Gabriella},
  year = {2015},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {125},
  number = {588},
  pages = {F347-F371},
  issn = {0013-0133, 1468-0297},
  doi = {10.1111/ecoj.12291},
  urldate = {2020-03-10},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/X7I5E6HB/Yi et al. - 2015 - Early Health Shocks, Intra-Household Resource Allo.pdf}
}

@article{YinWong2018,
  title = {Pay for {{Performance}} and {{Deforestation}}: {{Evidence}} from {{Brazil}}},
  author = {Yin Wong, Po and Harding, Torfinn and Kuralbayeva, Karlygash and Anderson, Liana O and Pessoa, Ana M},
  year = {2018},
  abstract = {Environmental cash transfers can be seen in the light of a typical principal-agent problem in which the agent (beneficiary) provides a service (conservation) to the principal (government) and the principal pays the agent in return. These types of transfers are becoming popular in low-income economies but mechanisms are not well understood. We study Brazil's Bolsa Verde program, which pays extremely poor households for forest conservation evaluated at an aggregate level. Using difference-indifferences , we find between three to five percent reduction in deforestation among grant-receiving areas. These program effects are increasing in the number of beneficiaries, suggesting that both conservation and group monitoring are potential mechanisms for these results. The former is unobservable but we show that the areas with more beneficiaries have more fines resulting from illegal environmental crimes other than deforestation. We interpret this finding as evidence that the program reduces deforestation by enforcing peer monitoring , which leads to indirect positive effects on fines against other illegal environmental offenses. (JEL I38, O13, Q23, Q28, Q56) * Corresponding author: po.wong@nhh.no {\dag} The project is funded by the Research Council of Norway (project number 230860).},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RD5924PE/Wong et al. - Pay For Performance and Deforestation Evidence fr.pdf}
}

@misc{YouDeserveBetter,
  title = {You Deserve a Better Browser than {{Google Chrome}} {\textbar} {{Readwise}}},
  urldate = {2024-11-23},
  howpublished = {https://read.readwise.io/feed/unseen/read/01jdan4dj5yv83eqpqxptr7akj},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/62XV2GMP/01jdan4dj5yv83eqpqxptr7akj.html}
}

@article{youngChannelingFisherRandomization2019,
  title = {Channeling {{Fisher}}: {{Randomization Tests}} and the {{Statistical Insignificance}} of {{Seemingly Significant Experimental Results}}*},
  shorttitle = {Channeling {{Fisher}}},
  author = {Young, Alwyn},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {134},
  number = {2},
  pages = {557--598},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjy029},
  urldate = {2021-10-19},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DZMGCRFT/Young - HANNELLING FISHER RANDOMIZATION TESTS AND THE STA.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/I4ULYUMR/Young - 2019 - Channeling Fisher Randomization Tests and the Sta.pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/R52PKUX3/Young - CHANNELLING FISHER RANDOMIZATION TESTS AND THE ST.pdf}
}

@article{youngEvolutionConventions1993,
  title = {The {{Evolution}} of {{Conventions}}},
  author = {Young, H. Peyton},
  year = {1993},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {61},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {2951778},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {57},
  issn = {00129682},
  doi = {10.2307/2951778},
  urldate = {2021-11-18},
  abstract = {Consider an n-person game that is played repeatedly, but by different agents. In each period, n players are drawn at random from a large finite population. Each player chooses an optimal strategy based on a sample of information about what others players have done in the past. The sampling defines a stochastic process that, for a large class of games that includes coordination games and common interest games, converges almost surely to a pure strategy Nash equilibrium. Such an equilibrium can be interpreted as the "conventional" way of playing the game. If, in addition, the players sometimes experiment or make mistakes, then society occasionally switches from one convention to another. As the likelihood of mistakes goes to zero, only some conventions (equilibria) have positive probability in the limit. These are known as stochastically stable equilibria. They are essentially the same as the risk dominant equilibria in 2 x 2 games, but for general games the two concepts differ. The stochastically stable equilibria are computed by finding a path of least resistance from every equilibrium to every other, and then finding the equilibrium that has lowest overall resistance. This is a special case of a general theorem on perturbed Markov processes that characterizes their stochastically stable states graphtheoretically.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/YVFYD4G7/Young - 1993 - The Evolution of Conventions.pdf}
}

@article{youngEvolutionSocialNorms2015,
  title = {The {{Evolution}} of {{Social Norms}}},
  author = {Young, H. Peyton},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {359--387},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115322},
  urldate = {2022-11-17},
  abstract = {Social norms are patterns of behavior that are self-enforcing within a group: Everyone conforms, everyone is expected to conform, and everyone wants to conform when they expect everyone else to conform. Social norms are often sustained by multiple mechanisms, including a desire to coordinate, fear of being sanctioned, signaling membership in a group, or simply following the lead of others. This article shows how stochastic evolutionary game theory can be used to study the resulting dynamics. I illustrate with a variety of examples drawn from economics, sociology, demography, and political science. These include bargaining norms, norms governing the terms of contracts, norms of retirement, dueling, foot binding, medical treatment, and the use of contraceptives. These cases highlight the challenges of applying the theory to empirical cases. They also show that the modern theory of norm dynamics yields insights and predictions that go beyond conventional equilibrium analysis.},
  keywords = {equilibrium selection,evolutionary game theory,stochastic stability},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/RVGNI3BS/Young - 2015 - The Evolution of Social Norms.pdf}
}

@article{youngInequalityUrbanRuralGap2013,
  title = {Inequality, the {{Urban-Rural Gap}}, and {{Migration}}*},
  author = {Young, Alwyn},
  year = {2013},
  month = nov,
  journal = {The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume = {128},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1727--1785},
  issn = {0033-5533, 1531-4650},
  doi = {10.1093/qje/qjt025},
  urldate = {2020-11-24},
  abstract = {Abstract             Using population and product consumption data from the Demographic and Health Surveys, I construct comparable measures of inequality and migration for 65 countries, including some of the poorest countries in the world. I find that the urban-rural gap accounts for 40\% of mean country inequality and much of its cross-country variation. One out of every four or five individuals raised in rural areas moves to urban areas as a young adult, where they earn much higher incomes than nonmigrant rural permanent residents. Equally, one out of every four or five individuals raised in urban areas moves to rural areas as a young adult, where they earn much lower incomes than their nonmigrant urban cousins. These flows and relative incomes are suggestive of a world where the population sorts itself geographically on the basis of its human capital and skill. I show that a simple model of this sort explains the urban-rural gap in living standards.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/HFIFMJHN/Young - 2013 - Inequality, the Urban-Rural Gap, and Migration.pdf}
}

@article{yuliawanEffectTemperatureRise2016,
  title = {The {{Effect}} of {{Temperature Rise}} to {{Rice Crop Yield}} in {{Indonesia}} Uses {{Shierary Rice Model}} with {{Geographical Information System}} ({{GIS}}) {{Feature}}},
  author = {Yuliawan, Taufiq and Handoko, I.},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Procedia Environmental Sciences},
  volume = {33},
  pages = {214--220},
  issn = {18780296},
  doi = {10.1016/j.proenv.2016.03.072},
  urldate = {2020-05-18},
  abstract = {The temperature rise is one of issues of climate change that has the effect of rice production in Indonesia, especially to the development and growing of plants. This research used the Model of Shierary Rice with Geographical Information System (GIS) to estimate the decreasing of rice production in every province in Indonesia based on some scenarios of temperature rise. The model used the Shierary Rice to estimate the rice production and Shierary Weather to forecast the weather on the certain location based on the condition of normal climate. The result of research showed that temperature rise would make the age of rice the shorter and decrease the rice yields. This research pointed out that irrigated farm having less impact from temperature rise compared with rainfed farm which had the decreasing of rice yield for 11.1\%/OC and 14.4\%/OC sequentially as well.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/IBBYIIHR/Yuliawan and Handoko - 2016 - The Effect of Temperature Rise to Rice Crop Yield .pdf}
}

@article{zhangHiddenPlainSight,
  title = {Hidden in {{Plain Sight}}: {{Asymmetric Information}} and {{Hidden Income}} within the {{Household}}},
  author = {Zhang, Sally},
  pages = {47},
  abstract = {Do household members hide income from each other? Using Indonesian data, I find that household respondents systematically underestimate others' labor income by 9\%. Underestimation of income cannot be fully explained by measurement error or misreporting, and is consistent with hidden income within the household. Households with income reporting discrepancies consume more tobacco products, transfer more to extended families, and spend less on groceries. This is correlated with worse child nutritional outcomes, but only when income is hidden to the female head of the household. To explain the existence of hidden income within the household, I develop a novel household model where each member can strategically underreport income, increasing private consumption at the expense of household efficiency. In equilibrium, cooperation is endogenous and may be incomplete, as household members collectively allocate reported income, but total income is not allocated efficiently. Empirical tests reject collective rationality and supports partial income pooling, which is consistent with hidden income.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/L9D83SWB/Zhang - Hidden in Plain Sight Asymmetric Information and .pdf}
}

@article{zhaoTemperatureIncreaseReduces2017,
  title = {Temperature Increase Reduces Global Yields of Major Crops in Four Independent Estimates},
  author = {Zhao, Chuang and Liu, Bing and Piao, Shilong and Wang, Xuhui and Lobell, David B. and Huang, Yao and Huang, Mengtian and Yao, Yitong and Bassu, Simona and Ciais, Philippe and Durand, Jean-Louis and Elliott, Joshua and Ewert, Frank and Janssens, Ivan A. and Li, Tao and Lin, Erda and Liu, Qiang and Martre, Pierre and M{\"u}ller, Christoph and Peng, Shushi and Pe{\~n}uelas, Josep and Ruane, Alex C. and Wallach, Daniel and Wang, Tao and Wu, Donghai and Liu, Zhuo and Zhu, Yan and Zhu, Zaichun and Asseng, Senthold},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {114},
  number = {35},
  pages = {9326--9331},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1701762114},
  urldate = {2020-05-26},
  abstract = {Wheat, rice, maize, and soybean provide two-thirds of human caloric intake. Assessing the impact of global temperature increase on production of these crops is therefore critical to maintaining global food supply, but different studies have yielded different results. Here, we investigated the impacts of temperature on yields of the four crops by compiling extensive published results from four analytical methods: global grid-based and local point-based models, statistical regressions, and field-warming experiments. Results from the different methods consistently showed negative temperature impacts on crop yield at the global scale, generally underpinned by similar impacts at country and site scales. Without CO               2               fertilization, effective adaptation, and genetic improvement, each degree-Celsius increase in global mean temperature would, on average, reduce global yields of wheat by 6.0\%, rice by 3.2\%, maize by 7.4\%, and soybean by 3.1\%. Results are highly heterogeneous across crops and geographical areas, with some positive impact estimates. Multimethod analyses improved the confidence in assessments of future climate impacts on global major crops and suggest crop- and region-specific adaptation strategies to ensure food security for an increasing world population.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/7FV3FZYR/Zhao et al. - 2017 - Temperature increase reduces global yields of majo.pdf}
}

@article{zhuravskayaPoliticalEffectsInternet2020,
  title = {Political {{Effects}} of the {{Internet}} and {{Social Media}}},
  author = {Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina and Petrova, Maria and Enikolopov, Ruben},
  year = {2020},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Annual Review of Economics},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {415--438},
  issn = {1941-1383, 1941-1391},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev-economics-081919-050239},
  urldate = {2021-05-28},
  abstract = {How do the internet and social media affect political outcomes? We review empirical evidence from the recent political-economy literature, focusing primarily on the work that considers traits that distinguish the internet and social media from traditional offline media, such as low barriers to entry and reliance on user-generated content. We discuss the main results about the effects of the internet, in general, and social media, in particular, on voting, street protests, attitudes toward government, political polarization, xenophobia, and politicians' behavior. We also review evidence on the role of social media in the dissemination of false news, and we summarize results about the strategies employed by autocratic regimes to censor the internet and to use social media for surveillance and propaganda. We conclude by highlighting open questions about how the internet and social media shape politics in democracies and autocracies.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/8Q7LCHXL/Zhuravskaya et al. - 2020 - Political Effects of the Internet and Social Media.pdf}
}

@article{zimmermannDynamicsMotivatedBeliefs2020,
  title = {The {{Dynamics}} of {{Motivated Beliefs}}},
  author = {Zimmermann, Florian},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {110},
  number = {2},
  pages = {337--363},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  doi = {10.1257/aer.20180728},
  urldate = {2021-05-20},
  abstract = {A key question in the literature on motivated reasoning and self-deception is how motivated beliefs are sustained in the presence of feedback. In this paper, we explore dynamic motivated belief patterns after feedback. We establish that positive feedback has a persistent effect on beliefs. Negative feedback, instead, influences beliefs in the short run, but this effect fades over time. We investigate the mechanisms of this dynamic pattern, and provide evidence for an asymmetry in the recall of feedback. Finally, we establish that, in line with theoretical accounts, incentives for belief accuracy mitigate the role of motivated reasoning. (JEL C91, D83, D91)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LYHSJBH8/Zimmermann - 2020 - The Dynamics of Motivated Beliefs.pdf}
}

@techreport{Ziparo2014,
  title = {Why Do Spouses Communicate ? {{Love}} or Interest ? {{A}} Model and Some Evidence from {{Cameroon}}},
  author = {Ziparo, Roberta},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {1--52}
}

@article{zitekRoleSocialNorm2007,
  title = {The Role of Social Norm Clarity in the Influenced Expression of Prejudice over Time},
  author = {Zitek, Emily M. and Hebl, Michelle R.},
  year = {2007},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
  volume = {43},
  number = {6},
  pages = {867--876},
  issn = {0022-1031},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jesp.2006.10.010},
  urldate = {2023-05-31},
  abstract = {Social influence has been shown to be a powerful, but underexamined, tool in altering prejudice-related attitudes. Most notably, hearing one person condemn or condone discrimination can influence another person to do the same (Blanchard, Crandall, Brigham, \& Vaughn, 1994). The current study assesses a potential underlying mechanism that may determine the extent to which participants are socially influenced to alter their prejudice-related beliefs: the clarity of the social norm regarding the expression of prejudice. In addition, the study assesses longer-term effects of social influence (see Stangor, Sechrist, \& Jost, 2001). Results from 270 participants revealed that the extent of social influence was predicted by the clarity of the social norm for displaying prejudice and that participants were influenced both immediately and one month later by others' opinions. We discuss the theoretical implications of the finding that one person can produce lasting change in another person's prejudice-related belief system.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Long-term influence,Prejudice,Social influence,Social norms},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/JBJ6VIS2/Zitek and Hebl - 2007 - The role of social norm clarity in the influenced .pdf;/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/W8876MCF/S0022103106001570.html}
}

@article{Zorowitz2019,
  title = {Anxiety, Avoidance, and Sequential Evaluation},
  author = {Zorowitz, Samuel and Momennejad, Ida and Daw, Nathaniel D.},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {bioRxiv},
  pages = {724492},
  doi = {10.1101/724492},
  abstract = {Anxiety disorders are characterized by a range of aberrations in the processing of and response to threat, but there is little clarity what core pathogenesis might underlie these symptoms. Here we propose that a particular set of unrealistically pessimistic assumptions can distort an agent's behavior and underlie a host of seemingly disparate anxiety symptoms. We formalize this hypothesis in a decision theoretic analysis of maladaptive avoidance and a reinforcement learning model, which shows how a localized bias in beliefs can formally explain a range of phenomena related to anxiety. The core observation, implicit in standard decision theoretic accounts of sequential evaluation, is that the potential for avoidance should be protective: if danger can be avoided later, it poses less threat now. We show how a violation of this assumption --- via a pessimistic, false belief that later avoidance will be unsuccessful --- leads to a characteristic, excessive propagation of fear and avoidance to situations far antecedent of threat. This single deviation can explain a range of features of anxious behavior, including exaggerated threat appraisals, fear generalization, and persistent avoidance. Simulations of the model reproduce laboratory demonstrations of abnormal decision making in anxiety, including in situations of approach-avoid conflict and planning to avoid losses. The model also ties together a number of other seemingly disjoint phenomena in anxious disorders. For instance, learning under the pessimistic bias captures a hypothesis about the role of anxiety in the later development of depression. The bias itself offers a new formalization of classic insights from the psychiatric literature about the central role of maladaptive beliefs about control and self-efficacy in anxiety. This perspective also extends previous computational accounts of beliefs about control in mood disorders, which neglected the sequential aspects of choice.},
  keywords = {anxiety,avoidance,compu-,decision theory,fear generalization},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/H6A5D424/Zorowitz et al. - 2019 - Anxiety, avoidance, and sequential evaluation.pdf}
}

@misc{zotero-2863,
  type = {Misc}
}

@misc{zotero-3352,
  type = {Misc}
}

@article{zotero-3483,
  type = {Article}
}

@article{zotero-4294,
  type = {Article}
}

@misc{zotero-5517,
  urldate = {2024-07-25},
  howpublished = {https://scholar.google.com/scholar\_url?url=https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/01.HYP.0000185147.32385.4b\&hl=en\&sa=T\&oi=ucasa\&ct=ufr\&ei=TVmiZq\_gHfOUy9YP7pDYiAc\&scisig=AFWwaeZ\_US52D\_jqVCOKnBw34hpP},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/LDH28U4L/scholar_url.html}
}

@misc{zotero-5610,
  urldate = {2024-08-16},
  howpublished = {https://library.lol/main/8CD68878498261C11BB734669423F90D},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/GGSERDY2/8CD68878498261C11BB734669423F90D.html}
}

@misc{zotero-5611,
  urldate = {2024-08-16},
  howpublished = {https://library.lol/main/8CD68878498261C11BB734669423F90D},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/DMM4SZAC/8CD68878498261C11BB734669423F90D.html}
}

@article{zwaneBeingSurveyedCan2011,
  title = {Being Surveyed Can Change Later Behavior and Related Parameter Estimates},
  author = {Zwane, Alix Peterson and Zinman, Jonathan and Van Dusen, Eric and Pariente, William and Null, Clair and Miguel, Edward and Kremer, Michael and Karlan, Dean S. and Hornbeck, Richard and Gin{\'e}, Xavier and Duflo, Esther and Devoto, Florencia and Crepon, Bruno and Banerjee, Abhijit},
  year = {2011},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {108},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1821--1826},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1000776108},
  urldate = {2020-12-23},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/duncanwebb/Zotero/storage/6QI3PEI3/Zwane et al. - 2011 - Being surveyed can change later behavior and relat.pdf}
}
